,! ,ROLE ( ,BOL%EVIK ,IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,BIR? ( ! ,BUREAUCRACY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

,NOTE FROM ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 

,?IS >TICLE WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ AS AN 9TRODUCTION TO ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI'S ,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION1 BUT IT CAN /& ALONE AS A REFUTATION ( ! /&>D ,L59I/_/,TROTSKYI/ CLAIM ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ONLY DEG5]AT$ PO/ #a#i#b#d1 I4E4 AFT] ,L59'S DEA?1 & AS SU* HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 PAMPHLET =M BY A NUMB] ( GR\PS4 

.<#a4 ,! ,SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION.> 

,WE >E HAPPY TO PRES5T TO \R READ]S ! FIR/ TRANSLATION 9TO ,FR5* ( ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI'S PAMPHLET ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS PAMPHLET WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,MOSC[ AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#b#a1 DUR+ ! VIOL5T CONTROV]SY ?AT PREC$$ ! ,T5? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,?IS ,CONGRESS WAS TO CLOSE DISCUSSION =EV] ON ?IS CONTROV]SY AS WELL AS ON ALL ! O!RS4_<#a_> 

,PEOPLE HAVE NOT F9I%$ TALK+ AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ITS PROBLEMS1 ITS DEG5]ATION1 & AB\T ! REGIME IT ULTIMATELY PRODUC$4 ,& H[ C\LD ONE8 ,( ALL ! REVOLTS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS ! ONLY VICTORI\S ONE4 ,& ( ALL ! WORK+ CLASS'S FAILURES1 IT WAS ! MO/ ?OR\<GO+ & ! MO/ REVEAL+4 

,! CRU%+ ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #ahga & ( ! ,BUDAPE/ UPRIS+ 9 #aief TEA* US ?AT 9SURG5T WORK]S 5C\NT] IMM5SELY DIFFICULT ORGANIZATIONAL & POLITICAL PROBLEMS1 ?AT AN 9SURRECTION CAN F9D ITSELF ISOLAT$1 ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL NOT HESITATE TO EMPLOY ANY K9D ( VIOL5CE OR B>B>IAN SAVAG]Y :5 !IR P[] IS AT /AKE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 OBLIGES US TO REFLECT NOT ONLY ON ! CONDITIONS = A PROLET>IAN VICTORY BUT ALSO ON ! CONT5T & ! POSSIBLE FATE ( SU* A VICTORY1 ON ITS CONSOLIDATION & DEVELOPM5T1 ON ! SE$S ( A FAILURE :OSE IMPORT 9F9ITELY SURPASSES ! VICTORY ( ! TROOPS ( ! ,V]SAILLES1 ( ,FRANCO'S >MY1 OR ( ,KHRU%*EV'S TANKS4 

,S9CE IT CRU%$ ! ,:ITE >MIES & YET SUCCUMB$ TO A BUREAUCRACY IT HAD ITSELF G5]AT$1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PUTS US FACE TO FACE ) PROBLEMS ( A DIFF]5T ORD] FROM ?OSE 9VOLV+ A /UDY ( ! TACTICS & ME?ODS ( AN >M$ 9SURRECTION OR A CORRECT ANALYSIS ( ! RELATION ( =CES AT A GIV5 MOM5T4 ,IT OBLIGES US TO REFLECT ON ! NATURE ( ! P[] ( LABOR+ PEOPLE & ON :AT WE MEAN BY SOCIALISM4 ,CULM9AT+ 9 A REGIME 9 :I* ECONOMIC CONC5TRATION1 ! TOTALIT>IAN P[] ( ! RUL]S1 & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION HAVE BE5 PU%$ TO ! LIMIT1 & PRODUC+ TO AN EXTREME DEGREE ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL & ITS FUSION ) ! ,/ATE1 9 ITS \TCOME ?IS REVOLUTION PRES5TS US ) :AT HAS BE5 & 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS /ILL REMA9S ! MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ & ! 0PURE/0 =M ( A MOD]N EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY4 

,EMBODY+ ,M>XISM = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY -- ONLY TO MAKE US SEE IMM$IATELY 9 ?IS 9C>NATION A MON/R\S DISFIGURATION ( IT -- ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ALL[S US TO UND]/& MORE AB\T ,M>XISM ?AN :AT ,M>XISM ITSELF HAS BE5 ABLE TO HELP US TO UND]/& AB\T ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! REGIME ! ,REVOLUTION PRODUC$ HAS BECOME ! T\*/ONE = ALL CURR5T IDEAS1 NOT ONLY ?OSE ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM1 ( C\RSE1 BUT JU/ AS MU* ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGIES4 ,?IS REGIME HAS PROV$ ! RU9ATION ( ,M>XISM ?R\< ITS V]Y REALIZATION & HAS PROV$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! DEEPE/ LAY]S ( !SE O!R IDEOLOGIES ?R\< ITS V]Y REFUTATIONS ( !M4 ,EV5 AS ?IS REGIME HAS EXP&$ TO EMBRACE A ?IRD ( ! GLOBE1 HAS BE5 *ALL5G$ BY WORK]S' REVOLTS AGA9/ IT OV] ! PA/ T5 YE>S1 HAS ATTEMPT$ TO RE=M ITSELF1 & HAS N[ SPLIT 9TO TWO OPPOS+ POLES1 ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,*9ESE1 IT HAS NOT CEAS$ TO RAISE QUE/IONS ( ! MO/ PRESS+ IMPORTANCE & TO ACT AS ! CLE>E/ AS WELL AS ! MO/ 5IGMATIC 9DICATOR ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,! WORLD WE LIVE 91 REFLECT 91 & ACT 9 WAS LAUN*$ ON ITS PRES5T C\RSE BY ! WORK]S & ,BOL%EVIKS ( ,PETROGRAD 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 

.<#b4 ,! ,MA9 ,QUE/IONS.> 

,AMONG ! 9NUM]ABLE QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TWO =M ! POLES >\ND :I* WE MAY ORGANIZE ALL ! O!RS4 

,! FIR/ QUE/ION IS3 ,:AT K9D ( SOCIETY WAS PRODUC$ BY ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION8 7,:AT IS ! NATURE & ! DYNAMIC ( ?IS REGIME8 ,:AT IS ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY8 ,:AT IS ITS RELATION TO CAPITALISM & TO ! PROLET>IAT8 ,:AT IS ITS PLACE 9 HI/ORY8 ,:AT >E ITS PRES5T PROBLEMS87 ,?IS QUE/ION HAS ALREADY BE5 DISCUSS$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS 9 ,S4 \ ,B4.<#a.> & WILL BE AGA94.<#b.> 

,! SECOND QUE/ION IS1 ,H[ CAN A WORK]S' REVOLUTION GIVE BIR? TO A BUREAUCRACY1 & H[ DID ?IS OCCUR 9 ,RUSSIA8 ,WE HAVE EXAM9$ ?IS QUE/ION 9 ITS !ORETICAL =M1.<#c.> BUT SO F> WE HAVE SAID LITTLE FROM ! CONCRETE HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS AN ALMO/ 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE TO A CLOSE /UDY ( ?IS P>TICUL>LY OBSCURE P]IOD EXT5D+ FROM ,OCTOB] #aiag TO ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 DUR+ :I* ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS PLAY$ \T4 ,! QUE/ION ( MO/ CONC]N TO US IS1 9 EFFECT1 ! FOLL[+3 ,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S TRY TO TAKE UPON !MSELVES ! DIRECTION ( SOCIETY1 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! REGULATION ( ! ECONOMY1 & ! ORI5TATION ( POLITICAL LIFE8 ,:AT WAS !IR CONSCI\S AW>5ESS ( !SE PROBLEMS1 ! *>ACT] ( !IR AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY8 ,:AT WAS !IR ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 T[>D ! NASC5T BUREAUCRACY8 ,N[1 WE %\LD PO9T \T ?AT IT IS NOT WORK]S :O WRITE HI/ORY4 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! O!RS4 ,& !SE O!RS1 :OEV] !Y MAY BE1 HAVE A HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ONLY 9S(> AS ! MASSES >E PASSIVE1 OR ACTIVE SIMPLY TO SUPPORT !M1 & ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT 0! O!RS0 WILL TELL US AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME !SE O!RS WILL NOT EV5 POSSESS EYES TO SEE & E>S TO HE> ! GE/URES & UTT]ANCES ?AT EXPRESS PEOPLE'S AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY4 ,9 ! BE/ ( 9/ANCES1 !Y WILL S+ ! PRAISES ( ?IS ACTIVITY SO LONG AS IT MIRACUL\SLY CO9CIDES ) !IR [N L9E1 BUT !Y WILL RADICALLY CONDEMN IT1 & IMPUTE TO IT ! BASE/ MOTIVES1 AS SOON AS IT /RAYS !RE FROM4 ,?US ,TROTSKY DESCRIBES 9 GR&IOSE T]MS ! ANONYM\S WORK]S ( ,PETROGRAD MOV+ AHEAD ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY OR MOBILIZ+ !MSELVES DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 BUT LAT] ON HE WAS TO *>ACT]IZE ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS AS 0/OOL PIGEONS0 & 0HIREL+S ( ! ,FR5* ,HI< ,COMM&40 ,!Y LACK ! CATEGORIES ( ?\<T -- ! BRA9 CELLS1 WE MI<T D>E SAY -- NECESS>Y TO UND]/&1 OR EV5 TO RECORD1 ?IS ACTIVITY AS IT REALLY OCCURS3 TO !M1 AN ACTIVITY ?AT IS NOT 9/ITUT$1 ?AT HAS NEI!R BOSS NOR PROGRAM1 HAS NO /ATUS2 IT IS NOT EV5 CLE>LY P]CEIVABLE1 EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ! MODE ( 0DISORD]0 & 0TR\BLES40 ,! AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES BELONGS BY DEF9ITION TO :AT IS REPRESS$ 9 HI/ORY4 

,?US1 IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORDS MO/ 9T]E/+ TO US DUR+ ?IS P]IOD >E FRAGM5T>Y1 OR EV5 ?AT !Y W]E & CONT9UE TO BE SY/EMATICALLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! TRIUMPHANT BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT IS ?AT ?IS RECORD ( EV5TS IS 9F9ITELY MORE SELECTIVE & SLANT$ ?AN ANY O!R HI/ORICAL TE/IMONY4 ,! REACTION>Y RAGE ( B\RGEOIS WITNESSES & ! ALMO/ EQUALLY VICI\S HO/ILITY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS2 ! DELIRI\S RAV+S ( ! AN>*I/S2 ! (FICIAL HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 P]IODICALLY REWRITT5 TO SUIT ! NE$S ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ?AT ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ T5D5CY CONC]N$ EXCLUSIVELY ) JU/IFY+ ITSELF AFT] ! FACT & ) HID+ ITS ROLE DUR+ ! FIR/ /AGES ( DEG5]ATION -- ALL ?IS 0HI/ORICAL EVID5CE0 CONV]GES ON ONE PO9T3 IT IGNORES ! SIGNS ( ! AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 OR1 IF NECESS>Y1 0PROVES0 ! A PRIORI IMPOSSIBILITY ( ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! 9=MATION CONTA9$ 9 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI'S TEXT IS ( PRICELESS VALUE4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE ( ! DIRECT 9DICATIONS IT SUPPLIES CONC]N+ ! ATTITUDES & REACTIONS ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S T[>D ! POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY2 SECOND & MORE IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE IT %[S ?AT A L>GE PORTION ( ! WORK+-CLASS BASE ( ! ,P>TY WAS AW>E ( ! PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION ?AT WAS TAK+ PLACE1 & WAS TAK+ A /& AGA9/ IT4 ,IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 AFT] READ+ ?IS TEXT1 TO CONT9UE TO DESCRIBE ! ,RUSSIA ( #aib AS 0JU/ *AOS10 0A PILE ( RU9S10 :]E ! ?\<T ( ,L59 & ! 0IRON WILL0 ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ! ONLY ELEM5TS ( ORD] 9 A C\NTRY :OSE PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 PULV]IZ$4 ,! WORK]S WANT$ SOME?+1 & !Y %[$ :AT !Y WANT$ ?R\< ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION )9 ! ,P>TY & ! ,PETROGRAD /RIKES & ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT \TSIDE ! ,P>TY4 ,BO? ! 9TRAP>TY & ! EXTRAP>TY *ALL5GES HAD TO BE CRU%$ BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY = ,/AL9 LAT] TO EM]GE TRIUMPHANT4 

.<#c4 ,! ,TRADITIONAL 0,ANSW]S0.> 

,BACK TO ! MA9 QUE/ION3 ,H[ C\LD ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAVE PRODUC$ A BUREAUCRATIC REGIME8 ,! CURR5T ANSW] 7FIR/ ADVANC$ BY ,TROTSKY1 LAT] TAK5 UP BY ! FELL[ TRAVEL]S ( ,/AL9ISM1 & TODAY BY ,KHRU%*EV'S M5 !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO 0EXPLA90 ! 0BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM07 IS ! FOLL[+3 ! ,REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY1 :I* 9 ANY CASE C\LD NOT HAVE BUILT SOCIALISM ON ITS [N2 IT F\ND ITSELF ISOLAT$ BY ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE 7& MORE P>TICUL>LY 9 ,G]MANY BETWE5 #aiai & #a#i#b#c72 & :AT IS MORE1 ! C\NTRY WAS COMPLETELY DIVE/$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,?IS ANSW] W\LD NOT DES]VE A MOM5T'S CONSID]ATION1 W]E IT NOT = ! FACT ?AT IT IS WIDELY ACCEPT$ & ?AT IT CONT9UES TO PLAY A MY/IFICATORY ROLE4 ,= IT IS COMPLETELY BESIDE ! PO9T4 

,! BACKW>DNESS1 ISOLATION1 & DEVA/ATION ( ! C\NTRY -- ALL 9CONTE/ABLE FACTS 9 !MSELVES -- MI<T JU/ AS WELL HAVE EXPLA9$ A PURE & SIMPLE DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION & ! RE/ORATION ( CLASSICAL CAPITALISM4 ,:AT WE >E ASK+1 H[EV]1 IS PRECISELY :Y !RE WAS NO PURE & SIMPLE DEFEAT1 :Y ! ,REVOLUTION OV]CAME ITS EXT]NAL 5EMIES ONLY TO COLLAPSE FROM )91 :Y IT 0DEG5]AT$0 PRECISELY 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT L$ TO ! P[] ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 

,TROTSKY'S ANSW]1 IF WE MAY USE A METAPHOR1 IS LIKE SAY+1 0,?IS PATI5T DEVELOP$ TUB]CULOSIS BECAUSE HE WAS RUN D[N40 ,FEEL+ RUN D[N1 H[EV]1 HE MI<T HAVE DI$ 9/EAD1 OR CONTRACT$ SOME O!R DISEASE4 ,:Y DID HE CONTRACT ?IS P>TICUL> DISEASE8 ,:AT HAS TO BE EXPLA9$ 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS :Y IT WAS SPECIFICALLY A BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION4 ,?IS CANNOT BE DONE BY REF]R+ TO FACTORS AS G5]AL AS 0BACKW>DNESS0 OR 0ISOLATION40 ,LET US ADD 9 PASS+ ?AT ?IS 0RESPONSE0 TEA*ES US NO?+ WE C\LD EXT5D BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION 9 #a#i#b4 ,! SOLE CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN FROM ?IS K9D ( 0ANALYSIS0 IS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES %\LD >D5TLY HOPE ?AT FUTURE REVOLUTIONS BREAK \T AN MORE ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 ?AT !Y %\LD NOT REMA9 ISOLAT$1 & ?AT CIVIL W>S %\LD NOT 9 ! LEA/ BE DEVA/AT+4 

,AFT] ALL1 ! FACT ?AT .<S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>.> ! BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM ( RULE HAS EXT5D$ ITS FRONTI]S WELL BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ,RUSSIA1 ?AT IT HAS 9/ALL$ SIMIL> REGIMES 9 C\NTRIES ?AT 9 NO WAY CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS BACKW>D 7SU* AS ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA OR ,EA/ ,G]MANY71 & ?AT 9DU/RIALIZATION -- :I* HAS MADE ,RUSSIA ! SECOND /RONGE/ P[] 9 ! WORLD -- HAS NOT WEAK5$ ?IS BUREAUCRACY AT ALL1 %[S ?AT ALL DISCUSSION 9 T]MS ( 0BACKW>DNESS10 0ISOLATION10 ,V & SO =?1 IS PURELY & SIMPLY ANA*RONI/IC4 

.<#d4 ,BUREAUCRACY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,WORLD.> 

,IF WE WI% TO UND]/& ! EM]G5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY AS AN 9CREAS+LY PREPOND]ANT MANAG]IAL /RATUM 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO NOTE AT ! \TSET ?AT1 P>ADOXICALLY1 IT APPE>S AT ! TWO OPPOSITE POLES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT HAS EM]G$ AS ! ORGANIC PRODUCT ( ! MATURATION PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT APPE>S AS ! 0=C$ ANSW]0 BACKW>D C\NTRIES GIVE TO ! PROBLEM ( !IR [N PASSAGE TO ! /AGE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 

.<,A4 ,MOD]N ,CAPITALI/ ,C\NTRIES.> 

,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY (F]S US NO MY/]Y4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY LEADS TO ! APPE>ANCE )9 BUS9ESS FIRMS ( A /RATUM :OSE FUNCTION IS TO TAKE ON ! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( IMM5SE ECONOMIC UNITS4 ,! TASK TO BE P]=M$ GOES QUALITATIVELY BEYOND ! CAPACITIES ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL [N]4 ,AT FIR/ 9 ! ECONOMIC REALM1 BUT GRADUALLY ALSO 9 O!R SPH]ES1 ! GR[+ ROLE ( ! ,/ATE LEADS BO? TO A QUANTITATIVE EXT5SION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC /ATE APP>ATUS & TO A QUALITATIVE *ANGE 9 ITS NATURE4 

,AT ! OPPOSITE POLE )9 ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T DEG5]ATES AS IT BECOMES BUREAUCRATIZ$1 IT BECOMES BUREAUCRATIZ$ AS IT BECOMES 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 & IT CANNOT BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ?IS ORD] )\T BECOM+ BUREAUCRATIZ$4 ,! V>I\S TE*NO-ECONOMIC1 /ATE-POLITICAL1 & 0WORK+-CLASS0 ELEM5TS CON/ITUTIVE ( ! BUREAUCRACY COEXI/ ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS4 ,!Y COEXI/ BO? ) EA* O!R & ) ! MORE PROP]LY 0B\RGEOIS0 ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY 7[N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION74 ,9 ANY CASE1 AS ! BUREAUCRACY EVOLVES1 ! IMPORTANCE ( !SE BUREAUCRATIC ELEM5TS = ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY CON/ANTLY 9CREASES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY CORRESPONDS TO AN 0ULTIMATE0 PHASE 9 ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL CONC5TRATION1 ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY P]SONIFIES OR EMBODIES CAPITAL DUR+ ?IS PHASE1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE DID DUR+ ! PREVI\S PHASE4 

,AT LEA/ AS F> AS ITS ORIG9S & ITS SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL FUNCTION >E CONC]N$1 ?IS BUREAUCRACY CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! CATEGORIES ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 7,IT MATT]S LITTLE1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ?AT TODAY'S ALLEG$ ,M>XI/S1 :O FALL =EV] %ORT ( ! POSSIBILITIES 5TAIL$ BY ! !ORY !Y CLAIM AS !IRS1 REMA9 9CAPABLE ( GRANT+ ! BUREAUCRACY ANY K9D ( SOCIO-HI/ORICAL /ATUS4 ,!SE SO-CALL$ ,M>XI/S BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS NO NAME = ?IS ?+ 9 !IR IDEAS1 & SO 9 PRACTICE !Y D5Y ITS EXI/5CE & SPEAK ( CAPITALISM1 AS IF NO?+ HAD *ANG$ )9 CAPITALISM = ! PA/ C5TURY OR HALF C5TURY47 

.<,B4 ,ECONOMICALLY ,BACKW>D ,C\NTRIES.> 

,9 ! SECOND CASE1 ! BUREAUCRACY EM]GES1 ONE MI<T SAY1 FROM ! V]Y VOID F\ND 9 ?IS TYPE ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ALMO/ ALL BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 ! OLD RUL+ /RATA >E CLE>LY 9CAPABLE ( UND]TAK+ ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,=EIGN CAPITAL CREATES1 AT 0BE/10 M]ELY ISOLAT$ POCKETS ( MOD]N EXPLOITATION1 & ! LATE-BORN NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE 9 SU* C\NTRIES HAS NEI!R ! /R5G? NOR ! C\RAGE NECESS>Y TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! OLD SOCIAL /RUCTURES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM1 AS W\LD BE REQUIR$ BY ! PROCESS ( MOD]NIZATION4 ,LET US ADD ?AT1 BECAUSE ( ?IS V]Y FACT1 ! NATIONAL PROLET>IAT IS TOO WEAK TO PLAY ! ROLE ASSIGN$ TO IT BY ! S*EMA ( 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION10 ?AT IS1 IT IS TOO WEAK TO ELIM9ATE ! OLD RUL+ /RATA & TO UND]TAKE ! PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION ?AT W\LD LEAD1 9 AN UN9T]RUPT$ FA%ION1 FROM ! 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 PHASE ?R\< TO SOCIALISM4 

,:AT CAN HAPP5 !N8 ,A BACKW>D SOCIETY CAN /AGNATE & REMA9 /AGNANT = A LONG] OR %ORT] P]IOD ( TIME4 7,?IS IS ! SITUATION TODAY ( BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 :E!R OR NOT !Y HAVE BE5 CON/ITUT$ AS ,/ATES ONLY REC5TLY47 ,BUT ?IS PROCESS ( /AGNATION 9 FACT SIGNIFIES A RELATIVE & SOMETIMES AN ABSOLUTE DET]IORATION ( !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SITUATION1 AS WELL AS A RUPTURE ( ! OLD EQUILIBRIUM BUILT 9TO !SE SOCIETIES4 ,AGGRAVAT$ ALMO/ ALWAYS BY APP>5TLY 0ACCID5TAL0 FACTORS 7:I* 9 FACT RECUR 9EVITABLY & :I* >E AMPLIFI$ TO AN 9F9ITELY GREAT] DEGREE 9 A SOCIETY UND]GO+ DIS9TEGRATION71 EA* UPSET 9 ! BALANCE ( !SE SOCIETIES TURNS 9TO A CRISIS1 (T5 COLOR$ BY SOME 0NATIONAL0 COMPON5T4 ,?IS CAN RESULT 9 AN OV]T & PROLONG$ NATIONAL-SOCIAL /RUGGLE 7,*9A1 ,ALG]IA1 ,CUBA1 ,9DO*9A7 OR A C\P D'ETAT1 ALMO/ 9EVITABLY MILIT>Y 9 NATURE 7,EGYPT74 

,!SE TWO EXAMPLES EXHIBIT IMM5SE DIFF]5CES1 BUT !Y ALSO %>E A COMMON PO9T4 

,9 ! FIR/ TYPE ( EXAMPLE 7,*9A1 ETC471 ! POLITICO-MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP ( ! /RUGGLE GRADUALLY ]ECTS ITSELF 9TO AN AUTONOM\S /RATUM ?AT MANAGES ! 0REVOLUTION0 &1 AFT] VICTORY1 TAKES 9 H& ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 IT NATURALLY 9CORPORATES ALL ?OSE MEMB]S ( ! OLD PRIVILEG$ /RATA :O HAVE RALLI$ TO ITS CAUSE :ILE ALSO SELECT+ C]TA9 MEMB]S ( ! MASSES4 ,& AS ! C\NTRY 9DU/RIALIZES1 IT CON/ITUTES !SE ELEM5TS 9TO A HI]>*ICAL PYRAMID ?AT WILL S]VE AS ! SKELETON ( ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,?IS 9DU/RIALIZATION IS C>RI$ \T1 ( C\RSE1 ACCORD+ TO ! CLASSICAL ME?ODS ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4 ,!SE ME?ODS 9VOLVE 9T5SE EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S & AN EV5 MORE 9T5SE EXPLOITATION ( ! PEASANTRY1 :O >E MORE OR LESS PRESS-GANG$ 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL >MY ( LABOR4 

,9 ! SECOND EXAMPLE 7,EGYPT1 ETC471 ! /ATE-MILIT>Y BUREAUCRACY1 :ILE PLAY+ A ROLE ( TUTELAGE ) REG>D TO ! EXI/+ PRIVILEG$ /RATA1 DOES NOT COMPLETELY ELIM9ATE !SE /RATA OR ! SOCIAL SITUATION !Y REPRES5T4 ,ALSO1 ONE CAN ALMO/ ALWAYS =ESEE ?AT ! C\NTRY WILL NOT BE FULLY TRANS=M$ & 9DU/RIALIZ$ UNTIL !RE IS A FUR!R VIOL5T CONVULSION4 

,9 BO? 9/ANCES1 H[EV]1 :AT WE DISCOV] IS ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY SUB/ITUTES OR T5DS TO SUB/ITUTE ITSELF = ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! SOCIAL /RATUM ?AT C>RIES \T ! TASK ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4 

,WE MU/ NOTE ?AT ?IS BUREAUCRACY HAS EFFECTIVELY %ATT]$ ! TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 NO WAY CAN IT BE SAID ?AT ?IS NEW SOCIAL /RATUM HAS BE5 CON/ITUT$ & HAS GR[N )9 ! WOMB ( ! PREC$+ SOCIETY4 ,NOR IS IT BORN \T ( A NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION :OSE DEVELOPM5T HAD BECOME 9COMPATIBLE ) ! MA9T5ANCE ( OLD =MS ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT GIVES BIR? TO ?IS NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! SOCIETIES WE >E CONSID]+4 ,IT IS NOT ITSELF BORN \T ( ! NORMAL FUNCTION+ ( SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R \T ( ! 9ABILITY ( ?IS SOCIETY TO FUNCTION4 ,ALMO/ )\T METAPHOR1 WE CAN SAY ?AT IT HAS ITS ORIG9 9 ! SOCIAL VOID3 ITS HI/ORICAL ROOTS PLUNGE :OLLY 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,IT OBVI\SLY MAKES NO S5SE TO SAY ?AT ! ,*9ESE BUREAUCRACY IS ! PRODUCT ( ! C\NTRY'S 9DU/RIALIZATION :5 IT W\LD BE 9F9ITELY MORE REASONABLE TO SAY ?AT ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,*9A IS ! PRODUCT ( ! BUREAUCRACY'S ACCESSION TO P[]4 ,WE CAN ONLY MOVE BEYOND ?IS ANT9OMY BY PO9T+ \T ?AT 9 ! PRES5T EPO*1 & %ORT ( A REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 A BACKW>D C\NTRY CAN 9DU/RIALIZE ONLY BY BECOM+ BUREAUCRATIZ$4 

.<,C4 ,RUSSIA.> 

,9 ! CASE ( ,RUSSIA1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT1 AFT] ! FACT1 ! BUREAUCRACY SEEMS TO HAVE FULFILL$ ! 0HI/ORICAL FUNCTION0.<#d.> ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( E>LI] TIMES1 OR ( ! BUREAUCRACY ( A BACKW>D C\NTRY TODAY4 ,UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 !RE=E1 ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY CAN BE COMP>$ TO ! LATT] SORT ( BUREAUCRACY4.<#e.> ,! CONDITIONS UND] :I* IT >OSE1 H[EV]1 >E DIFF]5T4 ,& ?IS DIFF]5CE IS DUE PRECISELY TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIA ( #aiag WAS NOT SIMPLY A 0BACKW>D0 C\NTRY1 BUT A C\NTRY ?AT1 BESIDES ITS BACKW>DNESS1 EXHIBIT$ C]TA9 WELL-DEVELOP$ FEATURES ( CAPITALISM 7,RUSSIA WAS1 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! FIF? /RONGE/ 9DU/RIAL P[] 9 ! WORLD7 -- SO WELL DEVELOP$1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ?AT IT WAS ! !AT] ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION PROCLAIM+ ITSELF SOCIALI/ 7LONG BE=E ?IS WORD HAD COME TO SIGNIFY ANY?+ ONE WANTS & NO?+ AT ALL74 

,! FIR/ BUREAUCRACY TO HAVE BECOME A RUL+ CLASS 9 ITS SOCIETY1 ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY APPE>S PRECISELY AS ! 5D PRODUCT ( A REVOLUTION ?AT EV]YONE ?\<T HAD GIV5 P[] TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT !RE=E REPRES5TS A ?IRD1 QUITE SPECIFIC TYPE 7AL?\< 9 FACT IT WAS ! FIR/ CLE>LY TO EM]GE )9 MOD]N HI/ORY73 ! BUREAUCRACY BORN FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( A WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ?IS DEG5]ATION -- EV5 IF1 FROM ! \TSET1 ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY ACCOMPLI%ES SU* FUNCTIONS AS 0MANAG] ( C5TRALIZ$ CAPITAL0 & ACTS AS ! 0/RATUM = DEVELOP+ A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY BY EV]Y MEANS AVAILABLE40 

.<#e4 ,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION.> 

,KEEP+ 9 M9D PRECISELY :AT CAME AFT]W>DS1 & RECOLLECT+ TOO ?AT ! ,OCTOB] #aiag 0SEIZURE ( P[]0 WAS ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY & ?AT ?IS ,P>TY 9 FACT ASSUM$ ?IS P[] AS ITS [N FROM DAY ONE1 9 :AT S5SE CAN ONE SAY ?AT ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS PROLET>IAN 7?AT IS1 IF ONE REFUSES AT LEA/ TO ID5TIFY A CLASS SIMPLY ) ! P>TY CLAIM+ P[] 9 ?AT CLASS' NAME78 ,:Y NOT SAY -- 9DE$1 !RE HAS BE5 NO LACK ( PEOPLE TO SAY IT -- ?AT !RE NEV] WAS 9 ,RUSSIA ANY?+ O!R ?AN A C\P D'ETAT C>RI$ \T BY A P>TY ?AT1 HAV+ SOMEH[ OBTA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS M]ELY TRY+ TO 9/AURATE ITS [N DICTATOR%IP & SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ SO8 

,WE HAVE NO 9T5TION ( DISCUSS+ ?IS PROBLEM 9 S*OLA/IC T]MS4 ,\R AIM IS NOT TO ASK :E!R ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FITS 9TO ! CATEGORY ( 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS40 ,! QUE/ION ?AT MATT]S = US IS ?IS3 ,DID ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS PLAY A HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ITS [N DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 OR WAS IT SIMPLY A SORT ( 9FANTRY1 MOBILIZ$ 9 ! S]VICE ( O!R1 ALREADY E/ABLI%$ =CES8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 DID IT APPE> AS A RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S POLE 9 ! /RUGGLE & ! :IRLW9D ( ACTIONS1 ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 DEM&S1 & IDEAS ( ?IS P]IOD1 OR WAS IT JU/ A TOOL MANIPULAT$ )\T GREAT DIFFICULTY OR RISK1 A RELAY /ATION = IMPULSES COM+ FROM ELSE:]E8 

,ANYONE :O HAS /UDI$ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION EV5 TO ! SLI<T DEGREE C\LD ANSW] )\T HESITATION4 ,PETROGRAD 9 #aiag & EV5 AFT]W>DS1 WAS NEI!R ,PRAGUE 9 #aidh NOR ,CANTON 9 #a#i#d#i4 ,! PROLET>IAT'S 9DEP5D5T ROLE WAS CLE>LY APP>5T -- EV51 TO BEG9 )1 BY ! V]Y WAY WORK]S FLOCK$ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 GIV+ IT MAJORITY SUPPORT1 :I* NO ONE C\LD HAVE EXTORT$ FROM !M OR =C$ UPON !M AT ! TIME4 ,?IS 9DEP5D5T ROLE WAS ALSO %[N BY ! RAPPORT BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ?IS P>TY & BY ! BURD5 ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* !Y SPONTANE\SLY TOOK UPON !MSELVES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 IT IS %[N BY ! AUTONOM\S ACTIONS !Y !MSELVES UND]TOOK1 ALREADY 9 ,FEBRU>Y & ,JULY #aiag & EV5 MORE SO AFT] ,OCTOB]1 :5 !Y EXPROPRIAT$ ! CAPITALI/S )\T WAIT+ =1 OR EV5 9 ACT+ AGA9/1 ! EXPRESS$ WILL ( ! ,P>TY & :5 !Y ORGANIZ$ PRODUCTION ON !IR [N4 ,F9ALLY1 IT IS %[N 9 ! AUTONOM\S ORGANS !Y SET UP3 ! SOVIETS1 & 9 P>TICUL>1 ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 

,! ,REVOLUTION'S SUCCESS WAS MADE POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE A VA/ MOVEM5T ( TOTAL REVOLT ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 :OSE WILL WAS TO *ANGE ! CONDITIONS ( !IR EXI/5CE & RID !MSELVES ( BOSSES & ,CZ>1 CONV]G$ ) ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ALONE1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 WAS ABLE TO GIVE >TICULATE EXPRESSION & AN 9T]M$IATE OBJECTIVE TO ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK]S1 ! PEASANTS1 & ! SOLDI]S 7! OV]?R[ ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T74 ,?IS 9 NO WAY MEANS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! WORK]S W]E !IR PASSIVE 9FANTRY4 ,)\T !SE WORK]S1 BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ITS RANKS1 ! ,P>TY WAS NO?+1 NEI!R PHYSICALLY NOR POLITICALLY A =CE TO BE RECKON$ )4 ,)\T ! PRESSURE >IS+ FROM !IR 9CREAS+ RADICALIZATION1 IT W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE ADOPT$ A REVOLUTION>Y L9E4 ,& AT NO MOM5T1 EV5 LONG MON?S AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 C\LD IT BE SAID ?AT ! ,P>TY 0CONTROLL$0 ! MOVEM5TS ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 

,?IS CONV]G5CE1 H[EV]1 :I* ACTUALLY CULM9AT$ 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & 9 ! =MATION ( A PR$OM9ANTLY ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 TURN$ \T TO BE TEMPOR>Y4 ,SIGNS ( A GAP BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! MASSES APPE>$ RA!R E>LY ON1 EV5 ?\<1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 SU* A GAP C\LD NOT BE GRASP$ 9 AS A CLE>-CUT A WAY AS ONE BETWE5 ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL T5D5CIES4 

,! WORK]S C]TA9LY EXPECT$ ( ! ,REVOLUTION A TOTAL *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,!Y UND\BT$LY W]E EXPECT+ AN IMPROVEM5T 9 !IR MAT]IAL CONDITIONS -- KN[+ QUITE WELL ?AT SU* AN IMPROVEM5T W\LD NOT COME AB\T IMM$IATELY4 ,ONLY ! N>R[-M9D$ W\LD TIE ! ,REVOLUTION TO ?IS FACTOR ALONE -- OR ! WORK]S' SUBSEQU5T DISSATISFACTION TO ! NEW REGIME'S 9CAPACITY TO SATISFY !SE HOPES = MAT]IAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,! ,REVOLUTION BEGAN1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 ) A DEM& = BREAD4 ,LONG BE=E ,OCTOB]1 H[EV]1 IT HAD ALREADY GONE BEYOND ! QUE/ION ( BREAD1 & HAD 5GAG$ PEOPLE'S TOTAL1 PASSIONATE COMMITM5T4 

,= MORE ?AN ?REE YE>S1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S PUT UP ) ! MO/ EXTREME MAT]IAL PRIVATIONS )\T FL9*+4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y SUPPLI$ ! BULK ( ! =CES ?AT W]E GO+ TO DEFEAT ! ,:ITE >MIES4 ,= !M1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( FREE+ !MSELVES FROM ! OPPRESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ( ITS ,/ATE4 ,ORGANIZ$ 9 ! SOVIETS & 9 ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 !Y F\ND IT 9CONCEIVABLE1 EV5 BE=E BUT P>TICUL>LY AFT] ,OCTOB]1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/S W\LD BE ALL[$ TO /AY ON4 ,& 9 *AS+ !M \T ( ! FACTORIES1 !Y W]E L$ TO DISCOV] ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE TO ORGANIZE & MANAGE PRODUCTION !MSELVES4 ,! WORK]S !MSELVES EXPROPRIAT$ ! CAPITALI/S1 DO+ SO ON !IR [N AU?ORITY & ACT+ AGA9/ ! L9E ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY 7! NATIONALIZATION DECREE ( ! SUMM] ( #aiah M]ELY RATIFI$ :AT ALREADY HAD BE5 DONE74 ,& IT WAS ! WORK]S :O GOT ! FACTORIES RUNN+ ONCE AGA94 

.<#f4 ,BOL%EVIK ,POLICY.> 

,AS = ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 ?IS WAS NOT AT ALL :AT !Y W]E AFT]4 ,9S(> AS ! ,P>TY DEVELOP$ ANY CLE>-CUT L9E AFT] ,OCTOB] 7& CONTR>Y TO ! MY?OLOGY PUT \T BY ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S ALIKE1 IT CAN EASILY BE %[N1 BACK$ UP BY DOCUM5T>Y RECORDS1 ?AT BE=E & AFT] ,OCTOB] ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY WAS TOTALLY 9 ! D>K AS TO :AT IT WANT$ TO DO AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[]71 IT AIM$ AT 9/AURAT+ 9 ,RUSSIA A 0WELL-ORGANIZ$0 ECONOMY ALONG ! L9ES ( ! CAPITALI/ MODEL ( ! TIME1.<#f.> A =M ( 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 7! EXPRESSION UNCEAS+LY US$ BY ,L5971 UPON :I* W\LD BE SUP]IMPOS$ A 0WORK+-CLASS0 POLITICAL P[] -- 9 FACT1 ?IS P[] W\LD BE EX]CIS$ BY ! P>TY ( ! 0WORK+ CLASS10 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 0,SOCIALISM0 7:I* EFFECTIVELY IMPLIES1 ,L59 WRITES )\T HESITATION1 ! 0COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION07 WILL COME AFT]W>DS4 

,& ?IS IS NOT JU/ A QUE/ION ( A 0L9E10 ( SOME?+ SIMPLY SAID OR ?\<T4 ,9 ITS DEEP-D[N M5TALITY & 9 ITS REAL ATTITUDE1 ! ,P>TY WAS P]MEAT$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ) ! UNQUE/IONABLE CONVICTION ?AT IT \<T TO LEAD1 DIRECT1 MANAGE .<DIRIG].>1 9 ! FULL S5SE ( !.<SE.> T]M.<S.>4 ,?IS CONVICTION1 :I* ALREADY EXI/$ LONG BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION BEGAN 7AS ,TROTSKY %[$ :5 HE SPOKE ( ! 0COMMITTEE M5TALITY0 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,/AL971 WAS 9DE$ %>$ BY ALL ! SOCIALI/S ( ! ]A 7) A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 SU* AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ! ,GORT]-,PANNEKOEK T5D5CY 9 ,HOLL&1 & ! 0,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S0 9 ,G]MANY74,?IS CONVICTION WAS TO BE TREM5D\SLY RE9=C$ BY ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 & ! ,P>TY'S CONSOLIDATION ( P[]4 ,TROTSKY HIMSELF CLE>LY EXPRESS$ ?IS ATTITUDE AT ! TIME :5 HE PROCLAIM$ ! ,P>TY'S 0HI/ORICAL BIR?RI<T40 

,?IS M5TALITY WAS MORE ?AN JU/ A M5TALITY3 AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 IT ALMO/ IMM$IATELY BECAME A P>T ( ! REAL SOCIAL SITUATION4 ,9DIVIDUALLY1 P>TY MEMB]S ASSUM$ LEAD]%IP PO/S 9 ALL SPH]ES ( SOCIAL LIFE -- 9 P>T1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE 0ONE CANNOT DO O!RWISE40 ,?IS 9 TURN1 H[EV]1 CAME TO MEAN3 BECAUSE EV]Y?+ ! ,P>TY DID 5SUR$ ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE DONE O!RWISE4 

,COLLECTIVELY1 ! ONLY REAL 9/ANCE ( P[] IS ! ,P>TY1 & V]Y SOON1 ONLY ! SUMMITS ( ! ,P>TY4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[] ! SOVIETS AS 9/ITUTIONS >E R$UC$ TO ! /ATUS ( PURE W9D[-DRESS+ 7WE NE$ ONLY LOOK AT ! FACT ?AT1 ALREADY AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aiah 9 ! DISCUSSIONS LEAD+ UP TO ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK ,PEACE ,TREATY1 !IR ROLE WAS ABSOLUTELY NIL74 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT PEOPLE'S REAL SOCIAL EXI/5CE DET]M9ES !IR CONSCI\SNESS1 IT IS FROM ?AT MOM5T ILLUSORY TO EXPECT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY TO ACT 9 ANY O!R FA%ION ?AN ACCORD+ TO ITS REAL SOCIAL POSITION4 ,! REAL SOCIAL SITUATION ( ! ,P>TY IS ?AT ( A DIRECTORIAL ORGAN1 & ITS PO9T ( VIEW T[>D ?IS SOCIETY H5CE=? IS NOT NECESS>ILY ! SAME AS ! ONE ?IS SOCIETY HAS T[>D ITSELF4 

,! WORK]S (F]$ NO S]I\S RESI/ANCE TO ?IS EVOLUTION ( EV5TS1 OR RA!R TO ?IS SUDD5 REVELATION ( ! ESS5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,AT LEA/ WE HAVE NO DIRECT SIGN ( SU* RESI/ANCE4 ,BETWE5 ! EVICTION ( ! CAPITALI/S1 FOLL[$ BY ! RE/>T+ ( ! FACTORIES AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & ! ,PETROGRAD /RIKES & ! ,KRON/ADT ,REVOLT AT ITS 5D 7W9T] ( #a#i#b-#b#a71 WE KN[ ( NO >TICULATE MANIFE/ATION ( AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S4_<#b_> ,! ,CIVIL ,W> & ! CONT9U\S MOBILIZATION ( MILIT>Y =CES DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! S]I\S NATURE ( IMM$IATE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS 7PRODUCTION1 FOOD SUPPLIES1 ETC471 ! V]Y OBSCURITY ( ! ISSUES AT /AKE1 &1 )\T D\BT1 ABOVE ALL ! WORK]S' CONFID5CE 9 ! ,P>TY EXPLA9 ?IS LACK ( AUTONOM\S EXPRESSION4 

,TWO ELEM5TS GO TO MAKE UP ! WORK]S' ATTITUDES 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ASPIRATION TO RID !MSELVES ( ALL DOM9ATION1 TO TAKE ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR AFFAIRS 9TO !IR H&S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! T5D5CY TO DELEGATE P[] TO ?IS P>TY ?AT HAD JU/ PROV5 ITSELF TO BE ! SOLE IRRECONCILABLE OPPON5T ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ?AT WAS 9 FACT CONDUCT+ W> AGA9/ ?IS CLASS4 ,! OPPOSITION1 ! CONTRADICTION1 BETWE5 !SE TWO ELEM5TS WAS NOT &1 ONE W\LD BE TEMPT$ TO SAY1 C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CLE>LY P]CEIV$ AT ?IS TIME4 

,IT WAS SE51 H[EV]1 & ) GREAT 9SI<T1 )9 ! ,P>TY ITSELF4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( #aiah UNTIL ! BANN+ ( FACTIONS 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 T5D5CIES )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY W]E =M$ ?AT1 ) F>SI<T$NESS & SOMETIMES AN A/ONI%+ CL>ITY1 EXPRESS$ OPPOSITION TO ! ,P>TY'S BUREAUCRATIC L9E & TO ITS V]Y RAPID BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,!SE W]E ! 0,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S0 7AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#h71 !N ! 0,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALI/0 T5D5CY 7#a#i#a#i71 & F9ALLY ! 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 7#a#i#b-#b#a74 

,ONE WILL F9D 9 ! ,HI/ORICAL ,NOTES WE PUBLI% FOLL[+ ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI'S TEXT DETAILS ON ! IDEAS & ACTIVITIES ( !SE T5D5CIES4_<#c_> ,9 !M W]E EXPRESS$ ! REACTIONS ( WORK+-CLASS MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY -- &1 NO D\BT1 ! ATTITUDES ( PROLET>IAN CIRCLES \TSIDE ! ,P>TY -- TO ! 0/ATE-CAPITALI/0 L9E ( ! LEAD]%IP4 ,!Y ALSO EXPRESS$ AT ! SAME TIME :AT CAN BE CALL$ ! 0O!R COMPON5T0 ( ,M>XISM1 ! ONE ?AT APPEALS TO ! MASSES' [N ACTIVITY & ?AT PROCLAIMS ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR+ PEOPLE WILL BE ! WORK ( !SE PEOPLE !MSELVES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 !SE OPPOSITIONAL T5D5CIES W]E DEFEAT$ ONE BY ONE1 & F9ALLY ELIM9AT$ 9 #a#i#b#a1 ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS CRU%$4 ,! V]Y FEEBLE E*OES ( !IR CRITIQUE ( ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT CAN BE F\ND LAT] 9 ! 7,TROTSKYI/7 0,LEFT ,OPPOSITION0 AFT] #aibc DO NOT HAVE ! SAME SIGNIFICATION4 ,TROTSKY WAS OPPOS$ TO ! BAD POLICIES ( ! BUREAUCRACY & TO ! EXCESSES ( ITS P[]4 ,HE NEV] PUT 9TO QUE/ION ITS ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,UNTIL PRACTICALLY ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 HE NEV] BR\<T UP ! QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY ! V>I\S OPPOSITIONS ( ! P]IOD FROM #aiah TO #aiba 79 ESS5CE3 0,:O MANAGES PRODUCTION80 & 0,:AT IS ! PROLET>IAT SUPPOS$ TO DO DUR+ ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'1 O!R ?AN WORK & FOLL[ ! ORD]S ( 'ITS' P>TY8074 

,WE MAY !RE=E CONCLUDE ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ! PREVAIL+ MY?OLOGY1 IT WAS NOT 9 #a#i#b#g1 OR 9 #a#i#b#c1 OR EV5 9 #aiba ?AT ! GAME WAS PLAY$ & LO/1 BUT MU* E>LI]1 DUR+ ! P]IOD FROM #aiah TO #a#i#b4 ,ALREADY 9 #a#i#b#a1 A REVOLUTION 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! T]M WAS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% ! SITUATION4 ,AS EV5TS PROV$1 A REVOLT SU* AS ! ONE AT ,KRON/ADT WAS NOT 5\< TO BR+ AB\T ANY ESS5TIAL *ANGES4 ,?IS W>N+ %OT DID 9DUCE ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY TO RECTIFY C]TA9 AB]RATIONS RELATIVE TO O!R PROBLEMS 7BASICALLY ?OSE CONC]N+ ! PEASANTRY & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! URBAN & AGR>IAN ECONOMY74 ,IT ?US L$ TO A LESS5+ ( ! T5SIONS PROVOK$ BY ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC COLLAPSE & TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS4 ,?IS RECON/RUCTION EF=T1 H[EV]1 WAS ALREADY FIRMLY SET 9 ! GROOVE ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 

,IT WAS1 9DE$1 BETWE5 #aiag & #aib ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY E/ABLI%$ ITSELF SO FIRMLY 9 P[] ?AT IT NO LONG] C\LD HAVE BE5 DISLODG$ EXCEPT BY =CE ( >MS4 ,& IT WAS FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS P]IOD ?AT ! UNC]TA9TIES ( ITS L9E W]E IRON$ \T1 ! AMBIGUITIES LIFT$1 & ! CONTRADICTIONS RESOLV$4 ,9 ! NEW ,/ATE1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS TO WORK1 TO BE MOBILIZ$1 &1 %\LD ! NE$ >ISE1 TO DIE 9 DEF5SE ( ! NEW P[]4 ,IT WAS TO GIVE ITS MO/ 0CONSCI\S0 & MO/ 0CAPABLE0 MEMB]S TO 0ITS0 P>TY1 :]E !Y W\LD BECOME ! LEAD]S ( SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS TO BE 0ACTIVE0 & IT HAD TO 0P>TICIPATE0 :5EV] IT WAS ASK$ TO DO SO1 BUT IT WAS TO DO SO ONLY & EXACTLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,P>TY DEM&$ ?IS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,F9ALLY1 IT WAS TO B[ COMPLETELY TO ! ,P>TY'S WILL ON ALL ESS5TIAL MATT]S4 ,AS ,TROTSKY WROTE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 9 A TEXT ?AT HAD AN 5ORM\S CIRCULATION BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ,RUSSIA1 0,! WORK] DOES NOT M]ELY B>GA9 ) ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE2 NO1 HE IS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE1 UND] ITS ORD]S 9 EV]Y DIRECTION -- = IT IS HIS ,/ATE40.<#g.> 

.<#g4 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,PRODUCTION.> 

,! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! NEW ,/ATE WAS ?US QUITE CLE>4 ,IT WAS ?AT ( 5?USIA/IC & PASSIVE CITIZ5S4 ,& ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 WORK & 9 PRODUCTION WAS NO LESS CLE>4 ,ON ! :OLE1 IT WAS ! SAME AS BE=E -- UND] CAPITALISM -- EXCEPT ?AT WORK]S ( 0*>ACT] & CAPACITY0.<#h.> W]E TO BE *OS5 TO REPLACE FACTORY MANAG]S :O HAD FL$4 ,! MA9 CONC]N ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS NOT H[ ONE C\LD FACILITATE ! PROCESS ( WORK]S' COLLECTIVES TAK+ OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 BUT RA!R WAS3 ,:AT IS ! MO/ RAPID WAY ( DEVELOP+ A /RATUM ( MANAG]S & ADM9I/RATORS = 9DU/RY & = ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE8 

,ONE NE$ ONLY READ ! (FICIAL TEXTS ( ?IS P]IOD TO ELIM9ATE ALL D\BTS ON ?IS SCORE4 ,! =MATION & TRA9+ ( A BUREAUCRACY AS ! MANAG]IAL /RATUM 9 PRODUCTION 7) ! ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES ?AT 9EVITABLY GO ALONG ) ?IS /ATUS7 WAS1 PRACTICALLY FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! CONSCI\S1 /RAI<T =W>D &1 S9C]E POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 HEAD$ BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 ,?IS WAS HONE/LY & S9C]ELY ?\<T TO BE A SOCIALI/ POLICY -- OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 AN 0ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUE0 ?AT C\LD BE PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( SOCIALISM1 S9CE ! CLASS ( ADM9I/RATORS MANAG+ PRODUCTION W]E TO REMA9 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 0P]SONIFI$ BY ITS ,COMMUNI/ P>TY40 ,! DECISION TO PLACE A MANAG] AT ! HEAD ( A FACTORY 9/EAD ( A WORK]S' BO>D .<BUREAU \VRI].>1 WROTE ,TROTSKY1 HAD NO POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE3 

,IT MAY BE CORRECT OR 9CORRECT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ,L TE*NIQUE ( ADM9I/RATION4444 ,IT W\LD CONSEQU5TLY BE A MO/ CRY+ ]ROR TO CONFUSE ! QUE/ION AS TO ! SUPREMACY ( ! PROLET>IAT ) ! QUE/ION ( BO>DS ( WORK]S AT ! HEADS ( FACTORIES4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! SUPREMACY OV] ! :OLE ,SOVIET ME*ANISM ( ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! WORK]S1 & NOT AT ALL 9 ! =M 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES >E ADM9I/]$40.<#i.> 

,TROTSKY'S PHRASE1 0! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! WORK]S10 IS A METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION US$ TO DESIGNATE ! WILL ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK BOSSES /AT$ ?IS )\T ANY HYPOCRISY1 UNLIKE C]TA9 ( !IR 0DEF5D]S0 TODAY4 ,TROTSKY WROTE AT ! TIME3 

,9 ?IS 'SUB/ITUTION' ( ! P[] ( ! ,P>TY = ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS !RE IS NO?+ ACCID5TAL1 & 9 REALITY !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTION AT ALL4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S EXPRESS ! FUNDAM5TAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT 9 ! P]IOD :I* BR+S UP ?OSE 9T]E/S1 9 ALL !IR MAGNITUDE1 ON TO ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 ! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE BECOME ! RECOGNIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE40.<#a.> 

,ONE CAN EASILY F9D DOZ5S ( QUOTATIONS FROM ,L59 EXPRESS+ ! SAME IDEA4 

,SO WE 5D UP ) ! UNCONTE/$ P[] ( MANAG]S 9 ! FACTORIES1 & ! ,P>TY'S EXCLUSIVE 0CONTROL0 79 REALITY1 :AT K9D ( CONTROL WAS IT1 ANYWAY874 ,A !RE WAS ! UNCONTE/$ P[] ( ! ,P>TY OV] SOCIETY1 )\T ANY ,FROM ?AT PO9T ON1 NOBODY C\LD PREV5T !SE TWO P[]S FROM M]G+1 C\LD ANYONE /OP ! TWO /RATA EMBODY+ !M FROM M]G+1 NOR C\LD ! CONSOLIDATION ( AN IRREMOVABLE BUREAUCRACY RUL+ OV] ALL SECTORS ( SOCIAL LIFE HALT$4 ,! PROCESS MAY HAVE BE5 ACCEL]AT$ OR MAGNIFI$ BY ! 5TRY ( PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS 9TO ! ,P>TY1 AS !Y RU%$ TO JUMP ON ! B&WAGON -- ?IS WAS A CONSEQU5CE1 & NOT A CAUSE1 ( ! ,P>TY'S ORI5TATION4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ! DISCUSSION ( ! 0TRADE-UNION QUE/ION0 7#a#i#b-#b#a71 :I* PREC$$ ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS1 ?AT OPPOSITION TO ?IS ORI5TATION ( ! ,P>TY WAS MO/ =CEFULLY EXPRESS$ )9 ! ,P>TY ITSELF4 ,=MALLY1 ! QUE/ION ?AT ( ! ROLE ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! DISCUSSION 9EVITABLY FOCUS$ ONCE AGA9 ON ! PROBLEMS ( 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 9 ! FACTORIES & ON 0! ROLE ( SPECIALI/S10 QUE/IONS ?AT HAD READY BE5 DISCUSS$ BITT]LY & AT GREAT L5G? DUR+ ! PREVI\S TWO YE>S4 ,KOLLONTAI'S TEXT & 9 ! APP5D$ ,HI/ORICAL ,NOTES1 ! READ] WILL F9D A DESCRIPTION ( ! V>I\S OPPOS+ /&S ON !SE ISSUES4 

,BRIEFLY1 ! P>TY LEAD]%IP1 ) ,L59 AT ITS HEAD1 REAFFIRM$ ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION %\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL ADM9I/RATORS B\RGEOIS 0SPECIALI/S0 OR WORK]S SELECT$ = !IR 0*>ACT] & CAPACITY07 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! TRADE UNIONS W]E TO HAVE ! TASKS ( $UCAT+ ! WORK]S ( DEF5D+ !M AGA9/ ! PRODUCTION MANAG]S & ! /ATE MANAG]S4 ,TROTSKY DEM&$ ! TRADE UNIONS' COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION TO ! ,/ATE1 !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO ORGANS & APP5DAGES ( ! ,/ATE 7& ( ! ,P>TY74 ,HIS >GUM5T AL WAS ! SAME3 S9CE WE >E 9 A ,WORK]S' ,/ATE1 ! ,/ATE & ! WORK]S >E SAME ?+1 & !RE=E WORK]S HAVE NO NE$ = SOME SEP>ATE ORGAN DEF5D !M FROM 0!IR0 ,/ATE4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION DEM&$ ?AT MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ( ! ECONOMY GRADUALLY BE 5TRU/$ TO 0WORK]S' COLLECTIVES0 9 ! FACTORIES1 AS !SE HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ 9 ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,!Y WANT$ 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 TO BE REPLAC$ BY A 0COLLEGIAL MANAGEM5T0 & ! ROLE ( SPECIALI/S & TE*NICIANS TO BE R$UC$4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION UND] PO/-REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS WAS AN ESS5TIALLY SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROBLEM :OSE SOLUTION DEP5D$ ON ! DEPLOYM5T ( ! CREATIVITY & 9ITIATIVE ( ! LABOR+ MASSES1 & ?AT ?IS PROBLEM IS NOT M]ELY ADM9I/RATIVE & TE*NICAL4 ,IT D5\NC$ ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,/ATE & ( ! ,P>TY 7ALREADY AT ?IS TIME1 ALL PO/S 9VOLV+ RESPONSIBILITY ( ! LEA/ IMPORTANCE W]E FILL$ BY NOM9ATION FROM ABOVE & NOT ELECTION71 AS WELL AS ! GR[+ SEP>ATION ( ! ,P>TY FROM ! WORK]S4 

,ON C]TA9 PO9TS1 IT IS TRUE1 ! IDEAS ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION W]E CONFUS$1 & ON ! :OLE ! DISCUSSION SEEMS TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE ON A =MAL LEVEL1 JU/ AS ! SOLUTIONS PROPOS$ BY BO? SIDES W]E ALSO =MAL RA!R ?AN SUB/ANTIVE 7! SUB/ANCE1 9 ANY CASE1 HAD ALREADY BE5 DECID$ ON ELSE:]E ?AN 9 ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESSES74 ,?US1 ! ,OPPOSITION 7& ,KOLLONTAI 9 H] TEXT7 DID NOT DI/+UI% CLE>LY BETWE5 ! 79DISP5SABLE7 ROLE TO BE PLAY$ BY SPECIALI/S & TE*NICIANS QUA SPECIALI/S & TE*NICIANS1 UND] ! CONTROL ( WORK]S1 & ! TRANS=MATION ( !SE SPECIALI/S & TE*NICIANS 9TO UN*ECK$ .<9CONTROLES.> MANAG]S ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,IT DEVELOP$ A G5]AL CRITIQUE ( SPECIALI/S & TE*NICIANS )\T DIFF]5TIAT+ BETWE5 ! TWO CATEGORIES1 ?US LEAV+ ITS FLANKS EXPOS$ TO ! ATTACKS ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 :O HAD AN EASY TIME %[+ ?AT !RE C\LD NOT BE FACTORIES )\T 5G9E]S4 ,FROM ?IS POSITION ( ADVANTAGE1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY CAME TO ! A/ONI%+ CONCLUSION ?AT ?IS WAS A SUFFICI5T REASON TO 5TRU/ !SE 5G9E]S ) DICTATORIAL MANAG]IAL P[]S OV] ! :OLE OP]ATION ( ! FACTORY4 ,! ,OPPOSITION F\<T F]OCI\SLY = 0COLLEGIAL10 AS OPPOS$ TO 0ONE-MAN0 MANAGEM5T1 A FAIRLY =MAL ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM 7A COLLEGIAL =M ( MANAGEM5T CAN BE JU/ AS BUREAUCRATIC AS ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T71 LEAV+ 9 ! %AD[S REAL PROBLEM1 ?AT ( ! TRUE S\RCE ( AU?ORITY4 ,?US WAS ,TROTSKY FREE TO SAY1 0,! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! WORK]S IS DET]M9$ & MEASUR$1 NOT BY :E!R ?REE WORK]S OR ONE >E PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( A FACTORY1 BUT BY FACTORS & PH5OM5A ( A MU* MORE PR(\ND *>ACT]40.<#a#a.> ,?IS ABSOLV$ HIM FROM HAV+ TO DISCUSS ! REAL PROBLEM1 :I* IS ?AT ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 0ONE0 OR 0?REE0 M5 & ! COLLECTIVITY ( PRODUC]S 9 ! 5T]PRISE4 

,! ,OPPOSITION ALSO %[$ A RELATIVE AM\NT ( TRADE-UNION FETI%ISM AT A TIME :5 ! UNIONS HAD ALREADY FALL5 UND] ! PRACTICALLY COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY4 

,! CONT9U\S '9DEP5D5CE' ( ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 9 ! P]IOD ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 IS JU/ AS MU* AN IMPOSSIBILITY AS ! POLICY ( COALITION4 ,! TRADE UNIONS BECOME ! MO/ IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 P[]4 ,!REBY !Y FALL UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,NOT ONLY QUE/IONS ( PR9CIPLE 9 ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 BUT S]I\S CONFLICTS ( ORGANIZATION )9 IT1 >E DECID$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( \R ,P>TY40.<#a#b.> 

,?IS BE+ WRITT5 BY ,TROTSKY 9 RESPONSE TO ,KAUTSKY'S CRITICISM ( ! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC *>ACT] ( ,BOL%EVIK P[]1 ,TROTSKY HAD NO REASON TO EXAGG]ATE ! EXT5T ( ! ,P>TY'S GRIP OV] ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 DESPITE !SE WEAKNESSES & DESPITE ?IS RELATIVE CONFUSION1 ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION POS$ ! REAL PROBLEM3 ,:O IS TO MANAGE PRODUCTION 9 ! 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE08 ,& IT PROVID$ ! CORRECT ANSW]3 ! COLLECTIVE ORGANS ( LABOR+ PEOPLE4 ,:AT ! P>TY LEAD]%IP WANT$1 :AT IT HAD ALREADY IMPOS$ -- & ON ?IS PO9T !RE WAS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY -- WAS A HI]>*Y DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ?IS WAS ! CONCEPTION ?AT TRIUMPH$4 ,WE KN[1 TOO1 :]E ?IS 0VICTORY0 L$4 

.<#h4 ,ON 0,5DS0 & 0,MEANS0.> 

,9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 WE WITNESS H[ ! TWO CONTRADICTORY ELEM5TS ( ,M>XISM BECAME DISSOCIAT$4 ,!SE TWO ELEM5TS HAD COEXI/$ 9 A P>ADOXICAL FA%ION 9 ,M>XISM G5]ALLY & 9 ITS 9C>NATION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 P>TICUL>4 ,= ! LA/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! (FICIAL ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION MADE AUDIBLE ?IS APPEAL TO ! MASSES TO ACT ON !IR [N1 ?IS CONFID5CE 9 ! CREATIVE CAPACITIES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?IS CONVICTION ?AT ) ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION COMM5CES A G5U9ELY NEW P]IOD 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 9 :I* ! IDEAS ( ! PREC$+ P]IOD B>ELY RETA9 ANY ( !IR VALUE & 9 :I* ! $IFICE ( SOCIETY IS TO BE REBUILT FROM ! ROOTS UP4 ,! ,OPPOSITION'S !SES CON/ITUTE AN ATTEMPT TO EMBODY !SE IDEAS 9 A POLITICAL PROGRAM CONC]N+ ! FUNDAM5TALLY IMPORTANT DOMA9 ?AT IS PRODUCTION4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ! ,L59I/ \TLOOK IS ! TRIUMPH ( ! O!R ELEM5T ( ,M>XISM1 :I*1 TO BE SURE1 HAD LONG S9CE -- & EV5 9 ,M>X HIMSELF -- BECOME ! DOM9ANT ELEM5T 9 SOCIALI/ ?\<T & ACTION4 ,9 ALL ,L59'S SPEE*ES & WRIT+S ( ?IS P]IOD1 :AT RECURS AGA9 & AGA9 LIKE AN OBSESSION IS ! IDEA ?AT ,RUSSIA \<T TO LE>N FROM ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES2 ?AT !RE >E NOT A HUNDR$ & ONE DIFF]5T WAYS ( DEVELOP+ PRODUCTION & LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IF ONE WANTS TO EM]GE FROM BACKW>DNESS & *AOS2 ?AT ONE MU/ ADOPT CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( RATIONALIZATION0 & MANAGEM5T AS WELL AS CAPITALI/ =MS ( WORK 09C5TIVES40 ,ALL !SE1 = ,L591 >E JU/ 0MEANS0 ?AT APP>5TLY C\LD FREELY BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( A RADICALLY DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL 5D1 ! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM4 

,?US ,TROTSKY1 :5 DISCUSS+ ! M]ITS ( MILIT>ISM1 CAME TO SEP>ATE ! >MY ITSELF1 ITS /RUCTURE & ITS ME?ODS1 FROM ! SOCIAL SY/EM IT S]VES4 ,:AT IS CRITICIZABLE 9 B\RGEOIS MILIT>ISM & 9 ! B\RGEOIS >MY1 ,TROTSKY SAYS 9 SUB/ANCE1 IS ?AT !Y >E 9 ! S]VICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,EXCEPT = ?AT1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 !M TO BE CRITICIZ$4 ,! SOLE DIFF]5CE1 HE SAYS1 LIES 9 ?IS3 0,:O IS 9 P[]80.<#a#c.> ,LIKEWISE1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT EXPRESS$ BY ! 0=M 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES >E ADM9I/]$40.<#a#d.> 

,! IDEA ?AT LIKE MEANS CANNOT BE PLAC$ 9DIFF]5TLY 9TO ! S]VICE ( DIFF]5T 5DS2 ?AT !RE IS AN 9TR9SIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9/RUM5TS US$ & ! RESULT OBTA9$2 ?AT1 ESPECIALLY1 NEI!R ! >MY NOR ! FACTORY >E SIMPLE 0MEANS0 OR 9/RUM5TS10 BUT SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 :I* >E ORGANIZ$ TWO FUNDAM5TAL ASPECTS ( HUMAN RELATIONS 7PRODUCTION & VIOL5CE72 ?AT 9 !M CAN BE SE5 9 COND5S$ =M ! ESS5TIAL EXPRESSION ( ! TYPE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZE AN ]A -- ?IS IDEA1 ?\< P]FECTLY OBVI\S & BANAL = ,M>XI/S1 WAS TOTALLY 0=GOTT540 ,IT WAS JU/ A MATT] ( DEVELOP+ PRODUCTION1 US+ PROV5 ME?ODS & /RUCTURES4 ,?AT AMONG !SE 0PRO(S0 ! PR9CIPAL ONE WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM AS A SOCIAL SY/EM & ?AT A FACTORY PRODUCES NOT SO MU* CLO? OR /EEL BUT PROLET>IAT & CAPITAL W]E FACTS ?AT W]E UTT]LY IGNOR$4 

,OBVI\SLY1 BEH9D ?IS 0=GETFULNESS0 IS HIDD5 SOME?+ ELSE4 ,AT ! TIME1 ( C\RSE1 !RE WAS ! DESP]ATE CONC]N TO REVIVE PRODUCTION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE & TO PUT A COLLAPS+ ECONOMY BACK ON ITS FEET4 ,?IS PREOCCUPATION1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT FATALLY DICTATE ! *OICE ( 0MEANS40 ,IF IT SEEM$ OBVI\S TO ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S ?AT ! SOLE EFFECTIVE MEANS W]E CAPITALI/ ONES1 IT WAS BECAUSE !Y W]E IMBU$ ) ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS ! ONLY EFFECTIVE & RATIONAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,FAI?FUL 9 ?IS RESPECT TO ,M>X1 !Y WANT$ TO ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY & M>KET AN>*Y1 BUT NOT ! TYPE ( ORGANIZATION CAPITALISM HAD A*IEV$ AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y WANT$ TO MODIFY ! ECONOMY1 NOT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE AT WORK OR ! NATURE ( LABOR ITSELF4 

,AT A DEEP] LEVEL /ILL !IR PHILOSOPHY WAS TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,H]E TOO !Y W]E ! FAI?FUL 9H]ITORS ( ,M>X -- OR AT LEA/ ONE SIDE ( ,M>X1 :I* BECAME ! PR$OM9ANT ONE 9 HIS MATURE WRIT+S4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION WAS1 IF NOT ! ULTIMATE GOAL1 AT ANY RATE ! ESS5TIAL MEANS1 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV]Y?+ ELSE W\LD FOLL[ AS A BYPRODUCT & ?AT EV]Y?+ ELSE HAD TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO IT4 ,M51 AS WELL8 ,M51 TOO1 ( C\RSE4 0,AS A G5]AL RULE1 MAN /RIVES TO AVOID LABOR 444 MAN IS A FAIRLY LAZY ANIMAL40.<#a#e.> ,TO COMBAT ?IS 9DOL5CE1 ALL MEANS ( PROV5 EFFECTIV5ESS MU/ BE PUT TO WORK3 COMPULSORY LABOR -- :OSE *>ACT] *ANGES COMPLETELY :5 IT IS IMPOS$ BY A 0SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP0.<#a#f.> -- & AVAILABLE TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC MEANS3 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 ! SY/EM ( PIECE-WORK & ( GRAD+1 ! APPLICATION ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM1 ETC41 HAVE AS !IR OBJECT TO 9CREASE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY ! SQUEEZ+ \T ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,UND] SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION1 PIECE-WORK1 BONUSES1 ETC41 HAVE AS !IR PROBLEM TO 9CREASE ! VOLUME ( SOCIAL PRODUCT1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO RAISE ! G5]AL WELL-BE+4 ,?OSE WORK]S :O DO MORE = ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ?AN O!RS RECEIVE ! RI<T TO A GREAT] QUANTITY ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT ?AN ! LAZY1 ! C>ELESS1 & ! DISORGANIZ]S40.<#a#g.> 

,?IS ISN'T ,/AL9 SPEAK+ 79 #a#i#c#i72 IT IS ,TROTSKY 79 #a#i#a#i74 

,! SOCIALI/ REORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION DUR+ ! 9ITIAL P]IOD IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T SOME 0WORK OBLIGATION0 -- :O DOES NOT WORK DOES NOT EAT4 ,?AT IS C]TA94 ,!RE PROBABLY ALSO WILL BE AN ATTEMPT TO /&>DIZE ! AM\NT ( EF=T FURNI%$ BY V>I\S %OPS & 5T]PRISES1 :I* W\LD REQUIRE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C]TA9 NORMS & 9DICES ( WORK4 ,ALL ,TROTSKY'S SOPHISMS AB\T ! FACT ?AT 0FREE LABOR0 HAS NEV] EXI/$ 9 HI/ORY & WILL NOT EXI/ UNTIL !RE IS FULL COMMUNISM %\LD NOT MAKE ANYONE =GET1 H[EV]1 ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION3 ,:O E/ABLI%ES !SE NORMS8 ,:O CONTROLS PEOPLE'S WORK OBLIGATIONS1 & :O PUNI%ES ?OSE :O DO NOT FULFILL !SE OBLIGATIONS8 ,WILL IT BE ! ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVES ( LABOR+ PEOPLE8 ,OR A SPECIFIC SOCIAL CATEGORY1 :OSE FUNCTION !RE=E IS TO MANAGE ! WORK ( O!RS8 

,TO MANAGE ! WORK ( O!RS -- ?IS IS ! BEG9N+ & ! 5D ( ! :OLE CYCLE ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! 0NE$0 = A SPECIFIC SOCIAL CATEGORY TO MANAGE ! WORK ( O!RS 9 PRODUCTION 7& ! ACTIVITY ( O!RS 9 POLITICS & 9 SOCIETY71 ! 0NE$0 = A SEP>ATE BUS9ESS MANAGEM5T & = A ,P>TY TO RULE ! ,/ATE -- ?IS IS :AT ,BOL%EVISM PROCLAIM$ AS SOON AS IT SEIZ$ P[]1 & ?IS IS :AT IT ZEAL\SLY LABOR$ TO IMPOSE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT IT A*IEV$ ITS 5DS4 ,9S(> AS IDEAS PLAY A ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI/ORY -- &1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 !Y PLAY AN 5ORM\S ROLE -- ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY 7& ) IT1 ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY LY+ BEH9D IT7 WAS A DECISIVE FACTOR 9 ! BIR? ( ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY4 

,REM>KS3 
,NOTES3 

.<#a.> ,SEE1 AMONG O!R >TICLES1 ,R,P,R1 0,L',EXPLOITATIION DE LA PAYSANN]IE S\S LE CAPITALISME BUREAUCRATIQUE0 7,S,B #a1 PP4 #b#h#c-#c#a#b71 & ,R,P,B .<,T_/,E3 ,R,P,R & 0,! ,EXPLOITATION ( ! ,PEASANTRY UND] ,BUREAUCRATIC ,CAPITALISM0 APPE> 9 ,P,S,W #a2 ,P,R,A,B APPE>S 9 ,P,S,W #b.>2 ,CLAUDE ,LE=T1 0,LE ,TOTALIT>ISME SANS ,/AL9E0 7,S4 \ ,B41 #ai .<,JULY #a#i#e#f.>2 REPR9T$ 9 ,ELEM5TS D'UNE CRITIQUE DE LA BUREAUCRATIE .<,G5EVA3 ,DROZ1 #a#i#g#a.>1 PP4 #a#c-#i .<,T_/,E3 N[ AVAILABLE FROM ,GALLIM>D 7,P>IS1 #a#i#g#i71 PP4 #a#e#e-#b#c#e2 ABRIDG$ TRANSLATION1 0,TOTALIT>IANISM )\T ,/AL910 9 ,! ,POLITICAL ,=MS ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,MASS43 ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 & ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,5GL&3 ,POLITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f71 PP #e#b-#h#h7.>4 

.<#b.> ,! TEXTS ON ! PO/9DU/RIAL ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & SOCIETY1 :I* W]E ANN\NC$ 9 ! NOTE1 WILL BE PUBLI%$ 9 ,S,B #c4 .<,T_/,E3 ,?IS VOLUME WAS NEV] PUBLI%$4 ,DEVANT LA GU]RE 7,P>IS3 ,FAY>D1 #a#i#h#a71 H[EV]1 9CLUDES AN UPDAT$ ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & SOCIETY4.> 

.<#c.> ,BEYOND ! TEXTS CIT$ 9 NOTE #a1 SEE ,S,B & ,C,S #a4 

.<#d.> ,:5 WE SPEAK ( A 0HI/ORICAL FUNCTION0 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 WE >E NOT DO+ METAPHYSICS1 NOR >E WE MAK+ A PO/]IORI RATIONALIZATIONS4 ,?IS IS AN ABBREVIATION = SAY+3 ,EI!R ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ A MOD]N =M ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY OR ! NEW ,/ATE W\LD HAVE BE5 CRU%$ 9 SOME CONFLICT OR O!R 7AT ! LATE/1 9 #a#i#d#a74 

.<#e.> ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( TRU? 9 ! CONNECTION ,TROTSKY E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 BUREAUCRACY & BACKW>DNESS 7A !ME POND]\SLY REPEAT$ TODAY BE .<,ISAAC.> ,DEUTS*]1 = EXAMPLE74 ,:AT ONE OBVI\SLY =GETS TO ADD IS ?AT 9 ?AT CASE IT REALLY IS A MATT] ( AN EXPLOITATIVE REGIME ?AT C>RIES \T ! PROCESS ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4 

.<#f.> ,ONE QUOTATION AMONG A HUNDR$3 0,& HI/ORY 444 HAS TAK5 SU* A PECULI> C\RSE ?AT IT HAS GIV5 BIR? 9 #aiah TO TWO UNCONNECT$ HALVES ( SOCIALISM EXI/+ SIDE BY SIDE LIKE TWO FUTURE *ICK5S 9 ! S+LE %ELL ( 9T]NATIONAL IMP]IALISM4 ,9 #aiah ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA HAVE BECOME ! MO/ /RIK+ EMBODIM5T ( ! MAT]IAL REALIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC1 ! PRODUCTIVE & ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS1 ON ! O!R0 7,V4 ,I4 ,L591 0 ',LEFT-,W+' ,*ILDI%NESS & ! ,PETTY-,B\RGEOIS ,M5TALITY10 9 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS3 ,ONE-,VOLUME ,$ITION .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g#a.>1 P4 #d#d#d74 .<,T_/,E3 ,AS :5 ,CA/ORIADIS CIT$ ?IS PASSAGE 9 0,! ,RELATIONS ( ,PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA10 ,P,S,W #a1 P4 #a#a#h1 HE OMITS ,L59'S P>5!TICAL SWIPE AGA9/ 0,M5%EVIK BLOCK-HEADS40 ,! C>EFUL READ] MI<T ALSO NOTE SLI<T DISCREPANCIES BETWE5 ?IS ,5GLI% V]SION ( ! QUOTATION & ! E>LI] ONE4 ,MY APOLOGIES4 ,! ABOVE QUOTATION IS ! ONE TO BE F\ND 9 ! VOLUME CIT$4 ,! V]SION 9 ,P,S,W #a CAME FROM ANO!R $ITION ( ,L59'S ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 :I* ,I FAIL$ TO ALT] AFT] ,I *ANGE ! PAGE CITATION TO CORRELATE ) ! ONE-VOLUME $ITION4.> 

.<#g.> ,L.<EON.> ,TROTSKY1 ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM 7,ANN ,>BOR3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #a#f#h4 

.<#h.> ,IBID41 P4 #b#f4 

.<#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#f#b4 

.<#a.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#i4 

.<#a#a.> ,IBID41 P4 #afa 7READ+ 0MU*0 = 0SU*074 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#a4 

.<#a#c.> ,IBID41 P4 #agb .<,T_/,E3 ,WE HAVE RETA9$ ! EMPHASIS F\ND 9 ! ,FR5*1 BUT NOT 9 ! ,5GLI%1 TRANSLATION4 

.<#a#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#f#b4 

.<#a#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#c#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#d#i4 

.<#a#g.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#d#g4 

_<#a_> ,?IS TEXT S]V$ AS ! 9TRODUCTION TO ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI'S 0,L',OPPOSITION \VRI]E10 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! SAME ISSUE ( ,S4 \ ,B42 IT WAS BAS$ ON ! #aiba ,5GLI% TRANSLATION4 ,A NEW ,FR5* TRANSLATION BAS$ ON ! ORIG9AL HAS N[ BE5 ANN\NC$ .<,T_/,E3 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PI]RE ,PASCAL 7,P>IS3 ,SEUIL1 #a#i#g#d7.>4 ,S9CE !N1 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON ( ,SOLID>ITY HAS PRODUC$ A REM>KABLE WORK1 ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]'S ,CONTROL1 9 ,FR5* TRANSLATION ( :I* HAS JU/ APPE>$ 9 ,AUTOGE/ION1 #b#d-#b#e 7,SEPTEMB]-,DECEMB] #a#i#g#c74 .<,T_/,E3 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 #aiag TO #a#i#b#a2 ,! ,/ATE & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 7TO CITE ! FULL & CORRECT TITLE7 WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ BY ,SOLID>ITY 9 #a#i#g4 ,BLACK & ,R$ 7,DETROIT7 REPR9T$ ?IS #h#f-PAGE PAMPHLET 9 #aigb & AGA9 9 #a#i#g#e4 ,BR9TON'S 9TRODUCTION TO HIS ,SOLID>ITY TRANSLATION ( ,CA/ORIADIS'S TEXT NOTES ?AT 0! FIR/ ,5GLI% TRANSLATION0 ( ,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION 9 ,RUSSIA 0HAD APPE>$ 7BETWE5 ,APRIL #bb & ,AUGU/ #a#i1 #a#i#b#a7 9 SUCCESSIVE ISSUES ( ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/'S ,WORK]S ,DREADN\<T40 ,SOLID>ITY HAD REPR9T$ ?IS #aiba ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 9 #a#i#f#b4 ?IS ,SOLID>ITY $ITION IS N[ ALSO AVAILABLE FROM ,LEFT ,BANK ,BOOKS1 ,SEATTLE1 ,WA%+TON4.> 

_<#b_> ,?IS /ATEM5T CAN N[ ADMIT ( SOME NUANCES 9 LI<T ( MORE REC5T /UDIES2 SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BR9TON1 ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 & ! WORKS REF]R$ TO 9 ?IS PAMPHLET4 

_<#c_> ,SEE1 ON ?IS TOPIC1 ,BR9TON'S WORK1 :I* WE HAVE ALREADY CIT$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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