,*APT] #dc 
,! ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,MESSIAHS3 ,DAVID ,JORIS1 ,NICOLAS ,FREY1 ,H5DRIK ,NICLAES 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d#c3 ,! ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,MESSIAHS3 ,DAVID ,JORIS1 ,NICOLAS ,FREY1 ,H5DRIK ,NICLAES 

  
,DAVID ,JORIS 

  

,AMONG ! W&]+ PREA*]S :OM ! ,RE=MATION & ! FREE 9T]PRETATION ( ! SACR$ TEXTS ?REW UPON ,EUROPE'S ROADS1 ,DAVID ,JORIS DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF MORE ?R\< ! S+UL>ITY ( HIS DE/9Y ?AN ?R\< ! ORIG9ALITY ( HIS ?\<T4 ,PURSU$ BY ! HATR$ ( ! ,CA?OLICS1 ,LU!RIANS1 ,CALV9I/S1 ,M5NONITES & ,MUN/]IANS1 ?IS MAN -- UPON :OSE HEAD !RE WAS A PRICE :]EV] HE W5T -- W\LD 5D HIS LIFE PEACEFULLY 9 ,BASLE1 UND] ! \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( A NOTABLE1 OR?ODOX ADEPT ( ,RE=M$ DOCTR9ES1 HONORABLY KN[N AS ,JOHN ( ,BRUGES4 

,BORN 9 ,BRUGES1 P]HAPS 9 ,DELFT1 LESS PROBABLY 9 ,<5T1 HE WAS SURNAM$ ,DAVID DUE TO ! ROLE TRADITIONALLY PLAY$ BY HIS FA!R1 ,JORIS1 DUR+ ! SACR$ MY/]IES PRES5T$ AT ! ,*AMBRE DE ,RHETORIQUE4 ,AFT] A C>E] AS A GLASS 5GRAV] 9 ,DELFT1 HE TRAVEL$ AS MU* AS A M]*ANT 9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 FREQU5TLY VISIT+ ,ANTW]P1 :]E HE 5GAG$ 9 POLEMICS ) ,ELOI ,PRUY/9CK1 F\ND] ( A GR\P ( ,FREE-,SPIRIT4 

,9 #a#e#b#d1 HE W$D$ ,DIRCKG5 ,WILLEMS 9 ,DELFT4 ,HIS 5?USIASM = ! ,RE=MATION & HIS HO/ILITY = ! ,ROMAN CL]GY BR\<T HIM PUBLIC TORTURE & A BANI%M5T ( ?REE YE>S4 ,HE !N ADH]$ TO ! MO/ P]SECUT$ SECT1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 W5T TO ,/RASB\RG 9 #aece & MANIFE/$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,MUN/]ITES4 ,BY VIRTUE ( AN EXCEPTION1 HIS MEGLOMANIA NEV] BR\<T HIM TO R5\NCE ! IDEALS ( PACIFICISM & TOL]ANCE4 

,! VISION ( ! PROPHETESS ,ANNEK5 ,JANS SUDD5LY REVEAL$ TO HIM HIS ES*ATALOGICAL MISSION4 ,HE ID5TIFI$ ) ! BIBLICAL ,DAVID :OM HIS FA!R SO (T5 PLAY$ ON ! BO>DS ( ! LOCAL !AT]2 HE PREA*$ R5UNCIATION1 ASCETICISM & ! ADV5T ( ! MILL5NIUM4 ,! NUMB] ( HIS P>TISANS SOON WORRI$ ! TEMPORAL P[]S1 :I* TOOK REPRESSIVE MEASURES AGA9/ HIM4 ,LIKE ALL ?OSE ELECT$ BY ,GOD1 ,DAVID DISC]N$ 9 ! ?REATS ?AT /OOD \T AGA9/ ! HORIZON ! TRADITIONAL ORDEALS ?AT ANN\NC$ ! BIR? ( A NEW ]A4 ,HE WROTE TO ! C\RT ( ,HOLL&1 TO ,PHILIPPE ( ,HESSE & TO ! ,EMP]OR1 SOLICIT+ !IR SUPPORT = ! ,DAVIDITE ROYALTY ?AT ,GOD HAD 5JO9$ HIM TO F\ND4 

,9 #a#e#c#i1 :5 ,M5NO ,SIMONSZ D5\NC$ H] AS A FALSE PROPHET1 ,ANNEK5 ,JANS WAS BURN$ AT ,DELFT4 ,CONDEMN$ TO A PROSCRIB$ LIFE1 HE CL&E/9ELY VISIT$ ,HOLL&1 ,FRIZE & ,BELGIUM4 ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,JOHN ( ,BATT5BURG1 MANY T]RORI/S JO9$ HIS P>TY1 9 :I* NONVIOL5CE (F]$ A L>G] PLACE = C]TA9 ,FREE-,SPIRIT IDEAS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,ADAMISM1 ?AT IS1 ! NECESSITY ( RECOV]+ ,$5IC 9NOC5CE4 

,AL?\< HE WAS HUNT$ EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE1 ,DAVID ,JORIS DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO A FR5ETIC ACTIVITY 9T5D$ TO GET HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ AS A MESSIAH4 ,HE W5T TO ,OLD5BURG & ,/RASB\RG1 5C\NT]+ !RE ! MOD]ATE W+ ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 :OM HE IRRITAT$ ) HIS OB/9ACY 9 ASK+ = !IR OB$I5CE4 ,9 #a#e#d#b1 HIS MO/ IMPORTANT BOOK1 ,! ,BOOK ( ,M>VELS 7'T ,WOND]BOECK71 WAS PUBLI%$4 

,DAVID D5I$ ! ,BIBLE ITS SELF-AV[$ PRIVILEGE AS UNIQUE ,BOOK4 ,MY/ICAL EXP]I5CE TOOK PRIORITY OV] ,SCRIPTURE BECAUSE ONLY REVELATION ILLUM9ATES ! PRES5CE ( ,GOD 9 EA* P]SON4 ,ID5TIFY+ ! BODY ( MAN ) ! TEMPLE ( ,GOD1 ,DAVID -- 9 ! FIR/ $ITION ( HIS BOOK -- REPRES5T$ 0! LA/ ,ADAM OR ! NEW ECCLESIA/ICAL MAN0 & 0! FIANCE ( ! ,*RI/1 ! R5EWAL ( ALL ?+S0 9 5GRAV+S ?AT W]E JUDG$ TO BE 0OBSC5E40 ,A NOTE MADE PRECISE ! IDEA ?AT ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( ! Y\NG WOMAN ( ! ]A ( ! SA9TS1 OR ,EVE1 SYMBOLIZ$ 0! HAPP9ESS1 LIFE & VOLUPTU\SNESS ( ! SPIRIT40 ,ONCE MORE1 ! AMOR\S CONJUNCTION DISCOV]$ 9 SPIRITUAL &ROGYNY ! PRETEXT = ITS NATURAL LEGITIMIZATION4 ,! SECRET LIFE JOY\SLY L$ BY ,DAVID AFT] HIS RETREAT FROM ,BASLE W\LD USE RELIGI\S DISC\RSE TO REMOVE %AME & BAD CONSCI5CE4 

,JUNDT QUOTES MANY EXTRACTS FROM ! ,WOND]BOECK4  
  

,GOD IS ABSOLUTE1 )\T BEG9N+1 A LI<T BEYOND ALL LI<T1 A DEP?LESS ABYSS1 ! ET]NAL ORIG9 ( ALL ?AT EXI/S1 AN 5DLESS 5D4 ,HE RESIDES 9 HIMSELF1 UN*ANG+ & IMPASSIVE1 9COMPREH5SIBLE & SIL5T1 REPOS+ ON ! F\NDATION ( HIS [N BE+1 LIKE A ROCK OR A M\NTA9 ( GOLD4 ,ESS5CE )\T ESS5CE1 HE DOES NOT MANIFE/ HIMSELF 9 HIS ABSOLUT5ESS1 HE DOES NOT ?9K AB\T HIMSELF2 NOR DOES HE EXPRESS :AT HE IS2 HIS GR&EUR1 L5G?1 SIZE & DEP? SURPASS ALL HUMAN CONCEPTION2 EV]Y?+ IS ANNIHILAT$ ON HIS SIDE4 ,& YET HE IS ! SUPREME ACTIVITY1 HE IS ! ET]NAL ESS5CE & LIVES 9 ALL OBJECTS4 ,IT IS NOT \TSIDE ( \RSELVES ?AT WE MU/ LOOK = HIM1 BUT 9SIDE US1 BECAUSE HE IS ,SPIRIT2 HE IS ! 9F9ITE LI<T ( ET]NAL JU/ICE1 WIDSOM1 TRU? & REASON2 HE IS ! ,LORD ( ?IS V]Y LI<T1 SUB/ANCE1 LIFE & 9TELLIG5CE ?AT 5LI<T5 ! 9TIMATE ?\<TS ( ! HE>TS ( ! BELIEV]S & ?ANKS TO :I* WE >E ABLE TO DI/+UI% ! OBJECTS ( ! VISIBLE WORLD3 HOLY & PURE ESS5CE1 ( P]FECT BEAUTY & 9NOC5CE4 

,! ET]NAL & HIDD5 ,GOD IS OBLIG$ TO MANIFE/ HIS UN9TELLIGIBLE ESS5CE ?R\< HIS ,WORD .<P>OLE.> ( JU/ICE1 9 ! P[] ( HIS ET]NAL WISDOM & TRU/2 HE REALIZES 9 HIS ,WORD ! VIRTUALITY ?AT HE HAS TO KN[ HIMSELF4 ,9 HIS ,WORD1 HE LETS ESCAPE \TSIDE ( HIMSELF1 & CREATES 9 VISIBLE =M1 HIS ,SONS & ,DAU<T]S 9 CON=MITY ) HIS [N MANN] ( BE+1 & DE/9$ TO POSSESS 9 ALL TRU? HIS ,SPIRIT & ESS5CE1 AS ! ET]NAL LI<TS ( ! NEW HEAV5S4 ,GOD KN[S HIMSELF 9 ! ,WORD .<,V]BE.>1 :I* IS ! IMAGE ( HIS DIV9E SPL5DOR1 HIS ,SPIRIT & HIS SUB/ANCE1 9S(> AS IT IS 9CL9$ T[>DS ! WORLD ( ! CREATURES2 HE EXPRESSES 9 HIMSELF ALL ?AT EXI/S1 HIS HOLY CREATURES EQUAL TO HIM1 :O >E HIS ,SONS & ,DAU<T]S4 ,GOD ?US BEG9S TO EXI/ 79 CONCRETE =M7 9 HIS CREATURES2 HIS CREATION HAS ITS ET]NAL ORIG9 9 HIMSELF & PURSUES ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY BY MEANS ( ! ,SON1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! DIV9E 9TELLIG5CE & ! DI/9CTIONS ?AT ?IS 9TELLIG5CE E/ABLI%ES 9 ! ABSOLUTE ESS5CE4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT EMANATES FROM ,GOD IS & REMA9S ,GOD2 ,GOD REMA9S 9 EV]Y?+1 ALL 9 ALL1 HIM ALONE & NO O!R4 ,9 ?IS EMANATION T[>DS US1 ,GOD HAS RECEIV$ 9 ,*RI/ ! MANY D5OM9ATIONS1 BY MEANS ( :I* WE TRY1 /AMM]+1 TO EXPRESS HIS ESS5CE4 ,?IS EMANATION DOES NOT EXHAU/ ! DIV9E ESS5CE3 SIMIL> TO A F\NTA9 ?AT FL[S )\T 9T]RUPTION1 ! ,SPIRIT ( ,GOD OV]FL[S ALL P>TS & LETS ESCAPE BEYOND HIM ! PL5ITUDE ( HIS BE+1 /R5G?1 LIFE & 9TELLIG5CE4 

,:5 A P]SON IS ELEVAT$ TO ! P]FECTION ( ! LIFE ( ! ,SPIRIT1 !RE IS NO LONG] = HIM ANY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 LIFE & DEA?1 ! FALL & ! RIS+4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! BODY FULFILL QUITE DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS & YET >E EQUALLY NECESS>Y TO HIM3 IT IS LIKEWISE UNNECESS>Y TO SAY ?AT ONE ?+ IS NOT AS GOOD AS ANO!R1 BECAUSE ALL ?+S >E EQUALLY GOOD 9 ! EYES ( ,GOD & IT ISN'T POSSIBLE TO MAKE !M O!RWISE OR BETT]4 ,TO SCORN ANY?+ W\LD BE TO SCORN ,GOD 9 HIS 5TIRETY .<SON OEUVRE.>4 ,IT IS ONLY = US ?AT DIFF]5T DEGREES ( BEAUTY1 FAI?1 SPIRITUALITY & HOL9ESS EXI/3 = ,GOD & 9 ,GOD !RE IS NEI!R AUGM5TATION NOR DIM9UTION2 HE REMA9S UN*ANG+ 9 HIS ESS5CE AS HE HAS ALWAYS BE54 ,IF SOMEONE -- FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,PH>ISIANS -- WANTS TO R5D] HIS EXT]NAL LIFE IRREPROA*ABLE SO AS TO APPE> JU/ & GOOD 9 ! EYES ( MANK9D1 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO AGGRAVATE ! /ATE ( CORRUPTION 9 :I* HE F9DS HIMSELF2 BECAUSE HE SCORNS ! WORK & LIFE ( ,GOD1 HE DAMNS HIS S\L ?R\< HIS [N JU/ICE & HIS [N WISDOM4 ,NO3 TO BE BLAM$ & CONDEMN$ ON E>? IS TO BE JU/IFI$ & SANCTIFI$ 9 HEAV54 ,:AT ONE 9 ! H]E-BEL[ CALLS L[D[N & CORRUPT IS BEAUTIFUL & PRAISEWOR?Y TO .<AUPRES.> ! ,LORD2 BECAUSE :AT PLEASES M5 DISPLEASES ,GOD2 :AT !Y CALL GOOD1 HE CALLS EVIL2 :AT !Y CONSID] TO BE PURE & HOLY1 HE CONSID]S IMPURE & EXECRABLE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT LI<T FOLL[S D>KNESS1 & DAY IS BORN FROM NI<T1 FAI? MANIFE/S ITSELF ?R\< 9CR$ULITY1 HOPE ?R\< DESPAIR1 LOVE ?R\< HATE & 5VY1 GOODNESS ( ! HE>T ?R\< GUILE1 SIMPLICITY ?R\< DUPLICITY1 9NOC5CE ?R\< 9DEC5CY1 FRANKNESS ?R\< DISSIMULATION1 ! SPIRIT ?R\< ! FLE%1 TRU? ?R\< ! LIE1 & CELE/IAL ESS5CE ?R\< T]RE/RIAL ESS5CE2 & SO IT IS NECESS>Y TO PLACE ONESELF ABOVE ! JUDGM5T ( M51 IF !Y BLAME Y\ OR IF !Y PRAISE Y\1 TO ACT 9 COMPLETE FRE$OM1 & TO REALIZE ) A TOTAL 9DEP5D5CE GOOD ?R\< EVIL1 :AT IS IMP]I%ABLE ?R\< :AT IS P]I%ABLE1 & TO LET :AT IS LUM9\S & PURE MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ITS PURITY ?R\< :AT IS IMPURE4 

,MANK9D MU/ COMPLETELY AB&ON ITSELF TO ,GOD'S DIRECTION & DO :AT HE COMM&S1 WOM5 AS WELL AS M54 ,GOD ONLY ACTS FROM ET]NITY 9 ET]NITY2 EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S IS HIS WORK4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ALL ?AT IS1 MU/ BE1 & ?AT :I* DOES NOT EXI/1 MU/ NOT4 ,GOD 9 HIS GOODNESS HAS MADE EV]Y?+ GOOD4 ,?US WE LIVE )\T BE+ CONC]N$ AB\T ANY?+1 BECAUSE WE >E FREE FROM ALL EVIL2 WE RESIDE & WE LIVE 9 ! GOOD4 ,WE AB/A9 FROM F9D+ ANY?+ BAD1 BECAUSE ALL ,GOD'S WORKS >E GOOD4 ,IF SOMEONE DOES US WRONG1 WE DO NOT GET C>RI$ AWAY3 DO WE GET IRRITAT$ ) ! /ONE AGA9/ :I* WE /UB \R TOE8 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT A FLUTE DOES NOT PLAY ITSELF1 BUT IS PLAY$ BY ! BREA? ( A P]SON1 MANK9D DOES NOT ACT BY ITSELF1 BUT IS PLAY$1 SPEAKS & MANIFE/S ITSELF ?R\< HIM4 ,MANK9D IS ! PROP]TY ( ,GOD2 ! UNIQUE GOAL ( ITS EXI/5CE IS TO GLORIFY ITS ,CREATOR2 ?US IT MU/ NOT SEEK ITS [N GLORY 9 ANY?+1 BUT MU/ ATTRIBUTE ALL GLORY TO ,GOD & ,*RI/1 ACCORD+ TO ! T]MS ( ! ,SCRIPTURES4 ,EA* MU/ BE CONT5T ) ! DE/9Y ?AT HAS BE5 ASSIGN$ TO HIM2 MANK9D MU/ OBEY 7)\T MURMUR+ APPEALS TO HIS ,CREATOR71 MU/ BE READY TO FOLL[ ,GOD ANY:]E HE PLEASES & TO LET ,GOD MAKE ( IT :AT HE WANTS4 ,DOES NOT ! POTT] HAVE ! RI<T TO GIVE ! CLAY ! =M ?AT IS FITT+8 ,) HIS IRON SCEPT]1 ! ,ET]NAL WILL BREAK ALL RESI/ANCE FROM HIS CREATURES1 AS EASILY AS ! POTT] 9 ANG] SMA%ES ! VASES ?AT HE HAS FA%ION$4 ,! MAN TO :OM !SE TRU?S APPE> TOO ELEVAT$ MU/ NOT REPELL !M = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT HE DOES NOT UND]/& !M2 HE MU/ RECEIVE !M 9 COMPLETE SUBMISSION & KEEP QUIET ON :AT EXCE$S HIS UND]/&+1 UNLESS HE W\LD RISK BLASPHEM+ ,GOD 9 HIS IGNORANCE1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,SCRIPTURES4 

,! REG5]AT$ NE$ NO LONG] DESIRE1 SEEK & M>RY ACCORD+ TO ! FLE% ANY .<P>TICUL>.> WOMAN1 AS IF !Y W]E .<M]E.> M51 SUBJECT$ TO !IR S9FUL NATURES1 BUT CAN DESIRE1 SEEK & M>RY -- ACCORD+ TO ! 9W>D ,SPIRIT -- ! CELE/IAL SUB/ANCE1 :OSE BEAUTY IS ET]NAL & :OSE GLORY IS IMP]I%ABLE2 !Y MU/ CONCEIVE 9 !IR 9TELLIG5CE ! SPL5DOR & PURITY ( ! DIV9E ESS5CE1 ! UNALT]ABLE SATISFACTION ?AT ,GOD EXP]I5CES 9 HIMSELF & MU/ LET ! RE/ FOLL[ !IR REGUL> C\RSE1 ACCORD+ TO ! GOOD WILL ( ,GOD4 ,A MAN MU/ NOT DEVOTE HIMSELF TO A WOMAN1 NOR A WOMAN TO A MAN3 ! ELECT MU/ DEVOTE !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ,LORD4 ,NOT ?AT M5 & WOM5 MU/ CEASE TO 5G5D] .<*ILDR5.>1 :I* W\LD BE CONTR>Y TO ! PLAN & WILL ( ,GOD3 H]E IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! M>RIAGE ( ! ANGELS1 ! CELE/IAL W$D+1 LONG S9CE PREP>$ = ! *ILDR5 ( ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO ! WORDS .<P>OLE.> ( ,J]EMIAH1 ,*AP4 ,X,X,X,I3 A WOMAN WILL SURR\ND A MAN & UNITE ) HIM2 %E WILL BECOME A MAN ) HIM1 FLE% ( HIS FLE%1 BONE ( HIS BONE4 ,?IS ISN'T A UNIQUE WOMAN ( :OM ! PROPHET SPEAKS1 BUT SEV5 WOM5 UNIT$ 9TO ONE1 ! ,FIANCE ( ,*RI/ RESIDES 9 SEV5 COMMUNITIES4 ,SEV5 WOM51 YES1 SEV5 COMMUNITIES -- UND]/& ME WELL6 -- MU/ VOLUNT>ILY HUMBLE !MSELVES BE=E ONE MAN :O IS ,*RI/ & !Y WILL BE CALL$ HIS WIVES4 ,MANY COMMUNITIES GIVE TO ,*RI/ ! NAMES ( ,LORD1 ,HUSB& & ,K+2 BUT !Y >E NOT HIS WIVES OR HIS BODY3 AS LONG AS !Y HAVE NOT BECOME HIS WIVES1 HE WILL NOT BE !IR HUSB& OR !IR LIFE4 ,*RI/ LIVES = ,GOD & ! COMMUNITY LIVES = ,*RI/1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! WOMAN LIVES = ! MAN1 BUT ! MAN DOES NOT LIVE = ! WOMAN4 ,9DE$1 ! MAN IS NOT CREAT$ = ! WOMAN1 BUT ! WOMAN IS CREAT$ = ! MAN4 ,! WOMAN IS DEPRIV$ ( LIB]TY1 VIGOR & WILL2 %E IS PLAC$ UND] ! P[] ( ! MAN1 NOT UND] ! PROTECTION & P[] ( ,GOD4 ,SU* W]E ,ADAM & ,EVE1 ( :OM WE C>RY ! IMAGE 9 \R NATURE3 H]E W]E TWO S\LS1 ORIG9ALLY UNIT$ 9 A S+LE BODY4 ,?IS UNITY HAS BE5 BROK53 ! MAN C>RIES 9 HIMSELF ! SUB/ANCE ( ! HEAV5S1 ! WOMAN ! SUB/ANCE ( ! E>?4 ,?IS IS :Y IT IS NECESS>Y = ! WOMAN TO BECOME MAN1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,SCRIPTURES1 SO ?AT ! SUB/ANCE =EIGN TO ! DIV9E BE+ CAN DISAPPE>4 ,!N MAN WILL BE AN ANGEL BE=E ! FACE ( ,GOD1 & MAN & WOMAN TOGE!R WILL AGA9 BECOME EQUAL TO ! ,CREATOR4 ,:OMEV] WILL NOT BE F\ND 9 ?IS /ATE ( CELE/IAL M>RIAGE WILL BE CURS$4.<#d#g#e.>  
  

,JUNDT CONCLUDES3 0,DAVID ,JORIS ?US F\ND$ ! LEGITIMACY ( POLYGAMY OR1 RA!R1 ELECTIVE AFF9ITY1 ON ! METAPHYSICAL PR9CIPLE ( ! RECOMPOSITION ( ! 9TEGRITY ( HUMAN NATURE ?R\< ! UNION ( ! SEXES 9 A S+LE BE+40.<#d#g#f.> 

,UN=TUNATE TURNS ( EV5TS W]5'T )\T ! COM=T ( ! IDEA ?AT 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,LORD7 IT SUIT$ ,DAVID ,JORIS TO LIVE AN EXI/5CE AS BITT] AS ?AT ( A MESSIAH1 SECT LEAD]1 APO/LE OR \TLAW4 ,HIS MO!R WAS DECAPITAT$ AT ,DELFT4 ,9 ,DEV5T]1 HIS FRI5D & PUBLI%] ,JURIA5 ,KETEL DI$ ON ! SCAFFOLD2 HIS CONFESSIONS L$ TO ! DEA? ( ,ELOI ,PRUY/9CK ( ,ANTW]P & ! EXECUTION ( HIS 0LIB]T9E0 FRI5DS4 ,9 HIS HATR$1 ,M5NO ,SIMONSZ PURSU$ ,JORIS1 D5\NC+ HIS HYPOCRISY & ! DEBAU*]IES P]PETRAT$ UND] ! COV] ( P]FECTION4 

,9 ,FRIZE1 A POLEMIC ) ,JOHANNES HAD .<444.>.<#d#g#g.> ,LASCO1 :]E HIS AU?ORITY AS PROPHET WAS DISP>AG$1 MOTIVAT$ HIM TO )DRAW TO ,BASLE4 ,!RE1 UND] ! NAME ,JOHN ( ,BRUGES1 HE PRES5T$ HIMSELF AS A ,LU!RIAN :O WAS P]SECUT$ BY ! PAPI/S4 ,HE 9/ALL$ HIMSELF 9 ,BASLE 9 #a$d ) HIS FAMILY1 9CLUD+ HIS SON-9-LAW1 ,SIMON ,BLESDIJCK1 :O WAS A ,M5NONITE TURNCOAT4 

,A RESPECTABLE CITIZ5 ?ANKS TO ! MONEY ?AT HIS DISCIPLES S5T HIM1 ,DAVID ,JORIS CONT9U$ TO S5D MANY LETT]S ( MILL5>IANI/ HOPES TO HIS P>TISANS1 :O LIV$ AS F> AWAY AS ,D5M>K4 ,HE JU/IFI$ HIS RETREAT BY REF]R+ TO ! FLI<T ( ! ,*RI/ TO ,EGYPT4 ,NO D\BT ,JORIS F\ND GOOD REASONS BY :I* TO COM=T HIS DISCIPLES' VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 :ILE HE HIMSELF LIV$ 9 OPUL5CE ?ANKS TO HIS SECT'S FUNDS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 HE US$ HIS CR$IT AS A NOTABLE FROM ,BASLE TO OP5LY WAGE COMBAT 9 FAVOR ( TOL]ANCE4 ,HE DEF5D$ ,MI*EL ,S]VETUS & UNIT$ 9 FRI5D%IP ) ,S*W5CKFELD & ,CA/ELLION4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 HE QU>REL$ ) HIS SON-9-LAW ,BLESDIJCK1 :O BECAME AN 5EMY DUE TO CONDITIONAL LOYALTY4 ,DAVID ,JORIS DI$ ON #be ,AUGU/ #aeef & WAS 9T]R$ ) GREAT POMP AT ! ,SA9T-,LEON>D ,*UR* 9 ,BASLE4 

,APPROXIMATELY TWO & A HALF YE>S LAT]1 FOLL[+ ! FAMILIAL DISS5SIONS TO :I* ,BLESDIJCK WAS NOT A /RANG]1 ,JORIS' ID5TITY WAS BRUTALLY REVEAL$1 :I* PROVOK$ A SLI<TLY BANAL SC&AL 9 ! CITY4 ,ANXI\S1 HIS FAMILY & FRI5DS PROTE/$ !IR 9NOC5CE4 ,!Y AFFIRM$ ?AT !Y KNEW NO?+ ( ! DOCTR9ES PR(ESS$ BY ,DAVID & ?AT ,BLESDIJCK W\LD CONDEMN 7! LEA/ OR?ODOX ASPECTS1 ?AT IS7 9 A LAMPOON4 ,HE PUBLICLY ADJUR$4 

,ON #ac ,MAY #a#e#e#i1 ! BODY & BOOKS ( ,DAVID W]E ?R[N ON ! PYRE4 ,UP TO ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY1 ! ,DAVIDJORI/S CONT9U$ TO EXI/ 9 ,HOL/E91 KEEP+ UP AN ATMOSPH]E ( POLEMIC & CALUMNY4 ,DAVID W\LD F9D A DEF5D] 9 ,GOTTFRI$ ,>NOLD1 :O ATTEMPT$ TO REHABILITATE HIM 9 HIS ,UNP>TELIS*E ,KIR*5 -- UND ,KETZ] -- ,HI/ORIE4.<#d#g#h.> 

,NICOLAS ,FREY 

  

,! CASE ( ,NICOLAS ,FREY (F]S A PIQUANT P>ALLEL TO ! ATTITUDE ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I ( ,5GL&2 & :ILE ! SWORD ( JU/ICE OV]:ELM$ ONE & S]V$ ! O!R1 ! SAME DIV9E WILL CONF]R$ ! SEAL ( ITS ABSOLUTISM UPON !IR V]Y P]SONAL *OICES 9 ! TREATM5T ( CONJUGAL & PRIVATE AFFAIRS4  
  

,NICOLAS ,FREY WAS ORIG9ALLY FROM ,W9D%EIM 9 ,BAV>IA1 :]E HE WAS A TRAD] ( FURS4 ,:5 ! ,RE=MATION CAME TO ?IS T[N1 HE BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ ZEAL\S P>TISANS ( ! NEW IDEAS2 BUT A %ORT TIME LAT] HE ALLI$ HIMSELF ) ! ,ANABAPTI/S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 RECEIV$ A SECOND BAPTISM1 :I* W\LD BE ! OCCASION = TR\BLE 9 HIS NATIVE T[N2 HE WAS IMPRISON$ & !N RELEAS$ :5 HE PROMIS$ TO *ANGE HIS CONDUCT4 ,BUT AS ! AU?ORITIES DEM&$ ?AT HE PUBLICLY RETRACT HIS ]RORS1 HE PREF]R$ TO FLEE RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO ?IS HUMILIATION4 ,?US AFT] #ae YE>S ( M>RIAGE1 HE LEFT HIS WIFE ,CA!R9E1 ) :OM HE HAD EI<T *ILDR51 & HEAD$ T[>DS ,NUREMBURG4 ,DECEIV+ ! HOSPITALITY ?AT HE WAS (F]$ 9 ?IS T[N BY ONE ( ITS MO/ PI\S & RESPECT$ CITIZ5S1 HE WON OV] TO HIS DOCTR9ES ! SI/] ( HIS HO/1 A WOMAN NAM$ ,ELIZABE?1 & 5GAG$ ) H] 9 :AT HE CALL$ A SPIRITUAL & CELE/IAL M>RIAGE4 ,CA!R9E1 ! AB&ON$ WIFE1 >RIV$ A LITTLE LAT] 9 ,NUREMBURG & 5C\RAG$ H] HUSB& TO RETURN ) H] TO !IR NATIVE T[N4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,FREY MI/REAT$ H] & *AS$ H] AWAY4 ,LAT] ON1 HE WROTE AB\T ?IS SUBJECT TO HIS SPIRITUAL SI/] OR1 AS HE CALL$ H]1 HIS CONJUGAL SI/]1 ,ELIZABE?3 ',I HAVE SE5 9 ! ,TR9ITY ?AT ,I MU/ BREAK ! HEAD ( MY FIR/ WIFE SO ?AT ! PROPHECIES ( ! ,OLD & ,NEW ,TE/AM5TS CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,IS IT NOT SAID ?AT ! SE$ .<SEM5CE.> ( ! WOMAN WILL BREAK ! HEAD ( ! S]P5T8 ,MY FIR/ WIFE IS ! S]P5T OR DEMON SPOK5 ( BY ! ,SCRIPTURES2 AS F> AS Y\ >E CONC]N$1 Y\ >E ! WIFE :OSE SE$ MU/ BREAK H] HEAD4 ,SO AS TO BECOME A DISCIPLE ( ,*RI/1 ,I MU/ HATE WOM51 *ILDR51 HOME & HOMEL&4 ,IF ,I HAVE CRU%$ ! S]P5T ( DISBELIEF1 IT IS BECAUSE ,I WAS =C$ TO DO SO1 BECAUSE IT ISN'T ME :O DID IT1 BUT ,GOD :O LIVES 9SIDE ME & 9 :OM ,I LIVE4' ,OBLIG$ TO LEAVE ,NUREMBURG1 ,FREY W5T TO ,/RASB\RG 9 #a#e#c#b2 ,ELIZABE? JO9$ HIM SOON !REAFT]4 ,!IR IMPRUD5T S*EMES & BADLY DISSIMULAT$ RELATIONS ) ! O!R SECT>IANS ( ! LOCALITY SOON ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,!Y W]E IMPRISON$4 ,W>N$ ( ! PRES5CE ( H] HUSB& 9 ,/RASB\RG1 ,CA!R9E W5T !RE & BESEE*$ HIM TO RETURN ) H] TO ,W9D%EIM4 ,FREY WAS 9FLEXIBLE4 ,SEE+ HIS OB/9ACY1 ! MAGI/RATE CONDEMN$ HIM ON #ai ,MAY #aecd TO BE DR[N$ AS A BIGAMI/1 :I* TOOK PLACE ?REE DAYS LAT] AT ! ,PONT DU ,CORBEAU4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,CAPITON1 HE HAD TO CONFESS ! FOLL[+ ]RORS3 ',! ,*UR* & ! SACRAM5TS >E ! 9V5TIONS ( ! ,DEVIL4 -- ,ALL ! PROPHECIES ( ! ,SCRIPTURES REF] TO ME1 TO MY FIR/ WIFE & SECOND WIFE4 ,MY FIR/ WIFE IS ! ,QUE5 ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,DISBELIEF2 %E IS PREFIGUR$ 9 ! P]SON ( ,SAUL4 ,MY SECOND WIFE IS PREFIGUR$ 9 ,DAVID1 ,I MYSELF 9 ,JONA?AN4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ,DAVID & ,JONA?AN =M$ A P]PETUAL ALLIANCE TO HUNT ,SAUL1 ,I AM ALLI$ SPIRITUALLY ) ,ELIZABE? SO AS TO HUNT ,CA!R9E4 -- ,! MO/ P]FECT WORK ?AT A BELIEV] CAN ACCOMPLI% IS TO AB&ON HIS FIR/ WIFE & W$ A SECOND4 -- ,! FAI? ?AT JU/IFIES ! ,*RI/IAN & ! LOVE ( ONE'S NEI<BOR CONSI/ 9 ! CON/ANT AFFECTION ( ,ELIZABE?2 ?IS IS A WORK ?AT ,GOD PRODUC$ 9 H]1 SO ?AT ! LOYAL & PI\S ,*RI/IAN IS IMPROV$ & COMES CLOS] TO HIS [N ORIG94 -- ,ELIZABE? IS ! MO!R ( ALL BELIEV]S2 IT IS ?R\< H] ?AT ! TRUE ,*RI/IAN FAI? BEGAN ON E>?4 -- ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ,M>Y 5G5D]$ ! ,*RI/1 ,ELIZABE? WILL RE/ORE ! IMAGE ( ! ,*RI/ TO HUMANITY & = ?IS REASON %E IS AS WOR?Y ( S++ ! ,MAGNIFICAT AS ! ,VIRG94 -- ,I AM ! LEAD] ( ! ,*UR*2 ! ,*RI/ ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ME ALL HIS PREVI\S PROMISES2 NO DIV9E PROMISE WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ AFT] ME4 -- ,I AM ,*RI/ FOLL[+ ! ET]NAL ,WORD .<,V]BE.>1 ! ANGUL> ROCK ?AT ! BUILD]S REJECT$4 -- ,I AM S5T BY ,GOD TO %[ MANK9D ! IMAGE ( ,*RI/ 9 MY P]SON1 JU/ AS ,MOSES HAD PREVI\SLY %[$ IT 9 HIS P]SON4 ,ALL ! MY/]IES ( ! DIV9ITY MU/ N[ BE UNVEIL$1 BECAUSE ! ,LA/ ,DAYS HAVE COME4 -- ,ALL CREATURES :O HAVE FALL5 9TO P]DITION S9CE ! BIR? ( ,*RI/ MU/ BE RE/OR$ TO !IR ORIG9AL P]FECTION 9 ME2 ,I AM ! 9/RUM5T BY :I* ,GOD WI%ES TO MANIFE/ HIS GLORY4 -- ,IT IS TO ! SUBLIME S*OOL ( ,GOD ?AT ,ELIZABE? BR\<T !SE REVELATIONS2 IT IS ! ,HOLY-,SPIRIT :O GAVE BIR? TO !M 9 H] HE>T4 -- ,! ORD9>Y PREA*]S ( ! ,GOSPEL HAVE ONLY FLATT]$ IDOLS2 !Y KN[1 IT IS TRUE1 H[ TO QU>T] GROSSLY ! ROCKS .<PI]RES.> & TO CLE> AWAY ! T]RA9 = ! FUTURE $IFICE1 BUT !Y KN[ NO?+ ( CON/RUCTION4 ,9 !IR PREA*+ !Y DI%ONOR ,GOD & S$UCE !IR BRO!RS BECAUSE ( !IR LACK ( FAI?1 BECAUSE !Y SAY ?AT WE >E ALL S9N]S & !Y REFRA9 FROM FULFILL+ ! HOLY & P]FECT LAW1 :I* IS TO AB&ON WIFE & *ILDR5 & FOLL[ ! ,LORD4'.<#d#g#i.>  

,H5DRIK ,NICLAES ,& ,! ,FAMILI/S 

  

,F\ND$ 9 #a$ BY ,H5DRIK ,NICLAES1 ! ,FAMILY ( ,LOVE -- (T5 WRONGLY DEF9$ AS AN ,ANABAPTI/ SECT -- 9T5D$ TO REE/ABLI% ! ORIG9AL HUMAN COMMUNITY 9 ITS 9NOC5CE4 ,ITS ORGANIZATION 9CLUD$ A BI%OP1 :OSE AU?ORITY WAS SUPPORT$ BY TWELVE SAGES & F\R CLASSES ( PRIE/S4 ,ALL GAVE !IR P]SONAL BELONG+S TO ! SECT4 ,IT 9CLUD$ A QUITE L>GE NUMB] ( FAI?FUL1 PR9CIPALLY 9 ! ,NE!RL&S & ,5GL&1 :]E !IR EXI/5CE WAS /ILL ATTE/$ TO 9 ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY4 

,BORN 9 #a#e#b1 ,H5DRIK ,NICLAES CLAIM$ ?AT HE HAD HIS FIR/ VISIONS :5 HE WAS N9E YE>S OLD1 :ILE ATT5D+ A LAT9 S*OOL4 ,AT ! AGE ( #a#b1 HE WORK$ 9 HIS FAMILY'S BUS9ESS & TOOK IT OV] UPON ! DEA? ( HIS FA!R4 ,>RE/$ 9 #aebi = ,LU!RANISM1 HE W5T TO ,AM/]DAM :]E HE /AY$ = N9E YE>S BE=E BE+ SUSPECT$ ( ,ANABAPTISM4 ,9 #a#e#d#a1 HE LIV$ 9 ,EMD5 :]E HE 5GAG$ 9 A FL\RI%+ TRADE 9 WOOL4 ,HE FREQU5TLY TRAVEL$ TO ,ANTW]P1 :]E HIS FRI5D1 ! PR9T] ,*RI/OPH] ,PLANT91 HAD BE5 9SPIR$ BY SEV]AL ( HIS TEXTS4 

,AT ! AGE ( #e#i1 NEW PROPHETIC VISIONS & ! PUBLICITY ?AT HE GAVE !M BR\<T TORTURE .<BY ! AU?ORITIES.> D[N UPON HIM4 ,HE FL$ TO ,KEMP51 9 ! ,OV]IJSSEL1 !N TO ,LONDON1 :I* WAS A TEMPOR>Y EXILE BECAUSE ,NICLAES OPPORTUNELY SAV$ ,PLANT9 FROM RU9 BY TRANSPORT+ TO ,COLOGNE ! TYPOGRAPHICAL MAT]IELS ?REAT5$ ) SEIZURE BY ?OSE :O ACCUS$ ! PR9T] ( H]ESY4 ,DISS5T )9 ! GR\P D>K5$ HIS LA/ YE>S4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#e#h4 ,NIPPOLD ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM #e PAMPHLETS ?AT W]E DI/RIBUT$ CL&E/9ELY4 

,NICLAES' DOCTR9E PREA*$ LOVE1 TOL]ANCE & MUTUAL RESPECT1 & REJECT$ ! ,GOD ( JU/ICE 9 FAVOR ( A ,GOD ( GOODNESS4 ,FROM MILL5>IANISM HE RETA9$ ! PRET5SE ?AT HE ACT$ AS ! M$IATOR ( DIV9E REVELATION & ! H]ALD ( ! NEW ]A1 9 :I* ANTAGONISM AMONG MANK9D W\LD DISAPPE>4 

,HIS PR9CIPAL DISCIPLE WAS HIS S]VANT1 ,H5DRIK ,JANS51 CALL$ ,B>REFELT1 NO D\BT DUE TO ,B>NEVELD1 ! PLACE ( HIS BIR?4 ,>\ND ! TIME ( HIS BREAK ) ,NICLAES 9 #a#e#g#c1 HE TOOK ! NAME ,HIEL1 :I* 9 ,HEBREW MEANS 0ONE LIFE 9 ,GOD40 ,HAV+ GA9$ ! FRI5D%IP ( ,*RI/OPH] ,PLANT91 ,HIEL BEGAN TO PROPHETIZE ON HIS [N1 P]HAPS 9 ,5GL&1 :]E ! ,FAMILY ( ,LOVE HAD EXI/$ = MORE ?AN A C5TURY4 ,MANY ( !SE ADEPTS JO9$ ! ,RANT]S4 ,HIS RELIGI\S DOCTR9E WAS RELAT$ TO ?AT ( ,HANS ,D5CK4  
  

',! ,FA!R MADE HIMSELF HUMAN AMONG US ACCORD+ TO ! 9W>D MAN & $IFI$ US ACCORD+ TO ! 9W>D MAN 9 A ,SPIRIT ) HIM4 ,! S\L ( MAN IS NOT A CREATURE1 BUT A P>T ( ! UNCREAT$ ,GOD4' ,& SO HE CALL$ HIMSELF 'A MAN :OM ,GOD RAIS$ FROM AMONG ! DEAD1 :OM HE FILL$ & ANO9T$ ) ! ,HOLY-,SPIRIT2 AN 5LI<T5$ MAN ( ! ,SPIRIT ( ! CELE/IAL TRU? & ! V]ITABLE LI<T ( ! P]FECT ESS5CE2 A MAN DEIFI$ ALONG ) ,GOD 9 ! SPIRIT ( HIS LOVE & TRANS=M$ 9TO ! BE+ ( ,GOD4' ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! ,*RI/ IS ONLY '! IMAGE ( ! BE+ ( ! RI<T ( ,GOD'2 HE MU/ NO LONG] BE 5VISION$ AS A HI/ORICAL P]SONAGE1 BUT AS A 'CONDITION' %>$ BY ALL ?OSE :O LIVE 9 UNION ) ,GOD4 ,FROM ?IS METAPHYSICAL PR9CIPLE1 HE D$UC$ ?AT S9 NO LONG] EXI/S 9 ! HE>T ( ! REG5]AT$3 HIS DISCIPLES & HE 'ONLY SAID 9 !IR PRAY]S ! FIR/ ?REE P>TS ( ! ,DOM9ICAN ORATION1 BECAUSE1 = !M1 !Y DID NOT S9 9S(> AS !Y W]E BORN FROM ,GOD'2 HE /ILL D]IV$ BO? USELESSNESS & UNIMPORTANCE FROM RELIGI\S C]EMONIES3 ',! ,LOV]S LIVE & DIE )\T EI!R BAPTISM OR ! SACRAM5TS1' OR RA!R !Y CONSID]$ ! BAPTISM ( 9FANTS TO BE A VALUELESS ACT ?AT SOME W]E FREE TO NEGLECT :ILE O!RS W]E FREE TO PRACTICE4 ,!Y ?US DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 TO :OM IT WAS NO D\BT FITT+ TO L9K !M HI/ORICALLY4 ,H5DRIK ,NICOLAS .<SIC.> F\ND$ HIS DOCTR9E ON ! !ORY ( ! ?REE AGES3 ',MOSES ONLY PREA*$ HOPE1 ,*RI/ ONLY TAU<T FAI?1 HE HIMSELF ANN\NC$ ! LOVE ?AT UNIT$ ALL4 ,! FIR/ P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! SQU>E 9 FRONT ( ! TEMPLE1 ! SECOND 9TO ! SANCTU>Y1 HE HIMSELF 9TO ! ,HOLY ( ,HOLIES4'.<#d#h.>  
  

,! ,PURITAN ,JOHN ,KNEW/UB SAID ( ,H5DRIK ,NICLAES3 0,HE GOT RELIGION UPSIDE-D[N4 ,HE CON/RUCT$ HEAV5 ON E>?2 HE MADE A MAN ( HIS ,GOD & ,GOD A MAN 744474 ,?IS HEAV5 WAS GAMES & LAU<+1 .<&.> HELL WAS GRIEF1 AFFLICTION & SORR[40.<#d#h#a.> 

,JAN ,TORR5TIUS 

  

,BORN 9 ,AM/]DAM 9 #a#e#h#i1 ,JAN ,TORR5TIUS -- *>G$ ) ,ANABAPTISM1 ,DAVIDJORISM & ,FAMILISM -- CUT ! FIGURE ( AN ACCURS$ PA9T] 9 LIB]AL ,HOLL&1 WELL1 AT LEA/ 9 ,HOLL& LIB]AT$ FROM ,CA?OLICISM4 ,PA9T] ( /ILL-LIFES & SO-CALL$ ]OTIC PA9T+S1 HE ATTEMPT$ TO ILLU/RATE ! H$ONISM CELEBRAT$ BY ,DUT* PA9T+ 9 ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY )1 P]HAPS1 LESS RES]VATION ?AN ,JAN ,/E54 

,A MEMB] ( AN ,ADAMITE GR\P ?AT PRACTIC$ ! PLEASURES ( LOVE & ! TABLE1.<#d#h#b.> HE WAS >RE/$ & SUBJECT$ TO TORTURE4 ,HE D5I$ ALL P>TICIPATION 9 ! SECT1 BUT ! 0SC&AL\S0 *>ACT] ( HIS WORKS E>N$ HIM #b YE>S 9 PRISON4 

,FRE$ ON ! 9SI/5CE ( ! AMBASSADOR FROM ,AU/RIA1 HE TOOK REFUGE 9 ,5GL&4 ,HIS RETURN TO ,AM/]DAM BR\<T NEW P]SECUTIONS FROM ! ,PROTE/ANTS UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#f#d4 ,! GOV]NM5T W\LD ORD] HIS PA9T+S COLLECT$ & BURN$ BY AN EXECUTION]4.<#d#h#c.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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