,P>T #c 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! PRES5T ATTITUDE ( ! ,JAURES GR\P T[>DS ! POLICIES ( ! GOV]NM5T IS1 9 ONE S5SE1 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ITS POSITION DUR+ ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR4 ,BUT1 9 ANO!R S5SE1 IT IS NO?+ BUT A DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ! PREVI\S POLICY4 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE - UNITY ) ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS - S]V$ AS ! BASIS ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 BO? CASES4 ,IT S]V$ DUR+ TWO YE>S ( UNYIELD+ /RUGGLE = A SOLUTION ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR1 &1 TODAY1 BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS HAVE DES]T$ ! FI<T1 IT LEADS ! SOCIALI/S TO ALSO LIQUIDATE ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR & TO GIVE UP ALL ATTEMPTS AT A FUNDAM5TAL RE=MATION ( ! >MY & A *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,REPUBLIC & ,*UR*4 

,9/EAD ( MAK+ ! 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY ! P]MAN5T4 FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T & UNITY ) B\RGEOIS RADICALS ! V>Y+ & 9CID5TAL ELEM5T1 ?IS PR9CIPLE CAUS$ ,JAURES TO ADOPT ! OPPOSITE TACTIC3 ! ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS BECAME ! CON/ANT1 & ! 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL /RUGGLES ! 9CID5TAL ELEM5T4 

,ALREADY 9 ! ,DREYFUS CAMPAIGN1 ! ,JAURES SOCIALI/S FAIL$ TO UND]/& ! L9E ( DEM>CATION BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS & ! PROLET>IAN CAMPS3 ,IF ! QUE/ION PRES5T$ ITSELF TO ! FRI5DS ( ,DREYFUS AS AN ATTACK UPON ! BYPRODUCTS ( MILIT>ISM - AS ! CLEANS+ ( ! >MY & ! SUPPRESSION ( CORRUPTION - A SOCIALI/ HAD TO VIEW IT AS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ROOT ( ! EVIL - AGA9/ ! /&+ >MY ITSELF4 ,& IF ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS CONSID]$ JU/ICE = ,DREYFUS & PUNI%M5T = ! GUILTY ONES AS ! S+LE C5TRAL PO9T ( ! CAMPAIGN1 A SOCIALI/ HAD TO VIEW ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR AS ! BASIS = AN AGITATION 9 FAVOR ( ! MILITIA SY/EM4.<#h.> ,ONLY ?US W\LD ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR & ! ADMIRABLE EF=TS ( ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS HAVE BE5 A GREAT AGITATIONAL S]VICE TO SOCIALISM4 ,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 ! AGITATION ( ! SOCIALI/ CAMP1 ON ! :OLE1 RAN 9 ! SAME %ALL[ *ANNELS AS ! AGITATION ( ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS ) A FEW 9DIVIDUAL EXCEPTIONS 9 :I* ! DEEP] SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR WAS T\*$ UPON4 ,IT WAS EXACTLY 9 ?IS SPH]E ?AT ! SOCIALI/S1 DESPITE !IR GREAT] EF=TS1 P]SEV]ANCE1 & BRILLIANCE1 FAIL$ TO BE ! VANGU>D1 & ACT$ AS ! C[ORK]S & CAMP FOLL[]S ( ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS4 ,) ! 5TRY ( ,MILL]& 9TO ! RADICAL CAB9ET1 ! SOCIALI/S /OOD 5TIRELY UPON ! SAME GR\ND AS !IR B\RGEOIS ALLIES4 

,! CIRCUM/ANCE :I* DIVIDES SOCIALI/ POLITICS FROM B\RGEOIS POLITICS IS ?AT ! SOCIALI/S >E OPPON5TS ( ! 5TIRE EXI/+ ORD] & MU/ FUNCTION 9 A B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T FUNDAM5TALLY AS AN OPPOSITION4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT AIM ( SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY 9 A P>LIAM5T1 ! $UCATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IS A*IEV$ BY A SY/EMATIC CRITICISM ( ! RUL+ P>TY & ITS POLITICS4 ,! SOCIALI/S >E TOO F> REMOV$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS ORD] TO BE ABLE TO A*IEVE PRACTICAL & ?OR\<-GO+ RE=MS ( A PROGRESSIVE *>ACT]4 ,!RE=E1 PR9CIPL$ OPPOSITION TO ! RUL+ P>TY BECOMES1 = EV]Y M9ORITY P>TY & ABOVE ALL = ! SOCIALI/S1 ! ONLY FEASIBLE ME?OD ) :I* TO A*IEVE PRACTICAL RESULTS4 

,NOT HAV+ ! POSSIBILITY ( C>RY+ !IR [N POLICIES ) A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY1 ! ,SOCIALI/S >E =C$ TO WR+ CONCESSIONS FROM ! B\RGEOIS MAJORITY BY CON/ANT /RUGGLE4 ,!Y A*IEVE ?IS ?R\< !IR CRITICAL OPPOSITION 9 ?REE WAYS4 

,!IR DEM&S >E ! MO/ ADVANC$1 SO ?AT :5 !Y COMPETE ) ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES AT ! POLLS1 !Y BR+ TO BE> ! PRESSURE ( ! VOT+ MASSES4 

,!Y CON/ANTLY EXPOSE ! GOV]NM5T BE=E ! PEOPLE & >\SE PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,!IR AGITATION 9 & \T ( P>LIAM5T ATTRACTS EV] GREAT] MASSES AB\T !M & !Y ?US GR[ TO BECOME A P[] ) :I* ! GOV]NM5T & ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE MU/ RECKON4 

,! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S GR\P$ AB\T ,JAURES HAVE CLOS$ ALL ?REE ROADS TO ! MASSES BY ! 5TRY ( ,MILL]& 9TO ! GOV]NM5T4 

,ABOVE ALL1 AN UNCOMPROMIS+ CRITICISM ( ! GOV]NM5T'S POLICIES HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,JAURES SOCIALI/S4 ,IF !Y WANT$ TO *A/ISE ! CAB9ET = ITS WEAKNESSES1 ITS HALF-MEASURES1 ITS TREA*]Y1 ! BL[S W\LD BEAT D[N UPON !IR [N BACKS4 ,IF ! EF=TS ( ! GOV]NM5T AT ,REPUBLICAN DEF5SE >E A FIASCO1 ! QUE/ION IMM$IATELY >ISES1 :AT IS ! ROLE ( A SOCIALI/ 9 SU* A GOV]NM5T8 ,9 ORD] NOT TO COMPROMISE ! M9I/]IAL PO/ ( ,MILL]&1 ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS MU/ REMA9 SIL5T 9 ! FACE ( ALL ! ACTS ( ! GOV]NM5T ?AT C\LD BE US$ TO OP5 ! EYES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT S9CE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU ,CAB9ET1 ALL CRITICISM ( ! GOV]NM5T HAS VANI%$ FROM ! ORGAN ( ! RI<T W+ ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 ,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE & EV]Y ATTEMPT AT SU* CRITICISM IS IMM$IATELY D5\NC$ BY ,JAURES AS 0N]V\SNESS10 0PESSIMISM10 & 0EXTREMISM40 ,! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE ( SOCIALI/ P>TICIPATION 9 A COALITION CAB9ET IS1 !RE=E1 ! R5UNCIATION ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASK ( ALL SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY &1 ABOVE ALL1 ( P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY3 ! POLITICAL $UCATION & CL>IFICATION ( ! MASSES4 

,FUR!RMORE1 9 ?OSE 9/ANCES :]E !Y HAVE BE5 CRITICAL1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,MILL]& HAVE ROBB$ !IR CRITICISM ( ALL PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!IR CONDUCT 9 ! MATT] ( ! AMNE/Y PROPOSALS %[$ ?AT NO SACRIFICE IS TOO GREAT = !M 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! GOV]NM5T 9 P[]4 ,IT REVEAL$ ?AT !Y >C PREP>$ IS ADVANCE TO CA/ !IR VOTES = ! GOV]NM5T 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE :5 ! GOV]NM5T LEVELS A PI/OL1 9 ! =M ( A VOTE ( CONFID5CE1 AT !IR BREA/4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! SOCIALI/S 9 A C\NTRY GOV]N$ BY A P>LIAM5T >E NOT AS FREE 9 !IR CONDUCT AS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG :]E !Y CAN TAKE A POSITION ( OPPOSITION )\T REG>D = ! CONSEQU5CES & AT ALL TIMES EXPRESS !MSELVES UNMI/AKABLY ON IT4 ,\T ( REG>D = ! 0LESS] EVIL10 ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S ON ! CONTR>Y1 SEE !MSELVES CON/ANTLY =C$ TO DEF5D A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ) !IR VOTES4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS SPECIFICALLY ?R\< ! P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME ?AT ! SOCIALI/S GA9 A %>P WEAPON :I* !Y CAN HOLD OV] ! HEAD ( ! GOV]NM5T LIKE A ,SWORD ( ,DAMOCLES & ) :I* !Y CAN GIVE !IR DEM&S & !IR CRITICISMS ADD$ EMPHASIS4 ,BUT 9 MAK+ !MSELVES DEP5D5T UPON ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< ! CAB9ET PO/ ( ,MILL]&1 ,JAURES & HIS FRI5DS REMADE ! GOV]NM5T 9DEP5D5T ( !M4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ ABLE TO USE ! SPECT] ( A CAB9ET CRISIS TO =CE CONCESSIONS FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 ! SOCIALI/S1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 PLAC$ ! GOV]NM5T 9 A POSITION :]E IT C\LD USE ! CAB9ET CRISIS AS A ,DAMOCLES SWORD OV] ! HEAD ( ! SOCIALI/S TO BE US$ AT ANY TIME TO =CE !M 9TO L9E4 

,! ,JAURES GR\P HAS BECOME A SECOND ,PROME!US H\ND4 ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ! REC5T DEBATE ON ! LAW REGULAT+ ! RI<T ( ASSOCIATION4 ,JAURES' FRI5D1 ,VIVIAN1 TORE TO PIECES ! GOV]NM5T'S PROPOSALS ON ! RELIGI\S ORD]S 9 A BRILLIANT SPEE* 9 ! ,*AMB] & C\NT]POS$ ! REAL SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ,JAURES1 ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 AFT] OV]:ELM+ PRAISE = ! SPEE*1 PUTS 9TO ! M\? ( ! GOV]NM5T ! ANSW]S TO ,VIVIANI'S CRITICISM1 & :51 )\T EV5 WAIT+ = ! DEBATE TO OP5 & BE=E ALL ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE ! GOV]NM5T'S PROPOSALS1 ,JAURES ADVISES ! SOCIALI/S & ! ,RADICALS TO GU>ANTEE4 ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S MEASURES AT ANY PRICE1 ! 5TIRE POLITICAL EFFECT ( ,VIVIANI'S SPEE* IS DE/ROY$4 

,! M9I/]IAL POSITION ( ,MILL]& TRANS=MS - ?IS IS ITS SECOND CONSEQU5CE - ! SOCIALI/ CRITICISM ( HIS FRI5DS 9 ! ,*AMB] 9TO EMPTY HOLIDAY SPEE*ES1 )\T ANY 9FLU5CE :ATSOEV] UPON ! PRACTICAL POLITICS ! GOV]NM5T4 

,F9ALLY1 ! TACTIC ( PU%+ ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES =W>D ?R\< ! PRESSURE ( ! SOCIALI/S REVEALS ITSELF ?IS 9/ANCE1 AS AN EMPTY DREAM4 

,9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D ! FUTURE EXI/5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! SUPPORT]S ( ,MILL]& ?9K !Y MU/ MA9TA9 ! CLOSE/ COOP]ATION ) ! O!R GR\PS ( ! ,LEFT4 ,! ,JAURES GR\P IS SWALL[$ UP 5TIRELY BY G5]AL 0REPUBLICAN0 SWAMP ( ! ,LEFT1 ( :I* ,JAURES IS ! LEAD+ BRA94 

,9 ! S]VICE ( ,MILL]&1 HIS SOCIALI/ FRI5DS PLAY PRES5T1 ! ROLE USUALLY PLAY$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ,RADICALS4 

,YES1 CONTR>Y TO G5]AL PRACTICE1 ! ,RADICALS PLAY ! ROLE ( ! MO/ ?OR\<-GO+ OPPOSITIONI/S )9 PRES5T ,REPUBLICAN MAJORITY & ! SOCIALI/S PLAY ! ROLE ( ! RI<T W+1 ! MOD]ATE GOV]NM5TAL ELEM5TS4 

,D',OCTON & ,PELLETAN1 BO? ,RADICALS1 W]E ! ONES =CEFULLY DEM&$ AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! HORRIBLE COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION1 :ILE TWO SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES ( ! RI<T W+ F\ND IT POSSIBLE TO VOTE AGA9/ ! 9QUIRY4 ,IT WAS ! ,RADICAL ,VAZEILLE :O OPPOS$ ! /RANGL+ ( ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR BY MEANS ( ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW1 :ILE ! SOCIALI/S F9ALLY VOT$ AGA9/ ,VAZEILLE4 

,F9ALLY1 IT IS ! SOCIALI/IC ,RADICAL1 ,PELLETAN1 :O GIVES ! FOLL[+ ADVICE TO ! ,SOCIALI/S 7,DEPE*E DE ,T\L\SE1 ,DECEMB] #b#i7 

,! QUE/ION COMES D[N TO ?IS DOES A GOV]NM5T EXI/ TO S]VE ! IDEAS ( ! P>TY ?AT SUPPORTS IT OR TO LEAD ?AT P>TY TO A BETRAYAL ( ITS IDEAS8 ,O1 ! M5 :OM WE MA9TA9 AT ! HELM DON'T FOOL US6 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( TWO OR ?REE ,M9I/]S1 !Y ALL RULE AB\T 9 ! SAME MANN] AS A ,CAB9ET HEAD$ BY ,MEL9E.<#i.> W\LD4 ,& ?OSE P>TIES ?AT %\LD W>N ! ,CAB9ET & *A/ISE IT1 CRAWL UPON !IR /OMA*S BE=E IT4 ,I1 = MY P>T1 BELONG TO ?OSE :O VIEW AS EXCELL5T /RATEGY ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY TO PLACE ONE ( ITS PEOPLE 9 P[]1 9/EAD ( ISOLAT+ ITSELF AS A RESULT ( A SY/EMATIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T4 ,YES1 ,I HOLD ?IS /RATEGY TO BE FIR/ RATE4 ,BUT TO :AT PURPOSE8 ,SO ?AT ! PROGRESSIVE POLICIES 9 ! ,CAB9ET RECEIVE ADD$ SUPPORT1 & NOT SO ?AT ! WOR/ OMISSIONS BY ! ,CAB9ET F9D ! SOCIALI/S AS HO/AGES4444 ,TODAY1 ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU IS NO LONG] AN ALLY1 AS WE W\LD LIKE TO BELIEVE1 BUT ! GUIDE ( ! CONSCI5CE ( ! PROGRESSIVE P>TIES4 ,& HE GUIDES !M1 IT APPE>S TO ME1 A LITTLE TOO F>4 ,IT SUFFICES TO HAVE HIM PULL \T ( HIS POCKET ! BOGEY-MAN ( ! ,CAB9ET CRISIS TO MAKE HIMSELF OBEY$4 ,BEW>E6 ,! POLITICS ( ! C\NTRY WILL LOSE SOME?+ :5 \T ( US & \T ( Y\ !RE WILL BE =M$ A NEW CATEGORY ( SUB-OPPORTUNI/S4 

,SOCIALI/S :O ATTEMPT TO W9 AWAY PETTY-B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRATS FROM !IR POSITION ( OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T1 & PETTY-B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRATS :O ACCUSE ! ,SOCIALI/S ( CRAWL+ ON !IR /OMA*S BE=E ! GOV]NM5T & ( BETRAY+ !IR [N IDEAS - ?AT IS ! L[E/ LEVEL TO :I* SOCIALISM HAS YET SUNK1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! F9AL CONSEQU5CE ( SOCIALI/ ,M9I/]IALISM4 

,?US ! TACTIC ( ,JAURES1 :I* ?R\< ! SACRIFICE ( ! SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLE ( OPPOSITION S\<T TO A*IEVE PRACTICAL RESULTS1 HAS REVEAL$ ITSELF TO BE ! MO/ IMPRACTIBLE 9 ! WORLD4 

,9/EAD ( 9CREAS+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIALI/S UPON ! GOV]NM5T & ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T1 ! TACTICS ( ,JAURES HAS MADE !M 9TO 9VOLUNT>Y TOOLS ( ! GOV]NM5T & PASSIVE APP5DAGES ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALS4 

,9/EAD ( GIV+ ! PROGRESSIVE POLICIES ( ! ,*AMB] A NEW IMPETUS1 ! )DRAWAL ( ! SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION KILL$ ! LA/ *ANCE ( BR++ ! ,*AMB] TO ACT 9 A DECISIVE & C\RAGE\S MANN]4 

,& ?IS IS !IR GREATE/ FAILURE4 ,! FIASCO ( ! ,WALDECK-,MILL]&-9SPIR$ ACTIONS ( REPUBLICAN DEF5SE WAS NOT ACCID5TAL BUT ! LOGICAL RESULT ( ! IMPOT5CE FROM :I* ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS 9 ! ,*AMB] SUFF]$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ & TO :I* ! SOCIALI/S CONDEMN$ !MSELVES ?R\< !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! B\RGEOIS RADICAL GOV]NM5T4 

,IF ! MIS]ABLE 0ACTIONS0 ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU GOV]NM5T SIGNIFI$ ! SAD 5D ( ITS REPUBLICAN MISSION TO AN IMP>TIAL OBS]V]1 !Y SIGNIFI$ TO ,JAURES1 DESPITE WEAKNESSES :I* HE C\LD NOT D5Y :5 PO9T$ \T FROM HIS [N RANKS1 ! HAPPY BEG9N+ ( A GREAT ]A ( DEMOCRATIC R5AISSANCE 9 ,FRANCE1 BAS$ UPON ! FIRM ALLIANCE ( SOCIALISM ) PETTY B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,?AT IS :Y .<WRITES ,JAURES.>1 ! BUILD+ ( AN EV] SO TIMID LEFT MAJORITY = ! SUPPORT ( AN EV] SO 9DECISIVE & WEAK A GOV]NM5T ( ! LEFT1 IS1 9 MY VIEW1 A FACT ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,I REG>D IT AS AN EMBRYONIC1 BUT NECESS>Y F\NDATION ( ! LEGISLATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANISM :I* WILL LEAD SOCIETY 9TO ! PA? T[>D ! REALIZATION ( ! HI<E/ EQUALITY = :I* WE /RIVE4 7,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,JANU>Y #h1 #a#i#a47 

,IT IS ?IS DI/ANT VISION ( ! COM+ EPO* :5 ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT & ! RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOISIE WILL RULE TOGE!R ?AT MAKES IT NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU AT ! PRICE ( PR9CIPL$ POLITICAL AIMS6 ,?IS IT IS ?AT MAKES IT NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOIS LEFT AT ! EXP5SE ( 9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION6 ,JAURES HAS ONLY LEFT \T ( SI<T1 9 ?IS GR&IOSE POLITICAL CL\D-CA/LE1 ! FACT ?AT PETTY B\RGEOIS RADICALISM1 :I* HE WANTS TO PLACE 9 P[] ) ! SUPPORT ( ! SOCIALI/S1 HAS ALREADY COLLAPS$ LONG AGO AS ! RESULT ( A TACTIC :I* HAS SAD SIMIL>ITIES TO ?AT ( ,JAURES4 

,! ,REPUBLICAN PROGRAM HAS BE5 ! F\NDATION = ! POLITICAL ROLE ( ! ,FR5* PETTY B\RGEOISIE S9CE ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,AS LONG AS ! BIG B\RGEOISIE 5TR5*$ !MSELVES BEH9D ! MON>*Y1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE C\LD APPE> AS ! LEAD] ( ! MASSES4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 L>GE MEASURE1 TOOK ! =M ( A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,MON>*Y & CON/ITUT$ A FIRM BACKBONE = ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION4 

,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,) ! TRANS=MATION ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE FROM AN 5EMY 9TO ! V]Y BACKBONE ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! REALIZATION ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS PROGRAM - REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T1 0SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE0 ?R\< A P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME1 FRE$OM ( PRESS1 ORGANIZATION1 & CONSCI5CE - ! GR\ND WAS PULL$ FROM UND] ! FEET ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS POLITICS & ITS SPE> DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE WAS BROK54 ,ONLY ! \T] DECORATIONS ( A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC REMA9 AS ! AIM ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS 0RADICAL0 PROGRAM1 LIKE A PROGRESSIVE TAX SY/EM1 RE=M ( PUBLIC $UCATION1 & ! /RUGGLE ) CL]ICALISM4 

,:ILE ! POLITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! BIG B\RGEOISIE DISAPPE>$1 ! SOCIAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK+ CLASS DEVELOP$ /ILL MORE DEEPLY4 ,TOGE!R ) ! S\L ( PROGRAM1 ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALS LO/ MANY ( !IR SUPPORT]S4 ,! PROLET>IAT APPE>$ ON ! SC5E AS AT 9DEP5D5T P>TY 9 ! %>PE/ CONFLICT ) ! ,RADICALS AS WELL AS ) ! ,MOD]ATES4 ,)9 ! ,RADICAL CAMP ITSELF A DIFF]5TIATION TOOK PLACE4 ,:ILE ONE SECTION WAS IMPELL$ BY MAT]IAL 9T]E/S TO DRAW CLOSE TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 ANO!R SECTION F\ND ITSELF =C$ TO ADOPT A SOCIALI/ COLORATION4 

0,PURE0 MIDDLE CLASS RADICALISM1 R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( WEAK BUFF] P>TY1 C\LD ONLY *OOSE ONE ( TWO C\RSES TO C>RY ?R\< ITS PROGRAM4 ,IT C\LD EI!R LIMIT ITSELF TO ! ROLE ( AN OPPOSITION 9 ! ,*AMB] & USE ! EXTRA P>LIAM5T>Y PRESSURE ( ! MASSES TO SUPPORT IT1 OR IT C\LD LIMIT ITSELF TO P>LIAM5T>Y COMB9ATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 

,! FIR/ C\RSE1 TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES 9 COMPETITION ) A SOCIALI/ WORK+ CLASS P>TY1 HAD N[ BECOME D\BLY IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,RADICALS4 ,NOT ONLY C\LD !Y (F] ! WORK+ CLASS LITTLE1 BUT DUE TO ! PROM95CE & /ABILITY ( SMALL 9DU/RY 9 ,FRANCE1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE WAS FRI<T5$ AWAY BY ! SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& S9CE IT P]SI/$ ) ITS PALTRY PROGRAM !RE WAS NO O!R WAY LEFT OP5 BUT P>LIAM5T>Y COOP]ATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,& ?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ITS COLLAPSE4 

,9 ORD9>Y TIMES1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALISM WAS ASSIGN$ ! ROLE ( BE+ A PASSIVE ACCOMPLICE ( ! OPPORTUNI/IC B\RGEOISIE 9 ! JO9T CAB9ETS4 ,BUT FROM TIME TO TIME IT HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO PROVE ?AT IT WAS ABSOLUTELY 9DISP5SABLE4 ,?IS OCCURR$ :5EV] ! B\RGEOISIE HAD COMPROMIS$ ITSELF BY SOME SC&AL & ?REW ! ,REPUBLIC 9TO A CRISIS4 ,9 SU* A SITUATION1 RADICALISM F9DS ! OPPORTUNITY TO AGA9 PULL \T ITS OLD TATT]$ PROGRAM ( 0DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC0 & TO TEMPOR>ILY TAKE OV] ! HELM ,REGUL>LY AT ?IS PO9T1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,RADICALS LACK P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY TO C>RY ?R\< !IR PROGRAM IS 0DISCOV]$10 ?\< ?IS IS ALWAYS A KN[N FACT FROM :I* ! PROP] CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRAWN 9 ADVANCE4 

,9 ORD] TO KEEP ITSELF AT ! HELM & TO RULE1 ,RADICALISM IS =C$ TO DES]T ITS [N PROGRAM & EI!R HIDE BEH9D PRET5SES DESIGN$ TO CONCEAL ITS 9ACTIVITY OR TO TAKE TO ! ROAD ( OP5LY OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICS4 ,9 EI!R CASE IT REVEALS TO ! ,*AMB] ITS SUP]FLUITY & TO ! C\NTRY ITS UNRELIABILITY & ?US BECOMES EV] MORE AN IMPOT5T TAIL TO ! B\RGEOIS KITE4 

,! RECORD ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU ,CAB9ET IS A FAI?FUL PICTURE ( SU* ,RADICAL POLITICS4 ,IF ONE REG>DS ! 0UNIT$ LEFT10 UPON :I* ,JAURES WANTS TO BUILD ! 5TIRE PRES5T-DAY POLITICS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY1 AS A COMPACT POLITICAL GR\P ?AT HAS COME TOGE!R = ! CLEANS+ & RE=M+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ONE MAKES ! SAME MI/AKE ( OV]E/IMATION AS MADE 9 ?AT VIEW ACCORD+ TO :I* ! NATIONALI/ CAMP IS A COMPACT MASS ) S]I\S MON>*I/ LONG+S4 

,QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 WE SEE 9 ! 0UNIT$ LEFT0 ! MO/ V>I$ ELEM5TS1 ) ALL %ADES FROM SOCIALISM TO REACTION REPRES5T$4 ,! EXTREME RI<T W+1 ! ,PROGRESSIVES ( ! ,ISEMB]E GR\P1 RUB ELB[S ) ! /ORM TROOPS ( ,MEL9E4 ,! 0UNIT$ LEFT01 9T]NALLY DIVID$1 HAS ONLY COME TOGE!R \T ( A COMMON NECESSITY = ! RECON/ITUTION ( LAW & ORD]4 ,:5 ?IS OBJECTIVE HAS BE5 A*IEV$ - & IT APPE>S AS IF ! ,AMNE/Y ,LAW IS ITS CLASSIC SOLUTION - ! B9D+ 9T]E/S REC$E 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 ! LEFT DIS9TEGRATES1 & ! 0GOV]NM5T ( ,REPUBLICAN DEF5SE0 IS LEFT SUSP5D$ 9 MID-AIR4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,MEL9E ,CAB9ET HAD A MAJORITY 9 ?IS V]Y SAME ,*AMB] 9DICATES ?AT ! PRES5T MAJORITY IS ONLY A TEMPOR>Y ONE4 ,& ! REC5T ELECTION ( ,DES*ANELS TO ! PRESID5CY ( ! ,*AMB]1 :I* C\LD ONLY TAKE PLACE DUE TO ! BETRAYAL ( !IR [N C&IDATE1 ,BRISSON1 BY A SECTION ( ! ,LEFT1 %[S ?AT ! COLLAPSE ( ! 0UNIT$ LEFT0 IS ONLY A MATT] ( TIME4 

,& ?IS SITUATION GIVES A LOGICAL EXPLANATION ( ! CONDUCT ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU ,CAB9ET4 ,NOT HAV+ ! POSSIBILITY TO UND]TAKE ANY SORT ( ?OR\<GO+ ACTION1 IT FEELS ITSELF COMPELL$ TO BLUNT ! $GES ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT HAD BE5 %>P5$ BY ! CRISIS ?R\< A S]IES ( CAPITULATIONS4 ,?US IT EM]GES TRUE TO ! TRADITIONS ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALISM4 ,TAK+ OV] ! HELM )\T ! P[] TO C>RY \T ITS [N PROGRAM1 IT 5DS UP BY BETRAY+ IT4 

,! GOV]NM5T ( ,WALDECK-,MILL]& IS1 !RE=E1 NOT ! BEG9N+ ( AN ]A ( DEMOCRATIC RULE BAS$ UPON ! SOCIALI/-RADICAL ALLIANCE1 AS ,JAURES SEES IT4 ,IT IS MU* MORE ! CONT9UATION ( ! PREVI\S HI/ORY ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALS :O FEEL !MSELVES CALL$ UPON1 NOT TO REALIZE !IR [N DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM1 BUT TO P]IODICALLY CLEAN AWAY ! POLITICAL DIRT PIL$ UP BY ! BIG B\RGEOISIE SO ?AT B\RGEOIS REACTION CAN CONT9UE A NORMAL EXI/5CE 9 ITS REPUBLICAN =M4 ,! NEW ]A BEGUN ) ! ,CAB9ET ( ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU1 UN=TUNATELY1 CONSI/S ( ! FACT ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME ! SOCIALI/S HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS HI/ORIC MISSION ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,! SOCIALI/S1 UND] ! ILLUSION ?AT !Y W]E S]V+ ! PROGRAM ( SOCIALISM1 W]E 9 REALITY S]V+ AS %OCK TROOPS = ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALS 9 ! SAME MANN] ?AT ! LATT]1 UND] ! ILLUSION ?AT !Y W]E S]V+ ! PROGRAM ( DEMOCRACY1 W]E 9 REALITY S]V+ AS ! %OCK TROOPS ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 

,! TACTIC ( ,JAURES IS1 !RE=E1 BUILT ON S&4 ,! RISE ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 :I* WAS TO BE FACILITAT$ BY ,MILL]&'S 5TRY 9TO ! GOV]NM5T & BY ! SURR5D] ( !IR POSITION AS P>LIAM5T>Y OPPOSITION BY ! SOCIALI/S1 REVEALS ITSELF TO BE A PHANTOM4 ,CONTR>Y TO HIS AIM1 ,JAURES HAS CRIPPL$ ! ONLY =CE 9 ,FRANCE ?AT C\LD HAVE DEF5D$ DEMOCRACY & ! ,REPUBLIC1 BY *A9+ ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT TO ! CORPSE ( PETTY B\RGEOIS RADICALISM4 

7,TO BE CONCLUD$47 

.<#h.> ,! MILITIA SY/EM1 OR ! 0PEOPLE 9 >MS01 AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (T5 PHRAS$ IT1 WAS REG>D$ BY ! PRE-W> SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS ! SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( MILIT>ISM4 ,L591 WRIT+ DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,W>1 EXPOS$ ! FALLACY ( ?IS DEM&4 

.<#i.> ,FELIX ,JULES ,MEL9E />T$ HIS C>E] 9 ! TYPICAL FA%ION ( ! ,FR5* POLITICIAN BY BECOM+ A LAWY]4 ,9 #ahh HE EM]G$ AS ! LEAD] ( ! P>TY FI<T+ = A HI< T>IFF TO PROTECT ,FR5* 9DU/RY4 ,9 #ahif HE BECAME ,PREMI] AT ! HEAD ( A REACTION>Y ,CAB9ET & GOV]N$ DUR+ ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR UNTIL ! SC&ALS 9 ! >MY CAUS$ HIS CAB9ET TO FALL 9 #a#h#i#h4 

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