,P>T #b 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,IF ! EXI/5CE ( ! REPUBLIC HAD DEP5D$ UPON ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET1 IT W\LD HAVE P]I%$ LONG AGO4 ,! BUFFOON]Y ( ! MON>*I/ 9SURRECTION WAS MAT*$ BY ! BUFFOON]Y ( ! REPUBLICAN DEF5SE4 

,SELDOM HAS A GOV]NM5T TAK5 ! HELM 9 A MORE S]I\S MOM5T & SELDOM HAS A GOV]NM5T HAD GREAT] HOPES PLAC$ 9 IT4 ,IT IS TIME ?AT ! MON>*I/ DANG] WAS MORE ( A SPECT] ?AN A REALITY4 ,! REALLY S]I\S POSSIBILITY1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT ! GU]RILLA W> ) ! MON>*I/ ELEM5TS W\LD REVEAL TO ! 9SUBORD9ATE >MY *IEFS & MUT9Y-PREA*+ CL]GY ! IMPOT5CE ( ! ,REPUBLIC &1 !REBY1 MAKE REPETITIONS ( SIMIL> CRISES 9EVITABLE 9 ! FUTURE4 

,! EYES ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD W]E TURN$ TO ,FRANCE4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PROVE H] ABILITY TO EXI/ AS AN ORD]LY /ATE4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO %[ ?AT B\RGEOIS ,FRANCE /ILL WAS P[]FUL 5\< TO ISOLATE & NEUTRALIZE ! ELEM5TS ( DIS9TEGRATION ?AT IT HAD PRODUC$4 

,! MEASURES TO BE TAK5 W]E DICTAT$ BY ! SITUATION ITSELF4 ,IF ! >MY HAS GR[N TO AN 9DEP5D5T BODY & POS$ ITSELF AGA9/ ! ORGANISM ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO LAY ! AX TO ITS 9DEP5D5CE & TO DRAW IT CLOS] TO CIVILIAN SOCIETY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ! C\RT-M>TIAL & ! %ORT5+ ( ! P]IOD ( MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,IF ! PRIE/S SUPPORT ! REBELLI\S T5D5CIES ( ! MILIT>I/S & AGITATE AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY !IR P[] ?R\< ! DISSOLUTION ( ! RELIGI\S ORD]S1 CONFISCATION ( !IR PROP]TY & SEP>ATION ( ! S*OOL FROM ! *UR* & ! *UR* FROM ! /ATE4 

,& ABOVE ALL1 IF ! CORRUPTION 9 ! >MY & ! LEGAL LYN*+ ( ,DREYFUS - ) ITS COMPLEX WEB ( LIES1 FALSIFICATIONS1 P]JURIES1 & O!R CRIMES - IF ?IS HAS COMPLETELY %ATT]$ ! PRE/IGE ( ,FRANCE1 BO? 9T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO REE/ABLI% ! AU?ORITY ( REPUBLICAN JU/ICE BY MAK+ AN EXAMPLE ( ! GUILTY ONES1 BY P>DON+ ALL ?OSE UNJU/LY CONVICT$1 & BY ! FULL CL>IFICATION ( ! ISSUES4 

,! CAB9ET HAS BE5 AT ! HELM = N9ETE5 MON?S4 ,IT HAS TWICE \TLIV$ ! AV]AGE LIFE-SPAN ( A ,FR5* CAB9ET - ! FATAL N9E MON?S4 ,:AT HAS IT ACCOMPLI%$8 

,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E A MORE EXTREME CONTRADICTION BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS1 BETWE5 TASK & ACCOMPLI%M5T1 BETWE5 ! ADVANCE ADV]TISEM5T & ! SUBSEQU5T P]=MANCE ?AN IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! EXPECTATIONS R\S$ BY ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET & ITS A*IEVEM5TS4 

  

,FIR/ - ,! ,>MY 

,! :OLE PROGRAM ( RE=M ( MILIT>Y JU/ICE HAS N[ BE5 R$UC$ TO ! PROMISE ( ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT 0MITIGAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES0 9 ! C\RSE ( C\RT-M>TIAL PROCE$+S4 ,! SOCIALI/1 ,PA/RE1 SPEAK+ 9 ! ,*AMB] ON ,DECEMB] #bg ( LA/ YE>1 PROPOS$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! TWO YE> MILIT>Y T]M1 A RE=M ALREADY 9TRODUC$ 9 SEMI-ABSOLUTI/ ,G]MAN74 ,! ,RADICAL ,M9I/] ( ,REPUBLICAN ,DEF5SE1 ,G5]AL ,&RE1 ANSW]$ ?AT HE C\LD TAKE NO POSITION ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,! SOCIALI/1 ,DEJEANTE1 DEM&$ 9 ! SAME SESSION ?AT ! CL]GY BE REMOV$ FROM ! MILIT>Y ACADEMIES1 ?AT ! RELIGI\S P]SONNEL ( ! MILIT>Y HOSPITAL BE REPLAC$ BY A SECUL> P]SONNEL1 & ?AT ! DI/RIBUTION ( RELIGI\S PUBLICATIONS BY ! >MY BE 5D$4 ,! ,M9I/] ( ,REPUBLICAN ,DEF5SE1 :OSE TASK IT WAS TO SECUL>IZE ! >MY1 ANSW]$ ) A BLUNT REJECTION ( ! PROPOSALS & A GLORIFICATION ( ! SPIRITUALITY ( ! >MY - AMID ! /ORMY APPLAUSE ( ! ,NATIONALI/S4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i1 ! SOCIALI/S D5\NC$ A S]IES ( T]RIBLE ABUSES 9 ! >MY1 BUT ! GOV]NM5T REJECT$ EV]Y PROPOSAL = A P>LIAM5T>Y 9VE/IGATION4 ,! ,RADICAL1 ,VIGNE D',OCTON MADE SOME GRUESOME REVELATIONS 9 ! ,*AMB] 7SESSION ( ,DECEMB] #g1 #a#i7 ON ! CONDUCT ( ! ,FR5* MILIT>Y REGIME 9 ! COLONIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,MADAGASC> & ,9DO-,*9A4 ,! GOV]NM5T REJECT$ ! PROPOSAL = A P>LIAM5T>Y 9QUIRY AS BE+ 0DANG]\S & PURPOSELESS04 ,F9ALLY CAME ! CLIMAX3 ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> M\NT$ ! TRIBUNE ( ! ,*AMB] TO TELL ( HIS H]OIC DEF5SE ( - AN (FIC] ( ! ,DRAGOONS :O WAS BOYCOTT$ BY HIS COLLEAGUES = HAV+ M>RI$ A DIVORCEE4 

  

,NEXT - ,! ,*UR* 

,A LEGAL =MULA IS DEVIS$ :I* COV]S ! MONA/IC ORD]S ) ! SAME PROVISIONS ?AT APPLY 9 ! CASE ( OP5 SOCIETIES4 ,ITS APPLICATION AGA9/ ! CL]GY WILL DEP5D UPON ! GOOD WILL & ITS APPLICATION AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/S UPON ! BAD WILL ( FUTURE M9I/]S4 

,! ,REPUBLIC HAS 9 NO WAY WEAK5$ ! AU?ORIZ$ ORD]S4 ,!N /ILL HAVE !IR PROP]TY ( ALMO/ #d MILLION FRANCS1 !IR /ATE SUBSIDIZ$ SECUL> CL]GY HEAD$ BY #hg ,BI%OPS1 !IR #hg SEM9>IES1 !IR #d#b1 PRIE/S1 & !IR BUDGET = PUBLICATIONS ( AB\T #d MILLION FRANCS4 ,! *IEF /R5G? ( ! CL]GY LIES 9 ITS 9FLU5CE UPON ! $UCATION ( TWO MILLION ,FR5* *ILDR5 :O >E AT PRES5T BE+ POISON$ 9 ! P>O*IAL S*OOLS & MADE 9TO 5EMIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! GOV]NM5T BE/IRS ITSELF & PROHIBITS SU* 9/RUCTION - BY NON-AU?ORIZ$ RELIGI\S ORD]S4 ,BUT ALMO/ ! 5TIRE RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION IS PRECISELY 9 ! H&S ( ! AU?ORIZ$ ORD]S & ! ,RADICAL RE=M RESULTS 9 #a#e1 \T ( #b MILLION *ILDR5 BE+ RESCU$ FROM ! HOLY WAT] SPR9KL]S4 ,! CAPITULATION ( ! GOV]NM5T TO ! *UR* WAS 9TRODUC$ ) ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU'S SPEE* 9 :I* HE PAID HIS RESPECTS TO ! POPE & WAS SEAL$ ) ! VOTE ( CONFID5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T (F]$ BY ! ,NATIONALI/S4 

  

,GR& ,CLIMAX3 ,! ,AMNE/Y ,LAWS 

,! 0DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC0 A LA ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU REA*$ ITS GR& CLIMAX LA/ ,DECEMB] ) ! ADOPTION ( ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW4 

,= TWO YE>S ,FRANCE WAS 9 A TURMOIL4 ,= TWO YE>S ! CRY W5T UP = TRU?1 LI<T1 & JU/ICE4 ,= TWO YE>S A JUDICIAL MURD] WEI<$ UPON ITS CONSCI5CE4 ,SOCIETY WAS BE+ LIT]ALLY SUFFOCAT$ 9 ! POISON$ ATMOSPH]E ( LIES1 P]JURIES1 & FALSIFICATIONS4 

,AT LA/ ! GOV]NM5T ( ,REPUBLICAN ,DEF5SE >RIV$ ON ! SC5E4 ,ALL ! WORLD HELD ITS BREA?4 ,! 0GREAT SUN ( JU/ICE0 WAS AB\T TO RISE4 

,& IT ROSE4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #ai ! GOV]NM5T HAD ! ,*AMB] ADOPT A LAW :I* GU>ANTE$ IMMUNITY TO ALL *>G$ ) CRIME1 :I* D5I$ LEGAL SATISFACTION TO ?OSE FALSELY ACCUS$1 & QUA%$ ALL TRIALS ALREADY 9 PROCESS4 ,?OSE :O W]E YE/]DAY DECL>$ ! MO/ DANG]\S 5EMIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC >E TODAY AGA9 TAK5 TO ITS BOSOM AS PRODIGAL SONS RETURN$ HOME4 ,9 ORD] TO DEF5D ! ,REPUBLIC1 A G5]AL P>DON IS EXT5D$ TO ALL ITS ATTACK]S4 ,9 ORD] TO REHABILITATE ,REPUBLICAN JU/ICE1 ALL VICTIMS ( ! JUDICIAL FRAME-UPS >E D5I$ ! OPPORTUNITY = V9DICATION4 

,PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALISM RAN TRUE TO TYPE4 ,9 #ahic ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS TOOK ! HELM ?R\< ! ,CAB9ET ( ,RIBOT TO LIQUIDATE ! CRISIS CAUS$ BY ! ,PANAMA SC&AL4 ,BUT BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC WAS DECL>$ 9 DANG]1 ! ACCUS$ DEPUTIES W]E NOT PROSECUT$ & ! :OLE AFFAIR WAS ALL[$ TO DISSOLVE 9TO ?9 AIR4 ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU1 COMMISSION$ TO H&LE ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR1 DISSOLVES IT 9 A COMPLETE FIASCO 09 ORD] TO CLOSE ! DOOR TO ! MON>*I/ DANG]04 

,! PATT]N IS AN OLD ONE3 

,! %ATT]+ OV]TURE ?AT ANN\NCES ! BATTLE LOSES ITSELF 9 A TIMID GR[L AS SOON AS ! ACTION IS TO />T4 ,! ACTORS CEASE TO TAKE !MSELVES S]I\SLY1 & ! P]=MANCE FALLS FLAT LIKE AN 9FLAT$ BALLOON ?AT IS PRICK$ ) A NE$LE4 7,M>X1 ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE47 

,WAS IT TO REALIZE !SE GROTESQUE1 PIDDL+1 LAU<ABLE MEASURES- ,I SPEAK NOT FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( SOCIALISM1 OR EV5 ( A HALF-WAY CAPABLE RADICAL P>TY1 BUT M]ELY 9 COMP>ISON TO ! REPUBLICAN MEASURES ( ! OPPORTUNI/S 9 ! '#hS1 LIKE ,GAMBETTA1 ,JULES ,F]RY1 ,CON/ANT1 & ,TIR>D - WAS IT = ?IS ?AT A SOCIALI/1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( WORK+-CLASS P[]1 HAD TO BE TAK5 9TO ! CAB9ET8 

,! OPPORTUNI/ ,GAMBETTA1 ) HIS MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS1 DEM&$ 9 #ahgi ! REMOVAL ( ALL MON>*I/S FROM GOV]NM5T S]VICE &1 ?R\< ?IS AGITATION1 DROVE ,MAC,MAHON FROM ! PRESID5CY4 ,9 #ahh !SE SAME 0RESPECTABLE0 ,REPUBLICANS C>RI$ ?R\< ! EXPULSION ( ! ,JESUITS1 & A SY/EM ( COMPULSORY1 FREE $UCATION4 ,! OPPORTUNI/ ,JULES ,F]RY DROVE OV] SIX HUNDR$ MON>*I/ JUDGES FROM ! B5* 9 HIS JUDICIAL RE=MS 9 #ahhc & DEALT A H>D BL[ AT ! CL]GY ) HIS LAW ON DIVORCE ,! OPPORTUNI/S ,CON/ANT & ,TIR>D1 9 ORD] TO CUT ! GR\ND FROM UND] ,B\LANGISM1 R$UC$ ! T]M ( MILIT>Y S]VICE FROM FIVE TO ?REE YE>S4 

,! RADICAL CAB9ET ( ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU FAIL$ TO EV5 RISE TO ! /ATURE ( !SE MO/ MODE/ REPUBLICAN MEASURES ( ! OPPORTUNI/S4 ,9 A S]IES ( EQUIVOCAL MANEUV]S 9 ! C\RSE ( N9ETE5 MON?S IT ACCOMPLI%$ NO?+1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+4 ,IT DID NOT C>RY \T ! LEA/ REORGANIZATION ( MILIT>Y JU/ICE4 ,IT DID NOT BR+ AB\T ! SLI<TE/ R$UCTION 9 ! P]IOD ( MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,IT DID NOT TAKE ONE DECISIVE /EP TO DRIVE ! MON>*I/S \T ( ! >MY1 JUDICI>Y1 & ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT DID NOT UND]TAKE A S+LE ?OR\< MEASURE AGA9/ ! CL]ICALS4 ,! ONE ?+ IT DID DO WAS TO MA9TA9 ITS POSE ( FE>LESSNESS1 FIRMNESS1 9FLEXIBILITY - ! CLASSIC POSE ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS :5 !Y GET 9TO HOT WAT]4 ,F9ALLY1 AFT] MU* ADO1 IT DECL>$ ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC IS NOT 9 A POSITION TO DO ANY?+ AB\T ! B& ( MILIT>Y ROGUES & SIMPLY MU/ LET !M GO4 ,WAS IT = ?IS ?AT ! COLLABORATION ( A SOCIALI/ WAS NECESS>Y 9 ! ,CAB9ET8 

  

,H[ 0,NECESS>Y0 ,WAS ,MILL]&8 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ,MILL]& WAS P]SONALLY 9DISP5SABLE = ! BUILD+ ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET4 ,AS F> AS IS G5]ALLY KN[N1 ,FRANCE IS NOT SUFF]+ FROM A LACK ( M5 :O >E COVET\S ( A CAB9ET PORTFOLIO4 ,IF ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU C\LD F9D TWO USEFUL ,G5]ALS 9 ! RANKS ( ! REBELLI\S >MY TO S]VE AS ,M9I/]S ( ,W>1 HE C\LD HAVE F\ND A HALF-DOZ5 M5 9 HIS [N P>TY :O W]E EAG] = ! PO/ ( ,M9I/] ( ,COMM]CE4 ,BUT AFT] ONE HAS COME TO KN[ ! RECORD ( ! CAB9ET1 ONE MU/ 9 ANY CASE ADMIT ?AT ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU C\LD HAVE CALMLY TAK5 ANY AGREEABLE ,RADICAL AS A C[ORK] & ! COM$Y ( ! 0DEF5SE ( ! REPUBLIC0 W\LD NOT HAVE COME \T ONE HAIR WORSE4 ,! ,RADICALS HAVE ALWAYS UND]/OOD H[ TO COMPROMISE !MSELVES )\T \TSIDE ASSI/ANCE4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! MON>*I/ DANG]1 :I* SC>$ EV]YONE SO MU* DUR+ ! ,DREYFUS CRISIS1 WAS MORE ( A PHANTOM ?AN REALITY4 ,! 0DEF5SE0 ( ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU1 !RE=E1 WAS NOT NECESS>Y TO SAVE ! ,REPUBLIC FROM A C\P D'ETAT4 ,?OSE1 H[EV]1 :O /ILL TODAY DEF5D ! 5TRY ( ,MILL]& 9TO ! GOV]NM5T AS !Y DID TWO YE>S AGO1 & PO9T TO ! MON>*I/ DANG] AS BO? ! MOTIVE = ! 5TRY & = REMA9+1 >E PLAY+ A DANG]\S GAME4 ,! MORE S]I\S ONE PA9TS ! PICTURE1 ! MORE PITIFUL APPE> ! ACTIONS ( ! CAB9ET1 & ! MORE QUE/IONABLE ! ROLE ( ! SOCIALI/S :O P>TICIPAT$4 

,IF ! MON>*I/ DANG] WAS V]Y SLI<T1 AS WE S\<T TO E/ABLI%1 !N ! RESCU+ EF=TS ( ! GOV]NM5T BEGUN ) POMP & CIRCUM/ANCE & 5D$ 9 FIASCO1 W]E A F>CE4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! DANG] WAS GREAT & S]I\S1 !N ! %AM ACTIONS ( ! CAB9ET W]E A BETRAYAL ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ( ! P>TIES ?AT PLAC$ !IR CONFID5CE 9 IT4 

,9 EI!R CASE1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS NOT1 9 S5D+ ,MILL]& 9TO ! CAB9ET1 TAK5 OV] ?AT 0L>GE %>E ( RESPONSIBILITY0 :I* ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS SPEAK ( SO PR\DLY4 ,IT HAS M]ELY FALL5 HEIR TO A P>T ( ! %AMEFUL 0REPUBLICAN0 DISGRACE ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALISM4 

,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! HOPES CONFID$ 9 ! CAB9ET ( ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU & ITS ACTUAL A*IEVEM5TS HAS CONFRONT$ ! ,JAURES-,MILL]& SECTION ( ,FR5* SOCIALISM ) BUT ONE ALT]NATIVE4 ,IT C\LD CONFESS ITS DISILLUSIONM5T1 ADMIT ! USELESSNESS ( ,MILL]&'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 & DEM& HIS RESIGNATION4 ,OR IT C\LD DECL>E ITSELF SATISFI$ ) ! POLITICS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 PRON\NCE ! REALITIES TO BE JU/ :AT IT HAD EXPECT$1 & GRADUALLY TONE D[N ITS EXPECTATIONS & DEM&S TO CORRESPOND ) ! GRADUAL EVAPORATION ( ! GOV]NM5T'S WILL-TO-ACTION4 

,AS LONG AS ! CAB9ET AVOID$ ! MA9 QUE/ION & REMA9$ 9 ! /AGE ( PRELIM9>Y SKIRMI%ES - & ?IS /AGE LA/$ AN 5TIRE EI<TE5 MON?S - ALL POLITICAL T5D5CIES ?AT FOLL[$ ITS POLICIES1 9CLUD+ ! SOCIALI/S1 C\LD /ILL DRIFT ALONG ) IT4 ,H[EV]1 ! FIR/ DECISIVE /EP ( ! GOV]NM5T - ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW - PU%$ MATT]S \T ( !IR TWILI<T ZONE 9TO ! CLE> LI<T ( DAY4 

  

0,! ,:OLE ,TRU?60 

,! \TCOME ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR WAS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! ,JAURES GR\P1 :E!R !Y LIK$ IT OR NOT4 ,TO PLAY ON ?IS C>D1 & ?IS C>D ONLY1 HAD BE5 !IR TACTIC = TWO FULL YE>S4 ,! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR WAS ! AXIS ( ALL !IR POLITICS4 ,!Y DESCRIB$ IT AS 0ONE ( ! GREATE/ BATTLES ( ! C5TURY1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY60 7,JAURES 9 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,AUGU/ #a#b1 #a#h#i#i74 ,TO %R9K FROM ?IS GREAT TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD MEAN 0! WOR/ ABDICATION1 ! WOR/ HUMILIATION0 7IBID41 ,JULY #a#e1 #a#h#i#i74 0,T\TE LA V]ITE6 ,LA PLE9E LUMI]E60 ,! :OLE TRU?1 FULL LI<T1 ?AT WAS ! GOAL ( ! SOCIALI/ CAMPAIGN4 ,NO?+ C\LD /OP ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS - NEI!R DIFFICULTIES NOR NATIONALI/ MANEUV]S NOR ! PROTE/S ( ! SOCIALI/ GR\P L$ BY ,GUESDE & ,VAILLANT4 

,WE BATTLE ONW>D1 .<,JAURES CALL$ \T ) NOBLE PRIDE.> & IF ! JUDGES ( ,R5NES1 DECEIV$ BY ! DETE/ABLE MANEUV]S ( ! REACTION>IES1 %\LD AGA9 VICTIMIZE ! 9NOC5T 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! CRIM9AL >MY *IEFS1 WE WILL AGA9 /& UP ON ! MORR[1 DESPITE ALL PROCLAMATIONS ( EXPULSION1 DESPITE ALL MEALY-M\!D REF]5CES TO ! FALSIFICATION1 DI/ORTION1 & BELITTL+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 DESPITE ALL DANG]S1 & CALL \T TO ! G5]ALS & ! JUDGES3 ,Y\ >E HANGM5 & CRIM9ALS6 7,IBID4 ,JULY #a#e1 #a#h#i#i7 

,DUR+ ! TRIAL AT ,R5NES1 ,JAURES WROTE CONFID5TLY3 

,BE IT AS IT MAY1 JU/ICE WILL TRIUMPH6 ,! H\R IS DRAW+ NI< = ! FREE+ ( ! M>TYRS & = ! PUNI%M5T ( ! CRIM9ALS6 7,IBID4 ,AUG4 #a#c1 #a#h#i#i47 

,AS LATE AS ,NOVEMB] ( LA/ YE>1 %ORTLY BE=E ! PASSAGE ( ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW1 ,JAURES DECL>$ AT ,LILLE3 

,= MY P>T ,I WAS PREP>$ TO GO FUR!R4 ,I WANT$ TO CONT9UE UNTIL ! POISON\S BEA/S W\LD BE =C$ TO SPIT \T !IR POISON4 ,YES1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PROSECUTE ALL =G]S1 ALL LI>S1 ALL CRIM9ALS1 ALL TRAITORS2 IT IS NECESS>Y TO PURSUE !M TO ! EXTREME SUMMITS ( ! TRU?1 AS ON ! EXTREME PO9T ( A KNIFE1 UNTIL !Y W]E =C$ TO ADMIT !IR CRIMES & ! IGNOM9Y ( !IR CRIMES BE=E ! 5TIRE WORLD4 7,LES ,DEUX ,ME?ODES1 ,LILLE1 #a#i1 P4#e47 

,& ,JAURES WAS RI<T4 ,! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR HAD AWAK5$ ALL ! LAT5T =CES ( REACTION 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! OLD 5EMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 MILIT>ISM1 /OOD COMPLETELY EXPOS$1 & IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DIRECT ALL SPE>S AGA9/ ITS BODY4 ,! WORK+ CLASS WAS CALL$ UPON = ! FIR/ TIME TO FI<T \T A GREAT POLITICAL BATTLE4 ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS L$ ! WORK]S 9TO ! /RUGGLE & !REBY OP5$ UP A NEW EPO* 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,FR5* SOCIALISM4 

  

,JAURES ,CROSSES ! ,RUBICON 

,AS ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW WAS PRES5T$ TO ! ,*AMB]1 ! RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S SUDD5LY F\ND !MSELVES FAC+ A ,RUBICON4 ,IT WAS N[ CLE> ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD BE5 =M$ TO LIQUIDATE ! ,DREYFUS CRISIS1 9/EAD ( 0TURN+ ON ! SPOTLI<T01 9/EAD ( E/ABLI%+ ! 05TIRE TRU?01 & 9/EAD ( =C+ ! MILIT>Y DESPOTS TO !IR KNEES1 HAD EXT+UI%$ TRU? & LI<T & B[$ ITS [N KNEE TO ! MILIT>Y DESPOTS4 ,?IS WAS A BETRAYAL ( ! HOPES ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS HAD PLAC$ ON ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS M9I/]IAL PO/ REVEAL$ ITSELF TO BE A USELESS TOOL = SOCIALI/ POLITICS & ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! TOOL HAD TURN$ AGA9/ ! MA/]4 ,IF ! ,JAURES GR\P WANT$ TO REMA9 TRUE TO !IR POSITION 9 ! ,DREYFUS CAMPAIGN & TO ! TASK ( REPUBLICAN DEF5SE1 !Y IMM$IATELY HAD TO TURN !IR WEAPONS & USE EV]Y MEANS TO DEFEAT ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAD LAID !IR C>DS ON ! TABLE4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TRUMP !M4 

,BUT TO DECIDE ON ! ,AMNE/Y PROPOSAL WAS ALSO TO DECIDE ON ! EXI/5CE ( ! CAB9ET4 ,S9CE ! ,NATIONALI/S DECL>$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ,AMNE/Y1 & MADE ! QUE/ION ONE ( A VOTE ( CONFID5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS EASY = A MAJORITY TO BE =M$ AGA9/ ! PROPOSAL & LEAD TO ! D[NFALL ( ! CAB9ET4 

,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS N[ HAD TO MAKE A *OICE3 EI!R FI<T ?R\< TO ! F9I% !IR TWO-YE> CAMPAIGN ON ! ,DREYFUS ISSUE1 OR TO SUPPORT ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET1 EI!R = ! 0FULL TRU?0 OR ! CAB9ET1 EI!R = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC OR ! M9I/]IAL PO/ ( ,MILL]&4 ,! QUE/ION BALANC$ 9 ! SCALES = ONLY A FEW M9UTES4 ,WALDECK-,MILL]& \TWEI<$ ,DREYFUS4 ,! CAB9ET'S ULTIMATUM ACCOMPLI%$ :AT ! ,GUESDE-,VAILLANT MANIFE/OES ( EXCOMMUNICATION HAD FAIL$ TO ACCOMPLI%3 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! CAB9ET1 ,JAURES & HIS GR\P VOT$ = ! AMNE/Y & !REBY GAVE UP ! ,DREYFUS CAMPAIGN4 

,! DIE HAD BE5 CA/4 ,) ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW1 ! RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S MADE AS ! GUIDE = !IR CONDUCT1 NOT !IR [N POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 BUT ! MA9T5ANCE AT ! HELM ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET4 ,! VOTE = ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW WAS ! ,WAT]LOO ( !IR ,DREYFUS CAMPAIGN4 ,9 ! TW9KL+ ( AN EYE1 ,JAURES HAD BR\<T TO NAU<T ALL HE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! C\RSE ( TWO YE>S4 

  

,! ,RETREAT ,BECOMES A ,R\T 

,AFT] SURR5D]+ !IR *IEF POLITICAL /OCK1 ! ,JAURES GR\P SP$ M]RILY ON !IR SPORTIVE WAY4 ,TO SAVE ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y GAVE UP - RELUCTANTLY & ) 9T]NAL ,KATZ5JAMM] OV] ! CO/LY PRICE - ! GOAL ( TWO YE>S ( GIGANTIC /RUGGLES3 ! 0:OLE TRU?0 & 0COMPLETE LI<T04 ,BUT TO JU/IFY !IR [N ADH]5CE TO A GOV]NM5T ( POLITICAL FIASCOS1 !Y HAD TO D5Y ! FIASCOS4 ,!IR NEXT /EP WAS TO JU/IFY ! CAPITULATION ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! GOV]NM5T PIGEON-HOL$ ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR 9/EAD ( FI<T+ IT ?R\< TO ! 5D8 ,BUT ?AT WAS NECESS>Y 09 ORD] TO PUT AN 5D TO ! N[ USELESS & BOR+ TRIALS & AVOID SICK5+ ! PEOPLE ) TOO MU* PUBLICITY1 :I* W\LD N[ SOON OBSCURE ! TRU?40 7,JAURES 9 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,DEC4 #a#h1 #a#i74 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT TWO YE>S AGO ! :OLE ( 0LOYAL & HONE/ ,FRANCE0 HAD BE5 CALL$ UPON TO PL$GE3 0,I SWE> ?AT ,DREYFUS IS 9NOC5T1 ?AT ! 9NOC5T %ALL BE V9DICAT$ & ! GUILTY %ALL BE PUNI%$0 7,IBID41 ,AUG4 #i1 #a#h#i#i74 

,BUT TODAY 0ALL !SE JUDICIAL TRIALS W\LD BE AN ABSURDITY4 ,!Y W\LD ONLY TIRE ! C\NTRY )\T CL>IFY+ IT & HURT ! CAUSE WE >E TRY+ TO S]VE 444 ,! TRUE JU/IFICATION ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR LIES TODAY 9 ! WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE0 7,IBID41 ,DEC4 #a#h1 #a#i74 

,YET ANO!R /EP & ! =M] H]OES ( ! ,DREYFUS ,CAMPAIGN APPE> TO ! ,JAURES GR\P AS TR\BLESOME <O/S ( ! PA/ ) :OM ONE CANNOT F9I% QUICKLY 5\<4 

,ZOLA1 ! 0GREAT DEF5D] ( JU/ICE01 0! PRIDE ( ,FRANCE & ( HUMANITY01 ! MAN ( ! ?UND]+ 0,J',ACCUSE601 ISSUES A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW4 ,HE 9SI/S N[1 AS PREVI\SLY1 ON 0! :OLE TRU? & ! FULL LI<T04 ,HE ACCUSES ONCE MORE4 ,:AT CONFUSION6 ,DOES HE NOT SEE1 ASKS ,JAURES1 ?AT !RE IS ALREADY 05\< LI<T0 TO P5ETRATE ALL 9TELLECTS8 ,ZOLA %\LD =GET HIS FAILURE TO BE V9DICAT$ BE=E A C\RT ( LAW & REMEMB] ?AT HE IS GLORIFI$ 9 ! EYES ( 0?AT GREAT JUDGE1 ! :OLE ( HUMANITY01 & PLEASE1 BE SO K9D AS NOT TO BO!R US ) HIS ET]NAL 0,J',ACCUSE60 0,ONLY NO ACCUSATIONS1 NO EMPTY REIT]ATIONS60 7,IBID41 ,DEC4 #b#d1 #a#i47 ,! WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE1 ?AT IS ! MA9 ?+4 

,! H]OIC ,PICQU>T1 0! HONOR & PRIDE ( ! ,FR5* >MY01 0! PURE KNI<T ( TRU? & JU/ICE01 REJECTS AS AN 9SULT HIS PROSPECTIVE RECALL TO ! >MY UND] ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW - :AT >ROGANCE6 ,DOES NOT ! GOV]NM5T (F] HIM1 ) ITS 9T5D$ RECALL TO ! >MY1 0! MO/ BRILLIANT V9DICATION08 ,TRUE 5\<1 ,PICQU>T HAS A RI<T TO HAVE ! TRU? SPREAD ON ! RECORDS ( ! C\RTS4 ,BUT \R GOOD FRI5D ,PICQU>T %\LD NOT =GET ?AT ! TRU? IS NOT ONLY A CONC]N ( ,COL4 ,PICQU>T1 BUT ( ! :OLE ( HUMANITY4 ,& 9 COMP>ISON TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 ,PICQU>T'S CONC]N = V9DICATION PLAYS A LITTLE ROLE 9DE$4 0,9 FACT1 WE MU/ NOT P]MIT \RSELVES1 91 \R 9SI/5CE UPON JU/ICE1 TO BE LIMIT$ TO 9DIVIDUAL CASES40 7,G]AULT-,RI*>D1 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,DEC4 #c1 #a#i47 ,! WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE1 ?AT IS ! MA9 ?+4 

,DREYFUS1 ?IS 0EXAMPLE ( HUMAN SUFF]+ 9 ITS DEEPE/ AGONY01 ?IS 09C>NATION ( HUMANITY ITSELF UPON ! SUMMITS ( MIS=TUNE & DESP]ATION0 7,JAURES1 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,AUG4 #a1 #a#h#i#h7 - ,DREYFUS DEF5D$ HIMSELF1 BEWILD]$1 AGA9/ ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW1 :I* CUT (F HIS LA/ HOPE = LEGAL REHABILITATION - :AT RAPACITY6 ,DO NOT HIS TORM5TORS SUFF] 5\< ALREADY8 ,E/]HAZY DRAGS HIMSELF ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,LONDON1 0HUNGRY & BROK5 9 SPIRIT04 ,BOISDEFFRE WAS =C$ TO FLEE FROM ! G5]AL /AFF4 ,GONSE IS \T ( ! TOP RANKS & GOES AB\T DEJECT$4 ,DE,PELLIEUX DI$ 9 DISGRACE4 ,H5RY COMMITT$ SUICIDE BY CUTT+ HIS ?ROAT4 ,DU ,PATY DE ,CLAM IS \T ( ! S]VICE4 ,:AT MORE CAN ONE ASK =8 ,>E NOT ! PANGS ( !IR CONSCI5CE 5\< PUNI%M5T = ! CRIM9ALS8 ,& IF ,DREYFUS IS NOT CONT5T ) ?IS4 FAVORABLE \TCOME ( EV5TS & 9SI/S UPON PUNI%M5T BY HUMAN C\RTS - JU/ LET HIM BE PATI5T4 0,!RE WILL COME A TIME :5 PUNI%M5T WILL OV]TAKE ! WRET*ES40 7,JAURES1 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,JAN4 #e1 #a#i#a47 0,!RE WILL COME A TIME0 BUT RI<T N[ ! GOOD ,DREYFUS MU/ REALIZE ?AT !RE >E MORE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS 9 ! WORLD ?AN !SE 0USELESS & BOR+ TRIALS04 0,WE HAVE BETT] ?+S TO GA9 FROM ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR ?AN ALL ?IS AGITATION & ACTS ( REV5GE40 7,G]AULT-,RI*>D1 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,DEC4 #a#e1 #a#i47 ,! WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE1 ?AT IS ! MA9 ?+4 

,ONE MORE /EP & ! ,JAURES GR\P REG>D ALL CRITICISM ( ! GOV]NM5T'S POLICIES1 TO :I* ! ,DREYFUS CAMPAIGN WAS (F]$ AS A SACRIFICIAL LAMB1 AS FRIVOL\S PLAY+ ) ! 0GOV]NM5T ( ,REPUBLICAN ,DEF5SE04 

,SOB]+ VOICES >E GRADUALLY RAIS$ 9 ,JAURES' [N CAMP TO QUE/ION ! ACTION ( ! CAB9ET 9 ! 0DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! >MY0 & ! 0SECUL>IZATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC0 - :AT LI<T-M9D$NESS6 ,H[ T]RIBLE 0SY/EMATICALLY & ) N]V\S IMPATI5CE .<AFT] EI<TE5 MON?S - ,R4,L4.> TO DISCR$IT ! FIR/ A*IEVEM5TS ( \R COMMON EF=TS 444 ,:Y DISC\RAGE ! PROLET>IAT80 ,JAURES1 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,JAN4 #e1 #a#i#a47 ,! PROPOSALS ( ! GOV]NM5T ON ! RELIGI\S ORD]S WAS A CAPITULATION TO ! *UR*8 ,ONLY A 0DILETTANTE & MEALY-M\!D P]=M]0 C\LD SAY ?AT4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 0IT IS ! GREATE/ /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! *UR* & B\RGEOIS SOCIETY S9CE ! LAWS ON ! SECUL>IZATION ( ! S*OOLS0 7,IBID41 ,JAN4 #a#b1 #a#i#a74 

,& IF1 9 G5]AL1 ! GOV]NM5T FL\ND]S FROM ONE FIASCO TO ANO!R1 DOES NOT ! 0ASSURANCE ( FUTURE VICTORIES0 REMA98 7,IBID41 ,JAN4 #e1 #a#i#a74 ,IT IS NOT A MATT] ( S+LE LAWS - ! WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE1 ?AT IS ! MA9 ?+4 

,JU/ :AT1 AFT] ALL ( ?IS PROCRA/9ATION1 IS ! 0WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE08 ,IT IS NO LONG] ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR1 NOR ! REORGANIZATION ( ! >MY1 NOR ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! *UR*4 ,AS SOON AS ! EXI/5CE ( ! CAB9ET IS ?REAT5$1 EV]Y?+ ELSE IS GIV5 UP4 ,IT SUFFICES = ! GOV]NM5T1 9 ORD] TO PASS ITS FAVORITE MEASURES1 TO POSE IT AS A VOTE ( CONFID5CE & ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS >E SAFELY PUT 9TO ! H>NESS 

,YE/]DAY1 ! CAB9ET MU/ TAKE DEF5SIVE ACTION IT ORD] TO SAVE ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,TODAY1 ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC MU/ BE GIV5 UP 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! CAB9ET4 0,! WORK = ! ,REPUBLIC AS A :OLE0 MEANS1 TODAY1 ! MOBILIZATION ( ALL ,REPUBLICAN =CES TO KEEP ! CAB9ET ( ,WALDECK-,MILL]& AT ! HELM4 

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