,! ,RUSSIAN ,PEASANTRY 

#ahhh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 M5 & WOM51 COLLECTIVELY RESPONSIBLE1 HUMAN BE+S1 RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 SUMM] LABOR1 L>GE PROPRIETOR1 LOCAL USUR]1 PEASANTS4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,>T ,GALL]Y ,]GS,>T1 ,PUBLIC ,DOMA9 ,S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ?IS BOOK"9 ,5GLI%M5 HAVE = ! FIR/ TIME ! OPPORTUNITY ( LE>N+ ! LIFE & IDEAS1 ! SUFF]+S & WRONGS ( ! PEOPLE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! VOICELESS1 UNKN[N MASSES ( CULTIVATORS ( ! SOIL1 #hc P]C5T ( ! :OLE POPULATION1 HAVE HI!RTO BE5 VAGUELY PICTUR$ 9 ,5GLI% M9DS AS A H]D ( CO>SE & BRUTALIZ$ SEMI-B>B>IANS4 ,9 ,/EPNIAK'S BOOK !Y />T 9TO VIVID REALITY AS A NATION ( LOVABLE & SOCIAL HUMAN BE+S4 ,NAY MORE1 !Y APPE> BE=E US AS M5 :OSE SOCIAL & P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T IS 9 SOME DIRECTIONS WID] ?AN \R [N1 M5 :O BE> A MESSAGE ( 5L>GEM5T TO ! ,TEUTONS & ,KELTS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,9 HIS PREVI\S WORKS ,/EPNIAK HAS %[N ! ,5GLI% PUBLIC H[ ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T P]SECUTES & CRU%ES \T EV]Y ATTEMPT AMONG ! $UCAT$ CLASSES TO GA9 FRE$OM ( ?\<T1 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 FRE$OM ( ACTION1 H[ IT IS ! RU?LESS FOE ( ALL 5LI<T5M5T1 ALL RE=M1 H[ ?IS VA/ /RON<OLD ( D>KNESS & TYRANNY IS A ?REAT & A DANG] TO LIB]TY & PROGRESS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,WE [E IT TO HIM MORE ?AN TO ANY ONE O!R WRIT] ?AT ALL ?IS IS +RA9$ 9 ! PRACTICAL BELIEFS ( ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 SO ?AT 0,RUSSIAN ,NIHILI/0 IS AN EQUIVAL5T = H]O & SA9T AMONG \R WORKM51 & ! DULLE/ SPEAK] AT A MEET+ CAN EVOKE A MURMUR ( APPLAUSE BY AN ALLUSION TO ! EXECUTION]S ( ! LATE ,ALEX&] AS EASILY AS BY A REF]5CE TO ,L& ,NATIONALIZATION4 ,WE ,AN>*I/S [E \R ,DEMOCRATIC ,RUSSIAN COMRADE A DEBT = ! CONTEMPT HE HAS P\R$ ON GOV]NM5T4 

,BUT UNTIL ,/EPNIAK GAVE TO ! WORLD HIS P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( HIS PEASANT C\NTRYM5 & ! FRUITS ( HIS LONG & /UDI\S RESE>* 9TO ! CONDITIONS ( !N LIFE1 MO/ ,5GLI%M5 W]E IGNORANT ( ! MOTIVE =CE :I* HAS 9SPIR$ ! >D5T FAI? & D>+ DE$S ( ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,!Y SEEM$ TO HAVE DEVOT$ !MSELVES = N PR9CIPLE1 = AN IDEAL FRE$OM1 = ! DELIV]ANCE ( A COMP>ATIVELY SMALL $UCAT$ CLASS4 ,WE HAD HE>D ( !IR LOVE = ! ,PEOPLE1 BUT ! DESCRIPTION ( ?AT 5?USIASM LEFT US UNMOV$ SAVE BY ADMIRATION = ! M5 & WOM5 :O 5T]TA9$ IT4 

,N[ WE UND]/& ! 5?USIASM ITSELF4 ,/EPNIAK HAS TAU<T US TO LOVE ! ,RUSSIAN ,PEOPLE1 & TO %R9K ) 9DIGNANT HORROR FROM ! SACRIFICE ( ?IS MASS ( HUMAN BE+S TO ! SELFI% GRE$ = WEAL? & P[] ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( RUL]S & (FICIALS4 ,) AN >TI/'S SKILL HE HAS PA9T$ = US ! RUGG$ LIFE ( ! PEASANT1 AS B5EA? ! HEAVY H& ( IMP]IAL DESPOTISM1 HE IS DRIV5 FROM ! OPPRESSIVE DEGRADATION ( S]FDOM TO ! HE>TLESS DEMORALIZATION ( WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,A LIFE R\<1 B>E1 SIMPLE1 UNCULTUR$ AS ?AT ( AN ,5GLI% ?RALL ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,A LIFE ( /R5U\S UNBROK5 TOIL & CONT9UAL H>D%IP1 SURPASS+ 9 ITS EX]TION & ITS POV]TY ?AT ( ! MO/ LUCKLESS PROLET>IAN ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,& YET A LIFE GR& ) PATI5T 5DURANCE & DEEP SEAT$ SELF-RESPECT1 DIGNIFI$ BY WILL+1 SELF-DIRECT$ 9DU/RY1 & ! LOVE ( WORK = WORK'S SAKE4 ,A LIFE 5L>G$ BY PUBLIC C>ES & PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES & SOCIALIZ$ BY COMMON POSSESSIONS & COMMON 9T]E/S4 

,= F\R C5TURIES ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT WAS A S]F4 ,TO-DAY HE IS (T5 COMPELL$ TO BE A WAGE-SLAVE4 ,YET1 9 A S5SE1 HE IS 9 A POSITION ( F> GREAT] 9DEP5D5CE & DIGNITY ?AN ! MO/ =TUNATE ,5GLI% WORKMAN4 ,HE /ILL LIVES 9 ! TRADITIONS ( A FREE PA/ :]E PUBLIC AFFAIRS W]E ! DIRECT P]SONAL AFFAIRS ( ALL & W]E SETTL$ BY ! UNANIM\S CONS5T ( ALL CONC]N$4 ,HE HAS HIS EQUAL VOICE ) HIS FELL[S 9 ! VILLAGE MIR :I* MANAGES ALL LOCAL BUS9ESS4 ,HE IS /ILL P>TIALLY HIS [N MA/]1 HIS [N EMPLOY]4 ,HE IS 9 P]SONAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ! MAJORITY 7#g#c P]C5T7 ( PEASANTS /ILL LIVE UND] ! ANCI5T COMMUNAL L& SY/EM1 & AS MEMB]S ( A VISAGE COMMUNITY >E JO9T [N]S ( ! L& !Y TILL4 ,?US IT COMES AB\T ?AT !Y RETA9 SO MU* ( A FREE MAN'S SELF RESPECT1 HIS 9T5SE 9T]E/ 9 HIS LABOR1 HIS LOVE = ! SOIL4 

0,WE >E Y\RS BUT ! L& IS \RS10 SAID ! PEASANTS TO !IR LORDS :5 S]FDOM WAS E/ABLI%$1 & !Y RETA9 ?IS CONCEPTION ( !IR RELATION TO ! L& D[N TO ! PRES5T TIME4 0,RUSSIAN PEASANTS10 WRITES ,/EPNIAK1 0HOLD ?AT L&1 BE+ AN >TICLE ( UNIV]SAL NE$1 MADE BY NOBODY1 \<T NOT TO BECOME PROP]TY 9 ! USUAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,IT NATURALLY BELONGS TO1 OR1 MORE EXACTLY1 IT %\LD REMA9 9 ! UNDI/URB$ POSSESSION ( ?OSE BY :OM = ! TIME BE+ IT IS CULTIVAT$40 ,9 #a#h#f#c1 :5 ! ,EMANCIPATION ,ACT WAS PASS$1 ! PEASANTS BELIEV$ ?AT ! L& /OL5 FROM !M BY ! NOBLES1 W\LD BE RE/OR$1  

,NE$LESS TO SAY ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAD NO SU* IDEA4 ,! MA/]S W]E ALL[$ TO REMA9 9 LEGAL POSSESSION ( ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR E/ATES4 ,SMALL SLICES1 SADDL$ ) A HEAVY R$EMPTION TAX1 W]E DOL$ \T TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNES1 & ! PEASANTS HAVE BE5 5GAG$ FROM ?AT DAY TO ?IS 9 A DESP]ATE /RUGGLE TO MAKE BO? 5DS MEET4 ,A LOS+ FI<T1 9 :I* VILLAGE AFT] VILLAGE HAS FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( USUR]S & BE5 COMPELL$ TO LEASE \T ITS COMMON L&S TO CAPITALI/S & WORK ON ITS [N SOIL AS ! WAGE-SLAVES ( ! NEW MA/]S4 ,UND] ! OLD LORDS1 ! S]FS W]E AT LEA/ ALL[$ 5\< L& TO FE$ & CLO! !MSELVES2 ! 0FREE0 PEASANTRY >E BE+ SL[LY />V$ TO DEA?4 ,! EXACTIONS ( ! TAX-GA!R] =CE !M TO SELL OR MORTGAGE !IR TOOLS1 !IR CROPS1 !IR CATTLE1 UNTIL MANY A COMMUNAL L&-[N] & MEMB] ( ! VISAGE C\NCIL IS DRIV5 TO W&] ?R\< ! C\NTRY 9 W9T] ) A SACK ON HIS %\LD]S ASK+ FROM PEASANTS ONLY LESS DE/ITUTE ?AN HIMSELF 0MORSELS0 :]E) TO FE$ HIS *ILDR54 

,EA* VILLAGE IS COLLECTIVELY RESPONSIBLE = ITS IMPOSSIBLY HEAVY R$EMPTION FEES1 & :]E !SE >E NOT =?COM+1 ! GOV]NM5T (FICIALS APPLY A PROCESS GRAPHICALLY DESCRIB$ AS 0! FLOGG+ \T ( >RE>S10 UNTIL ! NECESS>Y SUM IS EXACT$1 & FREQU5TLY ! PEASANTS >E LEFT )\T EV5 SE$ = !IR SPR+ S[+1 OBLIG$ TO PL$GE !IR NEXT SUMM] LABOR 9 ADVANCE TO SOME L>GE PROPRIETOR1 OR VILLAGE USUR]1 ?AT !Y MAY OBTA9 :]E)AL TO SUBSI/ ?R\< ! W9T]4 

,UND] ! PATRONAGE & PROTECTION ( GOV]NM5T 79 ,RUSSIA AS ELSE:]E ! AG5T ( ! EXPLOIT+ CLASSES7 ECONOMIC 9DIVIDUALISM IS RUNN+ ! OLD ,SOCIALISM H>D4 ,BANK CR$IT & ! MANIPULATION ( ! PAP] CURR5CY PUT A TREM5D\S P[] 9TO ! H&S ( SPECULATORS :]E) TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! NE$S ( ! VILLAGE CULTIVATORS & OBTA9 !IR CORN & CATTLE AT ALMO/ NOM9AL PRICES :5 !Y >E H>D PRESS$ BY ! TAX-GA!R] & LOCAL USUR]4 ,& ?IS HAPP5S EV]Y YE>1 = ! PEASANTS PAY #hc P]C5T ( ! IMP]IAL TAXES & ! BURD5 ON !IR L& IS (T5 CONSID]ABLY ABOVE ! VALUE ( ITS YE>LY PRODUCE4 ,9 ,KAZAN ! TAXES AM\NT TO #c P]C5T4 ,TO PAY !SE MON/R\S TAXES1 = :I* !Y >E HELD COLLECTIVELY RESPONSIBLE1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNE IS =C$ 9 BAD YE>S TO BORR[ FROM SOME KULAK 7LOCAL USUR]74 ,/EPNIAK GIVES A TELL+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS RU9\S MODE ( PROCE$+4 

0,9 ! ,NOV\S5 DI/RICT ! PEASANTS ( ! VILLAGE ( ,SP5DORF1 BE+ 9 GREAT DI/RESS DUR+ ! W9T] ( #ahh BORR[$ FROM A CL]GYMAN NAM$ ,K41 ,G,B,P#g1 UND]TAK+ TO PAY HIM 9 EI<T MON?S ,G,B,P#a1#e 7#e P]C5T7 ON CONDITION ?AT 9 CASE ( DEFAULT !Y %\LD GIVE ,MR4 ,K4 P5D+ REPAYM5T1 #c1#e DESSIAT9ES ( !IR >ABLE L& AT AN ANNUAL R5T ( T5 KOPECKS P] DESSIAT9E4 ,AS ! PEASANTS W]E UNABLE TO FULFILL !IR 5GAGEM5T1 ,MR4 ,K4 RECEIV$ ! #c1#e DESSIAT9ES = #ce RUBLES & =?) RELET ! L& TO ! PEASANTS !MSELVES AT ! NORMAL R5T1 :I* 9 ?IS PROV9CE IS AB\T #aS4 P] DESSIAT9E4 ,?US HE OBTA9$ ,G,B,P#a1#g#a#e ON A CAPITAL ( ,G,B,P#g1 OR 9T]E/ AT ! RATE ( AB\T #be P]C5T A YE>0 6 

,9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS S]APE ?R\< !IR DIFFICULTIES BY GIV+ !MSELVES 9TO KABBALAH 7BONDAGE7 I4E41 PL$G+ !IR SUMM] LABOR AT />VATION RATES TO SOME L>GE PROPRIETOR OR CAPITALI/1 SOMETIMES = YE>S 9 ADVANCE4 ,ALMO/ ALL WORK1 DUR+ ! W9T]1 = H\RS AS LONG AS ?OSE ( ! VICTIM ( ! ,LONDON SWEAT]1 AT SOME PETTY TRADE1 MAT MAK+ = 9/ANCE OR 7BUT !SE >E A SMALL M9ORITY4 ,LESS ?AN HALF A MILLION7 5T] FACTORIES = P>T ( ! YE>4 ,! USUAL L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ACCORD+ TO ! LATE/ REPORT1 IS #ab H\RS 9 ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES1 BUT 9 SOME ( !M M5 & WOM5 >E =C$ TO LABOR #b H\RS \T ( ! #b#d4 

,NO WOND] ?AT UND] SU* CONDITIONS AS !SE A CLASS ( PR(IT & 9T]E/ MONG]+ USUR]S & CAPITALI/S & A CLASS ( L&LESS PROLET>IANS IS GL[+ UP 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ! DEA? RATE 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA REA*$ 9 #ahhb SIXTY-TWO P] ?\S& P] ANNUM1 ! BIR? RATE BE+ ONLY =TY-FIVE4 ,NO WOND] ?AT WE HE> CONT9UALLY ( PEASANT \TBREAKS & 0,JEWI% \TRAGES10 :I* >E FREQU5TLY DESP]ATE REVOLTS AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( VILLAGE USUR]S1 OR A REFUSAL TO PAY IMPOSSIBLE TAXES4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ! GOV]NM5T PUNI%ES ) ! CRUELTY ( GUILTY T]ROR ALL :O ATTEMPT TO DRAW PUBLIC ATT5TION TO !SE WRONGS & MIS]IES4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY >E ANIMAT$ BY A FI]CE & IMPLACABLE HATR$ ( ! SY/EM :I* IS RU9+ ! MASS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE 9 BODY & M9D4 

,WE PROPOSE NEXT MON? TO GIVE \R READ]S SOME FEW ( ,/EPNIAK'S GRAPHIC DETAILS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE & RELIGI\S IDEAS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS4 

"9 ',! ,RUSSIAN ,PEASANTRY1 !IR AGR>IAN CONDITION1 SOCIAL LIFE & RELIGION' ,BY ,/EPNIAK4 ,SWAN1 ,SONN5S*E9 @& ,CO4 

,FRE$OM3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM 

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,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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