,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,FUNDAM5TAL ,SIGNIFCANCE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

      #d1#b#i#g ,WORDS2 #b#g1#e#a#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,L& ,POLICY 

      #a1#e#e#d ,WORDS2 #i1#h#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,NATIONALITIES ,QUE/ION 

      #b1#f#h ,WORDS2 #a#g1#b#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 

      #a1#e#e#i ,WORDS2 #a1#a#f#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,QUE/ION ( ,SUFFRAGE 

      #a1#g#g ,WORDS2 #f1#f#g#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,DICTATOR%IP 

      #a1#b#e#g ,WORDS2 #g1#h#h#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CORRUPTION 

      #$h ,WORDS2 #c1#g#i#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,DEMOCRACY & ,DICTATOR%IP 

      #a1#c#a#f ,WORDS2 #h1#c#a#a ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,FUNDAM5TAL ,SIGNIFCANCE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,WRITT53 #a#i#a#h4 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 
,PUBLI%]3 ,WORK]S ,AGE ,PUBLI%]S 7,NEW ,YORK71 7,C7 #a#i#d4 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 #aibb BY ,PAUL ,LEVI4 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,B]TRAM ,WOLFE4 
,ONL9E ,V]SION3 M>XI/S4ORG #a#i#i#i4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,A4 ,LEHR]_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ! MI<TIE/ EV5T ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,ITS \TBREAK1 ITS UNEXAMPL$ RADICALISM1 ITS 5DUR+ CONSEQU5CES1 CON/ITUTE ! CLE>E/ CONDEMNATION ( ! LY+ PHRASES :I* (FICIAL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY SO ZEAL\SLY SUPPLI$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! W> AS AN IDEOLOGICAL COV] = ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM'S CAMPAIGN ( CONQUE/4 ,I REF] TO ! PHRASES CONC]N+ ! MISSION ( ,G]MAN BAYONETS1 :I* W]E TO OV]?R[ ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM & FREE ITS OPPRESS$ PEOPLES4 

,! MI<TY SWEEP ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! PR(\ND RESULTS :I* HAVE TRANS=M$ ALL CLASS RELATION%IPS1 RAIS$ ALL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 &1 ) ! FATALITY ( !IR [N 9N] LOGIC DEVELOP$ CONSI/5TLY FROM ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC TO EV] MORE ADVANC$ /AGES1 F9ALLY R$UC+ ! FALL ( ,CZ>ISM TO ! /ATUS ( A M]E M9OR EPISODE - ALL !SE ?+S %[ AS PLA9 AS DAY ?AT ! FREE+ ( ,RUSSIA WAS NOT AN A*IEVEM5T ( ! W> & ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ,CZ>ISM1 NOT SOME S]VICE ( 0,G]MAN BAYONETS 9 ,G]MAN FI/S10 AS ! ,NEUE ,ZEIT UND] ,KAUTSKY'S $ITOR%IP ONCE PROMIS$ 9 AN $ITORIAL4 ,!Y %[1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! FREE+ ( ,RUSSIA HAD ITS ROOTS DEEP 9 ! SOIL ( ITS [N L& & WAS FULLY MATUR$ 9T]NALLY4 ,! MILIT>Y ADV5TURE ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL BLESS+ ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DID NOT BR+ AB\T ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA BUT ONLY S]V$ TO 9T]RUPT IT AT FIR/1 TO PO/PONE IT = A :ILE AFT] ITS FIR/ /ORMY RIS+ TIDE 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#a-#a#c1 & !N1 AFT] ITS \TBREAK1 CREAT$ = IT ! MO/ DIFFICULT & ABNORMAL CONDITIONS4 

,MOREOV]1 = EV]Y ?9K+ OBS]V]1 !SE DEVELOPM5TS >E A DECISIVE REFUTATION ( ! DOCTR9AIRE !ORY :I* ,KAUTSKY %>$ ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1.<#a.> ACCORD+ TO :I* ,RUSSIA1 AS AN ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D & PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN L&1 WAS SUPPOS$ NOT TO BE RIPE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION & PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,?IS !ORY1 :I* REG>DS ONLY A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AS FEASIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 IS ALSO ! !ORY ( ! OPPORTUNI/ W+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ( ! SO-CALL$ ,M5%EVIKS1 UND] ! EXP]I5C$ LEAD]%IP ( ,AXELROD & ,DAN4 ,& FROM ?IS CONCEPTION FOLL[ ! TACTICS ( ! COALITION ( SOCIALI/S 9 ,RUSSIA ) B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,ON ?IS BASIC CONCEPTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 FROM :I* FOLL[ AUTOMATICALLY !IR DETAIL$ POSITIONS ON QUE/IONS ( TACTICS1 BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,G]MAN OPPORTUNI/S F9D !MSELVES 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T ,SOCIALI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! OP9ION ( ALL ?REE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %\LD HAVE CALL$ A HALT AT ! /AGE :I* ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM 9 ITS CONDUCT ( ! W> HAD SET AS ITS NOBLE TASK1 ACCORD+ TO ! MY?OLOGY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 I4E41 IT %\LD HAVE /OPP$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VIEW1 IF ! REVOLUTION HAS GONE BEYOND ?AT PO9T & HAS SET AS ITS TASK ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?IS IS SIMPLY A MI/AKE ( ! RADICAL W+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,& ALL DIFFICULTIES :I* ! REVOLUTION HAS MET ) 9 ITS FUR!R C\RSE1 & ALL DISORD]S IT HAS SUFF]$ >E PICTUR$ AS PURELY A RESULT ( ?IS FATEFUL ]ROR4 

,!ORETICALLY1 ?IS DOCTR9E 7RECOMM5D$ AS ! FRUIT ( 0,M>XI/ ?9K+0 BY ! ,VORW>TS ( ,/AMPF] & BY ,KAUTSKY ALIKE7 FOLL[S FROM ! ORIG9AL 0,M>XI/0 DISCOV]Y ?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION IS A NATIONAL &1 SO TO SPEAK1 A DOME/IC AFFAIR 9 EA* MOD]N C\NTRY TAK5 BY ITSELF4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ! BLUE MI/S ( AB/RACT =MULAS1 A ,KAUTSKY KN[S V]Y WELL H[ TO TRACE ! WORLD-WIDE CONNECTIONS ( CAPITAL :I* MAKE ( ALL MOD]N C\NTRIES A S+LE 9TEGRAT$ ORGANISM4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 MOREOV] - S9CE IT IS A PRODUCT ( 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5TS PLUS ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION - CANNOT POSSIBLY BE SOLV$ )9 ! LIMITS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,PRACTICALLY1 ?IS SAME DOCTR9E REPRES5TS AN ATTEMPT TO GET RID ( ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 SO F> AS ?AT RESPONSIBILITY CONC]NS ! 9T]NATIONAL1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN1 PROLET>IAT1 & TO D5Y ! 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS ( ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NOT ,RUSSIA'S UNRIP5ESS :I* HAS BE5 PROV$ BY ! EV5TS ( ! W> & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! UNRIP5ESS ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT = ! FULFILLM5T ( ITS HI/ORIC TASKS4 ,& TO MAKE ?IS FULLY CLE> IS ! FIR/ TASK ( A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA DEP5D$ FULLY UPON 9T]NATIONAL EV5TS4 ,?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE BAS$ !IR POLICY 5TIRELY UPON ! WORLD PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ! CLE>E/ PRO( ( !IR POLITICAL F>-SI<T$NESS & FIRMNESS ( PR9CIPLE & ( ! BOLD SCOPE ( !IR POLICIES4 ,9 IT IS VISIBLE ! MI<TY ADVANCE :I* CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAS MADE 9 ! LA/ DECADE4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e-#g R\S$ ONLY A FA9T E*O 9 ,EUROPE4 ,!RE=E1 IT HAD TO REMA9 A M]E OP5+ *APT]4 ,CONT9UATION & CONCLUSION W]E TI$ UP ) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE4 

,CLE>LY1 NOT UNCRITICAL APOLOGETICS BUT P5ETRAT+ & ?\<TFUL CRITICISM IS ALONE CAPABLE ( BR++ \T TREASURES ( EXP]I5CES & TEA*+S4 ,DEAL+ AS WE >E ) ! V]Y FIR/ EXP]IM5T 9 PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP 9 WORLD HI/ORY 7& ONE TAK+ PLACE AT ?AT UND] ! H>DE/ CONCEIVABLE CONDITIONS1 9 ! MID/ ( ! WORLD-WIDE CONFLAGRATION & *AOS ( ! IMP]IALI/ MASS SLAU<T]1 CAU<T 9 ! COILS ( ! MO/ REACTION>Y MILIT>Y P[] 9 ,EUROPE1 & ACCOMPANI$ BY ! MO/ COMPLETE FAILURE ON ! P>T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS71 IT W\LD BE A CRAZY IDEA TO ?9K ?AT EV]Y LA/ ?+ DONE OR LEFT UNDONE 9 AN EXP]IM5T ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT UND] SU* ABNORMAL CONDITIONS REPRES5T$ ! V]Y P9NACLE ( P]FECTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ELEM5T>Y CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS & AN 9SI<T 9TO !IR HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITES =CE US TO UND]/& ?AT UND] SU* FATAL CONDITIONS EV5 ! MO/ GIGANTIC IDEALISM & ! MO/ /ORM-TE/$ REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY >E 9CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM BUT ONLY DI/ORT$ ATTEMPTS AT EI!R4 

,TO MAKE ?IS /& \T CLE>LY 9 ALL ITS FUNDAM5TAL ASPECTS & CONSEQU5CES IS ! ELEM5T>Y DUTY ( ! SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES2 = ONLY ON ! BACKGR\ND ( ?IS BITT] KN[L$GE CAN WE MEASURE ! 5ORM\S MAGNITUDE ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT ITSELF = ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS ONLY ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ! DECISIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! RESOLUTE 9T]NATIONAL ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN BECOME EFFECTIVE1 )\T :I* ACTION AS ITS NECESS>Y SUPPORT1 EV5 ! GREATE/ 5]GY & ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 A S+LE C\NTRY MU/ 9EVITABLY BECOME TANGL$ 9 A MAZE ( CONTRADICTION & BLUND]S4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT EI!R ?AT ! WISE HEADS AT ! HELM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY ON !IR ?ORNY PA? BESET BY TRAPS ( ALL K9DS1 HAVE TAK5 MANY A DECISIVE /EP ONLY ) ! GREATE/ 9N] HESITATION & ) ! MO/ VIOL5T 9N] OPPOSITION4 ,& SURELY NO?+ CAN BE F>!R FROM !IR ?\<TS ?AN TO BELIEVE ?AT ALL ! ?+S !Y HAVE DONE OR LEFT UNDONE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( BITT] COMPULSION & NECESSITY 9 ! MID/ ( ! RO>+ :IRLPOOL ( EV5TS1 %\LD BE REG>D$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A %9+ EXAMPLE ( SOCIALI/ POLITY T[>D :I* ONLY UNCRITICAL ADMIRATION & ZEAL\S IMITATION >E 9 ORD]4 

,IT W\LD BE NO LESS WRONG TO FE> ?AT A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! ROAD SO F> TAK5 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W\LD S]VE TO WEAK5 ! RESPECT = & ! ATTRACTIVE P[] ( ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* ALONE CAN OV]COME ! FATAL 9]TIA ( ! ,G]MAN MASSES4 ,NO?+ IS F>!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,AN AWAK5+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,G]MANY CAN NEV] AGA9 BE CALL$ =? 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! GU>DIAN%IP ME?ODS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY ( LATE-LAM5T$ MEMORY4 ,IT CAN NEV] AGA9 BE CONJUR$ =? BY ANY SPOTLESS AU?ORITY1 BE IT ?AT ( \R [N 0HI<] COMMITTEES0 OR ?AT ( 0! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE40 ,NOT BY ! CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y HURRAH-SPIRIT1 BUT QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ONLY BY AN 9SI<T 9TO ALL ! FE>FUL S]I\SNESS1 ALL ! COMPLEXITY ( ! TASKS 9VOLV$1 ONLY AS A RESULT ( POLITICAL MATURITY & 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT1 ONLY AS A RESULT ( A CAPACITY = CRITICAL JUDGM5T ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES1 :OSE CAPACITY WAS SY/EMATICALLY KILL$ BY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY = DECADES UND] V>I\S PRETEXTS1 ONLY ?US CAN ! G5U9E CAPACITY = HI/ORICAL ACTION BE BORN 9 ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,TO CONC]N ONE'S SELF ) A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ALL ITS HI/ORICAL CONNECTIONS IS ! BE/ TRA9+ = ! ,G]MAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS = ! TASKS :I* CONFRONT !M AS AN \TGR[? ( ! PRES5T SITUATION4 

,! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 FROM ITS BEG9N+ 9 ,M>* TO ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 CORRESPONDS EXACTLY 9 ITS G5]AL \TL9ES TO ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T ( BO? ! ,GREAT ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION & ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ! TYPICAL C\RSE ( EV]Y FIR/ G5]AL RECKON+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES BEGOTT5 )9 ! WOMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,ITS DEVELOPM5T MOVES NATURALLY 9 AN ASC5D+ L9E3 FROM MOD]ATE BEG9N+S TO EV]-GREAT] RADICALIZATION ( AIMS &1 P>ALLEL ) ?AT1 FROM A COALITION ( CLASSES & P>TIES TO ! SOLE RULE ( ! RADICAL P>TY4 

,AT ! \TSET 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#g1 ! 0,CADETS01 ?AT IS ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! FIR/ G5]AL RIS+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE SWEPT EV]Y ONE & EV]Y?+ ALONG ) IT4 ,! ,F\R? ,DUMA1 ULTRA-REACTION>Y PRODUCT ( ! ULTRA-REACTION>Y F\R-CLASS RI<T ( SUFFRAGE & >IS+ \T ( ! C\P D'ETAT1 WAS SUDD5LY CONV]T$ 9TO AN ORGAN ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ALL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 EV5 ?OSE ( ! NATIONALI/IC RI<T1 SUDD5LY =M$ A PHALANX AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM4 ,! LATT] FELL AT ! FIR/ ATTACK ALMO/ )\T A /RUGGLE1 LIKE AN ORGAN ?AT HAD DI$ & NE$$ ONLY TO BE T\*$ TO DROP (F4 ,! BRIEF EF=T1 TOO1 ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE TO SAVE AT LEA/ ! ?RONE & ! DYNA/Y COLLAPS$ )9 A FEW H\RS4 ,! SWEEP+ M>* ( EV5TS LEAP$ 9 DAYS & H\RS OV] DI/ANCES ?AT =M]LY1 9 ,FRANCE1 TOOK DECADES TO TRAV]SE4 ,9 ?IS1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS REALIZ+ ! RESULT ( A C5TURY ( ,EUROPEAN DEVELOPM5T1 & ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS A DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ?AT ( #a#i#e-#g1 & NOT A GIFT ( ! ,G]MAN 0LIB]ATOR40 ,! MOVEM5T ( ,M>* #aiag L9K$ ITSELF DIRECTLY ONTO ! PO9T :]E1 T5 YE>S E>LI]1 ITS WORK HAD BROK5 (F4 ,! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC WAS ! COMPLETE1 9T]NALLY RIP5$ PRODUCT ( ! V]Y ONSET ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 BEGAN ! SECOND & MORE DIFFICULT TASK4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T1 ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS ! MASS ( ! URBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 ITS DEM&S DID NOT LIMIT !MSELVES TO ! REALIZATION ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY BUT W]E CONC]N$ ) ! BURN+ QUE/ION ( 9T]NATIONAL POLICY - IMM$IATE PEACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! REVOLUTION EMBRAC$ ! MASS ( ! >MY1 :I* RAIS$ ! SAME DEM& = IMM$IATE PEACE1 & ! MASS ( ! PEASANTS1 :O PU%$ ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION 9TO ! =EGR\ND1 ?AT AGR>IAN QUE/ION :I* S9CE #aie HAD BE5 ! V]Y AXIS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IMM$IATE PEACE & L& - FROM !SE TWO AIMS ! 9T]NAL SPLIT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PHALANX FOLL[$ 9EVITABLY4 ,! DEM& = IMM$IATE PEACE WAS 9 MO/ IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITION TO ! IMP]IALI/ T5D5CIES ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE = :OM ,MILYUKOV WAS ! SPOKESMAN4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! L& QUE/ION WAS A T]RIFY+ SPECT] = ! O!R W+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! RURAL L&[N]S4 ,&1 9 ADDITION1 IT REPRES5T$ AN ATTACK ON ! SACR$ PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 G5]AL1 A T\*Y PO9T = ! 5TIRE PROP]TI$ CLASS4 

,?US1 ON ! V]Y DAY AFT] ! FIR/ VICTORIES ( ! REVOLUTION1 !RE BEGAN AN 9N] /RUGGLE )9 IT OV] ! TWO BURN+ QUE/IONS - PEACE & L&4 ,! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE 5T]$ UPON ! TACTICS ( DRAGG+ \T ?+S & EVAD+ !M4 ,! LABOR+ MASSES1 ! >MY1 ! PEASANTRY1 PRESS$ =W>D EV] MORE IMPETU\SLY4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ) ! QUE/IONS ( PEACE & L&1 ! FATE ( ! POLITICAL DEMOCRACY ( ! REPUBLIC WAS L9K$ UP4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 C>RI$ AWAY BY ! FIR/ /ORMY WAVE ( ! REVOLUTION1 HAD P]MITT$ !MSELVES TO BE DRAGG$ ALONG TO ! PO9T ( REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,N[ !Y BEGAN TO SEEK A BASE ( SUPPORT 9 ! RE> & SIL5TLY TO ORGANIZE A C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! ,KAL$9 ,COSSACK CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,PET]SBURG WAS A CLE> EXPRESSION ( ?IS T5D5CY4 ,HAD ! ATTACK BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 !N NOT ONLY ! FATE ( ! PEACE & L& QUE/IONS W\LD HAVE BE5 SEAL$1 BUT ! FATE ( ! REPUBLIC AS WELL4 ,MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 A REIGN ( T]ROR AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 & !N RETURN TO MON>*Y1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS4 

,FROM ?IS WE CAN JUDGE ! UTOPIAN & FUNDAM5TALLY REACTION>Y *>ACT]S ( ! TACTICS BY :I* ! ,RUSSIAN 0,KAUTSKYANS0 OR ,M5%EVIKS P]MITT$ !MSELVES TO BE GUID$4 ,H>D5$ 9 !IR ADDICTION TO ! MY? ( ! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION - = ! TIME BE+1 Y\ SEE1 ,RUSSIA IS NOT SUPPOS$ TO BE RIPE = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 - !Y CLUNG DESP]ATELY TO A COALITION ) ! B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS4 ,BUT ?IS MEANS A UNION ( ELEM5TS :I* HAD BE5 SPLIT BY ! NATURAL 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION & HAD COME 9TO ! %>PE/ CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 ,! ,AXELRODS & ,DANS WANT$ TO COLLABORATE AT ALL CO/S ) ?OSE CLASSES & P>TIES FROM :I* CAME ! GREATE/ ?REAT ( DANG] TO ! REVOLUTION & TO ITS FIR/ CONQUE/1 DEMOCRACY4 

,IT IS ESPECIALLY A/ONI%+ TO OBS]VE H[ ?IS 9DU/RI\S MAN 7,KAUTSKY71 BY HIS TIRELESS LABOR ( PEACEFUL & ME?ODICAL WRIT+ DUR+ ! F\R YE>S ( ! ,WORLD ,W>1 HAS TORN ONE HOLE AFT] ANO!R 9 ! FABRIC ( SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS A LABOR FROM :I* SOCIALISM EM]GES RIDDL$ LIKE A SIEVE1 )\T A :OLE SPOT LEFT 9 IT4 ,! UNCRITICAL 9DIFF]5CE ) :I* HIS FOLL[]S REG>D$ ?IS 9DU/RI\S LABOR ( !IR (FICIAL !ORETICIAN & SWALL[ EA* ( HIS NEW DISCOV]IES )\T SO MU* AS BATT+ AN EYELA%1 F9DS ITS ONLY C\NT]P>T 9 ! 9DIFF]5CE ) :I* ! FOLL[]S ( ,S*EIDEMANN & ,CO4 LOOK ON :ILE ! LATT] PUN* SOCIALISM FULL ( HOLES 9 PRACTICE4 ,9DE$1 ! TWO LABORS COMPLETELY SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R4 ,S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 ,KAUTSKY1 ! (FICIAL GU>DIAN ( ! TEMPLE ( ,M>XISM1 HAS REALLY ONLY BE5 DO+ 9 !ORY ! SAME ?+S :I* ! ,S*EIDEMANNS HAVE BE5 DO+ 9 PRACTICE1 NAMELY3 7#a7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE2 7#b7 DIS>MAM5T1 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & NATIONALISM2 & F9ALLY 7#c7 DEMOCRACY NOT SOCIALISM4.<#b.> 

,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK T5D5CY P]=MS ! HI/ORIC S]VICE ( HAV+ PROCLAIM$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 & HAV+ FOLL[$ ) IRON CONSI/5CY1 ?OSE TACTICS :I* ALONE C\LD SAVE DEMOCRACY & DRIVE ! REVOLUTION AHEAD4 ,ALL P[] EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK] & PEASANT MASSES1 9 ! H&S ( ! SOVIETS - ?IS WAS 9DE$ ! ONLY WAY \T ( ! DIFFICULTY 9TO :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD GOTT52 ?IS WAS ! SWORD /ROKE ) :I* !Y CUT ! ,GORDIAN KNOT1 FRE$ ! REVOLUTION FROM A N>R[ BL9D-ALLEY & OP5$ UP = IT AN UNTRAMMEL$ PA? 9TO ! FREE & OP5 FIELDS4 

,! P>TY ( ,L59 WAS ?US ! ONLY ONE 9 ,RUSSIA :I* GRASP$ ! TRUE 9T]E/ ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ?AT FIR/ P]IOD4 ,IT WAS ! ELEM5T ?AT DROVE ! REVOLUTION =W>D1 &1 ?US IT WAS ! ONLY P>TY :I* REALLY C>RI$ ON A SOCIALI/ POLICY4 

,IT IS ?IS :I* MAKES CLE>1 TOO1 :Y IT WAS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ?\< !Y W]E AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION A P]SECUT$1 SL&]$ & HUNT$ M9ORITY ATTACK$ ON ALL SIDES1 >RIV$ )9 ! %ORTE/ TIME TO ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION & W]E ABLE TO BR+ UND] !IR BANN] ALL ! G5U9E MASSES ( ! PEOPLE3 ! URBAN PROLET>IAT1 ! >MY1 ! PEASANTS1 AS WELL AS ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS ( DEMOCRACY1 ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! REAL SITUATION1 9 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION F\ND ITSELF1 N>R[$ D[N 9 A FEW MON?S TO ! ALT]NATIVE3 VICTORY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION OR DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT - ,KAL$9 OR ,L594 ,SU* WAS ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION1 JU/ AS IT QUICKLY PRES5TS ITSELF 9 EV]Y REVOLUTION AFT] ! FIR/ 9TOXICATION IS OV]1 & AS IT PRES5T$ ITSELF 9 ,RUSSIA AS A RESULT ( ! CONCRETE1 BURN+ QUE/IONS ( PEACE & L&1 = :I* !RE WAS NO SOLUTION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,9 ?IS1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS BUT CONFIRM$ ! BASIC LESSON ( EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION1 ! LAW ( ITS BE+1 :I* DECREES3 EI!R ! REVOLUTION MU/ ADVANCE AT A RAPID1 /ORMY1 RESOLUTE TEMPO1 BREAK D[N ALL B>RI]S ) AN IRON H& & PLACE ITS GOALS EV] F>!R AHEAD1 OR IT IS QUITE SOON ?R[N BACKW>D BEH9D ITS FEEBLE PO9T ( DEP>TURE & SUPPRESS$ BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,TO /& /ILL1 TO M>K TIME ON ONE SPOT1 TO BE CONT5T$ ) ! FIR/ GOAL IT HAPP5S TO REA*1 IS NEV] POSSIBLE 9 REVOLUTION4 ,& HE :O TRIES TO APPLY ! HOME-MADE WISDOM D]IV$ FROM P>LIAM5T>Y BATTLES BETWE5 FROGS & MICE TO ! FIELD ( REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS ONLY %[S !REBY ?AT ! V]Y PSY*OLOGY & LAWS ( EXI/5CE ( REVOLUTION >E ALI5 TO HIM & ?AT ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE IS TO HIM A BOOK SEAL$ ) SEV5 SEALS4 

,TAKE ! C\RSE ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION FROM ITS ONSET 9 #a#f#d#b4 ,!RE ! LOGIC ( ?+S MADE IT NECESS>Y ?AT ! FIR/ FEEBLE VACILLATIONS ( ! ,PRESBYT]IANS1 :OSE LEAD]S DELIB]ATELY EVAD$ A DECISIVE BATTLE ) ,*>LES ,I & VICTORY OV] HIM1 %\LD 9EVITABLY BE REPLAC$ BY ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 :O DROVE !M \T ( ,P>LIAM5T & SEIZ$ ! P[] = !MSELVES4 ,& 9 ! SAME WAY1 )9 ! >MY ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 ! L[] PETTY-B\RGEOIS MASS ( ! SOLDI]S1 ! ,LILBURNIAN 0,LEVEL]S0 CON/ITUT$ ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! 5TIRE ,9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T2 JU/ AS1 F9ALLY1 ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS )9 ! MASS ( ! SOLDI]S1 ! ELEM5TS ?AT W5T F>!/ 9 !IR ASPIRATIONS = SOCIAL REVOLUTION & :O F\ND !IR EXPRESSION 9 ! ,DIGG] MOVEM5T1 CON/ITUT$ 9 !IR TURN ! LEAV5 ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY ( ! 0,LEVEL]S40 

,)\T ! MORAL 9FLU5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS ON ! G5]AL MASS ( ! SOLDI]S1 )\T ! PRESSURE ( ! DEMOCRATIC MASS ( ! SOLDI]S UPON ! B\RGEOIS UPP] LAY]S ( ! P>TY ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO 0PURGE0 ( ! ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T ( ITS ,PRESBYT]IANS1 NOR ANY VICTORI\S 5D+ TO ! W> ) ! >MY ( ! ,CAVALI]S & ,SCOTS1 OR ANY TRIAL & EXECUTION ( ,*>LES ,I1 NOR ANY ABOLITION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS & PROCLAMATION ( A REPUBLIC4 

,& :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION8 ,H]E1 AFT] F\R YE>S ( /RUGGLE1 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,JACOB9S PROV$ TO BE ! ONLY MEANS ( SAV+ ! CONQUE/S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ( A*IEV+ A REPUBLIC1 ( SMA%+ FEUDALISM1 ( ORGANIZ+ A REVOLUTION>Y DEF5SE AGA9/ 9N] AS WELL AS \T] FOES1 ( SUPPRESS+ ! CONSPIRACIES ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION & SPREAD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE FROM ,FRANCE TO ALL ,EUROPE4 

,KAUTSKY & HIS ,RUSSIAN CORELIGIONI/S :O WANT$ TO SEE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION KEEP ! 0B\RGEOIS *>ACT]0 ( ITS FIR/ PHASE1 >E AN EXACT C\NT]P>T ( ?OSE ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% LIB]ALS ( ! PREC$+ C5TURY :O DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! TWO WELL-KN[N P]IODS ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 ! 0GOOD0 REVOLUTION ( ! FIR/ ,GIROND9 PHASE & ! 0BAD0 ONE AFT] ! ,JACOB9 UPRIS+4 ,! ,LIB]AL %ALL[NESS ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 TO BE SURE1 DOESN'T C>E TO UND]/& ?AT1 )\T ! UPRIS+ ( ! 0IMMOD]ATE0 ,JACOB9S1 EV5 ! FIR/1 TIMID & HALF-HE>T$ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,GIROND9 PHASE W\LD SOON HAVE BE5 BURI$ UND] ! RU9S ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ?AT ! REAL ALT]NATIVE TO ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP - AS ! IRON C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T POS$ ! QUE/ION 9 #agic - WAS NOT 0MOD]ATE0 DEMOCRACY1 BUT 444 RE/ORATION ( ! ,B\RBONS6 ,! 0GOLD5 MEAN0 CANNOT BE MA9TA9$ 9 ANY REVOLUTION4 ,! LAW ( ITS NATURE DEM&S A QUICK DECISION3 EI!R ! LOCOMOTIVE DRIVES =W>D FULL /EAM AHEAD TO ! MO/ EXTREME PO9T ( ! HI/ORICAL ASC5T1 OR IT ROLLS BACK ( ITS [N WEI<T AGA9 TO ! />T+ PO9T AT ! BOTTOM2 & ?OSE :O W\LD KEEP IT ) !IR WEAK P[]S HALF WAY UP ! HILL1 IT DRAGS D[N ) IT IRR$EEMABLY 9TO ! ABYSS4 

,?US IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 EV]Y REVOLUTION ONLY ?AT P>TY CAPABLE ( SEIZ+ ! LEAD]%IP & P[] :I* HAS ! C\RAGE TO ISSUE ! APPROPRIATE WAT*-WORDS = DRIV+ ! REVOLUTION AHEAD1 & ! C\RAGE TO DRAW ALL ! NECESS>Y CONCLUSIONS FROM ! SITUATION4 ,?IS MAKES CLE>1 TOO1 ! MIS]ABLE ROLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,DANS1 ,Z]ETELLIS1 ETC41 :O HAD 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES AT ! BEG9N+1 BUT1 AFT] !IR PROLONG$ WAV]+ & AFT] !Y HAD F\<T ) BO? H&S & FEET AGA9/ TAK+ OV] P[] & RESPONSIBILITY1 W]E DRIV5 IGNOBLY (F ! /AGE4 

,! P>TY ( ,L59 WAS ! ONLY ONE :I* GRASP$ ! M&ATE & DUTY ( A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & :I*1 BY ! SLOGAN - 0,ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY0 - 9SUR$ ! CONT9U$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,!REBY ! ,BOL%EVIKS SOLV$ ! FAM\S PROBLEM ( 0W9N+ A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE10 :I* PROBLEM HAS EV] WEI<$ ON ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY LIKE A NI<TM>E4 ,AS BR$-9-!-BONE DISCIPLES ( P>LIAM5T>Y CRET9ISM1.<#c.> !SE ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS HAVE S\<T TO APPLY TO REVOLUTIONS ! HOME-MADE WISDOM ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y NURS]Y3 9 ORD] TO C>RY ANY?+1 Y\ MU/ FIR/ HAVE A MAJORITY4 ,! SAME1 !Y SAY1 APPLIES TO A REVOLUTION3 FIR/ LET'S BECOME A 0MAJORITY40 ,! TRUE DIALECTIC ( REVOLUTIONS1 H[EV]1 /&S ?IS WISDOM ( P>LIAM5T>Y MOLES ON ITS HEAD3 NOT ?R\< A MAJORITY1 BUT ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS TO A MAJORITY - ?AT'S ! WAY ! ROAD RUNS4 

,ONLY A P>TY :I* KN[S H[ TO LEAD1 ?AT IS1 TO ADVANCE ?+S1 W9S SUPPORT 9 /ORMY TIMES4 ,! DET]M9ATION ) :I*1 AT ! DECISIVE MOM5T1 ,L59 & HIS COMRADES (F]$ ! ONLY SOLUTION :I* C\LD ADVANCE ?+S 70ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY071 TRANS=M$ !M ALMO/ OV]NI<T FROM A P]SECUT$1 SL&]$1 \TLAW$ M9ORITY :OSE LEAD] HAD TO HID LIKE ,M>AT 9 CELL>S1 9TO ! ABSOLUTE MA/] ( ! SITUATION4 

,MOREOV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS IMM$IATELY SET AS ! AIM ( ?IS SEIZURE ( P[] A COMPLETE1 F>-REA*+ REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM2 NOT ! SAFEGU>D+ ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 BUT A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! PURPOSE ( REALIZ+ SOCIALISM4 ,!REBY !Y WON = !MSELVES ! IMP]I%ABLE HI/ORIC DI/9CTION ( HAV+ = ! FIR/ TIME PROCLAIM$ ! F9AL AIM ( SOCIALISM AS ! DIRECT PROGRAM ( PRACTICAL POLITICS4 

,:ATEV] A P>TY C\LD (F] ( C\RAGE1 REVOLUTION>Y F>-SI<T$NESS & CONSI/5CY 9 AN HI/ORIC H\R1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ALL ! O!R COMRADES HAVE GIV5 9 GOOD MEASURE4 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y HONOR & CAPACITY :I* WE/]N ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY LACK$ WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!IR ,OCTOB] UPRIS+ WAS NOT ONLY ! ACTUAL SALVATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION2 IT WAS ALSO ! SALVATION ( ! HONOR ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,DUR+ ! W> ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DIVID$ 9TO ?REE FACTIONS3 ! MAJORITY LEAD]%IP1 :I* OP5LY SUPPORT$ & 5T]$ 9TO ! ,IMP]IAL GOV]NM5T2 ! ,KAUTSKY SECTION1 :I* DECL9$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! CONDUCT ( ! W> BUT SUPPLI$ MANY ( ! !ORETICAL >GUM5TS = ?OSE :O ACCEPT$ SU* RESPONSIBILITY2 & ! SECTION L$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 :I* OP5LY OPPOS$ ! W> & C\NT]POS$ 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO IT4 

.<#b.> ,H]E1 AS AT V>I\S PO9TS 9 ! MANUSCRIPT1 ! PASSAGE IS /ILL 9 ! =M ( R\< NOTATIONS :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9T5D$ TO COMPLETE LAT]4 ,H] MURD] BY MILIT>Y AG5TS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC COALITION GOV]NM5T PREV5T$ H] FROM COMPLET+ & REVIS+ ! WORK4 ,! EXPRESSION1 0! ,9T]NATIONAL AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE0 REF]S TO ! EXCUSES ,KAUTSKY GAVE = ITS BANKRUPTCY DUR+ ! W> 70AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE IS NOT SUIT$ TO TIMES ( W>074 ,IT PROBABLY REF]S ALSO TO ! !ORY ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BE+ PEACEFUL1 IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,KAUTSKY SUB/ITUT$ UTOPIAN TALK ( DIS>MAM5T 7)\T ! REMOVAL ( ! CAUSES & ROOTS ( W>67 = A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ W>4 ,HE PROVID$ APOLOGETICS = ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BANI%$ W> FROM ! WORLD1 & HE JU/IFI$ SOCIALI/S :O AB&ON$ 9T]NATIONALISM1 SUPPORT$ !IR [N GOV]NM5TS & RUL+ CLASSES1 & BECAME 9 !ORY & PRACTICE NATIONALI/S 9/EAD ( 9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,:5 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM BEGAN 9 E>NE/1 ! ,S*EIDEMANNS DEF5D$ CAPITALISM AGA9/ SOCIALISM 9 PRACTICE1 :ILE ,KAUTSKY DID SO 9 !ORY BY EXPLA9+ ?AT CAPITALI/ 0DEMOCRACY0 WAS DEMOCRACY 9 ! AB/RACT1 & ?AT !Y W]E DEF5D+ 0DEMOCRACY40 ,H5CE ! ?IRD PO9T MEANS3 ! ADVOCACY ( DEMOCRACY AS AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 

,! PASSAGE 9 SLI<TLY EXP&$ =M MI<T READ SOME?+ AS FOLL[S3 

7#a7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS AN 9/RUM5T = PEACE-TIME ONLY & = ! MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE2 7#b7 ADVOCACY ( ! DOCTR9ES ( DIS>MAM5T1 APOLOGETICS = ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & NATIONALISM AGA9/ 9T]NATIONALISM2 7#c7 & ! ADVOCACY ( 0DEMOCRACY0 AS AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 

.<#c.> ,A T]M FIR/ APPLI$ BY ,M>X TO ?OSE P>LIAM5T>IANS :O ?9K ?AT ALL HI/ORY IS DECID$ BY MOTIONS1 VOTES & PO9TS ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATE4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,L& ,POLICY 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS >E ! HI/ORIC HEIRS ( ! ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]S & ! ,FR5* ,JACOB9S4 ,BUT ! CONCRETE TASK :I* FAC$ !M AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[] WAS 9COMP>ABLY MORE DIFFICULT ?AN ?AT ( !IR HI/ORICAL PR$ECESSORS4 7,IMPORTANCE ( ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION4 ,EV5 9 #a#i#e4 ,!N1 9 ! ,?IRD ,DUMA1 ! RI<T-W+ PEASANTS6 ,! PEASANT QUE/ION & DEF5SE1 ! >MY47.<#a.> 

,SURELY ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM BY ! DIRECT1 IMM$IATE SEIZURE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS WAS ! %ORTE/1 SIMPLE/1 MO/ CLEAN-CUT =MULA TO A*IEVE TWO DIV]SE ?+S3 TO BREAK D[N L>GE L&-[N]%IP1 & IMM$IATELY TO B9D ! PEASANTS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,AS A POLITICAL MEASURE TO =TIFY ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS AN EXCELL5T TACTICAL MOVE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 IT HAD TWO SIDES TO IT2 & ! REV]SE SIDE CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! DIRECT SEIZURE ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS HAS 9 G5]AL NO?+ AT ALL 9 COMMON ) SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 

,A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS PRESUPPOSES TWO ?+S SO F> AS AGR>IAN RELATION%IPS >E CONC]N$3 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ONLY ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L>GE L&$ E/ATES1 AS ! TE*NICALLY MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ CONC5TRAT$ MEANS & ME?ODS ( AGR>IAN PRODUCTION1 CAN S]VE AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ON ! L&4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO TAKE AWAY FROM ! SMALL PEASANT HIS P>CEL ( L&1 & WE CAN ) CONFID5CE LEAVE HIM TO BE WON OV] VOLUNT>ILY BY ! SUP]IOR ADVANTAGES FIR/ ( UNION 9 COOP]ATION & !N F9ALLY ( 9CLUSION 9 ! G5]AL SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,/ILL1 EV]Y SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC RE=M ON ! L& MU/ OBVI\SLY BEG9 ) L>GE & M$IUM L&-[N]%IP4 ,H]E ! PROP]TY RI<T MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BE TURN$ OV] TO ! NATION1 OR TO ! /ATE1 :I*1 ) A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+2 = IT IS ?IS ALONE :I* AF=DS ! POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ACCORD ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( 9T]RELAT$1 L>GE-SCALE SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,MOREOV]1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 IT IS ONE ( ! PR]EQUISITES ( ?IS TRANS=MATION1 ?AT ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 RURAL ECONOMY & 9DU/RY :I* IS SO *>ACT]I/IC ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 %\LD BE 5D$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BR+ AB\T A MUTUAL 9T]P5ETRATION & FUSION ( BO?1 TO CLE> ! WAY = ! PLANN+ ( BO? AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO A UNIFI$ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,:ATEV] 9DIVIDUAL =M ! PRACTICAL ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS MAY TAKE - :E!R ?R\< URBAN COMMUNES1 AS SOME PROPOSE1 OR DIRECT$ FROM A GOV]NM5TAL C5T] - 9 ANY EV5T1 IT MU/ BE PREC$$ BY A RE=M 9TRODUC$ FROM ! C5T]1 & ?AT 9 TURN MU/ BE PREC$$ BY ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L>GE & MIDDLE-SIZ$ E/ATES & ! UNION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE - !SE >E TWO FUNDAM5TAL REQUIREM5TS ( ANY SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC RE=M1 )\T :I* !RE IS NO SOCIALISM4 

,?AT ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA HAS NOT C>RI$ ?R\< !SE MI<TY RE=MS - :O CAN REPROA* !M = ?AT6 ,IT W\LD BE A SORRY JE/ 9DE$ TO DEM& OR EXPECT ( ,L59 & HIS COMRADES ?AT1 9 ! BRIEF P]IOD ( !IR RULE1 9 ! C5T] ( ! GRIPP+ :IRLPOOL ( DOME/IC & =EIGN /RUGGLES1 R+$ AB\T BY C\NTLESS FOES & OPPON5TS - TO EXPECT ?AT UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES !Y %\LD ALREADY HAVE SOLV$1 OR EV5 TACKL$1 ONE ( ! MO/ DIFFICULT TASKS1 9DE$1 WE CAN SAFELY SAY1 ! MO/ DIFFICULT TASK ( ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY6 ,EV5 9 ! ,WE/1 UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 ONCE WE HAVE COME TO P[]1 WE TOO WILL BREAK MANY A TOO? ON ?IS H>D NUT BE=E WE >E \T ( ! WOR/ ( ! ?\S&S ( COMPLICAT$ DIFFICULTIES ( ?IS GIGANTIC TASK6 

,A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T :I* HAS COME TO P[] MU/ 9 ANY EV5T DO ONE ?+3 IT MU/ TAKE MEASURES :I* LEAD 9 ! DIRECTION ( ?AT FUNDAM5TAL PR]EQUISITE = A LAT] SOCIALI/ RE=M ( AGRICULTURE2 IT MU/ AT LEA/ AVOID EV]Y?+ :I* MAY B> ! WAY TO ?OSE MEASURES4 

,N[ ! SLOGAN LAUN*$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 IMM$IATE SEIZURE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS1 NECESS>ILY T5D$ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,NOT ONLY IS IT NOT A SOCIALI/ MEASURE2 IT EV5 CUTS (F ! WAY TO SU* MEASURES2 IT PILES UP 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES TO ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( AGR>IAN AGRICULTURE4 

,! SEIZURE ( ! L&$ E/ATES BY ! PEASANTS ACCORD+ TO ! %ORT & PRECISE SLOGAN ( ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS - 0,GO & TAKE ! L& = Y\RSELVES0 - SIMPLY L$ TO ! SUDD51 *AOTIC CONV]SION ( L>GE L&[N]%IP 9TO PEASANT L&[N]%IP4 ,:AT WAS CREAT$ IS NOT SOCIAL PROP]TY BUT A NEW =M ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 NAMELY1 ! BREAK+ UP ( L>GE E/ATES 9TO M$IUM & SMALL E/ATES1 OR RELATIVELY ADVANC$ L>GE UNITS ( PRODUCTION 9TO PRIMITIVE SMALL UNITS :I* OP]ATE ) TE*NICAL MEANS FROM ! TIME ( ! ,PH>AOHS4 

,NOR IS ?AT ALL6 ,?R\< !SE MEASURES & ! *AOTIC & PURELY >BITR>Y MANN] ( !IR EXECUTION1 DIFF]5TIATION 9 L&$ PROP]TY1 F> FROM BE+ ELIM9AT$1 WAS EV5 FUR!R %>P5$4 ,AL?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS CALL$ UPON ! PEASANTRY TO =M PEASANT COMMITTEES SO ?AT ! SEIZURE ( ! NOBLES' E/ATES MI<T1 9 SOME FA%ION1 BE MADE 9TO A COLLECTIVE ACT1 YET IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS G5]AL ADVICE C\LD NOT *ANGE ANY?+ 9 ! REAL PRACTICE & REAL RELATIONS ( P[] ON ! L&4 ,) OR )\T COMMITTEES1 IT WAS ! RI* PEASANTS & USUR]S :O MADE UP ! VILLAGE B\RGEOISIE POSSESS+ ! ACTUAL P[] 9 ! H&S 9 EV]Y ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 ?AT SURELY BECAME ! *IEF B5EFICI>IES ( ! AGR>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,)\T BE+ !RE TO SEE1 ANY ONE CAN FIGURE \T = HIMSELF ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY AMONG ! PEASANTS WAS NOT ELIM9AT$ BUT RA!R 9CREAS$1 & ?AT CLASS ANTAGONISMS W]E FUR!R %>P5$4 ,! %IFT ( P[]1 H[EV]1 TOOK PLACE TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( SOCIALISM4 ,=M]LY1 !RE WAS ONLY A SMALL CA/E ( NOBLE & CAPITALI/ L&$ PROPRIETORS & A SMALL M9ORITY ( RI* VILLAGE B\RGEOISIE TO OPPOSE A SOCIALI/ RE=M ON ! L&4 ,& !IR EXPROPRIATION BY A REVOLUTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE IS M]E *ILD'S PLAY4 ,BUT N[1 AFT] ! 0SEIZURE10 AS AN OPPON5T ( ANY ATTEMPT AT SOCIALIZATION ( AGR>IAN PRODUCTION1 !RE IS AN 5ORM\S1 NEWLY DEVELOP$ & P[]FUL MASS ( [N+ PEASANTS :O WILL DEF5D !IR NEWLY WON PROP]TY ) TOO? & NAIL AGA9/ EV]Y ATTACK4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE SOCIALIZATION ( AGR>IAN ECONOMY - ?AT IS1 ANY SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL 9 ,RUSSIA - HAS N[ BECOME A QUE/ION ( OPPOSITION & ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! URBAN PROLET>IAT & ! MASS ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,H[ %>P ?IS ANTAGONISM HAS ALREADY BECOME IS %[N BY ! PEASANT BOYCOTT ( ! CITIES1 9 :I* !Y )HOLD ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE TO C>RY ON SPECULATION 9 !M1 9 QUITE ! SAME WAY AS ! ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK] DOES4 

,! ,FR5* SMALL PEASANT BECOME ! BOLDE/ DEF5D] ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :I* HAD GIV5 HIM L& CONFISCAT$ FROM ! EMIGRES4 ,AS ,NAPOLEONIC SOLDI]1 HE C>RI$ ! BANN] ( ,FRANCE TO VICTORY1 CROSS$ ALL ,EUROPE & SMA%$ FEUDALISM TO PIECES 9 ONE L& AFT] ANO!R4 ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS MI<T HAVE EXPECT$ A SIMIL> RESULT FROM !IR AGR>IAN SLOGAN4 ,H[EV]1 N[ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT HAS SEIZ$ ! L& ) HIS [N FI/1 HE DOES NOT EV5 DREAM ( DEF5D+ ,RUSSIA & ! REVOLUTION TO :I* HE [ES ! L&4 ,HE HAS DUG OB/9ATELY 9TO HIS NEW POSSESSIONS & AB&ON$ ! REVOLUTION TO ITS 5EMIES1 ! /ATE TO DECAY1 ! URBAN POPULATION TO FAM9E4 

7,L59'S SPEE* ON ! NECESSITY ( C5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 NATIONALIZATION ( BANKS1 ( TRADE & ( 9DU/RY4 ,:Y NOT ( ! L&8 ,H]E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEC5TRALIZATION & PRIVATE PROP]TY47 

7,L59'S [N AGR>IAN PROGRAM BE=E ! REVOLUTION WAS DIFF]5T4 ,! SLOGAN TAK5 OV] FROM ! MU* CONDEMN$ ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 OR RA!R1 FROM ! SPONTANE\S PEASANT MOVEM5T47 

7,9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES 9TO AGR>IAN RELATIONS1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T N[ SEEKS TO CREATE AGR>IAN COMMUNES \T ( PROLET>IANS1 MO/LY CITY UNEMPLOY$4 ,BUT IT IS EASY TO SEE 9 ADVANCE ?AT ! RESULTS ( !SE EF=TS MU/ REMA9 SO 9SIGNIFICANT AS TO DISAPPE> :5 MEASUR$ AGA9/ ! :OLE SCOPE ( AGR>IAN RELATIONS4 ,AFT] ! MO/ APPROPRIATE />T+ PO9TS = SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 ! L>GE E/ATES1 HAVE BE5 BROK5 UP 9TO SMALL UNITS1 N[ !Y >E TRY+ TO BUILD UP COMMUNI/ MODEL PRODUCTION UNITS \T ( PETTY BEG9N+S4 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES !SE COMMUNES CAN CLAIM TO BE CONSID]$ ONLY AS EXP]IM5TS & NOT AS G5]AL SOCIAL RE=M4 ,GRA9 MONOPOLY ) B\NTIES4 ,N[1 PO/-FE/UM1 !Y WANT TO 9TRODUCE ! CLASS W> 9TO ! VILLAGE67.<#a.> 

,! ,L59I/ AGR>IAN RE=M HAS CREAT$ A NEW & P[]FUL LAY] ( POPUL> 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5EMIES :OSE RESI/ANCE WILL BE MU* MORE DANG]\S & /UBBORN ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBLE L>GE L&[N]S4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,H]E1 AS 9 A NUMB] ( O!R PLACES1 ! MANUSCRIPT CONSI/S ONLY ( R\< NOTES :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9T5D$ TO EXP& LAT]4 ,AS ! MEAN+ ( !SE PASSAGES IS 9 G5]AL CLE>1 ,I HAVE PREF]R$ TO TRANSLATE !M LIT]ALLY1 JU/ AS ! AU?OR LEFT !M4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,NATIONALITIES ,QUE/ION 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS >E 9 P>T RESPONSIBLE = ! FACT ?AT ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! COLLAPSE & BREAKD[N ( ,RUSSIA4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES HAVE1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 %>P5$ ! OBJECTIVE DIFFICULTIES ( ?IS SITUATION BY A SLOGAN :I* !Y PLAC$ 9 ! =EGR\ND ( !IR POLICIES3 ! SO-CALL$ RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( PEOPLES1 OR - SOME?+ :I* WAS REALLY IMPLICIT 9 ?IS SLOGAN - ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ,RUSSIA4 

,! =MULA ( ! RI<T ( ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE TO DET]M9E !IR FATE 9DEP5D5TLY 0EV5 TO ! PO9T ( ! RI<T ( GOV]NM5TAL SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA10 WAS PROCLAIM$ AGA9 ) DOCTR9AIRE OB/9ACY AS A SPECIAL BATTLE CRY ( ,L59 & HIS COMRADES DUR+ !IR OPPOSITION AGA9/ ,MILIUKOVI/1 & !N ,K]5SKYAN IMP]IALISM4.<#a.> ,IT CON/ITUT$ ! AXIS ( !IR 9N] POLICY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ALSO1 & IT CON/ITUT$ ! 5TIRE PLAT=M ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ,BRE/-,LITOVSK2 ALL !Y HAD TO OPPOSE TO ! DISPLAY ( =CE BY ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 

,ONE IS IMM$IATELY /RUCK ) ! OB/9ACY & RIGID CONSI/5CY ) :I* ,L59 & HIS COMRADES /RUCK TO ?IS SLOGAN1 A SLOGAN :I* IS 9 %>P CONTRADICTION TO !IR O!RWISE \TSPOK5 C5TRALISM 9 POLITICS AS WELL AS TO ! ATTITUDE !Y HAVE ASSUM$ T[>DS O!R DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,:ILE !Y %[$ A QUITE COOL CONTEMPT = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FRE$OM ( PRESS & ASSEMBLAGE1 9 %ORT1 = ! :OLE APP>ATUS ( ! BASIC DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE :I*1 TAK5 ALL TOGE!R1 CON/ITUT$ ! 0RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9SIDE ,RUSSIA1 !Y TREAT$ ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( PEOPLES AS A JEWEL ( DEMOCRATIC POLICY = ! SAKE ( :I* ALL PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS ( REAL CRITICISM HAD TO BE /ILL$4 ,:ILE !Y DID NOT P]MIT !MSELVES TO BE IMPOS$ UPON 9 ! SLI<TE/ BY ! PLEBISCITE = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 A PLEBISCITE ON ! BASIS ( ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC SUFFRAGE 9 ! WORLD1 C>RI$ \T 9 ! FULL FRE$OM ( A POPUL> REPUBLIC1 & :ILE !Y SIMPLY DECL>$ ?IS PLEBISCITE NULL & VOID ON ! BASIS ( A V]Y SOB] EVALUATION ( ITS RESULTS1 /ILL !Y *AMPION$ ! 0POPUL> VOTE0 ( ! =EIGN NATIONALITIES ( ,RUSSIA ON ! QUE/ION ( :I* L& !Y WANT$ TO BELONG TO1 AS ! TRUE PALLADIUM ( ALL FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY1 ! UNADULT]AT$ QU9TESS5CE ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLES & AS ! C\RT ( LA/ RESORT 9 QUE/IONS ( ! POLITICAL FATE ( NATIONS4 

,! CONTRADICTION ?AT IS SO OBVI\S H]E IS ALL ! H>D] TO UND]/& S9CE ! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( POLITICAL LIFE 9 EA* L&1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ACTUALLY 9VOLVE ! MO/ VALUABLE & EV5 9DISP5SABLE F\NDATIONS ( SOCIALI/ POLICY1 :]EAS ! FAM\S 0RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS0 IS NO?+ BUT HOLL[1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS PHRASEOLOGY & HUMBUG4 

,9DE$1 :AT IS ?IS RI<T SUPPOS$ TO SIGNIFY8 ,IT BELONGS TO ! ,A,B,C ( SOCIALI/ POLICY ?AT SOCIALISM OPPOSES EV]Y =M ( OPPRESSION1 9CLUD+ ALSO ?AT ( ONE NATION BY ANO!R4 

,IF1 DESPITE ALL ?IS1 SU* G5]ALLY SOB] & CRITICAL POLITICIANS AS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY & !IR FRI5DS1 :O HAVE NO?+ BUT AN IRONICAL %RUG = EV]Y SORT ( UTOPIAN PHRASE SU* AS DIS>MAM5T1 LEAGUE ( NATIONS1 ETC41 HAVE 9 ?IS CASE MADE A HOLL[ PHRASE ( EXACTLY ! SAME K9D 9TO !IR SPECIAL HOBBY1 ?IS >OSE1 IT SEEMS TO US1 AS A RESULT ( SOME K9D ( POLICY MADE TO ORD] = ! OCCASION4 ,L59 & HIS COMRADES CLE>LY CALCULAT$ ?AT !RE WAS NO SUR] ME?OD ( B9D+ ! MANY =EIGN PEOPLES )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE TO ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 TO ! CAUSE ( ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT1 ?AN ?AT ( (F]+ !M1 9 ! NAME ( ! REVOLUTION & ( SOCIALISM1 ! MO/ EXTREME & MO/ UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM TO DET]M9E !IR [N FATE4 ,?IS WAS ANALOG\S TO ! POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS T[>DS ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 :OSE L&-HUNG] WAS SATISFI$ BY ! SLOGAN ( DIRECT SEIZURE ( ! NOBLE E/ATES & :O W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE B\ND !REBY TO ! BANN] ( ! REVOLUTION & ! PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T4 ,9 BO? CASES1 UN=TUNATELY1 ! CALCULATION WAS 5TIRELY WRONG4 

,:ILE ,L59 & HIS COMRADES CLE>LY EXPECT$ ?AT1 AS *AMPIONS ( NATIONAL FRE$OM EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( 0SEP>ATION10 !Y W\LD TURN ,F9L&1 ! ,UKRA9E1 ,POL&1 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,BALTIC C\NTRIES1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ETC41 9TO SO MANY FAI?FUL ALLIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 WE HAVE 9/EAD WITNESS$ ! OPPOSITE SPECTACLE4 ,ONE AFT] ANO!R1 !SE 0NATIONS0 US$ ! FRE%LY GRANT$ FRE$OM TO ALLY !MSELVES ) ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS ITS MORTAL 5EMY1 &1 UND] ,G]MAN PROTECTION1 TO C>RY ! BANN] ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9TO ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,! LITTLE GAME ) ! ,UKRA9E AT ,BRE/1 :I* CAUS$ A DECISIVE TURN ( AFFAIRS 9 ?OSE NEGOTIATIONS & BR\<T AB\T ! 5TIRE 9N] & \T] POLITICAL SITUATION AT PRES5T PREVAIL+ = ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 IS A P]FECT CASE 9 PO9T4 ,! CONDUCT ( ,F9L&1 ,POL&1 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,BALTIC L&S1 ! PEOPLES ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 %[S MO/ CONV9C+LY ?AT WE >E NOT DEAL+ H]E ) AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE1 BUT ) A TYPICAL PH5OM5ON4 

,TO BE SURE1 9 ALL !SE CASES1 IT WAS REALLY NOT ! 0PEOPLE0 :O 5GAG$ 9 !SE REACTION>Y POLICIES1 BUT ONLY ! B\RGEOIS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 :O - 9 %>PE/ OPPOSITION TO !IR [N PROLET>IAN MASSES - P]V]T$ ! 0NATIONAL RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( !IR C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CLASS POLITICS4 ,BUT - & H]E WE COME TO ! V]Y HE>T ( ! QUE/ION - IT IS 9 ?IS ?AT ! UTOPIAN1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ?IS NATIONALI/IC SLOGAN RESIDES3 ?AT 9 ! MID/ ( ! CRUDE REALITIES ( CLASS SOCIETY & :5 CLASS ANTAGONISMS >E %>P5$ TO ! UTT]MO/1 IT IS SIMPLY CONV]T$ 9TO A MEANS ( B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E TO BE TAU<T TO !IR [N GREAT HURT & ?AT ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT UND] ! RULE ( CAPITALISM !RE IS NO SELF-DET]M9ATION ( PEOPLES1 ?AT 9 A CLASS SOCIETY EA* CLASS ( ! NATION /RIVES TO 0DET]M9E ITSELF0 9 A DIFF]5T FA%ION1 & ?AT1 = ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 ! /&PO9T ( NATIONAL FRE$OM IS FULLY SUBORD9AT$ TO ?AT ( CLASS RULE4 ,! ,F9NI% B\RGEOISIE1 LIKE ! ,UKRA9IAN B\RGEOISIE1 W]E UNANIM\S 9 PREF]R+ ! VIOL5T RULE ( ,G]MANY TO NATIONAL FRE$OM1 IF ! LATT] %\LD BE B\ND UP ) ,BOL%EVISM4 

,! HOPE ( TRANS=M+ !SE ACTUAL CLASS RELATION%IPS SOMEH[ 9TO !IR OPPOSITE & ( GETT+ A MAJORITY VOTE = UNION ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BY DEP5D+ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES - IF IT WAS S]I\SLY MEANT BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY - REPRES5T$ AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE DEGREE ( OPTIMISM4 ,& IF IT WAS ONLY MEANT AS A TACTICAL FL\RI% 9 ! DUEL ) ! ,G]MAN POLITICS ( =CE1 !N IT REPRES5T$ DANG]\S PLAY+ ) FIRE4 ,EV5 )\T ,G]MAN MILIT>Y OCCUPATION1 ! FAM\S 0POPUL> PLEBISCITE10 SUPPOS+ ?AT IT HAD COME TO ?AT 9 ! BORD] /ATES1 W\LD HAVE YIELD$ A RESULT1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 :I* W\LD HAVE GIV5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS LITTLE CAUSE = REJOIC+2 = WE MU/ TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! PEASANT MASSES & ( GREAT SECTIONS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ?\S& WAYS 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! VOTE4 ,9DE$1 IT CAN BE TAK5 AS AN UNBREAKABLE RULE 9 !SE MATT]S ( PLEBISCITES ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS WILL EI!R KN[ H[ TO PREV5T !M :]E IT DOESN'T SUIT !IR PURPOSE1 OR :]E !Y SOMEH[ OCCUR1 WILL KN[ H[ TO 9FLU5CE !IR RESULTS BY ALL SORTS ( MEANS1 BIG & LITTLE1 ! SAME MEANS :I* MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO 9TRODUCE SOCIALISM BY A POPUL> VOTE4 

,! M]E FACT ?AT ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS & T5D5CIES T[>DS SEP>ATION W]E 9JECT$ AT ALL 9TO ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 & W]E EV5 PU%$ 9TO ! =EGR\ND & MADE 9TO ! %IBBOLE? ( SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y POLICY AS A RESULT ( ! ,BRE/ PEACE1 HAS S]V$ TO BR+ ! GREATE/ CONFUSION 9TO SOCIALI/ RANKS & HAS ACTUALLY DE/ROY$ ! POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! BORD] C\NTRIES4 

,9 ,F9L&1 SO LONG AS ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT F\<T AS A P>T ( ! CLOS$ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PHALANX1 IT POSSESS$ A POSITION ( DOM9ANT P[]3 IT HAD ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,F9NI% P>LIAM5T1 9 ! >MY2 IT HAD R$UC$ ITS [N B\RGEOISIE TO COMPLETE IMPOT5CE1 & WAS MA/] ( ! SITUATION )9 ITS BORD]S4 

,OR TAKE ! ,UKRA9E4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 BE=E ! TOMFOOL]Y ( 0,UKRA9IAN NATIONALISM0 ) ITS SILV] RUBLES & ITS 0,UNIV]SALS0.<#b.> & ,L59'S HOBBY ( AN 09DEP5D5T ,UKRA9E0 HAD BE5 9V5T$1 ! ,UKRA9E WAS ! /RON<OLD ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,FROM !RE1 FROM ,RO/OV1 FROM ,ODESSA1 FROM ! ,DONETZ REGION1 FL[$ \T ! FIR/ LAVA-/REAMS ( ! REVOLUTION 7AS E>LY AS #a#i#b-#d7 :I* K9DL$ ALL ,S\? ,RUSSIA 9TO A SEA ( FLAME1 !REBY PREP>+ ! UPRIS+ ( #a#i#e4 ,! SAME ?+ WAS REPEAT$ 9 ! PRES5T REVOLUTION1 9 :I* ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT SUPPLI$ ! PICK$ TROOPS ( ! PROLET>IAN PHALANX4 ,POL& & ! ,BALTIC L&S HAVE BE5 S9CE #aie ! MI<TIE/ & MO/ DEP5DABLE HE>?S ( REVOLUTION1 & 9 !M ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT HAS PLAY$ AN \T/&+ ROLE4 

,H[ DOES IT HAPP5 !N ?AT 9 ALL !SE L&S ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION SUDD5LY TRIUMPHS8 ,! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T1 JU/ BECAUSE IT TORE ! PROLET>IAT LOOSE FROM ,RUSSIA1 CRIPPL$ IT !REBY1 & DELIV]$ IT 9TO ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! BORD] C\NTRIES4 

,9/EAD ( ACT+ 9 ! SAME SPIRIT ( G5U9E 9T]NATIONAL CLASS POLICY :I* !Y REPRES5T$ 9 O!R MATT]S1 9/EAD ( WORK+ = ! MO/ COMPACT UNION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ?R\<\T ! >EA ( ! ,EMPIRE1 9/EAD ( DEF5D+ TOO? & NAIL ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE AS AN >EA ( REVOLUTION & OPPOS+ TO ALL =MS ( SEP>ATISM ! SOLID>ITY & 9SEP>ABILITY ( ! PROLET>IANS 9 ALL L&S )9 ! SPH]E ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS ! HI<E/ COMM& ( POLITICS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BY !IR HOLL[ NATIONALI/IC PHRASEOLOGY CONC]N+ ! 0RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION TO ! PO9T ( SEP>ATION10 HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ QUITE ! CONTR>Y & SUPPLI$ ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ALL BORD] /ATES ) ! F9E/1 ! MO/ DESIRABLE PRETEXT1 ! V]Y BANN] ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS4 ,9/EAD ( W>N+ ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! BORD] C\NTRIES AGA9/ ALL =MS ( SEP>ATISM AS M]E B\RGEOIS TRAPS1 !Y DID NO?+ BUT CONFUSE ! MASSES 9 ALL ! BORD] C\NTRIES BY !IR SLOGAN & DELIV]$ !M UP TO ! DEMAGOGY ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,BY ?IS NATIONALI/IC DEM& !Y BR\<T ON ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 PRESS$ 9TO ! 5EMY'S H& ! KNIFE :I* IT WAS TO ?RU/ 9TO ! HE>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,TO BE SURE1 )\T ! HELP ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 )\T 0! ,G]MAN RIFLE BUTTS 9 ,G]MAN FI/S10 AS ,KAUTSKY'S ,NEUE ,ZEIT PUT IT1 ! ,LUB9SKYS & O!R LITTLE SC\NDRELS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ! ,]I*S & ,MANN]HEIMS ( ,F9L&1 & ! ,BALTIC B>ONS1 W\LD NEV] HAVE GOTT5 ! BETT] ( ! SOCIALI/ MASSES ( ! WORK]S 9 !IR RESPECTIVE L&S4 ,BUT NATIONAL SEP>ATISM WAS ! ,TROJAN HORSE 9SIDE :I* ! ,G]MAN 0COMRADES10 BAYONET 9 H&1 MADE !IR 5TRANCE 9TO ALL ?OSE L&S4 ,! REAL CLASS ANTAGONISMS & RELATIONS ( MILIT>Y =CE BR\<T AB\T ,G]MAN 9T]V5TION4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROVID$ ! IDEOLOGY :I* MASK$ ?IS CAMPAIGN ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 !Y /R5G!N$ ! POSITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & WEAK5$ ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! BE/ PRO( IS ! ,UKRA9E1 :I* WAS TO PLAY SO FRI<TFUL A ROLE 9 ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALISM 9 ,RUSSIA WAS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM1 LET US SAY1 ,CZE*I%1 ,POLI% OR ,F9NI% NATIONALISM 9 ?AT ! =M] WAS A M]E :IM1 A FOLLY ( A FEW DOZ5 PETTY-B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS )\T ! SLI<TE/ ROOTS 9 ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL OR PSY*OLOGICAL RELATION%IPS ( ! C\NTRY2 IT WAS )\T ANY HI/ORICAL TRADITION1 S9CE ! ,UKRA9E NEV] =M$ A NATION OR GOV]NM5T1 WAS )\T ANY NATIONAL CULTURE1 EXCEPT = ! REACTION>Y-ROMANTIC POEMS ( ,%EVS*5KO4 ,IT IS EXACTLY AS IF1 ONE F9E DAY1 ! PEOPLE LIV+ 9 ! ,WASS]KANTE.<#c.> %\LD WANT TO F\ND A NEW ,L[-,G]MAN 7,PLATTDEUTS*E7 NATION & GOV]NM5T6 ,& ?IS RIDICUL\S POSE ( A FEW UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS & /UD5TS WAS 9FLAT$ 9TO A POLITICAL =CE BY ,L59 & HIS COMRADES ?R\< !IR DOCTR9AIRE AGITATION CONC]N+ ! 0RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION 9CLUD+ ETC40 ,TO :AT WAS AT FIR/ A M]E F>CE !Y L5T SU* IMPORTANCE ?AT ! F>CE BECAME A MATT] ( ! MO/ DEADLY S]I\SNESS - NOT AS A S]I\S NATIONAL MOVEM5T = :I*1 AFT]W>DS AS BE=E1 !RE >E NO ROOTS AT ALL1 BUT AS A %+LE & RALLY+ FLAG ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION6 ,AT ,BRE/1 \T ( ?IS ADDL$ EGG CREPT ! ,G]MAN BAYONETS4 

,!RE >E TIMES :5 SU* PHRASES HAVE A V]Y REAL MEAN+ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,IT IS ! UNHAPPY LOT ( SOCIALISM ?AT 9 ?IS ,WORLD ,W> IT WAS GIV5 TO IT TO SUPPLY ! IDEOLOGICAL SCRE5S = C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y POLICY4 ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY HA/5$ TO DECK ! PR$ATORY EXP$ITION ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM ) AN IDEOLOGICAL %IELD FROM ! LUMB]-ROOM ( ,M>XISM BY DECL>+ IT TO BE A LIB]AT+ EXP$ITION AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM1 SU* AS \R OLD TEA*]S 7,M>X & ,5GELS7 HAD LONG$ =4 ,& TO ! LOT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O W]E ! V]Y ANTIPODES ( \R GOV]NM5T SOCIALI/S1 DID IT FALL TO SUPPLY GRI/ = ! MILL ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION ) !IR PHRASES AB\T SELF-DET]M9ATION ( PEOPLES2 & !REBY TO SUPPLY NOT ALONE ! IDEOLOGY = ! /RANGL+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 BUT EV5 = ! PLANS = SETTL+ ! 5TIRE CRISIS >IS+ \T ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 

,WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO EXAM9E V]Y C>EFULLY ! POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,! 0RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( PEOPLES10 C\PL$ ) ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & DIS>MAM5T BY ! GRACE ( ,PRESID5T ,WILSON1 CON/ITUTE ! BATTLE-CRY UND] :I* ! COM+ RECKON+ ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM ) ! B\RGEOISIE IS TO BE SETTL$4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! PHRASES CONC]N+ SELF-DET]M9ATION & ! 5TIRE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* AT PRES5T CON/ITUTE ! GREATE/ DANG] = 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 HAVE EXP]I5C$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y /R5G!N+ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,BRE/ NEGOTIATIONS4 ,WE %ALL YET HAVE TO GO 9TO ?IS PLAT=M ?OR\<LY4 ,! TRAGIC FATE ( !SE PHRASES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ON ! ?ORNS ( :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E !MSELVES1 DE/9$ TO BE CAU<T & BLOODILY SCRAT*$1 MU/ S]VE ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS A W>N+ & LESSON4 

,& FROM ?IS !RE FOLL[$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,G]MANY FROM ! TIME ( ! ,BRE/ TREATY TO ! TIME ( ! 0SUPPLEM5T>Y TREATY40 ,! TWO HUNDR$ EXPIATORY SACRIFICES 9 ,MOSC[4 ,FROM ?IS SITUATION >OSE ! T]ROR & SUPPRESSION ( DEMOCRACY4.<#d.> 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,LUXEMBURG REF]S TO ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,MILIUKOV & ,K]5SKY W]E TWO REGIMES PREC$+ ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ! E>LI] MON?S ( #a#i#a#g1 AFT] ! D[NFALL ( ! ,CZ>4 ,BO? ( !SE GOV]NM5TS ATTEMPT$ TO CONT9UE ! W> = ! IMP]IALI/ OBJECTIVES ( ! OLD ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE & D5I$ ! RI<T ( ! NATIONAL M9ORITIES TO SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA4 

.<#b.> ,! MANUSCRIPT SPEAKS ( ,K>B[5TZ51 :I* ,I TAKE TO BE A ,G]MANIZATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORD = 0SILV] RUBLE10 PROBABLY REF]R+ TO A SPECIAL ,UKRA9IAN CO9AGE1 & ( 0,UNIV]SALS10 ! NAME APPLI$ TO C]TA9 MANIFE/OES OR DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,RADA 7NATIONAL ASSEMBLY74 

.<#c.> ,A REGION 9 ,G]MANY :]E ! ,G]MAN DIALECT KN[N AS ,PLATTDEUTS* IS SPOK54 

.<#d.> ,SIX WEEKS AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TREATY1 !RE WAS A CODICIL OR SUPPLEM5T SIGN$4 ,! 0TWO HUNDR$ EXPIATORY SACRIFICES0 MAY REF] TO ! EXECUTION ( P]SONS *>G$ ) COMPLICITY 9 ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,G]MAN AMBASSADOR TO ,RUSSIA1 ,C\NT VON ,MIRBA*4 ,HE WAS %OT BY MEMB]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 :I* HAD COOP]AT$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS UNTIL ! SIGN+ ( ! ,BRE/ TREATY & !N W5T 9TO OPPOSITION & TRI$ BY V>I\S MEANS TO PREV5T ! SIGN+ ( ! TREATY4 ,FROM ?IS TIME =W>D1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T WAS A ONE-P>TY GOV]NM5T 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 

,LET US TE/ ?IS MATT] FUR!R BY TAK+ A FEW EXAMPLES4 

,! WELL-KN[N DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiag PLAY$ AN \T/&+ ROLE 9 ! POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS MEASURE WAS DECISIVE = !IR FUR!R POSITION2 TO A C]TA9 PO9T IT REPRES5T$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 !IR TACTICS4 

,IT IS A FACT ?AT ,L59 & HIS COMRADES W]E /ORMILY DEM&+ ! CALL+ ( A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY UP TO ! TIME ( !IR ,OCTOB] VICTORY1 & ?AT ! POLICY ( RAGG+ \T ?IS MATT] ON ! P>T ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T CON/ITUT$ AN >TICLE 9 ! 9DICTM5T ( ?AT GOV]NM5T BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & WAS ! BASIS ( SOME ( !IR MO/ VIOL5T ATTACKS UPON IT4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY SAYS 9 HIS 9T]E/+ PAMPHLET1 ,FROM ,OCTOB] TO ,BRE/-,LITOVSK1 ?AT ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION REPRES5T$ 0! SALVATION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY0 AS WELL AS ( ! REVOLUTION AS A :OLE4 0,& :5 WE SAID10 HE CONT9UES1 0?AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY C\LD NOT BE REA*$ ?R\< ! ,PRELIM9>Y ,P>LIAM5T ( ,Z]ETELLI1 BUT ONLY ?R\< ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,SOVIETS1 WE W]E 5TIRELY RI<T40 

,& !N1 AFT] !SE DECL>ATIONS1 ,L59'S FIR/ /EP AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS 444 ! DISSOLUTION ( ?IS SAME ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 TO :I* IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE AN 5TRANCE4 ,:AT REASONS C\LD BE DECISIVE = SO A/ONI%+ A TURN8 ,TROTSKY1 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PAMPHLET1 DISCUSSES ! MATT] ?OR\<LY1 & WE WILL SET D[N HIS >GUM5T H]E3 

0,:ILE ! MON?S PREC$+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION W]E A TIME ( LEFTW>D MOVEM5T ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES & ( AN ELEM5TAL FL[ ( WORK]S1 SOLDI]S & PEASANTS T[>DS ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9SIDE ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ?IS PROCESS EXPRESS$ ITSELF AS A /R5G!N+ ( ! LEFT W+ AT ! CO/ ( ! RI<T4 ,BUT )9 ! LI/ ( P>TY C&IDATES ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 ! OLD NAMES ( ! RI<T W+ /ILL OCCUPI$ ?REE-F\R?S ( ! PLACES 4440 

0,!N !RE WAS ! FUR!R CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ELECTIONS !MSELVES TOOK PLACE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! FIR/ WEEKS AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,! NEWS ( ! *ANGE ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE SPREAD RA!R SL[LY 9 CONC5TRIC CIRCLES FROM ! CAPITAL TO ! PROV9CES & FROM ! T[NS TO ! VILLAGES4 ,! PEASANT MASSES 9 MANY PLACES HAD LITTLE NOTION ( :AT W5T ON 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,!Y VOT$ = ',L& & ,FRE$OM1' & ELECT$ AS !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! L& COMMITTEES ?OSE :O /OOD UND] ! BANN] ( ! ',N>ODNIKI4' ,!REBY1 H[EV]1 !Y VOT$ = ,K]5SKY & ,AVKS5TIEV1 :O HAD BE5 DISSOLV+ !SE L& COMMITTEES & HAV+ !IR MEMB]S >RE/$ 444 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS GIVES A CLE> IDEA ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAD LAGG$ BEH9D ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( P>TY GR\P+S40 

,ALL ( ?IS IS V]Y F9E & QUITE CONV9C+4 ,BUT ONE CANNOT HELP WOND]+ H[ SU* CLEV] PEOPLE AS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION :I* FOLL[S IMM$IATELY FROM ! ABOVE FACTS4 ,S9CE ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WAS ELECT$ LONG BE=E ! DECISIVE TURN+ PO9T1 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1.<#a.> & ITS COMPOSITION REFLECT$ ! PICTURE ( ! VANI%$ PA/ & NOT ( ! NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 !N IT FOLL[S AUTOMATICALLY ?AT ! \TGR[N & !RE=E /ILL-BORN ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY %\LD HAVE BE5 ANNULL$1 & )\T DELAY1 NEW ELECTIONS TO A NEW ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY %\LD HAVE BE5 >RANG$4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO 5TRU/1 NOR %\LD !Y HAVE 5TRU/$1 ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION TO AN ASSEMBLAGE :I* REFLECT$ ! ,K]5SKYAN ,RUSSIAN ( YE/]DAY1 ( ! P]IOD ( VACILLATIONS & COALITION ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,H5CE !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT TO DO EXPECT TO CONVOKE AN ASSEMBLY ?AT W\LD ISSUE =? \T ( ! R5EW$ ,RUSSIA ?AT HAD ADVANC$ FUR!R4 

,9/EAD ( ?IS1 FROM ! SPECIAL 9ADEQUACY ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY :I* CAME TOGE!R 9 ,OCTOB]1 ,TROTSKY DRAWS A G5]AL CONCLUSION CONC]N+ ! 9ADEQUACY ( ANY POPUL> REPRES5TATION :ATSOEV] :I* MI<T COME FROM UNIV]SAL POPUL> ELECTIONS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 

0,?ANKS TO ! OP5 & DIRECT /RUGGLE = GOV]NM5TAL P[]10 HE WRITES1 0! LABOR+ MASSES ACQUIRE 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME AN ACCUMULATION ( POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 & !Y CLIMB RAPIDLY FROM /EP TO /EP 9 !IR POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! BIGG] ! C\NTRY & ! MORE RUDIM5T>Y ITS TE*NICAL APP>ATUS1 ! LESS IS ! CUMB]SOME ME*ANISM ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ABLE TO KEEP PACE ) ?IS DEVELOPM5T40 

,H]E WE F9D ! 0ME*ANISM ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS10 AS SU* CALL$ 9 QUE/ION4 ,TO ?IS WE MU/ AT ONCE OBJECT ?AT 9 SU* AN E/IMATE ( REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS !RE LIES A SOME:AT RIGID & S*EMATIC CONCEPTION :I* IS EXPRESSLY CONTRADICT$ BY ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y EPO*4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY'S !ORY1 EV]Y ELECT$ ASSEMBLY REFLECTS ONCE & = ALL ONLY ! M5TAL COMPOSITION1 POLITICAL MATURITY & MOOD ( ITS ELECTORATE JU/ AT ! MOM5T :5 ! LATT] GOES TO ! POLL+ PLACE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT1 A DEMOCRATIC BODY IS ! REFLECTION ( ! MASSES AT ! 5D ( ! ELECTORAL P]IOD1 MU* AS ! HEAV5S ( ,H]S*EL ALWAYS %[ US ! HEAV5LY BODIES NOT AS !Y >E :5 WE >E LOOK+ AT !M BUT AS !Y W]E AT ! MOM5T !Y S5T \T !IR LI<T-MESSAGES TO ! E>? FROM ! MEASURELESS DI/ANCES ( SPACE4 ,ANY LIV+ M5TAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! REPRES5TATIVES1 ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 ELECT$1 & ! ELECTORATE1 ANY P]MAN5T 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ONE & ! O!R1 IS H]EBY D5I$4 

,YET H[ ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE CONTRADICTS ?IS6 ,EXP]I5CE DEMON/RATES QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! LIV+ FLUID ( ! POPUL> MOOD CONT9U\SLY FL[S >\ND ! LIV+ FLUID ( ! POPUL> MOOD CONT9U\SLY FL[S >\ND ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES1 P5ETRATES !M1 GUIDES !M4 ,H[ ELSE W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO WITNESS1 AS WE DO AT TIMES 9 EV]Y B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T1 ! AMUS+ CAP]S ( ! 0PEOPLE'S REPRES5TATIVES10 :O >E SUDD5LY 9SPIR$ BY A NEW 0SPIRIT0 & GIVE =? QUITE UNEXPECT$ S\NDS2 OR TO F9D ! MO/ DRI$-\T MUMMIES AT TIMES COMPORT+ !MSELVES LIKE Y\NG/]S & ! MO/ DIV]SE LITTLE ,S*EIDEMANN*5.<#b.> SUDD5LY F9D+ REVOLUTION>Y TONES 9 !IR BREA/S - :5EV] !RE IS RUMBL+ 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ON ! /REET4 

,& IS ?IS EV]-LIV+ 9FLU5CE ( ! MOOD & DEGREE ( POLITICAL RIP5ESS ( ! MASSES UPON ! ELECT$ BODIES TO BE R5\NC$ 9 FAVOR ( A RIGID S*EME ( P>TY EMBLEMS & TICKETS 9 ! V]Y MID/ ( REVOLUTION8 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y6 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! REVOLUTION :I* CREATES BY ITS GL[+ HEAT ?AT DELICATE1 VIBRANT1 S5SITIVE POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* ! WAVES ( POPUL> FEEL+1 ! PULSE ( POPUL> LIFE1 WORK = MOM5T ON ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES 9 MO/ WOND]FUL FA%ION4 ,IT IS ON ?IS V]Y FACT1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT ! WELL-KN[N MOV+ SC5ES DEP5D :I* 9V>IABLY PRES5T !MSELVES 9 ! FIR/ /AGES ( EV]Y REVOLUTION1 SC5ES 9 :I* OLD REACTION>IES OR EXTREME MOD]ATES1 :O HAVE ISSU$ \T ( A P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTION BY LIMIT$ SUFFRAGE UND] ! OLD REGIME1 SUDD5LY BECOME ! H]OIC & /ORMY SPOKESM5 ( ! UPRIS+4 ,! CLASSIC EXAMPLE IS PROVID$ BY ! FAM\S 0,LONG ,P>LIAM5T0 9 ,5GL&1 :I* WAS ELECT$ & ASSEMBL$ #afdb & REMA9$ AT ITS PO/ = SEV5 :OLE YE>S & REFLECT$ 9 ITS 9T]NAL LIFE ALL ALT]ATIONS & DISPLACEM5TS ( POPUL> FEEL+1 ( POLITICAL RIP5ESS1 ( CLASS DIFF]5TIATION1 ( ! PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION TO ITS HI<E/ PO9T1 FROM ! 9ITIAL DEV\T SKIRMI%ES ) ! ,CR[N UND] A ,SPEAK] :O REMA9S ON HIS KNEES1 TO ! ABOLITION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 ! EXECUTION ( ,*>LES & ! PROCLAMATION ( ! REPUBLIC4 

,& WAS NOT ! SAME WOND]FUL TRANS=MATION REPEAT$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,E/ATES-,G5]AL1 9 ! C5SOR%IP-SUBJECT$ P>LIAM5T ( ,L\IS ,PHILLIPE1 & EV5 - & ?IS LA/1 MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE WAS V]Y CLOSE TO ,TROTSKY - EV5 9 ! ,F\R? ,RUSSIAN ,DUMA :I*1 ELECT$ 9 ! ,YE> ( ,GRACE #aii UND] ! MO/ RIGID RULE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 SUDD5LY FELT ! GL[+ HEAT ( ! IMP5D+ OV]TURN & BECAME ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! REVOLUTION8.<#c.> 

,ALL ?IS %[S ?AT 0! CUMB]SOME ME*ANISM ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS0 POSSESSES A P[]FUL CORRECTIVE - NAMELY1 ! LIV+ MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 !IR UN5D+ PRESSURE4 ,& ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ! LIVELI] & /RONG] ! PULSE-BEAT ( ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! MASSES1 ! MORE DIRECT & COMPLETE IS !IR 9FLU5CE - DESPITE RIGID P>TY BANN]S1 \TGR[N TICKETS 7ELECTORAL LI/S71 ETC4 ,TO BE SURE1 EV]Y DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION HAS ITS LIMITS & %ORTCOM+S1 ?+S :I* IT D\BTLESS %>ES ) ALL O!R HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! REM$Y :I* ,TROTSKY & ,L59 HAVE F\ND1 ! ELIM9ATION ( DEMOCRACY AS SU*1 IS WORSE ?AN ! DISEASE IT IS SUPPOS$ TO CURE2 = IT /OPS UP ! V]Y LIV+ S\RCE FROM :I* ALONE CAN COME CORRECTION ( ALL ! 9NATE %ORTCOM+S ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?AT S\RCE IS ! ACTIVE1 UNTRAMMEL$1 5]GETIC POLITICAL LIFE ( ! BROADE/ MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,LUXEMBURG IS NOT QUITE CORRECT4 ,ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY W]E MO/LY >RANG$ PRIOR TO ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! ELECTIONS TOOK PLACE AFT] ,OCTOB]4 

.<#b.> 0,LITTLE ,S*EIDEM510 A PLAY ON ! NAME ( ! PRO-W>1 GOV]NM5T ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT1 ,PHILLIP ,S*EIDEMANN4 

.<#c.> ,IT WAS ?IS ,F\R? ,DUMA :I*1 AFT] POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 S5T TWO EMISS>IES TO ! ,CZ> TO REQUE/ HIS ABDICATION4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,QUE/ION ( ,SUFFRAGE 

,LET'S TAKE ANO!R /RIK+ EXAMPLE3 ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE AS WORK$ \T BY ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> :AT PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE4 ,FROM ! CRITIQUE ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 IT APPE>S ?AT POPUL> REPRES5TATION ON ! BASIS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS REJECT$ BY !M ON PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT !Y WANT TO BASE !MSELVES ONLY ON ! SOVIETS4 ,:Y1 !N1 ANY G5]AL SUFFRAGE SY/EM WAS WORK$ \T AT ALL IS REALLY NOT CLE>4 ,IT IS ALSO NOT KN[N TO US :E!R ?IS RI<T ( SUFFRAGE WAS PUT 9 PRACTICE ANY:]E2 NO?+ HAS BE5 HE>D ( ANY ELECTIONS TO ANY K9D ( POPUL> REPRES5TATIVE BODY ON ! BASIS ( IT4 ,MORE LIKELY1 IT IS ONLY A !ORETICAL PRODUCT1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( DIPLOMACY2 BUT1 AS IT IS1 IT CON/ITUTES A REM>KABLE PRODUCT ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ !ORY ( DICTATOR%IP4 

,EV]Y RI<T ( SUFFRAGE1 LIKE ANY POLITICAL RI<T 9 G5]AL1 IS NOT TO BE MEASUR$ BY SOME SORT ( AB/RACT S*EME ( 0JU/ICE10 OR 9 T]MS ( ANY O!R B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC PHRASES1 BUT BY ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS = :I* IT IS DESIGN$4 ,! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE WORK$ \T BY ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T IS CALCULAT$ = ! TRANSITION P]IOD FROM ! B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ TO ! SOCIALI/ =M ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 IT IS CALCULAT$ = ! P]IOD ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9T]PRETATION ( ?IS DICTATOR%IP :I* ,L59 & ,TROTSKY REPRES5T1 ! RI<T TO VOTE IS GRANT$ ONLY TO ?OSE :O LIVE BY !IR [N LABOR & IS D5I$ TO EV]YONE ELSE4 

,N[ IT IS CLE> ?AT SU* A RI<T TO VOTE HAS MEAN+ ONLY 9 A SOCIETY :I* IS 9 A POSITION TO MAKE POSSIBLE = ALL :O WANT TO WORK AN ADEQUATE CIVILIZ$ LIFE ON ! BASIS ( ONE'S [N LABOR4 ,IS ?AT ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA AT PRES5T8 ,UND] ! T]RIFIC DIFFICULTIES :I* ,RUSSIA HAS TO CONT5D )1 CUT (F AS %E IS FROM ! WORLD M>KET & FROM H] MO/ IMPORTANT S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 & UND] CIRCUM/ANCES 9VOLV+ A T]RIFIC G5]AL UPROOT+ ( ECONOMIC LIFE & A RUDE OV]TURN ( PRODUCTION RELATION%IPS AS A RESULT ( ! TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY RELATION%IPS 9 L& & 9DU/RY & TRADE - UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT IS CLE> ?AT C\NTLESS EXI/5CES >E QUITE SUDD5LY UPROOT$1 D]AIL$ )\T ANY OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITY ( F9D+ ANY EMPLOYM5T = !IR LABOR P[] )9 ! ECONOMIC ME*ANISM4 ,?IS APPLIES NOT ONLY TO ! CAPITALI/ & L&-[+ MASSES1 BUT TO ! BROAD LAY] ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ALSO1 & EV5 TO ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,IT IS A KN[N FACT ?AT ! CON/RUCTION ( 9DU/RY HAS RESULT$ 9 A MASS-SCALE RETURN ( ! URBAN PROLET>IAT TO ! OP5 C\NTRY 9 SE>* ( A PLACE 9 RURAL ECONOMY4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 A POLITICAL RI<T ( SUFFRAGE ON ! BASIS ( A G5]AL OBLIGATION TO LABOR1 IS A QUITE 9COMPREH5SIBLE MEASURE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MA9 TR5D1 ONLY ! EXPLOIT]S >E SUPPOS$ TO BE DEPRIV$ ( !IR POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,&1 ON ! O!R H&1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT PRODUCTIVE LABOR P[]S >E BE+ UPROOT$ ON A MASS SCALE1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T IS (T5 COMPELL$ TO H& OV] NATIONAL 9DU/RY TO ITS =M] [N]S1 ON LEASE1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T WAS =C$ TO CONCLUDE A COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOIS CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES ALSO4 ,FUR!R1 ! USE ( B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S PROV$ UNAVOIDABLE4 ,ANO!R CONSEQU5CE ( ! SAME SITUATION IS ?AT GR[+ SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = :OM ! ECONOMIC ME*ANISM PROVIDES NO MEANS ( EX]CIS+ ! OBLIGATION TO WORK1 >E R5D]$ POLITICALLY )\T ANY RI<TS4 

,IT MAKES NO S5SE TO REG>D ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE AS A UTOPIAN PRODUCT ( FANTASY1 CUT LOOSE FROM SOCIAL REALITY4 ,& IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT IT IS NOT A S]I\S 9/RUM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT IS AN ANA*RONISM1 AN ANTICIPATION ( ! JURIDICAL SITUATION :I* IS PROP] ON ! BASIS ( AN ALREADY COMPLET$ SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 BUT IS NOT 9 ! TRANSITION P]IOD ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,AS ! 5TIRE MIDDLE CLASS1 ! B\RGEOIS & PETTY B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BOYCOTT$ ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T = MON?S AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & CRIPPL$ ! RAILROAD1 PO/ & TELEGRAPH1 & $UCATIONAL & ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 &1 9 ?IS FA%ION1 OPPOS$ ! WORK]S GOV]NM5T1 NATURALLY ALL MEASURES ( PRESSURE W]E EX]T$ AGA9/ IT4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ! DEPRIVATION ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 ( ECONOMIC MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 ETC41 9 ORD] TO BREAK !IR RESI/ANCE ) AN IRON FI/4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP EXPRESS$ ITSELF1 = IT CANNOT %R9K FROM ANY USE ( =CE TO SECURE OR PREV5T C]TA9 MEASURES 9VOLV+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE4 ,BUT :5 IT COMES TO A SUFFRAGE LAW :I* PROVIDES = ! G5]AL DISFRAN*ISEM5T ( BROAD SECTIONS ( SOCIETY1 :OM IT PLACES POLITICALLY \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( SOCIETY &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IS NOT 9 A POSITION TO MAKE ANY PLACE = !M EV5 ECONOMICALLY )9 ?AT FRAMEWORK1 :5 IT 9VOLVES A DEPRIVATION ( RI<TS NOT AS CONCRETE MEASURES = A CONCRETE PURPOSE BUT AS A G5]AL RULE ( LONG-/&+ EFFECT1 !N1 IT IS NOT A NECESSITY ( DICTATOR%IP BUT A MAKE%IFT1 9CAPABLE ( BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 LIFE4 ,?IS APPLIES ALIKE TO ! SOVIETS AS ! F\NDATION1 & TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & ! G5]AL SUFFRAGE LAW4.<#a.> 

,BUT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & ! SUFFRAGE LAW DO NOT EXHAU/ ! MATT]4 ,WE DID NOT CONSID] ABOVE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEMOCRATIC GU>ANTEES ( A HEAL?Y PUBLIC LIFE & ( ! POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ! LABOR+ MASSES3 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ! RI<TS ( ASSOCIATION & ASSEMBLY1 :I* HAVE BE5 \TLAW$ = ALL OPPON5TS ( ! ,SOVIET REGIME4 ,= !SE ATTACKS 7ON DEMOCRATIC RI<TS71 ! >GUM5TS ( ,TROTSKY CIT$ ABOVE1 ON ! CUMB]SOME NATURE ( DEMOCRATIC ELECTORAL BODIES1 >E F> FROM SATISFACTORY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS A WELL-KN[N & 9DISPUTABLE FACT ?AT )\T A FREE & UNTRAMMEL$ PRESS1 )\T ! UNLIMIT$ RI<T ( ASSOCIATION & ASSEMBLAGE1 ! RULE ( ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE IS 5TIRELY UN?9KABLE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,! FOLL[+ PASSAGE WAS F\ND CROSS$ \T ON AN UNNUMB]$ LOOSE %EET ( PAP] 9 ! MANUSCRIPT3 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DESIGNAT$ ! SOVIETS AS REACTION>Y BECAUSE !IR MAJORITY CONSI/$ ( PEASANTS 7PEASANT & SOLDI] DELEGATES74 ,AFT] ! ,SOVIETS W5T OV] TO !M1 !Y BECAME CORRECT REPRES5TATIVES ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,BUT ?IS SUDD5 *ANGE WAS CONNECT$ ONLY ) PEACE & L& QUE/IONS4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,DICTATOR%IP 

,L59 SAYS .<9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION3 ,! ,TRANSITION FROM ,CAPITALISM TO ,COMMUNISM.> ! B\RGEOIS /ATE IS AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 ! SOCIALI/ /ATE1 ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 HE SAYS1 IT IS ONLY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE /OOD ON ITS HEAD4 ,?IS SIMPLIFI$ VIEW MISSES ! MO/ ESS5TIAL ?+3 B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE HAS NO NE$ ( ! POLITICAL TRA9+ & $UCATION ( ! 5TIRE MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 AT LEA/ NOT BEYOND C]TA9 N>R[ LIMITS4 ,BUT = ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ?AT IS ! LIFE ELEM5T1 ! V]Y AIR )\T :I* IT IS NOT ABLE TO EXI/4 

0,?ANKS TO ! OP5 & DIRECT /RUGGLE = GOV]NM5TAL P[]10 WRITES ,TROTSKY1 0! LABOR+ MASSES ACCUMULATE 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( POLITICAL EXP]I5CE & ADVANCE QUICKLY FROM ONE /AGE TO ANO!R ( !IR DEVELOPM5T40 

,H]E ,TROTSKY REFUTES HIMSELF & HIS [N FRI5DS4 ,JU/ BECAUSE ?IS IS SO1 !Y HAVE BLOCK$ UP ! F\NTA9 ( POLITICAL EXP]I5CE & ! S\RCE ( ?IS RIS+ DEVELOPM5T BY !IR SUPPRESSION ( PUBLIC LIFE6 ,OR ELSE WE W\LD HAVE TO ASSUME ?AT EXP]I5CE & DEVELOPM5T W]E NECESS>Y UP TO ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & !N1 HAV+ REA*$ !IR HI<E/ PEAK1 BECOME SUP]FLU\S !REAFT]4 7,L59'S SPEE*3 ,RUSSIA IS WON = SOCIALISM6667 

,9 REALITY1 ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE6 ,IT IS ! V]Y GIANT TASKS :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE UND]TAK5 ) C\RAGE & DET]M9ATION ?AT DEM& ! MO/ 9T5SIVE POLITICAL TRA9+ ( ! MASSES & ! ACCUMULATION ( EXP]I5CE4 

,FRE$OM ONLY = ! SUPPORT]S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ONLY = ! MEMB]S ( ONE P>TY - H[EV] NUM]\S !Y MAY BE - IS NO FRE$OM AT ALL4 ,FRE$OM IS ALWAYS & EXCLUSIVELY FRE$OM = ! ONE :O ?9KS DIFF]5TLY4 ,NOT BECAUSE ( ANY FANATICAL CONCEPT ( 0JU/ICE0 BUT BECAUSE ALL ?AT IS 9/RUCTIVE1 :OLESOME & PURIFY+ 9 POLITICAL FRE$OM DEP5DS ON ?IS ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC1 & ITS EFFECTIV5ESS VANI%ES :5 0FRE$OM0 BECOMES A SPECIAL PRIVILEGE4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES WILL NOT WANT1 ) H& ON HE>T1 TO D5Y ?AT1 /EP BY /EP1 !Y HAVE TO FEEL \T ! GR\ND1 TRY \T1 EXP]IM5T1 TE/ N[ ONE WAY N[ ANO!R1 & ?AT A GOOD MANY ( !IR MEASURES DO NOT REPRES5T PRICELESS PE>LS ( WISDOM4 ,?US IT MU/ & WILL BE ) ALL ( US :5 WE GET TO ! SAME PO9T-EV5 IF ! SAME DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES MAY NOT PREVAIL EV]Y:]E4 

,! TACIT ASSUMPTION UND]LY+ ! ,L59-,TROTSKY !ORY ( DICTATOR%IP IS ?IS3 ?AT ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION IS SOME?+ = :I* A READY-MADE =MULA LIES COMPLET$ 9 ! POCKET ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 :I* NE$S ONLY TO BE C>RI$ \T 5]GETICALLY 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS IS1 UN=TUNATELY - OR P]HAPS =TUNATELY - NOT ! CASE4 ,F> FROM BE+ A SUM ( READY-MADE PRESCRIPTIONS :I* HAVE ONLY TO BE APPLI$1 ! PRACTICAL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM AS AN ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & JURIDICAL SY/EM IS SOME?+ :I* LIES COMPLETELY HIDD5 9 ! MI/S ( ! FUTURE4 ,:AT WE POSSESS 9 \R PROGRAM IS NO?+ BUT A FEW MA9 SIGNPO/S :I* 9DICATE ! G5]AL DIRECTION 9 :I* TO LOOK = ! NECESS>Y MEASURES1 & ! 9DICATIONS >E MA9LY NEGATIVE 9 *>ACT] AT ?AT4 ,?US WE KN[ MORE OR LESS :AT WE MU/ ELIM9ATE AT ! \TSET 9 ORD] TO FREE ! ROAD = A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 ,BUT :5 IT COMES TO ! NATURE ( ! ?\S& CONCRETE1 PRACTICAL MEASURES1 L>GE & SMALL1 NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES 9TO ECONOMY1 LAW & ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 !RE IS NO KEY 9 ANY SOCIALI/ P>TY PROGRAM OR TEXTBOOK4 ,?AT IS NOT A %ORTCOM+ BUT RA!R ! V]Y ?+ ?AT MAKES SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM SUP]IOR TO ! UTOPIAN V>IETIES4 

,! SOCIALI/ SY/EM ( SOCIETY %\LD ONLY BE1 & CAN ONLY BE1 AN HI/ORICAL PRODUCT1 BORN \T ( ! S*OOL ( ITS [N EXP]I5CES1 BORN 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS REALIZATION1 AS A RESULT ( ! DEVELOPM5TS ( LIV+ HI/ORY1 :I* - JU/ LIKE ORGANIC NATURE ( :I*1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 IT =MS A P>T - HAS ! F9E HABIT ( ALWAYS PRODUC+ ALONG ) ANY REAL SOCIAL NE$ ! MEANS TO ITS SATISFACTION1 ALONG ) ! TASK SIMULTANE\SLY ! SOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 IF SU* IS ! CASE1 !N IT IS CLE> ?AT SOCIALISM BY ITS V]Y NATURE CANNOT BE DECRE$ OR 9TRODUC$ BY UKASE4 ,IT HAS AS ITS PR]EQUISITE A NUMB] ( MEASURES ( =CE - AGA9/ PROP]TY1 ETC4 ,! NEGATIVE1 ! TE>+ D[N1 CAN BE DECRE$2 ! BUILD+ UP1 ! POSITIVE1 CANNOT4 ,NEW ,T]RITORY4 ,A ?\S& PROBLEMS4 ,ONLY EXP]I5CE IS CAPABLE ( CORRECT+ & OP5+ NEW WAYS4 ,ONLY UNOB/RUCT$1 EFF]VESC+ LIFE FALLS 9TO A ?\S& NEW =MS & IMPROVIZATIONS1 BR+S TO LI<T CREATIVE NEW =CE1 ITSELF CORRECTS ALL MI/AK5 ATTEMPTS4 ,! PUBLIC LIFE ( C\NTRIES ) LIMIT$ FRE$OM IS SO POV]TY-/RICK51 SO MIS]ABLE1 SO RIGID1 SO UNFRUITFUL1 PRECISELY BECAUSE1 ?R\< ! EXCLUSION ( DEMOCRACY1 IT CUTS (F ! LIV+ S\RCES ( ALL SPIRITUAL RI*ES & PROGRESS4 7,PRO(3 ! YE> #aie & ! MON?S FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g47 ,!RE IT WAS POLITICAL 9 *>ACT]2 ! SAME ?+ APPLIES TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE ALSO4 ,! :OLE MASS ( ! PEOPLE MU/ TAKE P>T 9 IT4 ,O!RWISE1 SOCIALISM WILL BE DECRE$ FROM BEH9D A FEW (FICIAL DESKS BY A DOZ5 9TELLECTUALS4 

,PUBLIC CONTROL IS 9DISP5SABLY NECESS>Y4 ,O!RWISE ! EX*ANGE ( EXP]I5CES REMA9S ONLY ) ! CLOS$ CIRCLE ( ! (FICIALS ( ! NEW REGIME4 ,CORRUPTION BECOMES 9EVITABLE4 7,L59'S WORDS1 ,BULLET9 ,NO4#b#i7 ,SOCIALISM 9 LIFE DEM&S A COMPLETE SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! MASSES DEGRAD$ BY C5TURIES ( B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,SOCIAL 9/9CTS 9 PLACE ( EGOTI/ICAL ONES1 MASS 9ITIATIVE 9 PLACE ( 9]TIA1 IDEALISM :I* CONQU]S ALL SUFF]+1 ETC41 ETC4 ,NO ONE KN[S ?IS BETT]1 DESCRIBES IT MORE P5ETRAT+LY2 REPEATS IT MORE /UBBORNLY ?AN ,L594 ,BUT HE IS COMPLETELY MI/AK5 9 ! MEANS HE EMPLOYS4 ,DECREE1 DICTATORIAL =CE ( ! FACTORY OV]SE]1 DRACONIAN P5ALTIES1 RULE BY T]ROR - ALL !SE ?+S >E BUT PALLIATIVES4 ,! ONLY WAY TO A REBIR? IS ! S*OOL ( PUBLIC LIFE ITSELF1 ! MO/ UNLIMIT$1 ! BROADE/ DEMOCRACY & PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,IT IS RULE BY T]ROR :I* DEMORALIZES4 

,:5 ALL ?IS IS ELIM9AT$1 :AT REALLY REMA9S8 ,9 PLACE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES CREAT$ BY G5]AL1 POPUL> ELECTIONS1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY HAVE LAID D[N ! SOVIETS AS ! ONLY TRUE REPRES5TATION ( POLITICAL LIFE 9 ! L& AS A :OLE1 LIFE 9 ! SOVIETS MU/ ALSO BECOME MORE & MORE CRIPPL$4 ,)\T G5]AL ELECTIONS1 )\T UNRE/RICT$ FRE$OM ( PRESS & ASSEMBLY1 )\T A FREE /RUGGLE ( OP9ION1 LIFE DIES \T 9 EV]Y PUBLIC 9/ITUTION1 BECOMES A M]E SEMBLANCE ( LIFE1 9 :I* ONLY ! BUREAUCRACY REMA9S AS ! ACTIVE ELEM5T4 ,PUBLIC LIFE GRADUALLY FALLS ASLEEP1 A FEW DOZ5 P>TY LEAD]S ( 9EXHAU/IBLE 5]GY & B\NDLESS EXP]I5CE DIRECT & RULE4 ,AMONG !M1 9 REALITY ONLY A DOZ5 \T/&+ HEADS DO ! LEAD+ & AN ELITE ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS 9VIT$ FROM TIME TO TIME TO MEET+S :]E !Y >E TO APPLAUD ! SPEE*ES ( ! LEAD]S1 & TO APPROVE PROPOS$ RESOLUTIONS UNANIM\SLY - AT BOTTOM1 !N1 A CLIQUE AFFAIR - A DICTATOR%IP1 TO BE SURE1 NOT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT ONLY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A H&FUL ( POLITICIANS1 ?AT IS A DICTATOR%IP 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! RULE ( ! ,JACOB9S 7! PO/PONEM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS FROM ?REE-MON? P]IODS TO SIX-MON? P]IODS67 ,YES1 WE CAN GO EV5 FUR!R3 SU* CONDITIONS MU/ 9EVITABLY CAUSE A BRUTALIZATION ( PUBLIC LIFE3 ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATIONS1 %OOT+ ( HO/AGES1 ETC4 7,L59'S SPEE* ON DISCIPL9E & CORRUPTION47 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CORRUPTION 

,A PROBLEM :I* IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 EV]Y REVOLUTION IS ?AT ( ! /RUGGLE ) ! ,LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,WE 9 ,G]MANY TOO1 AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 WILL HAVE ?IS PROBLEM TO RECKON )4 ,! ,LUMP5PROLET>IAT ELEM5T IS DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY A SPECIAL SECTION1 A SORT ( SOCIAL WA/AGE :I* GR[S 5ORM\SLY :5 ! WALLS ( ! SOCIAL ORD] >E FALL+ D[N1 BUT RA!R AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! SOCIAL :OLE4 ,EV5TS 9 ,G]MANY - & MORE OR LESS 9 O!R C\NTRIES - HAVE %[N H[ EASILY ALL SECTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY >E SUBJECT TO SU* DEG5]ATION4 ,! GRADATIONS BETWE5 COMM]CIAL PR(ITE]+1 FICTITI\S DEALS1 ADULT]ATION ( FOOD/UFFS1 *EAT+1 (FICIAL EMBEZZLEM5T1 !FT1 BURGL>Y & ROBB]Y1 FL[ 9TO ONE ANO!R 9 SU* FA%ION ?AT ! B\ND>Y L9E BETWE5 HONORABLE CITIZ5RY & ! P5IT5TI>Y HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,9 ?IS ! SAME PH5OM5ON IS REPEAT$ AS 9 ! REGUL> & RAPID DEG5]ATION ( B\RGEOIS DIGNIT>IES :5 !Y >E TRANSPLANT$ TO AN ALI5 SOCIAL SOIL 9 AN OV]SEAS COLONIAL SETT+4 ,) ! /RIPP+ (F ( CONV5TIONAL B>RI]S & PROPS = MORALITY & LAW1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF FALLS VICTIM TO DIRECT & LIMITLESS DEG5]ATION .<,V]LUMPUNG.>1 = ITS 9N]MO/ LAW ( LIFE IS ! PR(\NDE/ ( IMMORALITIES1 NAMELY1 ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WILL HAVE TO /RUGGLE ) ?IS 5EMY & 9/RUM5T ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION ON EV]Y H&4 

,& YET1 9 ?IS CONNECTION TOO1 T]ROR IS DULL1 NAY1 A TWO-$G$ SWORD4 ,! H>%E/ MEASURES ( M>TIAL LAW >E IMPOT5T AGA9/ \TBREAKS ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAN SICKNESS4 ,9DE$1 EV]Y P]SI/5T REGIME ( M>TIAL LAW LEADS 9EVITABLE TO >BITR>9ESS1 & EV]Y =M ( >BITR>9ESS T5DS TO DEPRAVE SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS REG>D ALSO1 ! ONLY EFFECTIVE MEANS 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION >E3 RADICAL MEASURES ( A POLITICAL & SOCIAL *>ACT]1 ! SPE$IE/ POSSIBLE TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL GU>ANTEES ( ! LIFE ( ! MASSES - ! K9DL+ ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEALISM1 :I* CAN BE MA9TA9$ OV] ANY L5G? ( TIME ONLY ?R\< ! 9T5SIVELY ACTIVE LIFE ( ! MASSES !MSELVES UND] CONDITIONS ( UNLIMIT$ POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,AS ! FREE ACTION ( ! SUN'S RAYS IS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE PURIFY+ & HEAL+ REM$Y AGA9/ 9FECTIONS & DISEASE G]MS1 SO ! ONLY HEAL+ & PURIFY+ SUN IS ! REVOLUTION ITSELF & ITS R5OVAT+ PR9CIPLE1 ! SPIRITUAL LIFE1 ACTIVITY & 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES :I* IS CALL$ 9TO BE+ BY IT & :I* TAKES ! =M ( ! BROADE/ POLITICAL FRE$OM4.<#a.> 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,! FOLL[+ SECTION1 F\ND 9 ! ORIG9AL MANUSCRIPT ON A SEP]ATE %EET ( PAP]1 REPEAT SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME IDEAS ( ?IS *APT] BUTY 9 A S*EMATIC =M1 APP>5TLY ! DRAFT \TL9E = ?IS *APT]3 

,9 \R CASE AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 AN>*Y WILL BE UNAVOIDABLE4 ,! LUMP5PROLET>IAN ELEM5T IS DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & 9SEP>ABLE FROM IT4 

,PRO(S3 

"9 ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA1 ! 0,COSSACK0 ROBB]IES4 

"9 ,! G5]AL \TBREAK ( ROBB]Y & !FT 9 ,G]MANY4 7,PR(ITE]+1 PO/AL & RAILWAY P]SONNEL1 POLICE1 COMPLETE DISSOLUTION ( B\ND>IES BETWE5 WELL-ORD]$ SOCIETY & P5IT5TI>Y47 

"9 ,! RAPID DEG5]ATION 7,V]LUMPUNG7 ( ! UNION LEAD]S4 

,AGA9/ ?IS1 DRACONIAN MEASURES ( T]ROR >E P[]LESS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y CAUSE /ILL FUR!R CORRUPTION4 ,! ONLY ANTI-TOX93 ! IDEALISM & SOCIAL ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES1 UNLIMIT$ POLICE FRE$OM4 

,?AT IS AN OV]P[]+ OBJECTIVE LAW FROM :I* NO P>TY CAN BE EXEMPT4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,DEMOCRACY & ,DICTATOR%IP 

,! BASIC ]ROR ( ! ,L59-,TROTSKY !ORY IS ?AT !Y TOO1 JU/ LIKE ,KAUTSKY1 OPPOSE DICTATOR%IP TO DEMOCRACY4 0,DICTATOR%IP OR DEMOCRACY0 IS ! WAY ! QUE/ION IS PUT BY ,BOL%EVIKS & ,KAUTSKY ALIKE4 ,! LATT] NATURALLY DECIDES 9 FAVOR ( 0DEMOCRACY10 ?AT IS1 ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 PRECISELY BECAUSE HE OPPOSES IT TO ! ALT]NATIVE ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 ON ! O!R H&1 DECIDE 9 FAVOR ( DICTATOR%IP 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO DEMOCRACY1 & !REBY1 9 FAVOR ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( A H&FUL ( P]SONS1 ?AT IS1 9 FAVOR ( DICTATOR%IP ON ! B\RGEOIS MODEL4 ,!Y >E TWO OPPOSITE POLES1 BO? ALIKE BE+ F> REMOV$ FROM A G5U9E SOCIALI/ POLICY4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 :5 IT SEIZES P[]1 CAN NEV] FOLL[ ! GOOD ADVICE ( ,KAUTSKY1 GIV5 ON ! PRETEXT ( ! 0UNRIP5ESS ( ! C\NTRY10 ! ADVICE BE+ TO R5\NCE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & DEVOTE ITSELF TO DEMOCRACY4 ,IT CANNOT FOLL[ ?IS ADVICE )\T BETRAY+ !REBY ITSELF1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT %\LD & MU/ AT ONCE UND]TAKE SOCIALI/ MEASURES 9 ! MO/ 5]GETIC1 UNYIELD+ & UNHESITANT FA%ION1 9 O!R WORDS1 EX]CISE A DICTATOR%IP1 BUT A DICTATOR%IP ( ! CLASS1 NOT ( A P>TY OR ( A CLIQUE - DICTATOR%IP ( ! CLASS1 ?AT MEANS 9 ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE =M ON ! BASIS ( ! MO/ ACTIVE1 UNLIMIT$ P>TICIPATION ( ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 ( UNLIMIT$ DEMOCRACY4 

0,AS ,M>XI/S10 WRITES ,TROTSKY1 0WE HAVE NEV] BE5 IDOL WOR%IP]S ( =MAL DEMOCRACY40 ,SURELY1 WE HAVE NEV] BE5 IDOL WOR%IP]S ( SOCIALISM OR ,M>XISM EI!R4 ,DOES IT FOLL[ FROM ?IS ?AT WE MAY ?R[ SOCIALISM ON ! SCRAP-HEAP1 A LA ,CUN[1 ,L5S* & ,P>VUS .<I4E4 MOVE TO ! RI<T.>1 IF IT BECOMES UNCOM=TABLE = US8 ,TROTSKY & ,L59 >E ! LIV+ REFUTATION ( ?IS ANSW]4 

0,WE HAVE NEV] BE5 IDOL-WOR%IP]S ( =MAL DEMOCRACY40 ,ALL ?AT ?AT REALLY MEANS IS3 ,WE HAVE ALWAYS DI/+UI%$ ! SOCIAL K]NEL FROM ! POLITICAL =M ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY2 WE HAVE ALWAYS REVEAL$ ! H>D K]NEL ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY & LACK ( FRE$OM HIDD5 UND] ! SWEET %ELL ( =MAL EQUALITY & FRE$OM - NOT 9 ORD] TO REJECT ! LATT] BUT TO SPUR ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO NOT BE+ SATISFI$ ) ! %ELL1 BUT RA!R1 BY CONQU]+ POLITICAL P[]1 TO CREATE A SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY TO REPLACE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY - NOT TO ELIM9ATE DEMOCRACY ALTOGE!R4 

,BUT SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY IS NOT SOME?+ :I* BEG9S ONLY 9 ! PROMIS$ L& AFT] ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIALI/ ECONOMY >E CREAT$2 IT DOES NOT COME AS SOME SORT ( ,*RI/MAS PRES5T = ! WOR?Y PEOPLE :O1 9 ! 9T]IM1 HAVE LOYALLY SUPPORT$ A H&FUL ( SOCIALI/ DICTATORS4 ,SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY BEG9S SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! BEG9N+S ( ! DE/RUCTION ( CLASS RULE & ( ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,IT BEG9S AT ! V]Y MOM5T ( ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,IT IS ! SAME ?+ AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,YES1 DICTATOR%IP6 ,BUT ?IS DICTATOR%IP CONSI/S 9 ! MANN] ( APPLY+ DEMOCRACY1 NOT 9 ITS ELIM9ATION1 BUT 9 5]GETIC1 RESOLUTE ATTACKS UPON ! WELL-5TR5*$ RI<TS & ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 )\T :I* A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION CANNOT BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,BUT ?IS DICTATOR%IP MU/ BE ! WORK ( ! CLASS & NOT ( A LITTLE LEAD+ M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( ! CLASS - ?AT IS1 IT MU/ PROCE$ /EP BY /EP \T ( ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES2 IT MU/ BE UND] !IR DIRECT 9FLU5CE1 SUBJECT$ TO ! CONTROL ( COMPLETE PUBLIC ACTIVITY2 IT MU/ >ISE \T ( ! GR[+ POLITICAL TRA9+ ( ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,D\BTLESS ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD HAVE PROCE$$ 9 ?IS V]Y WAY W]E IT NOT ?AT !Y SUFF]$ UND] ! FRI<TFUL COMPULSION ( ! WORLD W>1 ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION & ALL ! ABNORMAL DIFFICULTIES CONNECT$ !RE)1 ?+S :I* W]E 9EVITABLY B\ND TO DI/ORT ANY SOCIALI/ POLICY1 H[EV] IMBU$ IT MI<T BE ) ! BE/ 9T5TIONS & ! F9E/ PR9CIPLES4 

,A CRUDE PRO( ( ?IS IS PROVID$ BY ! USE ( T]ROR TO SO WIDE AN EXT5T BY ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! MO/ REC5T P]IOD JU/ BE=E ! COLLAPSE ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 & JU/ AFT] ! ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ! ,G]MAN AMBASSADOR4 ,! COMMONPLACE TO ! EFFECT ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E NOT P9K TEAS IS 9 ITSELF PRETTY 9ADEQUATE4 

,EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 ,RUSSIA IS COMPREH5SIBLE & REPRES5TS AN 9EVITABLE *A9 ( CAUSES & EFFECTS1 ! />T+ PO9T & 5D T]M ( :I* >E3 ! FAILURE ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT & ! OCCUPATION ( ,RUSSIA BY ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 ,IT W\LD BE DEM&+ SOME?+ SUP]HUMAN FROM ,L59 & HIS COMRADES IF WE %\LD EXPECT ( !M ?AT UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES !Y %\LD CONJURE =? ! F9E/ DEMOCRACY1 ! MO/ EXEMPL>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & A FL\RI%+ SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 ,BY !IR DET]M9$ REVOLUTION>Y /&1 !IR EXEMPL>Y /R5G? 9 ACTION1 & !IR UNBREAKABLE LOYALTY TO 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 !Y HAVE CONTRIBUT$ :ATEV] C\LD POSSIBLY BE CONTRIBUT$ UND] SU* DEVILI%LY H>D CONDITIONS4 ,! DANG] BEG9S ONLY :5 !Y MAKE A VIRTUE ( NECESSITY & WANT TO FREEZE 9TO A COMPLETE !ORETICAL SY/EM ALL ! TACTICS =C$ UPON !M BY !SE FATAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 & WANT TO RECOMM5D !M TO ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS A MODEL ( SOCIALI/ TACTICS4 ,:5 !Y GET 9 !RE [N LI<T 9 ?IS WAY1 & HIDE !IR G5U9E1 UNQUE/IONABLE HI/ORICAL S]VICE UND] ! BU%EL ( FALSE /EPS =C$ ON !M BY NECESSITY1 !Y R5D] A POOR S]VICE TO 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM = ! SAKE ( :I* !Y HAVE F\<T & SUFF]$2 = !Y WANT TO PLACE 9 ITS /OREH\SE AS NEW DISCOV]IES ALL ! DI/ORTIONS PRESCRIB$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY NECESSITY & COMPULSION - 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS ONLY BYPRODUCTS ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM 9 ! PRES5T WORLD W>4 

,LET ! ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T ,SOCIALI/S CRY ?AT ! RULE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA IS A DI/ORT$ EXPRESSION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF IT WAS OR IS SU*1 ?AT IS ONLY BECAUSE IT IS A PRODUCT ( ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 9 ITSELF A DI/ORT$ EXPRESSION ( ! SOCIALI/ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ALL ( US >E SUBJECT TO ! LAWS ( HI/ORY1 & IT IS ONLY 9T]NATIONALLY ?AT ! SOCIALI/ ORD] ( SOCIETY CAN BE REALIZ$4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE %[N ?AT !Y >E CAPABLE ( EV]Y?+ ?AT A G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y P>TY CAN CONTRIBUTE )9 ! LIMITS ( HI/ORICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,!Y >E NOT SUPPOS$ TO P]=M MIRACLES4 ,= A MODEL & FAULTLESS PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 AN ISOLAT$ L&1 EXHAU/$ BY WORLD W>1 /RANGL$ BY IMP]IALISM1 BETRAY$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 W\LD BE A MIRACLE4 

,:AT IS 9 ORD] IS TO DI/+UI% ! ESS5TIAL FROM ! NON-ESS5TIAL1 ! K]NEL FROM ! ACCID5TAL EXCRESC5CIES 9 ! POLITICS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 ! PRES5T P]IOD1 :5 WE FACE DECISIVE F9AL /RUGGLES 9 ALL ! WORLD1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM WAS & IS ! BURN+ QUE/ION ( \R TIME4 ,IT IS NOT A MATT] ( ?IS OR ?AT SECOND>Y QUE/ION ( TACTICS1 BUT ( ! CAPACITY = ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! /R5G? TO ACT1 ! WILL TO P[] ( SOCIALISM AS SU*4 ,9 ?IS1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY & !IR FRI5DS W]E ! FIR/1 ?OSE :O W5T AHEAD AS AN EXAMPLE TO ! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD2 !Y >E /ILL ! ONLY ONES UP TO N[ :O CAN CRY ) ,HUTT53 0,I HAVE D>$60 

,?IS IS ! ESS5TIAL & 5DUR+ 9 ,BOL%EVIK POLICY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE !IRS IS ! IMMORTAL HI/ORICAL S]VICE ( HAV+ M>*$ AT ! HEAD ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT ) ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & ! PRACTICAL PLAC+ ( ! PROBLEM ( ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM1 & ( HAV+ ADVANC$ MI<TILY ! SETTLEM5T ( ! SCORE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR 9 ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! PROBLEM C\LD ONLY BE POS$4 ,IT C\LD NOT BE SOLV$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& 9 ?IS S5SE1 ! FUTURE EV]Y:]E BELONGS TO 0,BOL%EVISM40 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/