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,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS 

#aibfaibf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 

,TEXT 3 

,BE=E ! ,DECEMB] ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS ( ,PEASANTS'1 ,WORK]S'1 & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES1 AN ASSEMBLY ( ! ,SOVIET ( ,GULYAI-,POLE RAION WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,ALL ! DELEGATES PRES5T AT ?IS ASSEMBLY 9SI/$ ?AT \R REPRES5TATIVES AT ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS BE PREP>$ NOT TO FALL UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AG5TS ( POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,\R REPRES5TATIVES W]E TO DECL>E1 )\T HESITAT+1 ?AT !Y HAD COME TO ! ,CONGRESS1 NOT 9 ORD] TO LI/5 TO REPORTS ( GOV]NM5T AG5TS & TO OBEY !M1 BUT TO READ !IR [N REPORTS AB\T :AT ! TOIL]S W]E DO+ LOCALLY & :Y !Y W]E DO+ IT4 ,& !Y W]E TO EXPLA9 :Y1 9 ! FUTURE1 !Y W\LD NOT BE FOLL[+ ORD]S IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE4 

,! DELEGATES :I* WE ELECT$ TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS W]E TO MAKE EXPLICIT ! IDEA :I* =M$ ! BASIS ( \R ACTIONS1 NAMELY ?AT AT ?IS MOM5T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ! PROBLEM ( FIR/ IMPORTANCE = ALL TOIL]S WAS MOV+ =W>D TO FULL LIB]ATION FROM ! P[] ( ! TWO AU?ORITIES :I* OPPRESS$ US -- PRIVATE ,CAPITAL & ! ,/ATE4 

,! ,/ATE AS POLITICAL P[]1 AS ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 CANNOT EXI/ )\T OPPRESSION1 PILLAGE1 & MURD]2 IT MU/ DIE UND] ! BL[S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TOIL]S :O >E ADVANC+ PASSIONATELY & 9 UNITY T[>DS A NEW FREE SOCIETY4 

,! AG5DA ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS WAS KN[N TO US4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ NEW 9 IT = \R RAION1 = WE HAD ALREADY 9/ITUT$ ! MEASURES M5TION$ !RE SOME TIME AGO4 ,\R DELEGATES W]E TO NOTE ?IS FACT TO ! PEASANT & WORK] DELEGATES FROM O!R RAIONS4 ,\R POSITION 9 PRACTICE FL[$ NATURALLY FROM \R IDEAS4 ,WE NE$$ TO MAKE ?IS WIDELY KN[N SO ?AT ! TOIL]S ( ! :OLE C\NTRY W\LD UND]/& :AT WE W]E DO+4 

,AFT] ! ASSEMBLY HAD LAID \T !SE GUIDEL9ES1 !RE W]E NOM9ATIONS ( C&IDATES4 ,ELECT$ W]E ,N4 ,MAKHNO & ,MIRONOV4 

,! ASSEMBLY !N EXPRESS$ ITS ?ANKS TO ITS REPRES5TATIVES = ACCEPT+ ITS M&ATES1 SAY+3 0,Y\ HAVE BE5 ELECT$1 ,COMRADES1 ) ! FULL CONS5T ( ?OSE :O S5T US H]E4 ,9 Y\R P]SONS WE >E S5D+ TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS ! FIR/ AMONG EQUALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TOIL]S ( ,GULAI-,POLYE RAION4 

0,WE HAVE NO D\BT ?AT Y\ WILL FULFILL ) DI/9CTION Y\R MISSION TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS4 ,! 9/RUCTIONS WE >E GIV+ Y\ DON'T GO 9TO DETAILS4 ,! FACT ?AT WE >E GIV+ Y\ 9/RUCTIONS AT ALL IS JU/ \R TRADITIONAL WAY ( DO+ ?+S4 ,IT HELPS TO UNITE US ON ! ROAD TO MORE REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S40 

,SU* 9/RUCTIONS & SU* P>T+ WORDS W]E CU/OM>Y 9 ,GULYAI-,POLE :5 DELEGATES W]E ELECT$ TO ! UYEZD & PROV9CIAL CONGRESSES4 

,IF ,I DWELL ON ?IS ELECTION ( REPRES5TATIVES1 IT IS BECAUSE IT TOOK PLACE AT A TIME :5 ! ,LEFT ,BLOC HAD TAK5 P[] OV] ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CITY ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ITS 5VIRONS4 ,GRADUALLY !Y CONC5TRAT$ 9 !IR [N H&S1 TO !IR [N B5EFIT1 ALL ! POPUL> CONQUE/S ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W]E TRY+ TO DE=M ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 

,! TOIL]S ( ,GULYAI-,POLE RAION W]E WELL AW>E ?AT ! ,DECEMB] ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS W\LD BE DOM9AT$ BY AG5TS ( ! ,LEFT ,BLOC1 :O FROM TIME TO TIME W\LD LET SLIP !IR /ATE-P[] ASPIRATIONS4 ,?AT'S :Y ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ,GULYAI-,POLE FREQU5TLY SPOKE AT !IR [N MEET+S AB\T ! NECESSITY TO USE CAUTION & NOT RELY ON ! BLOC ( REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES4 ,!RE WAS A C]TA9 ODOR AB\T !M :I* >\S$ VIGILANCE4 ,GULYAI-,POLE W>N$ ! TOIL]S ( O!R REGIONS AS WELL4 

,ON ! WAY TO ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 \R TRA9 WAS D]AIL$ SO WE >RIV$ A DAY LATE4 ,H[EV]1 WE DIDN'T MISS ! OP5+ ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! DELEGATES W]E ALL !RE1 BUT ! ,CONGRESS HAD NOT YET />T$4 ,AMONG ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,CONGRESS ONE S5S$ A C]TA9 MALAISE1 A C]TA9 ANXIETY4 

,AS ,I M5TION$ E>LI]1 !RE EXI/$ AT ?AT MOM5T 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV F\R OR FIVE 9DEP5D5T MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATIONS3 7#a7 ! ONE LEFT OV] FROM ! ,K]5SKY REGIME2 7#b7 ! ,UKRA9IAN ONE CLAIM+ ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,C5TRAL ,RADA2 7#c7 A GR\P ( NEUTRAL CITIZ5S2 7#d7 A UNIQUE ADM9I/RATION ( SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT :O W]E ON !IR WAY BY TRA9 TO FI<T ,KAL$9 & HAD /OPP$ 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV = A RE/2 7#e7 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S'1 ,PEASANTS' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ! LATT] AT ?AT TIME /OOD ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,COMRADE ,GRUNBAUM1 A V]Y TACTFUL MAN ) AN IRON REVOLUTION>Y WILL2 UN=TUNATELY1 AT ?AT P]IOD HE WAS WORK+ = ! ,BOL%EVIK-,LEFT ,S,R ,BLOC4 ,GRUNBAUM'S AU?ORITY WAS DOM9ANT1 AT LEA/ 9 HIS NEGOTIATIONS ) ! COMM&]S ( ! 0,UKRA9IAN0 UNITS PUT TOGE!R FROM ! =M] ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,PAVLOVSKY1 & ,SEM5OVSKY REGIM5TS 7:I* HAD JU/ >RIV$ FROM ,PETROGRAD & W]E /ATION$ 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV74 ,IF ,GRUNBAUM HAD NOT BE5 CONDUCT+ !SE NEGOTIATIONS HIMSELF1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S -- ,KVIR+1 ,GOPN]1 & ,EP/E91 & ALSO ! ,LEFT ,S,R ,POPOV & O!RS1 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO GET ANY:]E & W\LD HAVE BE5 DRIV5 \T ( ,YEKAT]9OSLAV4 

,! TIMES W]E SU* ?AT EV]Y?+ DEP5D$ UPON ! =CE ( >MS4 ,?AT =CE WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! 0,UKRA9IAN0 TROOPS & UNITS MADE UP ( WORK]S & O!R 9HABITANTS ( ! CITY4 ,COMRADE ,GRUNBAUM WAS ABLE TO CONV9CE ! ,LEFT ,BLOC HI< COMM& TO SUPPLY TROOPS TO SUPPORT ! ,SOVIET :I* !REBY BECAME /RONG 5\< TO CONV5E ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS4 

,IT WAS TYPICAL ?AT :ILE ?+S W]E DICEY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,LEFT-,S,R FAD$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 LETT+ ,COMRADE ,GRUNBAUM FRONT = !M1 &1 ONCE ?+S HAD SETTL$ D[N A BIT1 !Y CAME TO ! =EFRONT AGA9 & TOOK *>GE ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS4 

,! ,CONGRESS F9ALLY GOT GO+ AFT] LUN*4 ,ON ! NEXT DAY ,I TOOK ! FLOOR ) MY REPORT FROM ,GULYAI-,POLE4 ,9 PASS+1 ,I TOOK A %OT AT ! ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S = !IR BASELESS ACTIONS 9 ! NAME ( !IR PROV9CIAL 0,PEASANTS' ,UNION01 PO9T+ \T TO ! ,CONGRESS ?AT !RE W]E A NUMB] ( RAIONS :]E ! PEASANTRY DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! POLITICS ( ?IS 0,UNION04 

,MY SPEE* RAIS$ ! IRE ( ! NATIONALI/S4 ,SEV5 ( !M PROTE/$ TO ! ,CONGRESS1 SAY+ ?AT ! ,CONGRESS WAS CONV5$ ON AN ILLEGAL BASIS4 ,!Y SAID ?AT RAIONS & UYEZDS %\LD NOT BE S5D+ !IR PEASANT & WORK] REPRES5TATIVES TO ?IS ,CONGRESS -- ! ONLY LEGAL DELEGATES W]E ?OSE ELECT$ AT UYEZD CONGRESSES4 ,!Y DEM&$ ?AT ! DELEGATES FROM ,GULYAI-,POLE NOT BE ALL[$ TO SPEAK AT ! ,CONGRESS1 BUT BE PRES5T ONLY AS OBS]V]S4 

,! PEASANT DELEGATES1 ALSO ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S ,KVIR+ & ,EP/E91 SPOKE AGA9/ ?IS DEM& BY ! ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S4 ,! ,CONGRESS VOT$ IT D[N4 

,!N ! NATIONALI/S DEMON/RATIVELY GOT UP & LEFT ! MEET+ HALL4 ,!Y W]E FOLL[$ BY !IR SUPPORT]S1 DELEGATES FROM ! SOLDI]S4 

,! ,CONGRESS TOOK A BREAK = ?REE OR F\R H\RS4 ,IT TURN$ \T ?AT ! 0,UKRA9IAN ,PROV9CIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL0 HAD HELD AN EM]G5CY MEET+ ON ! QUE/ION3 :E!R OR NOT TO DISSOLVE ! ,CONGRESS & TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET4 ,AT ?IS MEET+1 ! *AIR ( ! 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL01 ,DR4 ,FELDMAN1 NOT$ ?AT !IR /R5G? MI<T NOT BE SUFFICI5T & !Y C\LD WELL BE BEAT54 

,! ,CONGRESS WAS TR\BL$ BY ! NOTION ?AT AT ANY M9UTE BLOOD C\LD BE FL[+ 9 ! /REETS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,SO ! ,CONGRESS S5T ITS [N PEOPLE TO ! SOLDI]S' B>RACKS -- TO CL>IFY !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! ,CONGRESS4 ,COMRADE ,GRUNBAUM1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/S1 AGA9 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 C\NT]+ ! NATIONALI/S4 ,! AN>*I/ SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT ALSO SUPPORT$ ! DELEGATES ( ! ,CONGRESS ON ?IS DAY BY SPEAK+ BE=E ! REGIM5TS1 & ALSO BE=E ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES4 

,AT ?AT TIME 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV WAS /ATION$ ONE REGIM5T ( ! ,CAVALI]S ( ,/4 ,GEORGE4 ,?IS REGIM5T HAD ALWAYS HISS$ ! ORATORS S5T TO !M FROM ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ,CONGRESS S5T ME & ,COMRADE ,L4 ,AZ]SK TO ADDRESS ?IS REGIM5T 9 !IR B>RACKS4 ,WE W]E GO+ TO TRY TO GET !M TO PASS A RESOLUTION AB\T ! ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S :O W]E TRY+ TO DISRUPT ! ,CONGRESS & ALSO TO DISCUSS A FEW ESS5TIAL PO9TS ) A VIEW TO JO9T ACTION4 

,I DIDN'T WANT TO BE HISS$4 ,DUR+ N9E MON?S ( REVOLUTION ,I HAD SPOK5 TO MANY AUDI5CES & HAD NEV] BE5 HISS$4 ,N[ ! ,BOL%EVIKS IMPRESS$ ON ME ?AT ,I WAS GO+ TO BE HISS$4 ,I WAS APPREH5SIVE BUT ,I CONSID]$ IT 9APPROPRIATE TO REFUSE TO C>RY \T ?IS MISSION = ! ,CONGRESS4 ,WE SET \T4 ,WE GOT 9 A CAB4 ,WE >RIV$ AT ! REGIM5T & F\ND ! REGIM5TAL COMMITTEE4 ,WE MET ! *AIRMAN & PRES5T$ \R M&ATE FROM ! ,CONGRESS4 

,! *AIRMAN ( ! REGIM5T READ \R M&ATE &1 POLITELY (F]+ US *AIRS1 LEFT TO GA!R ! SOLDI]S = A MEET+4 

,AFT] #ae OR #b M9UTES HE CAME BACK & TOLD US ?AT EV]YBODY HAD BE5 ASSEMBL$4 

,AT ! DOOR ( ! COMMITTEE (FICE WE W]E MET BY TWO COMRADE AN>*I/S -- SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT -- & ! F\R ( US W5T TO MEET ! SOLDI]S4 

,AT ! MEET+ WE BASICALLY >GU$ ) ! (FIC]S1 CAUS+ ONE ( !M TO BREAK D[N WEEP+ & RIP (F HIS EPAULETS1 & WE GOT ! REGIM5T TO PASS ITS [N RESOLUTION1 :I* DECL>$ ?AT 0! REGIM5T ( ! ,CAVALI]S ( ,/4 ,GEORGE W\LD DEF5D BY =CE ( >MS AGA9/ ANY ATTACK ON ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANTS & ,WORK]S :I* />T$ ITS WORK ON ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#i#a#g40 

,ANALOG\S RESOLUTIONS W]E PASS$ BY O!R REGIM5TS & SQUADRONS4 

,?IS RESULT WAS UNEXPECT$ NOT SO MU* BY ! ,CONGRESS AS BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,ALL ! DELEGATES ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E GLAD ?AT ! REGUL> TROOPS W]E ON !IR SIDE4 

,! ,CONGRESS TOOK UP ITS WORK AGA9 & WAS F9I%$ 9 ?REE DAYS4 

,IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS ,CONGRESS ?AT ALL ! DECISIONS SET \T 9 ITS RESOLUTIONS HAD ALREADY BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 ,GULYAI-,POLE RAION = ?REE OR F\R MON?S4 ,ONLY ONE CLAUSE WAS NEW TO US BECAUSE WE HAD ATTA*$ LITTLE IMPORTANCE TO IT3 ! RI<T ( LOCAL SOVIETS TO A SUBSIDY FROM ! /ATE4 ,I MU/ ADMIT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,LEFT ,S,RS CAU<T A LOT ( PEOPLE ) ?IS BAIT4 ,= ,GULYAI-,POLE RAION ?IS 9NOVATION WAS UNACCEPTABLE BECAUSE IT BAS$ ITS [N WORK ON ANTI-/ATI/ IDEAS & TRI$ TO BE 9DEP5D5T ( C5TRAL AU?ORITIES :O TRI$ TO CONTROL EV]Y?+4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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