,P>T #a ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,JAURES & HIS ADH]5TS JU/IFI$ ,MILL]&'S 5TRY 9TO ! ,CAB9ET ON ?REE GR\NDS3 ,! ,REPUBLIC MU/ BE DEF5D$4 ,IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO PUT ?R\< SOCIAL RE=MS ( B5EFIT TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,&1 F9ALLY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO SOCIALISM MU/ GIVE BIR? TO A TRANSITION P]IOD 9 :I* ! POLITICAL P[] IS WIELD$ 9 COMMON BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT & F9DS ITS \TW>D EXPRESSION 9 ! P>TICIPATION ( SOCIALI/S 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AFT] A TIME1 ! REF]5CE TO ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC BECAME ! *IEF >GUM5T4 ,! ,REPUBLIC IS 9 DANG]6 ,?AT IS :Y IT WAS NECESS>Y = A SOCIALI/ TO BECOME ! B\RGEOIS ,M9I/] ( ,COMM]CE4 ,! ,REPUBLIC IS 9 DANG]6 ,?AT IS :Y ! SOCIALI/ HAD TO REMA9 9 ! CAB9ET EV5 AFT] ! MASSACRE ( ! /RIK+ WORK]S ON ! ,ISL& ( ,M>T9IQUE & 9 ,*ALON4 ,! ,REPUBLIC IS 9 DANG]6 ,AS A RESULT1 9QUIRIES 9TO ! MASSACRES HAD TO BE BLOCK$1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y 9VE/IGATIONS ( ! HORRORS P]PETRAT$ 9 ! COLONIES HAD TO BE DISC>D$1 & ! AMNE/Y LAW ACCEPT$4 ,ALL ACTS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ALL POSITIONS & VOTES ( ! SOCIALI/S >E BAS$ UPON A CONC]N = ! ?REAT5$ ,REPUBLIC & ITS DEF5SE4 ,IT IS TIME TO ANALYZE ! SITUATION CALMLY1 UNDI/URB$ BY ! UPRO> ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE & ITS SLOGANS4 ,IT IS TIME TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION3 JU/ :AT DO ?IS DANG] & ?IS DEF5SE CONSI/ (8 ,DESPITE VIOL5T CLASS & P>TY /RUGGLES1 WE DO NOT HE> ( DANG]S ?REAT5+ ! REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,?IS IS 5TIRELY UND]/&ABLE1 S9CE ! REPUBLIC 9 ,AM]ICA WAS WON SIMULTANE\SLY ) NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! ,AM]ICANS HAVE NEV] EXP]I5C$ MON>*AL RULE AS AN 9DEP5D5T NATION4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! FE>S = ! WELF>E ( ! ,REPUBLIC APPE> JU/ AS UND]/&ABLE1 S9CE IT WAS TWICE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< VIOL5T /RUGGLE1 ONLY TO BE TWICE1 AFT] A %ORT EXI/5CE1 OV]?R[N BY ! MON>*Y4 ,WE1 !RE=E1 HAVE !SE PA/ EXP]I5CES CA/+ !IR OM9\S %AD[S ON ! PRES5T SITUATION - %AD[S :I* CONCEAL ! VI/AS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT LIE BETWE5 PA/ & PRES5T4 ,C\P D'ETAT 3 #agii & #ahea ,AL?\< ! TWO ,NAPOLEONIC C\PS D'ETAT - ! ,EI & ,DECEMB] #bND ( #ahea .<#b.> - W]E PRODUC$ BY SPECIFIC & IMM$IATE POLITICAL SITUATIONS1 !IR ROOTS W5T F> BEL[ ?IS SURFACE4 ,! ,FIR/ & ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRES ALIKE W]E ! DIRECT PRODUCTS ( PREC$+ REVOLUTIONS4 ,!Y M>K$ ! EXTREME PO9T ( RE/ ( ! REC$+ REVOLUTION>Y WAVE & W]E SUPPORT$ 9 BO? CASES BY TWO P[]FUL CLASSES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! BIG B\RGEOISIE & ! PEASANTRY4 ,9 ! ,EIT+ PO9T 9 ORD] TO /RANGLE IT1 BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 C>RI$ BEYOND ! PO9T !Y FIX$ = IT - ! CREATION ( A CON/ITUTIONAL B\RGEOIS /ATE - & WAS ?REAT5+ ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ?IS /ATE4 ,H& 9 H& ) ?IS B\RGEOISIE W5T A PEASANTRY1 LIB]AT$ & 9 POSSESSION ( ! L&1 FE>+ EV]Y NEW *ANGE AS MU* AS ! RETURN ( ! OLD REGIME1 & ANXI\S TO CONSOLIDATE ITS CONQUE/S ?R\< A GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS HO/ILE TO BO? ! REVOLUTION & ! LEGITIMATE MON>*Y4 ,FAC+ !SE TWO CLASSES ACROSS ! B>RICADES WAS A WORK+ CLASS :I* DUR+ ITS %ORT RULE HAD FRIMS ( REACTION1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HAD %[N ?AT IT DID NOT YET POSSESS AN 9DEP5D5T1 PRACTICAL PROGRAM ( ACTION & HAD1 !RE=E1 BE5 GR9D+ ITSELF TO PIECES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ?REAT (F]$ BY ! ANTI-,JACOB9 COALITION ( FEUDAL-REACTION>Y ,EUROPE CAUS$ ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS & /RUGGLES TO BE PU%$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND & CONC5TRAT$ EV]Y?+ UPON ! NECESSITY = A /RONG1 EXT]NAL FRONT4 ,9 ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#h#e#a1 WE HAVE A B\RGEOISIE 9 P[]1 :I*1 LIKE ! BIG L&[N]S1 IS FRIY UPRIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT SECURES ! HELP ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE TO TRAMPLE ! PROLET>IAT UND]FOOT 9 ! ,JUNE MASSACRE1 & !N1 9 ORD] TO F9I% ) ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 /R5G!NS ! /ATE P[] MORE & MORE AT ! EXP5SE ( POPUL> REPRES5TATION4 ,9 DO+ ?IS1 IT F9ALLY PLACES ITS [N NECK 9 ! NOOSE1 ) ! GREAT] RESIGNATION S9CE IT1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 IS MON>*ICALLY M9D$1 & ONLY F9DS FAULT ) ! MON>*Y ( ,BONAP>TE BECAUSE IT W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ ?AT ( ! H\SE ( ,ORLEANS OR ! ,B\RBONS4 ,NEXT TO ?IS B\RGEOISIE1 WE HAVE A PEASANTRY1 :I* HAS BE5 DEVOT$ TO ! ,NAPOLEON TRADITION S9CE ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE4 ,9 ! ,SECOND IT SEES A MEANS ( E/ABLI%+ ORD] ) ! BAYONETS ( ! >MY1 & ( CONTROLL+ ! TURBUL5T CITY POPULATION IT HATES & FE>S4 ,! PATT]N ( ! C\P D'ETAT IS1 !RE=E1 ! SAME 9 BO? CASES3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! POSITIVE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES 9 SOCIETY TI$ TO ! MON>*Y2 ON ! O!R1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 BY N[ R5D]$ 9CAPABLE ( ACTION1 AS ! ONLY REAL REPUBLICAN =CE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 BO? CASES1 ! MON>*Y F9DS ITS F\NDATION PREP>$ 9 ADVANCE BY ! M>* ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 :I* HAS ALREADY CREAT$ PO/S COMB9+ ! SUPREME CIVIL & MILIT>Y P[]S3 ! LIFE-LONG CONSUL%IPS & ! PLEBISCITE-ELECT$ ,PRESID5T4.<#c.> ,:ATEV] ! C\P D'ETAT CONQU]$1 !RE=E1 HAD ALREADY DROPP$ 9TO ! LAP ( ! ,REPUBLIC AS A RIPE FRUIT ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! C\P D'ETAT DID NOT E/ABLI% A NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,IT M]ELY RECOGNIZ$ ! NEW SITUATION & GAVE IT ITS NAME4 ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLIC ,! EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR W]E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T4 ,?OSE :O 9T]PRET$ ! TREASON ( C]TA9 G5]ALS & ! RISE ( ! ,NATIONALI/S4 AS OM5S ( A ?IRD C\P D'ETAT MODEL$ AFT] ! TWO PREVI\S ONES1 DISREG>D$ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,FRANCE 9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,! PR(\ND ALT]ATIONS 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ,FRANCE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD MAY BE SUMM$ UP AS FOLL[S4 ,9 #agii & 9 #a#h#e#a1 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS >RE/$ & EXECUT$ BY ! C\P D'ETAT BE=E IT HAD A *ANCE TO RID ITSELF ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y BAGGAGE4 ,! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 H[EV]1 HAS BE5 ABLE TO LA/ LONG 5\< TO 5T] A NORMAL P]IOD ( EXI/5CE & PROVE TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT IT KN[S H[ TO ADAPT ITSELF TO !IR 9T]E/S1 & MU* BETT] ?AN ANY MON>*Y 9 ! WORLD C\LD POSSIBLY DO4 ,! MA9 BODY ( ! B\RGEOISIE A*IEV$ UNDIVID$ POLITICAL RULE = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC &1 HAS WIELD$ IT S9CE ! 5D ( ! #a#h#g'S ALMO/ CONT9U\SLY ?R\< ! CAB9ETS & P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITIES ( ! OPPORTUNI/ PETTY-B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,! ,FR5* COLONIAL POLICY & MILIT>ISM1 AS WELL AS ! RESULT+ GIGANTIC /ATE DEBT1 HAVE %[N TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC CAN COMPETE ) ANY MON>*Y 9 !SE MO/ LUCRATIVE PROJECTS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,PANAMA ,CANAL & ! ,S\? ,RAILROAD AFFAIRS.<#d.> HAVE F9ALLY PROV$ ?AT ,P>LIAM5T & ! ,REPUBLICAN ADM9I/RATION >E TOOLS NO LESS ADAPTABLE TO ! LORDS ( HI< F9ANCE ?AN ! POLITICAL APP>ATUS ( ! ,ORLEANI/ MON>*Y4 ,! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 FUR!RMORE1 HAS PROV$ TO BE F]TILE SOIL = ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,A HUGE CROP ( SMALL /ATE CR$ITORS & /ATE (FICIALS SPRANG UP FROM ! GR[+ NATIONAL DEBT & ! CONT9U\SLY EXP&+ BUREAUCRACY4 ,! 5TIRE EXI/5CE ( ?IS >MY WAS DEP5D5T UPON ! PEACEFUL /ABILITY ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,& F9ALLY1 ! ,REPUBLIC'S OLDE/ & MO/ BITT] 5EMIES1 ! L&[N]S - ! SMALL & EV5 MORE ! BIG - HAVE BE5 %[]$ ) GOLD5 FRUITS FROM ! ,REPUBLIC'S HORN ( PL5TY4 ,IF1 AT ! TIME ( ! C\P D'ETAT ( ! SECOND ,NAPOLEON1 ONE SECTION ( ! PEASANTRY WAS ALREADY PROGRESSIVE 5\< TO BREAK ) MON>*AL RULE 9 A S]IES ( BRUTALLY SUPPRESS$ REVOLTS1 IT N[ HAD ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITY TO /ILL FUR!R REVISE ITS VIEWS ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,A :OLE S]IES ( IMPORTANT MEASURES HAVE BE5 C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ! LA/ TWO DECADES ?AT B5EFIT$ MO/ DIRECTLY ! WEAL?I] PEASANTS1 ! OLD SUPPORT ( ,BONAP>TISM4 ,! R$UCTION ( L& TAXES ALONE S9CE #ahig AM\NTS TO NE>LY #be MILLION FRANCS4 ,DESPITE ! GREAT 9CREASE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S NET 9COME1 ! TAX BURD5 ( ! L&[N]S HAS DECREAS$ BY ONE-SIX?6 ,! SY/EM ( PROTECTIVE T>IFFS1 P>TICUL>LY ON CATTLE & GRA91 HAS ABOVE ALL ADD$ TO ! WEAL? ( ! L&[N]S4 ,!N !RE >E ! ADDITIONAL EXP5DITURES ( HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( FRANCS = TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5T1 = ! CON/RUCTION ( ROADS1 FUR!R R$UCTION ( FREILY COMPLETE CESSATION ( EFFECTIVE SOCIAL RE=MS & ! TR5D T[>DS DRAW+ ! /ATE 9COME ALMO/ 5TIRELY FROM 9DIRECT TAXES :I* BE> MO/ HEAVILY ON ! MASSES4 ,BETWE5 #ahfe & #a#h#i#g1 :ILE ! POPULATION HAS REMA9$ CON/ANT1 ! 9COME FROM ! T>IFF HAS 9CREAS$ #a#h#c.01 ! PROCE$S ( ! TOBACCO MONOPOLY BY #d#i.01 LIQUOR TAXES BY #h#d.04 ,ALL ( ?IS 9DICATES A V]Y OBVI\S MAT]IAL GA9 = ALL ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 ! CO/S ( :I* >E L>GELY BORNE BY ! ONLY NON-POSSESS+ CLASS - ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC 9 ITS =EIGN AFFAIRS1 WAS 9 ITS 9T]NAL POLICIES1 GIVES AMPLE PRO( ( ITS USEFULNESS BY ITS ALLIANCE ) ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 ! *IEFTA9 ( ,EUROPEAN REACTION4 ,ONCE ITS GREATE/ 5EMY1 ,RUSSIA TODAY IS ! ,REPUBLIC'S B5EVOL5T PATRON & ALLY4 ,! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S HAVE NOT PASS$ OV] ! /AGE ( HI/ORY )\T LEAV+ !IR M>K4 ,!Y HAVE TRANS=M$ ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC FROM ! MU*-FE>$ SPECT] ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL 9TO ! NORMAL =M ( EXI/5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,TODAY ! ,REPUBLIC HAS ! SUPPORT ( ! MA9 BODY ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( ! PEASANTRY - ! SUSPICIONS ( ?IS ONE-TIME *IEF OPPON5T HAV+ BE5 DIS>M$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC'S PROV+ ITSELF A K9DLY PROTECTOR4 ,& ! WORK+ CLASS TOO1 /ILL LOYAL DESPITE ITS BE+ TREAT$ LIKE A /EP-*ILD1 IS NO LONG] ! SAME AS 9 ! DAYS ( ! FIR/ & SECOND C\PS D'ETAT4 ,POLITICALLY TRA9$1 CL>IFI$1 ORGANIZ$1 EV5 IF SPLIT 9TO FACTIONS1 ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT ( ,FRANCE1 :OSE P>TIES POLL$ NE>LY A MILLION VOTES 9 ! LA/ ELECTIONS TO ! ,*AMB]1 COMM&S RESPECT TODAY AS FIRM BULW>K ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,GR& ,ALLIANCE 9 ,B$LAM ,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ?IS MILIEU MON>*ISM IS R$UC$ TO A :OLLY DIFF]5T ROLE ?AN IT =M]LY PLAY$4 ,DUR+ ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR1 EV]YBODY REG>D$ ! NATIONALI/ CAMP AS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! C\P D'ETAT PURELY BECAUSE ( ! SLOGANS ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE1 EV5 AS EV]Y REACTION>Y LIKE ,MEL9E1 ,B>?\S1 OR ,RIBOT WAS CONSID]$ A MON>*I/ )\T FUR!R ?\Y1 ?IS CAMP WAS RA!R A R5DEZV\S ( HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS ) ! MO/ V>I$ GOALS & 9T]E/S4.<#e.> ,9 ! C5T]1 WE SEE ! COMPROMIS$ TOP RANKS ( ! >MY1 ! G5]AL /AFF1 & ITS ADH]5TS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE1 9 !IR FE> ( BE+ CALL$ TO TRIAL BE=E ! ,REPUBLICAN CIVIL AU?ORITIES1 W]E DRIV5 TO REBEL AGA9/ ?IS AU?ORITY4 ,BUT FUNDAM5TALLY1 !Y HAVE NO S]I\S 9T]E/ 9 ! RECON/ITUTION ( ! MON>*Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS JU/ 9 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC ?AT ! >MY WAS GLORIFI$ AS NEV] 9 ! PA/1 BECAUSE ( ! SPREAD ( AN IDIOTIC *AUV9I/ CULT & ?R\< V>I\S RE=MS & SPECIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,& ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR ITSELF HAS BE/ %[N ?AT ! MILIT>Y HEADS HAVE1 FROM !IR [N VIEWPO9T1 F\ND ! ,REPUBLIC TO BE A P>ADISE4 ,IT CAN EASILY BE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT A DESPOTISM & AUTOCRACY ( ! MILIT>Y *IEFS SU* AS EXI/$ UND] ! W+ ( ! OPPORTUNI/ ,REPUBLIC CANNOT BE SO EASILY CONCEIV$ ( UND] A MON>*I/ REGIME4 ,! MILIT>Y *IEFS C\LD NOT S]I\SLY FEEL A LONG+ = ! TI*Y4 ,!IR ANTI-REPUBLICANISM1 9 ?IS CASE1 WAS ONLY ! NATURAL =M ( SELF-DEF5SE ( SW9DL]S :O W]E UNMASK$ & CAUD UND] ! ,REPUBLIC1 WAT*+ = AN OPPORTUNITY TO /RANGLE IT4 ,NO D\BT ! CL]ICS EX]CIZ$ AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC OP9ION1 BUT !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( ANY ACTION1 APPE>+ ONLY AS ! /AGE MANAG]S & PROMPT]S1 & NOT AS ! ACTORS4 ,?IRDLY1 WE F9D A /RONG ANTI-,SEMITIC T5D5CY 9 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 ! L& ( SMALL 5T]PRISES & A ,JEWRY ACTIVE 9 ! F9ANCIAL WORLD4 ,! AGITATION AGA9/ ! 0,DREYFUS>DS01 AS ) EV]Y REACTION>Y CURR5T1 PROVID$ !M ) FAVORABLE GR\NDS = A NATIONALI/ DEMAGOGY4 ,BUT !Y HAD NO NE$ TO DECL>E !IR ALLEGIANCE TO A ,CES>EAN C\P D'ETAT1 NOR1 9 FACT1 DID !Y DECL>E SU* AN ALLEGIANCE4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ! REAL MON>*I/S4 ,SOME REPRES5T ! PEASANTRY 9 ! MO/ BACKW>D REGIONS ( ,FRANCE4 ,O!RS >E >I/OCRATS :O W]E =C$1 DUR+ NORMAL TIMES1 TO CONCLUDE AN OP5 PEACE ) ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC AS 0MON>*AL REPUBLICANS0 - OR AT LEA/ TO ACCOMODATE !MSELVES QUIETLY TO ! SITUATION - BUT :O N[1 TAK+ HE>T FROM ! CRISIS1 APPE> ON ! POLITICAL SC5E ) !IR 5T\RAGE ( J\RNALI/S & LITT]ATEURS4 ,IT IS TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT !SE ELEM5TS1 IMPOT5T BY !MSELVES1 %\LD1 %\LD] TO %\LD] ) ! PAPI/ HI]>*Y1 AT ONCE GR\P !MSELVES >\ND ! H>D-PRESS$ G5]ALS1 PU%+ !M =W>D AS ! /ORM+ P>TY & G5]ALLY US+ ! CRISIS = !IR [N PURPOSES4 ,NOR IS IT TO BE WOND]$ AT ?AT ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE1 TOGE!R ) ! REBELLI\S ATTITUDE ( ! COMPROMIS$ G5]AL /AFF1 %\LD GIVE ! 5TIRE CAMP A T+E ( ,CAES>ISM4 ,! MON>*I/ T5D5CIES1 9JECT+ !MSELVES 9TO ! ,NATIONALI/ CAMP FROM )\T1 REALLY F\ND NO PO9T ( CONTACT :ATSOEV]4 ,NOT ONLY WAS !RE NO IMPORTANT MOVEM5T 9 !IR DIRECTION FROM ANY CLASS 9 SOCIETY1 BUT !RE WAS NOT EV5 A FOCAL PO9T 9 ! =M ( A S]I\SLY REG>D$ PRET5D] TO ! ?RONE4 ,! ONE1 A ,FIR/ ,LIEUT5ANT 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY1 LEADS HIS OBSCURE EXI/5CE 9 A G>RISON ( A PROV9CIAL CITY ( ! ,CZ>'S ,EMPIRE1 & CAN NO LONG] REF] TO ,AU/]LITZ & ,J5A AS PRO( ( HIS LEGITIMACY1 BUT MU/ RELY ON ,S$AN & ,METZ4 ,! O!R1 A NON5TITY :O IDLES AB\T 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES1 HAS A FOLL[+ ( A C\PLE ( HUNDR$ GRAY-HAIR$ M5 & WOM5 :OSE 5TIRE 0AGITATION0 CONSI/$ ( GA!R+ AT AN ANNUAL BANQUET AS !Y LATELY DID ONCE MORE TO GIVE EXPRESSION 9 HACKNEY$ SPEE*ES TO !IR HOPES 9 ! 0C\RSE ( EV5TS04 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! UNIT$ ACTION ( ?IS CAMP HAD TO CONT5T ITSELF ) :IPP+ UP A *AUV9I/ DELIRIUM1 ) ,JEW-BAIT+1 & ) A GLORIFICATION ( ! >MY IT SURPASS$ ALL PREVI\S P]=MANCES4 ,BUT NE>LY EV]Y?+ WAS MISS+ = A S]I\S POLITICAL ACT1 LIKE ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,!Y LACK$ 9T]NAL COHESIV5ESS4 ORGANIZATION1 A PROGRAM ( ACTION1 & ABOVE ALL1 AN 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I*1 AS 9 ! PREVI\S CASES1 C>RI$ ! MON>*Y 9 ITS WOMB & AWAIT$ BUT A C\P D'ETAT TO GIVE IT BIR?4 ,! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR PROVID$ AN ISSUE TO RALLY >\ND4 ,IT C\LD SUPPLY ! BASIS = A MON>*I/ AGITATION1 IT C\LD EV5 FURNI% ! POLITICAL MOTIVE = ! EXECUTION ( A C\P D'ETAT1 BUT IT C\LD NOT SUPPLY ! POSITIVE =CES :I* W]E LACK+ = AN OV]?R[4 ,MON>*ISM PROVID$ ! \TW>D COLORATION1 NOT ! CONT5T ( ! CRISIS4 ,! ,9DEP5D5T ROLE ( ! ,>MY ,! LATT] LAY 9 A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,EV5 AS ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC WAS EVOLV+ 9TO ! F9AL =M ( ! POLITICAL RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT WAS ALSO SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOP+ ALL ITS 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,ONE ( !SE FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS IS ?AT BETWE5 A ,REPUBLIC BAS$ UPON ! RULE ( A B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T & A BIG /&+ >MY ADAPT$ TO ! NE$S ( COLONIAL & WORLD POLITICS4 ,9 A /RONG MON>*Y1 ! >MY IS R$UC$1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 TO AN OB$I5T TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! EXECUTIVE P[]4 ,H[EV]1 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC1 ) ITS MOM5T>ILY *ANG+ GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ ( CIVILIANS1 ) AN ELECT$ *IEF-(-/ATE :OSE PO/ MAY GO ANY ONE ( ! 0RABBLE01 :E!R =M]LY A TANN]'S APPR5TICE OR A SLICK-TONGU$ LAWY]1 ! >MY1 ) ITS \TSPOK5 CA/E-SPIRIT1 NATURALLY %[S ! T5D5CY TO BECOME AN 9DEP5D5T P[]1 ONLY LOOSELY TI$ TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS AS A :OLE4 ,! CULTIVATION ( 0PRESSURE GR\P0 POLITICS ON ! P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( ,FRANCE HAS GONE SO F> AS TO RESULT !IR FALL+ 9TO SEP>ATE GR\PS1 :I*1 )\T ANY FEEL+ ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! :OLE1 HAVE MADE ! GOV]NM5T & P>LIAM5T A PLAY?+ ( !IR SPECIAL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 GIV5 RISE TO ! >MY DEVELOP+ FROM AN 9/RUM5T ( ! /ATE 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T 0PRESSURE GR\P0 ( ITS [N1 PREP>$ TO DEF5D ITS 9T]E/S )\T REG>D = ! ,REPUBLIC1 DESPITE ! ,REPUBLIC1 & AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! P>LIAM5T>Y ,REPUBLIC & ! /&+ >MY CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY ?R\< ! DISSOLUTION ( ! >MY 9TO ! CIVIL POPULATION & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CIVIL POPULATION 9TO ! >MY4 ,?IS W\LD MEAN *ANG+ ! >MY FROM AN 9/RUM5T ( CONQUE/ & COLONIAL RULE 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( NATIONAL DEF5SE ,9 %ORT1 ! SOLUTION MU/ BE F\ND 9 REPLAC+ ! /&+ >MY BY A MILITIA4 ,AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE1 ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS WILL CONT9UE TO RESULT 9 P]IODIC CRISES1 9 CLA%ES BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC & ITS [N >MY1 :I* ! OBVI\S RESULTS ( ! >MY'S GR[+ 9DEP5D5CE1 ITS CORRUPTION & 9SUBORD9ATION1 BECOME EV] MORE PROM95T4.<#f.> ,! MUT9Y ( ! MILIT>Y HEADS WAS ONE AS ( !IR ATTEMPT TO ASS]T !IR 9DEP5D5CE ( ! REPUBLICAN CIVIL AU?ORITIES4 ,IT BY NO MEANS 9DICAT$ A DESIRE TO LOSE ?IS 9DEP5D5CE 5TIRELY ?R\< ! E/ABLI%M5T ( MON>*Y4 ,H5CE ! F>CICAL *>ACT] ( ! ACTIONS ( ! MON>*I/S4 ,A /ORMY PILL[-FI-SPLITT+ TUMULT BY ! ANTI-,SEMITIC R[DIES1 ! APPE>ANCE ( *E]+ CR[DS BE=E ! (FICES ( ! ,NATIONALI/ PRESS1 & ! NOISY %ATT]+ ( W9D[S 9 ! (FICES ( ! PRO-,DREYFUS PAP]S1 ! 9SULT+ ( 9NOC5T PASS]SBY1 ! ATTEMPT TO HEAT UP ! PRESID5T AT ! RACE TRACK 444 BUT 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS ELECTRICALLY-*>G$1 N]VE-WRACK+ ATMOSPH]E - NOT A S+LE S]I\S POLITICAL MOVEM5T TO C>RY ?R\< A C\P D'ETAT 4 ,! F]M5T CAME TO A HEAD 9 ?AT GREAT HI/ORICAL MOM5T :5 ! EXTRAVAGANT BUFFOON1 ,D]\L$E1 GRABB$ ,G5]AL ,ROGET'S BRIDLE AS HE WAS LEAD+ HIS TROOPS 9TO ! B>RACKS &1 ) AN EMPHATIC POSE1 S\Y UNI=M PROV$ WIS] ?AN ! FOOL 9 CIVILIAN CLO!S & A SWORD /ROKE ACROSS ,D]\L$E'S F+]S WAS ! ANSW] TO ! BEAU GE/E ( ! ANTI ,SEMITIC LEAD]S4 ,?US 5D$ ! SOLE ATTEMPT AT A MON>*I/ C\P D'ETAT4.<#g.> ,COM$IANS - ,MON>*AL & ,SOCIALI/ ,EV5TS 9 A WORD W]E CONSID]ABLY DIFF]5T ?AN !Y APPE>$ ON ! SURFACE4 ,H]E1 AS EV]1 ! SECURITY ( ! ,REPUBLIC DID NOT DEP5D ON 9DIVIDUAL 0SAVIORS01 ABOVE ALL NOT ON A M9I/]'S SEAT1 BUT UPON ! :OLE 9T]NAL RELATION%IP ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,IT IS EASY TO UND]/& H[ ! DANG] ( A C\P D'ETAT 9 ,FRANCE C\LD APPE> TO BE S]I\S & GREAT 9 ! MID/ ( !-TUMULT ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE1 :]E AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ( ! PH5OM5A IS V]Y DIFFICULT1 VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE = ! P>TICIPANTS1 & :]E1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 ! EV5TS & FACTS ASSUME EXAGG]AT$ DIM5SIONS4 ,AN 5]GETIC ACTION WAS NATURAL ON ! P>T ( ! REPUBLICANS TO HOLD ! NATIONALI/ MOB & ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF 9 *ECK - & AN ACTION \TSIDE ( P>LIAM5T WAS AN EV5 MORE CRY+ NE$4 ,BUT TO ADH]E TO SU* VIEWS BORN 9 ! DAILY /RUGGLE TODAY1 AFT] ! CRISIS IS OV] & :5 IT CAN BE SE5 FROM A DI/ANCE1 & TO CELEBRATE 9 ALL S]I\SNESS ! CAB9ET ( ,MILL]& AS ! TRUE 0SAVIORS0 ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 IS NO?+ ELSE BUT AN EXAMPLE ( ?AT VULG> HI/ORICAL ME?OD1 :I*1 AS A C\NT]P>T ( VULG> ECONOMICS1 PRES5TS ! EV5TS M]ELY AS !Y PRES5T !MSELVES ON ! SURFACE ( POLITICAL LIFE & UND]/&S HI/ORY TO BE ! WORK ( M9I/]S & O!R 0IMPORTANT0 PEOPLE1 9/EAD ( UND]/&+ ITS TRUE 9T]NAL RELATION%IPS4 ,MILL]&'S SALVATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC IS TO BE TAK5 JU/ AS S]I\SLY AS ! MON>*I/ ?REAT PRES5T$ BY ,D]\L$E4 .<#a.> ,) ! C\P D'ETAT ( ! ,EITE ASSUM$ SUPREME P[]4 ,RETURN+ FROM ,EGYPT A NATIONAL H]O1 HE HAD NO TR\BLE 9 PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! ,DIRECTORATE1 DISSOLV+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,FIVE ,HUNDR$ AT BAYONET PO9T1 & =C+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ELD]S TO APPO9T HIM ,FIR/ ,CONSUL1 ! O!R TWO CONSULS BE+ M]E FIGUREHEADS4 ,! /REAM ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 LO/ = YE>S 9 ! /AGNANT M>%ES ( ! ,DIRECTORATE1 WAS DAMM$ UP = GOOD BY ! ,EI ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON - 0,NAPOLEON ! ,LITTLE01 ! NEPHEW ( ,NAPOLEON ,I - WAS ELECT$ PRESID5T ( ! NEWBORN ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#h#d#h1 A FEW MON?S AFT] ! 9SURG5T WORK]S ( ,P>IS HAD BE5 CRU%$ 9 ! 0,JUNE ,DAYS04 ,AFT] ?REE YE>S ( P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 ON ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#h#e#a1 ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ,AU/]LITZ1 HE DISSOLV$ ! ,*AMB] ILLEGALLY1 HAD ! P>TY LEAD]S >RE/$1 &1 A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 HAD HIMSELF REELECT$ PRESID5T 9 A NATIONAL PLEBISCITE4 0,ON ,DECEMB] #c0 WRITES ,M>X 9 ,! ,EIY ,REVOLUTION IS CONJUR$ AWAY BY A C>D-%>P]'S TRIO60 - ,D4,M4 .<#c.> ,LUXEMBURG SEEMS TO BE ?9K+ H]E ( ! F9AL TRANSITION TO A MON>*AL REGIME RA!R ?AN ! FIR/ SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,! ,EITE TO BE MADE CONSUL = LIFE80 ,! LIFE CONSULATE1 9 TURN1 PREP>$ ! WAY = ! F9AL CR[N+ ( ,NAPOLEON AS ,EMP]OR ( ! ,FR5* 9 #a#h#d4 ,SO1 TOO1 ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON WAS ELECT$ PRESID5T BY PLEBISCITE ON ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#h#e#a1 ?REE WEEKS AFT] HIS 9ITIAL C\P4 ,?IS SET ! /AGE = ANO!R PLEBISCITE1 ON ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#h#e#b1 :I* GAVE HIM SUPREME P[] & ! TITLE ,EMP]OR ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 - ,D4,M4 .<#d.> ,TWO ( ! MANY GOV]NM5TAL SC&ALS ( ?IS P]IOD ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,PANAMA ,CANAL AFFAIR WAS ESPECIALLY S]I\S4 ,F]D9& DE ,LESSEPS1 ! 5G9E] ( ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL1 9 #ahh ORGANIZ$ A COMPANY TO CUT A CANAL ?R\< ! ,I/HMUS ( ,PANAMA4 ,! ,FR5* PUBLIC 9VE/$ @s#b#e11 9 ! S*EME1 BUT NO WORK WAS DONE ( ANY IMPORTANCE1 & ! COMPANY W5T BANKRUPT4 ,9 #ahib ! SUICIDE ( ,B>AN ,RE9A*1 A BANK] CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ,DE ,LESSEPS1 PRECIPITAT$ A 0,/AVISKY ,CRISIS0 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,OV] ONE HUNDR$ MEMB]S ( ! TWO NATIONAL *AMB]S W]E 9VOLV$1 9CLUD+ ! PRESID5T ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 :O ADMITT$ HE HAD RECEIV$ @s#f1 = HIS S]VICES4 ,! AFFAIR CAUS$ ! FALL ( TWO CAB9ETS4 - ,D4,M4 .<#e.> ,CF4 ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 #aL? ,$ITION1 ON ?IS SITUATION3 0,! OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T WAS HET]OG5E\S4 ,IT 9CLUD$ ! FEW MON>*I/S LEFT 9 ! ,*AMB]1 ! NATIONALI/S 444 & A NUMB] ( 444 REPUBLICANS 444 ,! ABLE/ LEAD]S ( ! OPPOSITION W]E ALL MALCONT5T REPUBLICANS4 4 4 ,! MO/ CONSPICU\S OPPON5TS ( ! CAB9ET W]E ?REE EX-PRIME M9I/]S3 ,M,M4 ,MEL9E1 ,*>LES ,DUPUY1 & ,RIBOT40 - ,D4,M4 .<#f.> ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ?IS P>AGRAPH WAS WRITT5 =TY YE>S AGO4 ,IT HAS LONG BE5 CLE> &1 NO D\BT1 BECAME CLE> 5\< ,LUXEMBURG H]SELF DUR+ ! W> - ?AT 0DEMOCRATIZATION0 ( ! >MY MEANS LITTLE SO LONG AS IT IS US$ TO DEF5D ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 & ?AT ! CONT5T ( 0NATIONAL DEF5SE0 HAS EVAPORAT$ 9 ! P]IOD ( IMP]IALISM4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ HAS *ANG$ ON ?IS PO9T1 IT IS 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E ) ,LUXEMBURG'S REASON+1 SECTION #dc ( ! W> RESOLUTION ADOPT$ BY ! ,SIX? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#b#h3 0,9 IMP]IALI/ ,/ATES ! ATTITUDE ( ! PROLET>IAT T[>DS >MIES IS DET]M9$ BY ! FOLL[+3 ,NO MATT] :AT !IR =M ( ORGANIZATION MAY BE1 >MIES >E A CON/ITU5T P>T ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* ! PROLET>IAT1 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS REVOLUTION1 MU/ NOT DEMOCRATIZE1 BUT BREAK UP4 ,?IS ATTITUDE MU/ BE MA9TA9$ EQUALLY T[>DS /&+ >MIES & DEMOCRATIC MILITIA1 = BO? !SE =MS ( MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION REPRES5T ! >M$ =CES ( ! B\RGEOISIE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SECTION #de ALSO HAS SOME S5T5CES TO ! PRES5T PO9T3 0,B\RGEOIS MILITIA1 UNIV]SAL MILIT>Y S]VICE1 ! MILIT>Y TRA9+ ( Y\?1 ETC4 W]E ALL AT ONE TIME ADVOCAT$ BY REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 H[EV]1 !Y S]VE AS ORD9>Y REACTION>Y 9/RUM5TS = OPPRESS+ ! MASSES & = PREP>+ = IMP]IALI/ W>S40 - ,D4,M4 .<#g.> ,?IS F>CICAL ATTEMPT AT A C\P WAS CONNECT$ ) ! ,DREYFUS ,CASE4 ,PRESID5T ,FAURE1 :O WAS VIOL5TLY ANTI-,DREYFUS1 DI$ E>LY 9 #a#h#i#i4 ,HIS SUCCESSOR WAS ,M4 ,L\BET1 :O WAS KN[N TO BE SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,DREYFUS>DS & :O1 9 FACT1 A FEW MON?S LAT] GRANT$ A P>DON TO ,DREYFUS1 AT ! SUGGE/ION ( ! NEW PREMI]1 ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU4 ,! 0ATTEMPT TO BEAT UP ! PRESID5T AT ! RACE TRACK0 WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,L\BET AT ,AUTEUIL 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#i#i4 ,! 0GREAT HY/]ICAL MOM5T0 TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! FUN]AL ( ,PRESID5T ,FAURE4 ,D]\L$E WAS A POET :O DABBL$ 9 POLITICS & :O SOME YE>S E>LI]1 AS PRESID5T ( 0,! ,LEAGUE ( ,PATRIOTS01 HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ,G5]AL ,B\LANG]'S CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,D]\L$E1 NATURALLY1 WAS AN ANTI-,DREYFUS>D1 AS WAS ,G5]AL ,ROGET - BUT ! LATT]1 AS ,LUXEMBURG REM>KS1 WAS LESS ( A FOOL & SO REFUS$ TO M>*4 - ,D4,M4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/