,! ,REVIVAL ( ,H&ICRAFT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,= SOME TIME PA/ !RE HAS BE5 A GOOD DEAL ( 9T]E/ %[N 9 :AT IS CALL$ 
      9 \R MOD]N SLANG ,>T ,WORKMAN%IP1 & QUITE REC5TLY !RE HAS BE5 A GR[+ 
      FEEL+ ?AT ?IS >T WORKMAN%IP TO BE ( ANY VALUE MU/ HAVE SOME ( ! 
      WORKMAN'S 9DIVIDUALITY IMP>T$ TO IT BESIDE :ATEV] ( >T IT MAY HAVE GOT FROM 
      ! DESIGN ( ! >TI/ :O HAS PLANN$1 BUT NOT EXECUT$ ! WORK4 ,?IS FEEL+ 
      HAS GONE SO F> ?AT !RE IS GR[+ UP A FA%ION = DEM&+ H&MADE GOODS 
      EV5 :5 !Y >E NOT ORNAM5T$ 9 ANY WAY1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 WOOL5 & L95 
      CLO? SPUN BY H& & WOV5 )\T P[]1 H&-KNITT$ HOSI]Y1 & ! LIKE4 
      ,NAY1 IT IS NOT UNCOMMON TO HE> REGRETS = ! H&-LABOR 9 ! FIELDS1 N[ FA/ 
      DISAPPE>+ FROM EV5 BACKW>D DI/RICTS ( CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,! SCY!1 ! 
      SICKLE1 & EV5 ! FLAIL >E LAM5T$ OV]1 & MANY >E LOOK+ =W>D ) 
      DROOP+ SPIRITS TO ! TIME :5 ! H&-PL[ WILL BE AS COMPLETELY EXT9CT AS 
      ! QU]N1 & ! RATTLE ( ! /EAM-5G9E WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( ! :I/LE ( 
      ! CURLY-HEAD$ PL[BOY ?R\< ALL ! L5G? & BREAD? ( ! L&4 ,PEOPLE 
      9T]E/$1 OR :O SUPPOSE ?AT !Y >E 9T]E/$1 9 ! DETAILS ( ! >TS ( 
      LIFE FEEL A DESIRE TO REV]T TO ME?ODS ( H&ICRAFT = PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL2 
      & IT MAY !RE=E BE WOR? CONSID]+ H[ F> ?IS IS A M]E REACTION>Y 
      S5TIM5T 9CAPABLE ( REALIZATION1 & H[ F> IT MAY =E%AD[ A REAL COM+ 
      *ANGE 9 \R HABITS ( LIFE AS IRRESI/IBLE AS ! =M] *ANGE :I* HAS 
      PRODUC$ ! SY/EM ( MA*9E-PRODUCTION1 ! SY/EM AGA9/ :I* REVOLT IS N[ 
      ATTEMPT$4 
     
     

      ,9 ?IS PAP] ,I PROPOSE TO CONF9E ! A=ESAID CONSID]ATION AS MU* AS ,I CAN TO 
      ! EFFECT ( MA*9]Y V]SUS H&ICRAFT UPON ! >TS2 US+ ?AT LATT] 
      WORD AS WIDELY AS POSSIBLE1 SO AS TO 9CLUDE ALL PRODUCTS ( LABOR :I* HAVE ANY 
      CLAIMS TO BE CONSID]$ BEAUTIFUL4 ,I SAY AS F> AS POSSIBLE3 = AS ALL ROADS LEAD 
      TO ,ROME1 SO ! LIFE1 HABITS1 & ASPIRATIONS ( ALL GR\PS & CLASSES ( ! 
      COMMUNITY >E F\ND$ ON ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! MASS ( ! 
      PEOPLE LIVE1 & IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXCLUDE SOCIO-POLITICAL QUE/IONS FROM ! 
      CONSID]ATION ( ES!TICS4 ,ALSO1 AL?\< ,I MU/ AV[ MYSELF A %>] 9 ! 
      ABOVE-M5TION$ REACTION>Y REGRETS1 ,I MU/ AT ! \TSET DISCLAIM ! M]E 
      ES!TIC PO9T ( VIEW :I* LOOKS UPON ! PL[MAN & HIS BULLOCKS & HIS 
      PL[1 ! REAP]1 HIS WORK1 HIS WIFE1 & HIS D9N]1 AS SO MANY ELEM5TS :I* 
      COMPOSE A PRETTY TAPE/RY HANG+1 FIT TO ADORN ! /UDY ( A CONTEMPLATIVE P]SON 
      ( CULTIVATION1 BUT :I* IT IS NOT WOR? :ILE DIFF]5TIAT+ FROM EA* O!R 
      EXCEPT 9 SO F> AS !Y >E RELAT$ TO ! BEAUTY & 9T]E/ ( ! PICTURE4 ,ON 
      ! CONTR>Y1 :AT ,I WI% = IS ?AT ! REAP] & HIS WIFE %\LD HAVE 
      !MSELVES A DUE %>E 9 ALL ! FULLNESS ( LIFE2 & ,I CAN1 )\T ANY GREAT 
      EF=T1 P]CEIVE ! JU/ICE ( !IR =C+ ME TO BE> P>T ( ! BURD5 ( ITS 
      DEFICI5CIES1 SO ?AT WE MAY TOGE!R BE =C$ TO ATTEMPT TO REM$Y !M1 & HAVE 
      NO V]Y HEAVY BURD5 TO C>RY BETWE5 US4 
     
     

      ,TO RETURN TO \R ES!TICS3 ?\< A C]TA9 P>T ( ! CULTIVAT$ CLASSES ( 
      TO-DAY REGRET ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( H&ICRAFT FROM PRODUCTION1 !Y >E QUITE VAGUE 
      AS TO H[ & :Y IT IS DISAPPE>+1 & AS TO H[ & :Y IT %\LD OR MAY 
      REAPPE>4 ,= TO BEG9 ) ! G5]AL PUBLIC IS GROSSLY IGNORANT ( ALL ! 
      ME?ODS & PROCESSES ( MANUFACTURE4 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE ONE RESULT ( ! 
      MA*9E-SY/EM WE >E CONSID]+4 ,ALMO/ ALL GOODS >E MADE AP>T FROM ! LIFE ( 
      ?OSE :O USE !M2 WE >E NOT RESPONSIBLE = !M1 \R WILL HAS HAD NO P>T 9 
      !IR PRODUCTION1 EXCEPT SO F> AS WE =M P>T ( ! M>KET ON :I* !Y CAN BE 
      =C$ = ! PR(IT ( ! CAPITALI/ :OSE MONEY IS EMPLOY$ 9 PRODUC+ !M4 
      ,! M>KET ASSUMES ?AT C]TA9 W>ES >E WANT$2 IT PRODUCES SU* W>ES1 9DE$1 
      BUT !IR K9D& QUALITY >E ONLY ADAPT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! PUBLIC 9 A V]Y 
      R\< FA%ION1 BECAUSE ! PUBLIC NE$S >E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! 
      CAPITALI/ MA/]S ( ! M>KET1 & !Y CAN =CE ! PUBLIC TO PUT UP ) ! 
      LESS DESIRABLE >TICLE IF !Y *OOSE1 AS !Y G5]ALLY DO4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT 9 
      ?IS DIRECTION \R BOA/$ 9DIVIDUALITY IS A %AM2 & P]SONS :O WI% = 
      ANY?+ ?AT DEVIATES EV] SO LITTLE FROM ! BEAT5 PA? HAVE EI!R TO WE> AWAY 
      !IR LIVES 9 A WE>ISOME & MO/LY FUTILE CONTE/ ) A /UP5D\S ORGANIZATION 
      :I* DISREG>DS !IR WI%ES1 OR TO ALL[ ?OSE WI%ES TO BE CRU%$ \T = ! 
      SAKE ( A QUIET LIFE4 
     
     

      ,LET US TAKE A FEW TRIVIAL BUT UND5IABLE EXAMPLES4 ,Y\ WANT A HAT1 SAY1 LIKE ?AT 
      Y\ WORE LA/ YE>2 Y\ GO TO ! HATT]'S1 & F9D Y\ CANNOT GET IT !RE1 & 
      Y\ HAVE NO RES\RCE BUT 9 SUBMISSION4 ,MONEY BY ITSELF WON'T BUY Y\ ! HAT Y\ 
      WANT2 IT WILL CO/ Y\ ?REE MON?S' H>D LABOR & TW5TY P\NDS TO HAVE AN 9* 
      ADD$ TO ! BRIM ( Y\R WIDEAWAKE2 = Y\ WILL HAVE TO GET HOLD ( A SMALL 
      CAPITALI/ 7( :OM BUT FEW >E LEFT71 & BY A S]IES ( 9TRIGUES & RESOLUTE 
      ACTIONS :I* W\LD MAKE MAT]IAL = A ?REE-VOLUME NOVEL1 GET HIM TO ALL[ Y\ TO 
      TURN ONE ( HIS H&S 9TO A H&ICRAFTSMAN = ! OCCASION2 & A V]Y POOR 
      H&ICRAFTSMAN HE WILL BE1 :5 ALL IS SAID4 ,AGA91 ,I C>RY A WALK+-/ICK1 & 
      LIKE ALL S5SIBLE P]SONS LIKE IT TO HAVE A GOOD HEAVY-5D ?AT WILL SW+ \T WELL 
      BE=E ME4 ,A YE> OR TWO AGO IT BECAME ! FA%ION TO P>E AWAY ALL WALK+-/ICKS 
      TO ! %APE ( ATT5UAT$ C>ROTS1 & ,I REALLY BELIEVE ,I %ORT5$ MY LIFE 9 MY 
      ATTEMPTS AT GETT+ A REASONABLE /AFF ( ! K9D ,I WAS US$ TO1 SO DIFFICULT IT 
      WAS4 ,AGA91 Y\ WANT A PIECE ( FURNITURE1 :I* ! TRADE 7M>K ! WORD1 ,TRADE1 
      NOT ,CRAFT67 TURNS \T BLOT*$ OV] ) IDIOTIC %AM ORNAM5T2 Y\ WI% TO 
      DISP5SE ) ?IS DEGRADATION1 & PROPOSE IT TO Y\R UPHOL/]]1 :O GRUDG+LY 
      ASS5TS TO IT2 & Y\ F9D ?AT Y\ HAVE TO PAY ! PRICE ( TWO PIECES ( 
      FURNITURE = ! PRIVILEGE ( 9DULG+ Y\R :IM ( LEAV+ \T ! TRADE F9I% 
      7,I DECL9E TO CALL IT ORNAM5T7 ON ! ONE Y\ HAVE GOT MADE = Y\4 ,& ?IS IS 
      BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 MADE BY H&ICRAFT 9/EAD ( MA*9]Y4 ,= MO/ PEOPLE1 
      !RE=E1 !RE IS A PROHIBITIVE PRICE PUT UPON ! ACQUIREM5T OR ! KN[L$GE 
      ( ME?ODS & PROCESSES4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ H[ A PIECE ( GOODS IS MADE1 :AT ! 
      DIFFICULTIES >E ?AT BESET ITS MANUFACTURE1 :AT IT \<T TO LOOK LIKE1 FEEL LIKE1 
      SMELL LIKE1 OR :AT IT \<T TO CO/ AP>T FROM ! PR(IT ( ! MIDDLEMAN4 ,WE 
      HAVE LO/ ! >T ( M>KET+1 & ) IT ! DUE SYMPA?Y ) ! LIFE ( ! 
      WORK%OP1 :I* W\LD1 IF IT EXI/$1 BE SU* A :OLESOME *ECK ON ! HUMBUG ( 
      P>TY POLITICS4 
     
     

      ,IT IS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS IGNORANCE ( ! ME?ODS ( MAK+ W>ES1 ?AT 
      EV5 ?OSE :O >E 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! EXCESS ( DIVISION ( 
      LABOR 9 ! OCCUPATIONS ( LIFE1 & :O WI% TO RECUR MORE OR LESS TO 
      H&ICRAFT1 %\LD ALSO BE IGNORANT ( :AT ?AT LIFE ( H&ICRAFT WAS :5 ALL 
      W>ES W]E MADE BY H&ICRAFT4 ,IF !IR REVOLT IS TO C>RY ANY HOPE ) IT1 IT IS 
      NECESS>Y ?AT !Y %\LD KN[ SOME?+ ( ?IS4 ,I MU/ ASSUME ?AT MANY OR 
      P]HAPS MO/ ( MY READ]S >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ,SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE1 & ?AT 
      FEW ( !M HAVE READ ! ADMIRABLE ACC\NT ( ! DIFF]5T EPO*S ( PRODUCTION 
      GIV5 9 ,K>L ,M>X' GREAT WORK 5TITL$ ^*,CAPITAL4' ,I MU/ ASK TO BE EXCUS$1 
      !RE=E1 = /AT+ V]Y BRIEFLY :AT1 *IEFLY [+ TO ,M>X1 HAS BECOME A 
      COMMONPLACE ( ,SOCIALISM1 BUT IS NOT G5]ALLY KN[N \TSIDE IT4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 
      ?REE GREAT EPO*S ( PRODUCTION S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,DUR+ ! 
      FIR/ OR M$IEVAL P]IOD ALL PRODUCTION WAS 9DIVIDUALI/IC 9 ME?OD2 = ?\< 
      ! WORKM5 W]E COMB9$ 9TO GREAT ASSOCIATIONS = PRODUCTION & ! 
      ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 !Y W]E SO ASSOCIAT$ AS CITIZ5S1 NOT AS M]E WORKM54 
      ,!RE WAS LITTLE OR NO DIVISION ( LABOR1 & :AT MA*9]Y WAS US$ WAS SIMPLY 
      ( ! NATURE ( A MULTIPLI$ TOOL1 A HELP TO ! WORKMAN'S H&-LABOR & NOT 
      ASUPPLANT] ( IT4 ,! WORKMAN WORK$ = HIMSELF & NOT = ANY CAPITALI/IC 
      EMPLOY]1 & HE WAS ACCORD+LY MA/] ( HIS WORK & HIS TIME2 ?IS WAS ! 
      P]IOD ( PURE H&ICRAFT4 ,:5 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ! 
      CAPITALI/ EMPLOY] & ! SO-CALL$ FREE WORKMAN BEGAN TO APPE>1 ! WORKM5 
      W]E COLLECT$ 9TO WORK%OPS1 ! OLD TOOL-MA*9ES W]E IMPROV$1 & AT LA/ A 
      NEW 9V5TION1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! WORK%OPS4 ,! 
      DIVISION ( LABOR W5T ON GR[+ ?R\<\T ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 & WAS 
      P]FECT$ 9 ! EI<TE5?1 :5 ! UNIT ( LABOR BECAME A GR\P & NOT A 
      S+LE MAN2 OR 9 O!R WORDS ! WORKMAN BECAME A M]E P>T ( A MA*9E COMPOS$ 
      SOMETIMES :OLLY ( HUMAN BE+S & SOMETIMES ( HUMAN BE+S PLUS LABOR-SAV+ 
      MA*9ES1 :I* T[>DS ! 5D ( ?IS P]IOD W]E BE+ COPI\SLY 9V5T$2 ! 
      FLY-%UTTLE MAY BE TAK5 = AN EXAMPLE ( !SE4 ,! LATT] HALF ( ! EI<TE5? 
      C5TURY SAW ! BEG9N+ ( ! LA/ EPO* ( PRODUCTION ?AT ! WORLD HAS KN[N1 
      ?AT ( ! AUTOMATIC MA*9E :I* SUP]S$ES H&-LABOR1 & TURNS ! WORKMAN 
      :O WAS ONCE A H&ICRAFTSMAN HELP$ BY TOOLS1 & NEXT A P>T ( A MA*9E1 9TO A 
      T5D] ( MA*9ES4 ,& AS F> AS WE CAN SEE1 ! REVOLUTION 9 ?IS DIRECTION AS 
      TO K9D IS COMPLETE1 ?\< AS TO DEGREE1 AS PO9T$ \T BY ,MR4 ,DAVID ,A4 ,WELLS LA/ 
      YE> 7#a#h#h#g71 ! T5D5CY IS T[>DS ! DISPLACEM5T ( EV] MORE & MORE 
      ^*MUSCUL>' LABOR1 AS ,MR4 ,WELLS CALLS IT4 
     
     

      ,?IS IS V]Y BRIEFLY ! HI/ORY ( ! EVOLUTION ( 9DU/RY DUR+ ! LA/ FIVE 
      HUNDR$ YE>S2 & ! QUE/ION N[ COMES3 ,>E WE JU/IFI$ 9 WI%+ ?AT 
      H&ICRAFT MAY 9 ITS TURN SUPPLANT MA*9]Y8 ,OR IT W\LD P]HAPS BE BETT] TO PUT 
      ! QUE/ION 9 ANO!R WAY4 ,WILL ! P]IOD ( MA*9]Y EVOLVE ITSELF 9TO A 
      FRE% P]IOD ( MA*9]Y MORE 9DEP5D5T ( HUMAN LABOR ?AN ANY?+ WE CAN 
      CONCEIVE ( N[1 OR WILL IT DEVELOP ITS CONTRADICTORY 9 ! %APE ( A NEW & 
      IMPROV$ P]IOD ( PRODUCTION BY H&ICRAFT8 ,! SECOND =M ( ! QUE/ION IS ! 
      PREF]ABLE ONE1 BECAUSE IT HELPS US TO GIVE A REASONABLE ANSW] TO :AT PEOPLE :O 
      HAVE ANY 9T]E/ 9 EXT]NAL BEAUTY WILL C]TA9LY ASK3 ,IS ! *ANGE FROM 
      H&ICRAFT TO MA*9]Y GOOD OR BAD8 ,& ! ANSW] TO ?AT QUE/ION IS TO MY M9D 
      ?AT1 AS MY FRI5D ,BEL=T ,BAX HAS PUT IT1 /ATICALLY IT IS BAD1 DYNAMICALLY IT IS 
      GOOD4 ,AS A CONDITION ( LIFE1 PRODUCTION BY MA*9]Y IS ALTOGE!R AN EVIL2 AS AN 
      9/RUM5T = =C+ ON US BETT] CONDITIONS ( LIFE IT HAS BE51 & = SOME 
      TIME YET WILL BE1 9DISP5SABLE4 
     
     

      ,HAV+ ?US TRI$ TO CLE> MYSELF ( M]E REACTION>Y PESSIMISM1 LET ME ATTEMPT TO 
      %[ :Y /ATICALLY H&ICRAFT IS TO MY M9D DESIRABLE1 & ITS DE/RUCTION A 
      DEGRADATION ( LIFE4 ,WELL1 FIR/ ,I %ALL NOT %R9K FROM SAY+ BLUNTLY ?AT 
      PRODUCTION BY MA*9]Y NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 UTILIT>IAN UGL9ESS 9 EV]Y?+ 
      :I* ! LABOR ( MAN DEALS )1 & ?AT ?IS IS A S]I\S EVIL & A 
      DEGRADATION ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,SO CLE>LY IS ?IS ! FACT ?AT ?\< FEW PEOPLE WILL 
      V5TURE TO D5Y ! LATT] P>T ( ! PROPOSITION1 YET 9 !IR HE>TS ! GREAT] 
      P>T ( CULTIVAT$ CIVILIZ$ P]SONS DO NOT REG>D IT AS AN EVIL1 BECAUSE !IR 
      DEGRADATION HAS ALREADY GONE SO F> ?AT !Y CANNOT1 9 :AT CONC]NS ! S5SE ( 
      SEE+1 DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 BEAUTY & UGL9ESS3 !IR LANGUID ASS5T TO ! 
      DESIRABL5ESS ( BEAUTY IS ) !M ONLY A CONV5TION1 A SUP]/ITI\S SURVIVAL 
      FROM ! TIMES :5 BEAUTY WAS A NECESSITY TO ALL M54 ,! FIR/ P>T ( ! 
      PROPOSITION 7?AT MA*9E-9DU/RY PRODUCES UGL9ESS7 ,I CANNOT >GUE ) !SE 
      P]SONS1 BECAUSE !Y NEI!R KN[1 NOR C>E =1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 BEAUTY & 
      UGL9ESS2 & ) ?OSE :O DO UND]/& :AT BEAUTY MEANS ,I NE$ NOT >GUE IT1 
      AS !Y >E BUT TOO FAMILI> ) ! FACT ?AT ! PRODUCE ( ALL MOD]N 
      9DU/RIALISM IS UGLY1 & ?AT :5EV] ANY?+ :I* IS OLD DISAPPE>S1 ITS 
      PLACE IS TAK5 BY SOME?+ 9F]IOR TO IT 9 BEAUTY2 & ?AT EV5 \T 9 ! V]Y 
      FIELDS & OP5 C\NTRY4 ,! >T ( MAK+ BEAUTIFULLY ALL K9DS ( ORD9>Y 
      ?+S1 C>TS1 GATES1 F5CES1 BOATS1 B[LS1 & SO =?1 LET ALONE H\SES & 
      PUBLIC BUILD+S1 UNCONSCI\SLY & )\T EF=T1 HAS GONE2:5 ANY?+ HAS TO 
      BE R5EW$ AMONG !SE SIMPLE ?+S ! ONLY QUE/ION ASK$ IS H[ LITTLE IT CAN 
      BE DONE =1 SO AS TO TIDE US OV] \R RESPONSIBILITY & %IFT ITS M5D+ ON TO 
      ! NEXT G5]ATION4 
     
     

      ,IT MAY BE SAID1 & 9DE$ ,I HAVE HE>D IT SAID1 ?AT S9CE !RE IS SOME BEAUTY 
      /ILL LEFT 9 ! WORLD & SOME PEOPLE :O ADMIRE IT1 !RE IS A C]TA9 GA9 9 
      ! ACKN[L$G$ ECLECTICISM ( ! PRES5T DAY1 S9CE ! UGL9ESS :I* IS SO 
      COMMON AF=DS A CONTRA/ :]EBY BEAUTY1 :I* IS SO R>E1 MAY BE APPRECIAT$4 
      ,?IS ,I SUSPECT TO BE ONLY ANO!R =M ( ! MAXIM :I* IS ! %EET-AN*OR ( 
      ! LAZIE/ & MO/ C[>DLY GR\P ( \R CULTIVAT$ CLASSES1 ?AT IT IS GOOD = 
      ! MANY TO SUFF] = ! FEW2 BUT IF ANY ONE PUTS =W>D 9 GOOD FAI? ! FE> 
      ?AT WE MAY BE TOO HAPPY 9 ! POSSESSION ( PLEASANT SURR\ND+S1 SO ?AT WE 
      %ALL NOT BE ABLE TO 5JOY !M1 ,I MU/ ANSW] ?AT ?IS SEEMS TO ME A V]Y REMOTE 
      T]ROR4 ,EV5 :5 ! TIDE AT LA/ TURNS 9 ! DIRECTION ( SWEEP+ AWAY MOD]N 
      SQUALOR & VULG>ITY1 WE %ALL HAVE1 ,I D\BT1 MANY G5]ATIONS ( EF=T 9 
      P]FECT+ ! TRANS=MATION1 & :5 IT IS AT LA/ COMPLETE1 !RE WILL BE FIR/ 
      ! TRIUMPH ( \R SUCCESS TO EXALT US1 & NEXT ! HI/ORY ( ! LONG WADE 
      ?R\< ! PUTRID SEA ( UGL9ESS :I* WE %ALL HAVE AT LA/ ESCAP$ FROM4 ,BUT 
      FUR!RMORE1 ! PROP] ANSW] TO ?IS OBJECTION LIES DEEP] ?AN ?IS4 ,IT IS TO MY 
      M9D ?AT V]Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PRODUCTION ( BEAUTY = BEAUTY'S SAKE :I* WE 
      WANT TO AVOID2 IT IS JU/ :AT IS APT TO PRODUCE AFFECTATION & EFFEM9ACY AMONG 
      ! >TI/S & !IR FOLL[+4 ,9 ! GREAT TIMES ( >T CONSCI\S EF=T WAS 
      US$ TO PRODUCE GREAT WORKS = ! GLORY ( ! ,CITY1 ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,*UR*1 
      ! EXALTATION ( ! CITIZ5S1 ! QUICK5+ ( ! DEVOTION ( ! FAI?FUL2 
      EV5 9 ! HI<] >T1 ! RECORD ( HI/ORY1 ! 9/RUCTION ( M5 ALIVE & TO 
      LIVE H]EAFT]1 WAS ! AIM RA!R ?AN BEAUTY2 & ! LESS] >T WAS UNCONSCI\S 
      & SPONTANE\S1 & DID NOT 9 ANY WAY 9T]F]E ) ! R\<] BUS9ESS ( 
      LIFE1 :ILE IT 5ABL$ M5 9 G5]AL TO UND]/& & SYMPA?IZE ) ! NOBL] 
      =MS ( >T4 ,BUT UNCONSCI\S AS !SE PRODUC]S ( ORD9>Y BEAUTY MAY BE1 !Y 
      WILL NOT & CANNOT FAIL TO RECEIVE PLEASURE FROM ! EX]CISE ( !IR WORK UND] 
      !SE CONDITIONS1 & ?IS ABOVE ALL ?+S IS ?AT :I* 9FLU5CES ME MO/ 9 MY 
      HOPE = ! RECOV]Y ( H&ICRAFT4 ,I HAVE SAID IT (T5 5\<1 BUT ,I MU/ SAY IT 
      ONCE AGA91 S9CE IT IS SO MU* A P>T ( MY CASE = H&ICRAFT1 ?AT SO LONG AS 
      MAN ALL[S HIS DAILY WORK TO BE M]E UNRELIEV$ DRUDG]Y HE WILL SEEK HAPP9ESS 9 
      VA94 ,I SAY FUR!R ?AT ! WOR/ TYRANTS ( ! DAYS ( VIOL5CE W]E BUT FEEBLE 
      TORM5TORS COMP>$ ) ?OSE ,CAPTA9S ( ,9DU/RY :O HAVE TAK5 ! PLEASURE ( 
      WORK AWAY FROM ! WORKM54 ,FUR!RMORE ,I FEEL ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT H&ICRAFT 
      JO9$ TO C]TA9 O!R CONDITIONS1 ( :I* MORE PRES5TLY1 W\LD PRODUCE ! 
      BEAUTY & ! PLEASURE 9 WORK ABOVE M5TION$2 & IF ?AT BE SO1 & ?IS D\BLE 
      PLEASURE ( LOVELY SURR\ND+S & HAPPY WORK C\LD TAKE ! PLACE ( ! D\BLE 
      TORM5T ( SQUALID SURR\ND+S & WRET*$ DRUDG]Y1 HAVE WE NOT GOOD REASON = 
      WI%+1 IF IT MI<T BE1 ?AT H&ICRAFT %\LD ONCE MORE /EP 9TO ! PLACE ( 
      MA*9E-PRODUCTION8 
     
     

      ,I AM NOT BL9D TO ! TREM5D\S *ANGE :I* ?IS REVOLUTION W\LD MEAN4 ,! MAXIM 
      ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION TO A WELL-TO-DO MAN IS1 ,AVOID TAK+ TR\BLE6 ,GET AS MANY ( 
      ! FUNCTIONS ( Y\R LIFE AS Y\ CAN P]=M$ BY O!RS = Y\6 ,VIC>I\S LIFE 
      IS ! WAT*WORD ( \R CIVILIZATION1 & WE WELL-TO-DO & CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE LIVE 
      SMOO?LY 5\< :ILE IT LA/S4 ,BUT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 H[ AB\T ! VIC>S1 :O 
      DO MORE = US ?AN ! S++ ( MASS = \R BEHO( = A SCANTY /IP5D8 ,WILL 
      !Y GO ON ) IT = EV]8 ,= 9DE$ ! %UFFL+ (F ( RESPONSIBILITIES FROM 
      ONE TO ! O!R HAS TO /OP AT LA/1 & SOMEBODY HAS TO BE> ! BURD5 9 ! 
      5D4 ,BUT LET ?AT PASS1 S9CE ,I AM NOT WRIT+ POLITICS1 & LET US CONSID] 
      ANO!R ASPECT ( ! MATT]4 ,:AT WRET*$ LOP-SID$ CREATURESWE >E BE+ MADE BY 
      ! EXCESS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! OCCUPATIONS ( LIFE6 ,:AT ON E>? >E 
      WE GO+ TO DO ) \R TIME :5 WE HAVE BR\<T ! >T ( VIC>I\S LIFE TO 
      P]FECTION1 HAV+ FIR/ COMPLICAT$ ! QUE/ION BY ! CEASELESS CREATION ( 
      >TIFICIAL WANTS :I* WE REFUSE TO SUPPLY = \RSELVES8 ,>E ALL ( US 7WE ( ! 
      GREAT MIDDLE CLASS ,I MEAN7 GO+ TO TURN PHILOSOPH]S1 POETS1 ESSAYI/S - M5 ( 
      G5IUS1 9 A WORD1 :5 WE HAVE COME TO LOOK D[N ON ! ORD9>Y FUNCTIONS ( LIFE 
      ) ! SAME K9D ( CONTEMPT :]E) P]SONS ( GOOD BRE$+ LOOK D[N UPON A 
      GOOD D9N]1 EAT+ IT S$UL\SLY H[EV]8 ,I %UDD] :5 ,I ?9K ( H[ WE %ALL 
      BORE EA* O!R :5 WE HAVE REA*$ ?AT P]FECTION4 ,NAY1 ,I ?9K WE HAVE ALREADY 
      GOT 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( CULTURE RA!R MORE G5IUSES ?AT WE CAN COM=TABLY BE>1 
      & ?AT WE LACK1 SO TO SAY1 AUDI5CES RA!R ?AN PREA*]S4 ,I MU/ ASK P>DON ( 
      MY READ]S1 BUT \R CASE IS AT ONCE SO GRIEV\S & SO ABSURD ?AT ONE CAN SC>CELY 
      HELP LAU<+ \T ( BITT]NESS ( S\L4 ,9 ! V]Y MID/ ( \R PESSIMISM WE >E 
      BOA/FUL ( \R WISDOM1 YET WE >E HELPLESS 9 ! FACE ( ! NECESSITIES WE HAVE 
      CREAT$1 & :I*1 9 SPITE ( \R ANXIETY AB\T >T1 >E AT PRES5T DRIV+ US 
      9TO LUXURY UNR$EEM$ BY BEAUTY ON ! ONE H&1 & SQUALOR UNRELIEV$ BY 
      9CID5T OR ROMANCE ON ! O!R1 & WILL ONE DAY DRIVE US 9TO M]E RU94 
     
     

      ,YES1 WE DO SORELY NE$ A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION :I* WILL GIVE US BEAUTIFUL 
      SURR\ND+S & PLEASANT OCCUPATION1 & :I* WILL T5D TO MAKE US GOOD HUMAN 
      ANIMALS1 ABLE TO DO SOME?+ = \RSELVES1 SO ?AT WE MAY BE G5]ALLY 
      9TELLIG5T 9/EAD ( DIVID+ \RSELVES 9TO DULL DRUDGES OR DULL] 
      PLEASURE-SEEK]S ACCORD+ TO \R CLASS1 ON ! ONE H&1 OR HAPLESS PESSIMI/IC 
      9TELLECTUAL P]SONAGES1 & PRET5D]S TO ?AT DIGNITY1 ON ! O!R4 ,WE DO MO/ 
      C]TA9LY NE$ HAPP9ESS 9 \R DAILY WORK1 CONT5T 9 \R DAILY RE/2 & ALL ?IS 
      CANNOT BE IF WE H& OV] ! :OLE RESPONSIBILITY ( ! DETAILS ( \R DAILY LIFE 
      TO MA*9ES & !IR DRIV]S4 ,WE >E RI<T TO LONG = 9TELLIG5T H&ICRAFT TO 
      COME BACK TO ! WORLD :I* IT ONCE MADE TOL]ABLE AMID W> & TURMOIL & 
      UNC]TA9TY ( LIFE1 & :I* IT %\LD1 ONE W\LD ?9K1 MAKE HAPPY N[ WE HAVE 
      GR[N SO PEACEFUL1 SO CONSID]ATE ( EA* O!R'S TEMPORAL WELF>E4 
     
     

      ,!N COMES ! QUE/ION1 ,H[ CAN ! *ANGE BE MADE8 ,& H]E AT ONCE WE >E MET BY 
      ! DIFFICULTY ?AT ! SICKNESS & DEA? ( H&ICRAFT IS1 IT SEEMS1 A NATURAL 
      EXPRESSION ( ! T5D5CY ( ! AGE4 ,WE WILL$ ! 5D1 & !RE=E ! MEANS 
      ALSO4 ,S9CE ! LA/ DAYS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! CREATION ( AN 9TELLECTUAL 
      >I/OCRACY HAS BE51 SO TO SAY1 ! SPIRITUAL PURPOSE ( CIVILIZATION SIDE BY SIDE 
      ) ITS MAT]IAL PURPOSE ( SUPPLANT+ ! >I/OCRACY ( /ATUS BY ! 
      >I/OCRACY ( WEAL?4 ,P>T ( ! PRICE IT HAS HAD TO PAY = ITS SUCCESS 9 ?AT 
      PURPOSE 7& SOME W\LD SAY IT IS COMP>ATIVELY AN 9SIGNIFICANT P>T7 IS ?AT ?IS 
      NEW >I/OCRACY ( 9TELLECT HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO =GO ! LIVELY 9T]E/ 9 ! 
      BEAUTY & ROMANCE ( LIFE1 :I* WAS ONCE ! PORTION ( EV]Y >TIFIC] AT LEA/1 
      IF NOT ( EV]Y WORKMAN1 & TO LIVE SURR\ND$ BY AN UGLY VULG>ITY :I* ! 
      WORLD AMID ALL ITS *ANGES HAS NOT KN[N TILL MOD]N TIMES4 ,IT IS NOT /RANGE 
      ?AT UNTIL REC5TLY IT HAS NOT BE5 CONSCI\S ( ?IS DEGRADATION2 BUT IT MAY SEEM 
      /RANGE TO MANY ?AT IT HAS N[ GR[N P>TIALLY CONSCI\S ( IT4 ,IT IS COMMON N[ 
      TO HE> PEOPLE SAY ( SU* & SU* A PIECE ( C\NTRY OR SUBURB3 ^*,AH6 IT WAS SO 
      BEAUTIFUL A YE> OR SO AGO1 BUT IT HAS BE5 QUITE SPOIL$ BY ! BUILD+4' ,=TY 
      YE>S BACK ! BUILD+ W\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK$ ON AS A VA/ IMPROVEM5T2 N[ WE 
      HAVE GR[N CONSCI\S ( ! HIDE\SNESS WE >E CREAT+1 & WE GO ON CREAT+ IT4 
      ,WE SEE ! PRICE WE HAVE PAID = \R >I/OCRACY ( 9TELLECT1 & EV5 ?AT 
      >I/OCRACY ITSELF IS MORE ?AN HALF REGRETFUL ( ! B>GA91 & W\LD BE GLAD IF 
      IT C\LD KEEP ! GA9 & NOT PAY ! FULL PRICE = IT4 ,H5CE NOT ONLY ! EMPTY 
      GRUMBL+ AB\T ! CONT9U\S M>* ( MA*9]Y OV] DY+ H&ICRAFT1 BUT ALSO 
      V>I\S ELEGANT LITTLES*EMES = TRY+ TO )DRAW \RSELVES1 SOME ( US1 FROM 
      ! CONSEQU5CES 79 ?IS DIRECTION7 ( \R BE+ SUP]IOR P]SONS2 NONE ( :I* 
      CAN HAVE MORE ?AN A TEMPOR>Y & V]Y LIMIT$ SUCCESS4 ,! GREAT WAVE ( 
      COMM]CIAL NECESSITY WILL SWEEP AWAY ALL !SE WELL-MEANT ATTEMPTS TO /EM IT1 & 
      ?9K LITTLE ( :AT IT HAS DONE1 OR :I!R IT IS GO+4 
     
     

      ,YET AFT] ALL EV5 !SE FEEBLE MANIFE/ATIONS ( DISCONT5T ) ! TYRANNY ( 
      COMM]CE >E TOK5S ( A REVOLUTION>Y EPO*1 & TO ME IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT 
      MA*9E-PRODUCTION WILL DEVELOP 9TO M]E 9F9ITY ( MA*9]Y1 OR LIFE :OLLY 
      LAPSE 9TO A DISREG>D ( LIFE AS IT PASSES4 ,IT IS TRUE 9DE$ ?AT P[]FUL AS ! 
      CULTIVAT$ MIDDLE CLASS IS1 IT HAS NOT ! P[] ( RECREAT+ ! BEAUTY & 
      ROMANCE ( LIFE2 BUT ?AT WILL BE ! WORK ( ! NEW SOCIETY :I* ! BL9D 
      PROGRESS ( COMM]CIALISM WILL CREATE1 NAY1 IS CREAT+4 ,! CULTIVAT$ MIDDLE 
      CLASS IS A CLASS ( SLAVE-HOLD]S1 & ITS P[] ( LIV+ ACCORD+ TO ITS *OICE 
      IS LIMIT$ BY ! NECESSITY ( F9D+ CON/ANT LIVELIHOOD & EMPLOYM5T = ! 
      SLAVES :O KEEP IT ALIVE4 ,IT IS ONLY A SOCIETY ( EQUALS :I* CAN *OOSE ! LIFE 
      IT WILL LIVE1 :I* CAN *OOSE TO =GO GROSS LUXURY & BASE UTILIT>IANISM 9 
      RETURN = ! UNWE>Y+ PLEASURE ( TA/+ ! FULLNESS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS MY FIRM 
      BELIEF ?AT WE %ALL 9 ! 5D REALIZE ?IS SOCIETY ( EQUALS1 & ALSO ?AT :5 
      IT IS REALIZ$ IT WILL NOT 5DURE A VIC>I\S LIFE BY MEANS ( MA*9]Y2 ?AT IT 
      WILL 9 %ORT BE ! MA/] ( ITS MA*9]Y & NOT ! S]VANT1 AS \R AGE IS4 
     
     

      ,MEANTIME1 S9CE WE %ALL HAVE TO GO ?R\< A LONG S]IES ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL 
      EV5TS BE=E WE %ALL BE FREE TO *OOSE H[ WE %ALL LIVE1 WE %\LD WELCOME EV5 
      ! FEEBLE PROTE/ ) IS N[ BE+ MADE AGA9/ ! VULG>IZATION ( ALL LIFE3 
      FIR/ BECAUSE IT IS ONE TOK5 AMONG O!RS ( ! SICKNESS ( MOD]N 
      CIVILIZATION2 & NEXT1 BECAUSE IT MAY HELP TO KEEP ALIVE MEMORIES ( ! PA/ 
      :I* >E NECESS>Y ELEM5TS ( ! LIFE ( ! FUTURE1 & ME?ODS ( WORK :I* 
      NO SOCIETY C\LD AF=D TO LOSE4 ,9 %ORT1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ?\< ! MOVEM5T 
      T[>DS ! REVIVAL ( H&ICRAFT IS CONTEMPTIBLE ON ! SURFACE 9 FACE ( ! 
      GIGANTIC FABRIC ( COMM]CIALISM1 YET1 TAK5 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! G5]AL 
      MOVEM5T T[>DS FRE$OM ( LIFE = ALL1 ON :I* WE >E N[ SURELY EMBRAC$1 AS A 
      PROTE/ AGA9/ 9TELLECTUAL TYRANNY1 & A TOK5 ( ! *ANGE :I* IS 
      TRANS=M+ CIVILIZATION 9TO SOCIALISM1 IT IS BO? NOTEWOR?Y & 5C\RAG+4 
     
     

      ,=TNI<TLY ,REVIEW1 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#h#h4 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

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