,*APT] #d 
,! ,PROLET>IAT AS ,SUBJECT & ,REPRES5TATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GUY ,DEBORD 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d3 ,! ,PROLET>IAT AS ,SUBJECT & ,REPRES5TATION 

  
  

0,EQUAL RI<T TO ALL ! GOODS & PLEASURES ( ?IS WORLD1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL AU?ORITY1 ! NEGATION ( ALL MORAL RE/RA9TS -- 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 !SE >E ! AIMS BEH9D ! ,M>* #a#h? 9SURRECTION & ! *>T] ( ! FE>SOME ORGANIZATION ?AT FURNI%$ IT ) AN >MY40  
  
  

,P>LIAM5T>Y ,9QUE/ ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE  

#gc 

  

,! REAL MOVEM5T ?AT TRANS=MS EXI/+ CONDITIONS HAS BE5 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL =CE S9CE ! B\RGEOISIE'S VICTORY )9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 & ?IS DOM9ANCE BECAME VISIBLE ONCE ?AT VICTORY WAS TRANSLAT$ ONTO ! POLITICAL PLANE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES %ATT]$ ! OLD PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 & ALL /ATIC ORD] CRUMBL$4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS ABSOLUTE BECAME HI/ORICAL4 

#gd 

  

,:5 PEOPLE >E ?RU/ 9TO HI/ORY & =C$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! WORK & /RUGGLES ?AT CON/ITUTE HI/ORY1 !Y F9D !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO VIEW !IR RELATION%IPS 9 A CLE> & DISABUS$ MANN]4 ,?IS HI/ORY HAS NO OBJECT DI/9CT FROM :AT IT CREATES FROM \T ( ITSELF1 AL?\< ! F9AL UNCONSCI\S METAPHYSICAL VISION ( ! HI/ORICAL ]A CONSID]$ ! PRODUCTIVE PROGRESSION ?R\< :I* HI/ORY HAD UNFOLD$ AS ITSELF ! OBJECT ( HI/ORY4 ,AS = ! SUBJECT ( HI/ORY1 IT CAN BE NO?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF-PRODUCTION ( ! LIV+ -- LIV+ PEOPLE BECOM+ MA/]S & POSSESSORS ( !IR [N HI/ORICAL WORLD & ( !IR [N FULLY CONSCI\S ADV5TURES4 

#ge 

  

,! CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! LONG ]A ( REVOLUTIONS 9ITIAT$ BY ! RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 T&EM ) ! DIALECTICAL 0?\<T ( HI/ORY0 -- ! ?\<T :I* IS NO LONG] CONT5T TO SEEK ! MEAN+ ( :AT EXI/S1 BUT :I* /RIVES TO COMPREH5D ! DISSOLUTION ( :AT EXI/S1 & 9 ! PROCESS BREAKS D[N EV]Y SEP>ATION4 

#gf 

  

,= ,HEGEL ! PO9T WAS NO LONG] TO 9T]PRET ! WORLD1 BUT TO 9T]PRET ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT BECAUSE HE LIMIT$ HIMSELF TO M]ELY 9T]PRET+ ?AT TRANS=MATION1 ,HEGEL ONLY REPRES5TS ! PHILOSOPHICAL CULM9ATION ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,HE SEEKS TO UND]/& A WORLD ?AT DEVELOPS BY ITSELF4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL ?\<T IS /ILL A CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ALWAYS >RIVES TOO LATE1 A CONSCI\SNESS ?AT CAN ONLY =MULATE RETROSPECTIVE JU/IFICATIONS ( :AT HAS ALREADY HAPP5$4 ,IT HAS ?US GONE BEYOND SEP>ATION ONLY 9 ?\<T4 ,HEGEL'S P>ADOXICAL /ANCE -- HIS SUBORD9ATION ( ! MEAN+ ( ALL REALITY TO ITS HI/ORICAL CULM9ATION :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PROCLAIM+ ?AT HIS [N SY/EM REPRES5TS ?AT CULM9ATION -- FL[S FROM ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ?IS ?9K] ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES S\<T 9 HIS PHILOSOPHY ONLY A RECONCILIATION ) ! RESULTS ( ?OSE REVOLUTIONS4 0,EV5 AS A PHILOSOPHY ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 IT DOES NOT EXPRESS ! 5TIRE PROCESS ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY ITS CONCLUD+ PHASE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT IS A PHILOSOPHY NOT ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ( ! RE/ORATION0 7,K>L ,KORS*1 0,!SES ON ,HEGEL & ,REVOLUTION074 ,HEGEL P]=M$ ! TASK ( ! PHILOSOPH] -- 0! GLORIFICATION ( :AT EXI/S0 -- = ! LA/ TIME2 BUT ALREADY :AT EXI/$ = HIM C\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY4 ,S9CE HE NEV]!LESS MA9TA9$ ! EXT]NAL POSITION ( ?\<T1 ?IS EXT]NALITY C\LD BE MASK$ ONLY BY ID5TIFY+ ?AT ?\<T ) A PREEXI/+ PROJECT ( ! ,SPIRIT -- ( ?AT ABSOLUTE H]OIC =CE :I* HAS DONE :AT IT WILL$ & WILL$ :AT IT HAS DONE1 & :OSE ULTIMATE GOAL CO9CIDES ) ! PRES5T4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ SUP]S$$ BY HI/ORICAL ?\<T1 HAS ?US >RIV$ AT ! PO9T :]E IT CAN GLORIFY ITS WORLD ONLY BY D5Y+ IT1 S9CE 9 ORD] TO SPEAK IT MU/ PRESUPPOSE ?AT ! TOTAL HI/ORY TO :I* IT HAS RELEGAT$ EV]Y?+ HAS ALREADY COME TO AN 5D1 & ?AT ! ONLY TRIBUNAL :]E TRU? C\LD BE JUDG$ IS CLOS$4 

#gg 

  

,:5 ! PROLET>IAT DEMON/RATES ?R\< ITS [N ACTIONS ?AT ?IS HI/ORICAL ?\<T HAS NOT BE5 =GOTT51 ITS REFUTATION ( ?AT ?\<T'S CONCLUSION IS AT ! SAME TIME A CONFIRMATION ( ITS ME?OD4 

#< 

  

,HI/ORICAL ?\<T CAN BE SALVAG$ ONLY BY BECOM+ PRACTICAL ?\<T2 & ! PRACTICE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CAN BE NO?+ LESS ?AN HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS OP]AT+ ON ! TOTALITY ( ITS WORLD4 ,ALL ! !ORETICAL CURR5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T -- ,/IRN] & ,BAKUN9 AS WELL AS ,M>X -- GREW \T ( A CRITICAL CONFRONTATION ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T4 

#gi 

  

,! 9SEP>ABILITY ( ,M>X'S !ORY FROM ! ,HEGELIAN ME?OD IS ITSELF 9SEP>ABLE FROM ?AT !ORY'S REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 ?AT IS1 FROM ITS TRU?4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS REG>D ?AT ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>X & ,HEGEL HAS G5]ALLY BE5 IGNOR$ OR MISUND]/OOD1 OR EV5 D5\NC$ AS ! WEAK PO9T ( :AT BECAME FALLACI\SLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A DOCTR9E3 0,M>XISM40 ,B]N/E9 IMPLICITLY REVEAL$ ?IS CONNECTION BETWE5 ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD & HI/ORICAL P>TIZAN%IP :5 9 HIS BOOK ,EVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM HE DEPLOR$ ! #ahdg ,MANIFE/O'S UNSCI5TIFIC PR$ICTIONS ( IMM95T PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY3 0,?IS HI/ORICAL SELF-DECEPTION1 SO ]RONE\S ?AT ! MO/ NAIVE POLITICAL VISION>Y C\LD H>DLY HAVE DONE ANY WORSE1 W\LD BE 9COMPREH5SIBLE 9 A ,M>X :O AT ?AT TIME HAD ALREADY S]I\SLY /UDI$ ECONOMICS IF WE DID NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT IT REFLECT$ ! L+]+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ANTI!TICAL ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC1 FROM :I* ,M>X1 LIKE ,5GELS1 C\LD NEV] COMPLETELY FREE HIMSELF4 ,9 ?OSE TIMES ( G5]AL EFF]VESC5CE ?IS 9FLU5CE WAS ALL ! MORE FATAL TO HIM40 

#h 

  

,! 9V]SION C>RI$ \T BY ,M>X 9 ORD] TO 0SALVAGE0 ! ?\<T ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS BY TRANSF]R+ IT TO A DIFF]5T CONTEXT DOES NOT TRIVIALLY CONSI/ ( PUTT+ ! MAT]IALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 PLACE ( ! J\RNEY ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,SPIRIT T[>D ITS EV5TUAL 5C\NT] ) ITSELF -- ! ,SPIRIT :OSE OBJECTIFICATION IS ID5TICAL TO ITS ALI5ATION & :OSE HI/ORICAL W\NDS LEAVE NO SC>S4 ,= ONCE HI/ORY BECOMES REAL1 IT NO LONG] HAS AN 5D4 ,M>X DEMOLI%$ ,HEGEL'S POSITION ( DETA*M5T FROM EV5TS1 AS WELL AS PASSIVE CONTEMPLATION BY ANY SUPREME EXT]NAL AG5T :ATSOEV]4 ,H5CE=?1 !ORY'S CONC]N IS SIMPLY TO KN[ :AT IT ITSELF IS DO+4 ,9 CONTRA/1 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY'S PASSIVE CONTEMPLATION ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! ECONOMY IS AN UNTRANSC5D$ HOLDOV] FROM ! UNDIALECTICAL ASPECT ( ,HEGEL'S ATTEMPT TO CREATE A CIRCUL> SY/EM2 IT IS AN APPROVAL ?AT IS NO LONG] ON ! CONCEPTUAL LEVEL & ?AT NO LONG] NE$S A ,HEGELIANISM TO JU/IFY ITSELF1 BECAUSE ! MOVEM5T IT N[ PRAISES IS A SECTOR ( A WORLD :]E ?\<T NO LONG] HAS ANY PLACE1 A SECTOR :OSE ME*ANICAL DEVELOPM5T EFFECTIVELY DOM9ATES EV]Y?+4 ,M>X'S PROJECT IS A PROJECT ( CONSCI\S HI/ORY1 9 :I* ! QUANTITATIV5ESS ?AT >ISES \T ( ! BL9D DEVELOPM5T ( M]ELY ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVE =CES MU/ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A QUALITATIVE APPROPRIATION ( HI/ORY4 ,! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS ! FIR/ ACT ( ?IS 5D ( PREHI/ORY3 0,( ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 ! GREATE/ PRODUCTIVE P[] IS ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ITSELF40 

#ha 

  

,M>X'S !ORY IS CLOSELY L9K$ ) SCI5TIFIC ?\<T 9S(> AS IT SEEKS A RATIONAL UND]/&+ ( ! =CES ?AT REALLY OP]ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,BUT IT ULTIMATELY GOES BEYOND SCI5TIFIC ?\<T1 PRES]V+ IT ONLY BY SUP]S$+ IT4 ,IT SEEKS TO UND]/& SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 NOT SOCIOLOGICAL LAWS4 0,WE RECOGNIZE ONLY ONE SCI5CE3 ! SCI5CE ( HI/ORY0 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY74 

#hb 

  

,! B\RGEOIS ]A1 :I* WANTS TO GIVE HI/ORY A SCI5TIFIC F\NDATION1 OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT ! SCI5CE AVAILABLE TO IT C\LD ITSELF >ISE ONLY ON ! F\NDATION ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,BUT HI/ORY IS FUNDAM5TALLY DEP5D5T ON ?IS ECONOMIC KN[L$GE ONLY SO LONG AS IT REMA9S M]ELY ECONOMIC HI/ORY4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! VIEWPO9T ( SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION C\LD OV]LOOK HI/ORY'S EFFECT ON ! ECONOMY 7AN OV]ALL PROCESS MODIFY+ ITS [N SCI5TIFIC PREMISES7 IS %[N BY ! VANITY ( ?OSE SOCIALI/S :O ?\<T !Y HAD CALCULAT$ ! EXACT P]IODICITY ( ECONOMIC CRISES4 ,N[ ?AT CON/ANT GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION HAS SUCCE$$ 9 C\NT]ACT+ ! T5D5CIES T[>D CRISIS1 ! SAME TYPE ( M5TALITY SEES ?IS DELICATE BALANCE AS A DEF9ITIVE ECONOMIC H>MONY4 ,! PROJECT ( TRANSC5D+ ! ECONOMY & MA/]+ HI/ORY MU/ GRASP & 9CORPORATE ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY1 BUT IT CANNOT ITSELF BE A SCI5TIFIC PROJECT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T REMA9S B\RGEOIS 9S(> AS IT ?9KS IT CAN MA/] CURR5T HI/ORY BY MEANS ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 

#hc 

  

,! UTOPIAN CURR5TS ( SOCIALISM1 ?\< !Y >E HI/ORICALLY GR\ND$ 9 CRITICISM ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM1 CAN RI<TLY BE CALL$ UTOPIAN 9S(> AS !Y IGNORE HI/ORY 7?AT IS1 9S(> AS !Y IGNORE ACTUAL /RUGGLES TAK+ PLACE & ANY PASSAGE ( TIME \TSIDE ! IMMUTABLE P]FECTION ( !IR IMAGE ( A HAPPY SOCIETY71 BUT NOT BECAUSE !Y REJECT SCI5CE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! UTOPIAN ?9K]S W]E COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC ?\<T ( E>LI] C5TURIES4 ,!Y S\<T ! COMPLETION & FULFILLM5T ( ?AT G5]AL RATIONAL SY/EM4 ,!Y DID NOT CONSID] !MSELVES UN>M$ PROPHETS1 = !Y FIRMLY BELIEV$ 9 ! SOCIAL P[] ( SCI5TIFIC PRO( & EV51 9 ! CASE ( ,SA9T-,SIMONISM1 9 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY SCI5CE4 0,:Y10 ,SOMB>T ASK$1 0W\LD !Y WANT TO SEIZE ?R\< /RUGGLE :AT M]ELY NE$$ TO BE PROV$80 ,BUT ! UTOPIANS' SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ DID NOT 9CLUDE ! AW>5ESS ?AT SOME SOCIAL GR\PS HAVE VE/$ 9T]E/S 9 MA9TA9+ ! /ATUS QUO1 =CES TO MA9TA9 IT1 & =MS ( FALSE CONSCI\SNESS TO RE9=CE IT4 ,!IR GRASP ( REALITY ?US LAGG$ F> BEH9D ! HI/ORICAL REALITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE ITSELF1 :I* HAD BE5 L>GELY ORI5T$ BY ! SOCIAL REQUIREM5TS >IS+ FROM SU* FACTORS1 :I* DET]M9$ NOT ONLY :AT F9D+S W]E CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE1 BUT EV5 :AT MI<T OR MI<T NOT BECOME AN OBJECT ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S REMA9$ PRISON]S ( ! SCI5TIFIC MANN] ( EXP\ND+ ! TRU?1 VIEW+ ?IS TRU? AS A PURE AB/RACT IMAGE -- ! =M 9 :I* IT HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AT A MU* E>LI] /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS ,SOREL NOT$1 ! UTOPIANS TOOK A/RONOMY AS !IR MODEL = DISCOV]+ & DEMON/RAT+ ! LAWS ( SOCIETY2 !IR UNHI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( H>MONY WAS ! NATURAL RESULT ( !IR ATTEMPT TO APPLY TO SOCIETY ! SCI5CE LEA/ DEP5D5T ON HI/ORY4 ,!Y DESCRIB$ ?IS H>MONY AS IF !Y W]E ,NEWTONS DISCOV]+ UNIV]SAL SCI5TIFIC LAWS1 & ! HAPPY 5D+ !Y CON/ANTLY EVOK$ 0PLAYS A ROLE 9 !IR SOCIAL SCI5CE ANALOG\S TO ! ROLE ( 9]TIA 9 CLASSICAL PHYSICS0 7,MAT]IALS = A ,!ORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT74 

#hd 

  

,! SCI5TIFIC-DET]M9I/ ASPECT ( ,M>X'S ?\<T WAS PRECISELY :AT MADE IT VULN]ABLE TO 0IDEOLOGIZATION10 BO? DUR+ HIS [N LIFETIME & EV5 MORE SO 9 ! !ORETICAL H]ITAGE HE LEFT TO ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,! ADV5T ( ! HI/ORICAL SUBJECT CONT9UES TO BE PO/PON$1 & IT IS ECONOMICS1 ! HI/ORICAL SCI5CE P> EXCELL5CE1 :I* IS 9CREAS+LY SE5 AS GU>ANTEE+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( ITS [N FUTURE NEGATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 ! ONLY TRUE AG5T ( ?IS NEGATION1 T5DS TO BE PU%$ \T ( !ORY'S FIELD ( VISION4 ,9/EAD1 IT IS SE5 AS ESS5TIAL TO PATI5TLY /UDY ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & TO GO BACK TO ACCEPT+ ! SUFF]+ :I* ?AT DEVELOPM5T IMPOSES ) A ,HEGELIAN TRANQUILITY4 ,! RESULT REMA9S 0A GRAVEY>D ( GOOD 9T5TIONS40 ,! 0SCI5CE ( REVOLUTIONS0 !N CONCLUDES ?AT CONSCI\SNESS ALWAYS COMES TOO SOON1 & HAS TO BE TAU<T4 0,HI/ORY HAS %[N ?AT WE1 & ALL :O ?\<T AS WE DID1 W]E WRONG10 ,5GELS WROTE 9 #a#h#i#e4 0,IT HAS MADE CLE> ?AT ! /ATE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ON ! ,CONT95T AT ?AT TIME WAS F> FROM BE+ RIPE40 ,?R\<\T HIS LIFE ,M>X HAD MA9TA9$ A UNIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW 9 HIS !ORY1 BUT ! EXPOSITION ( HIS !ORY WAS C>RI$ \T ON ! T]RA9 ( ! DOM9ANT ?\<T 9S(> AS IT TOOK ! =M ( CRITIQUES ( P>TICUL> DISCIPL9ES1 MO/ NOTABLY ! CRITIQUE ( ?AT FUNDAM5TAL SCI5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS MUTILAT$ =M1 :I* EV5TUALLY CAME TO BE SE5 AS OR?ODOX1 ?AT ,M>X'S !ORY WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO 0,M>XISM40 

#he 

  

,! WEAKNESS ( ,M>X'S !ORY IS NATURALLY L9K$ TO ! WEAKNESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT ( HIS TIME4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS FAIL$ TO 9AUGURATE A P]MAN5T REVOLUTION 9 #a#h#d#h2 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY C\LD NOT YET BE FULLY REALIZ$4 ,! FACT ?AT ,M>X WAS R$UC$ TO DEF5D+ & REF9+ IT BY CLOI/]$ S*OL>LY WORK 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM HAD A DEBILITAT+ EFFECT ON ! !ORY ITSELF4 ,HIS SCI5TIFIC CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICE APP>5TLY IMPLI$ BY ?OSE CONCLUSIONS1 BECAME OB/ACLES TO PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS AT A LAT] /AGE4 

#hf 

  

,! !ORETICAL %ORTCOM+S ( ! SCI5TIFIC DEF5SE ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 7BO? 9 ITS CONT5T & 9 ITS =M ( EXPOSITION7 ALL ULTIMATELY RESULT FROM ID5TIFY+ ! PROLET>IAT ) ! B\RGEOISIE ) RESPECT TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SEIZURE ( P[]4 

#hg 

  

,AS E>LY AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,M>X'S EF=T TO DEMON/RATE ! LEGITIMACY ( PROLET>IAN P[] BY CIT+ A REPETITIVE SEQU5CE ( PREC$5TS L$ HIM TO OV]SIMPLIFY HIS HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS 9TO A L9E> MODEL ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MODES ( PRODUCTION1 9 :I* CLASS /RUGGLES 9V>IABLY RESULT$ 0EI!R 9 A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY OR 9 ! MUTUAL RU9 ( ! CONT5D+ CLASSES40 ,! PLA9 FACTS ( HI/ORY1 H[EV]1 >E ?AT ! 0,ASIATIC MODE ( PRODUCTION0 7AS ,M>X HIMSELF ACKN[L$G$ ELSE:]E7 MA9TA9$ ITS IMMOBILITY DESPITE ALL ITS CLASS CONFLICTS2 ?AT NO S]F UPRIS+ EV] OV]?REW ! FEUDAL LORDS2 & ?AT NONE ( ! SLAVE REVOLTS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD 5D$ ! RULE ( ! FREEM54 ,! L9E> S*EMA LOSES SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ?AT HAS EV] WON2 & ?AT IT IS ALSO ! ONLY CLASS = :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY WAS BO? ! CAUSE & ! CONSEQU5CE ( ITS TAK+ CONTROL ( SOCIETY4 ,! SAME OV]SIMPLIFICATION L$ ,M>X TO NEGLECT ! ECONOMIC ROLE ( ! /ATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,IF ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE SEEM$ TO LIB]ATE ! ECONOMY FROM ! /ATE1 ?IS WAS TRUE ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! PREVI\S /ATE WAS AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS OPPRESSION )9 A /ATIC ECONOMY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ ITS 9DEP5D5T ECONOMIC P[] DUR+ ! M$IEVAL P]IOD :5 ! /ATE HAD BE5 WEAK5$ & FEUDALISM WAS BREAK+ UP ! /ABLE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 DIFF]5T P[]S4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! MOD]N /ATE -- :I* BEGAN TO SUPPORT ! B\RGEOISIE'S DEVELOPM5T ?R\< ITS M]CANTILE POLICIES & :I* DEVELOP$ 9TO ! B\RGEOISIE'S [N /ATE DUR+ ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE ]A -- WAS EV5TUALLY TO EM]GE AS A C5TRAL P[] 9 ! PLANN$ MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMIC PROCESS4 ,M>X WAS NEV]!LESS ABLE TO DESCRIBE ! 0,BONAP>TI/0 PROTOTYPE ( MOD]N /ATI/ BUREAUCRACY1 ! FUSION ( CAPITAL & /ATE TO CREATE A 0NATIONAL P[] ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 A PUBLIC =CE DESIGN$ TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL S]VITUDE0 -- A =M ( SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE R5\NCES ALL HI/ORICAL LIFE AP>T FROM :AT HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO ! ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( ?+S1 & W\LD LIKE TO BE 0CONDEMN$ TO ! SAME POLITICAL NO?+NESS AS ALL ! O!R CLASSES40 ,! SOCIOPOLITICAL F\NDATIONS ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE >E ALREADY DISC]NIBLE H]E1 & !SE F\NDATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPLY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS ! ONLY PRET5D] TO HI/ORICAL LIFE4 

#hh 

  

,! ONLY TWO CLASSES ?AT REALLY CORRESPOND TO ,M>X'S !ORY1 ! TWO PURE CLASSES ?AT ! 5TIRE ANALYSIS ( ,CAPITAL BR+S TO ! =E1 >E ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE >E ALSO ! ONLY TWO REVOLUTION>Y CLASSES 9 HI/ORY1 BUT OP]AT+ UND] V]Y DIFF]5T CONDITIONS4 ,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION IS DONE4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS A YET-UNREALIZ$ PROJECT1 BORN ON ! F\NDATION ( ! E>LI] REVOLUTION BUT DIFF]+ FROM IT QUALITATIVELY4 ,IF ONE OV]LOOKS ! ORIG9ALITY ( ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ONE ALSO T5DS TO OV]LOOK ! SPECIFIC ORIG9ALITY ( ! PROLET>IAN PROJECT1 :I* CAN A*IEVE NO?+ UNLESS IT C>RIES ITS [N BANN]S & RECOGNIZES ! 0IMM5SITY ( ITS [N TASKS40 ,! B\RGEOISIE CAME TO P[] BECAUSE IT WAS ! CLASS ( ! DEVELOP+ ECONOMY4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT CREATE ITS [N NEW =M ( P[] EXCEPT BY BECOM+ ! CLASS ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! GR[? ( PRODUCTIVE =CES WILL NOT 9 ITSELF GU>ANTEE ! EM]G5CE ( SU* A P[] -- NOT EV5 9DIRECTLY BY WAY ( ! 9CREAS+ DISPOSSESSION :I* ?AT GR[? 5TAILS4 ,NOR CAN A ,JACOB9-/YLE SEIZURE ( ! /ATE BE A MEANS TO ?IS 5D4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT MAKE USE ( ANY IDEOLOGY DESIGN$ TO DISGUISE ITS P>TIAL GOALS AS G5]AL GOALS1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT PRES]VE ANY P>TIAL REALITY ?AT IS TRULY ITS [N4 

#hi 

  

,IF ,M>X1 DUR+ A C]TA9 P]IOD ( HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 PLAC$ TOO GREAT A RELIANCE ON SCI5TIFIC PR$ICTION1 TO ! PO9T ( CREAT+ ! 9TELLECTUAL BASIS = ! ILLUSIONS ( ECONOMISM1 IT IS CLE> ?AT HE HIMSELF DID NOT SUCCUMB TO ?OSE ILLUSIONS4 ,9 A WELL-KN[N LETT] ( #g ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#g1 ACCOMPANY+ AN >TICLE CRITICIZ+ ,CAPITAL :I* HE HIMSELF HAD WRITT5 BUT :I* HE WANT$ ,5GELS TO PRES5T TO ! PRESS AS ! WORK ( AN ADV]S>Y1 ,M>X CLE>LY 9DICAT$ ! LIMITS ( HIS [N SCI5CE3 0,! AU?OR'S SUBJECTIVE T5D5CY 7IMPOS$ ON HIM1 P]HAPS1 BY HIS POLITICAL POSITION & HIS PA/71 NAMELY ! MANN] 9 :I* HE VIEWS & PRES5TS ! F9AL \TCOME ( ! PRES5T MOVEM5T & SOCIAL PROCESS1 HAS NO CONNECTION ) HIS ACTUAL ANALYSIS40 ,BY ?US DISP>AG+ ! 0T5D5TI\S CONCLUSIONS0 ( HIS [N OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS1 & BY ! IRONY ( ! 0P]HAPS0 ) REF]5CE TO ! EXTRASCI5TIFIC *OICES SUPPOS$LY 0IMPOS$0 ON HIM1 ,M>X IMPLICITLY REVEAL$ ! ME?ODOLOGICAL KEY TO FUS+ ! TWO ASPECTS4 

#i 

  

,! FUSION ( KN[L$GE & ACTION MU/ BE EFFECT$ )9 ! HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE ITSELF1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT EA* DEP5DS ON ! O!R = ITS VALIDATION4 ,! PROLET>IAN CLASS IS =M$ 9TO A SUBJECT 9 ITS PROCESS ( ORGANIZ+ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & 9 ITS REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY AT ! MOM5T ( REVOLUTION -- ?IS IS :]E ! PRACTICAL CONDITIONS ( CONSCI\SNESS MU/ EXI/1 CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! !ORY ( PRAXIS IS CONFIRM$ BY BECOM+ PRACTICAL !ORY4 ,BUT ?IS CRUCIAL QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION WAS VIRTUALLY IGNOR$ BY REVOLUTION>Y !ORY DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T WAS FIR/ TAK+ %APE -- ! V]Y P]IOD :5 ?AT !ORY /ILL POSSESS$ ! UNIT>Y *>ACT] IT HAD 9H]IT$ FROM HI/ORICAL ?\<T 7& :I* IT HAD RI<TLY V[$ TO DEVELOP 9TO A UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL PRACTICE74 ,9/EAD1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION BECAME ! WEAKE/ ASPECT ( RADICAL !ORY1 A CONFUS$ T]RA9 L5D+ ITSELF TO ! REVIVAL ( HI]>*ICAL & /ATI/ TACTICS BORR[$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,! =MS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T ?AT W]E DEVELOP$ ON ! BASIS ( ?IS !ORETICAL NEGLIG5CE T5D$ 9 TURN TO 9HIBIT ! MA9T5ANCE ( A UNIT>Y !ORY BY BREAK+ IT UP 9TO V>I\S SPECIALIZ$ & FRAGM5T$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,?IS IDEOLOGICALLY ALI5AT$ !ORY WAS !N NO LONG] ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ! PRACTICAL V]IFICATIONS ( ! UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL ?\<T IT HAD BETRAY$ :5 SU* V]IFICATIONS EM]G$ 9 SPONTANE\S WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES2 9/EAD1 IT CONTRIBUT$ T[>D REPRESS+ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION & MEMORY ( !M4 ,YET ?OSE HI/ORICAL =MS ?AT TOOK %APE 9 /RUGGLE W]E PRECISELY ! PRACTICAL T]RA9 ?AT WAS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO VALIDATE ! !ORY4 ,!Y W]E :AT ! !ORY NE$$1 YET ?AT NE$ HAD NOT BE5 =MULAT$ !ORETICALLY4 ,! SOVIET1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS NOT A !ORETICAL DISCOV]Y4 ,& ! MO/ ADVANC$ !ORETICAL TRU? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS ITS [N EXI/5CE 9 PRACTICE4 

#ia 

  

,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL'S 9ITIAL SUCCESSES 5ABL$ IT TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! CONFUS$ 9FLU5CES ( ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ?AT HAD SURVIV$ )9 IT4 ,BUT ! DEFEAT & REPRESSION ?AT IT SOON 5C\NT]$ BR\<T TO ! SURFACE A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 EA* ( :I* CONTA9$ AN AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECT ?AT AM\NT$ TO AB&ON+ ! CONSCI\S SELF-EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! FEUD BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,BAKUN9I/S1 :I* EV5TUALLY BECAME IRRECONCILABLE1 ACTUALLY C5T]$ ON TWO DIFF]5T ISSUES -- ! QUE/ION ( P[] 9 A FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY & ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CURR5T MOVEM5T -- & EA* ( ! ADV]S>IES REV]S$ !IR POSITION :5 !Y W5T FROM ONE ASPECT TO ! O!R4 ,BAKUN9 D5\NC$ ! ILLUSION ?AT CLASSES C\LD BE ABOLI%$ BY MEANS ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN IMPLEM5TATION ( /ATE P[]1 W>N+ ?AT ?IS W\LD LEAD TO ! =MATION ( A NEW BUREAUCRATIC RUL+ CLASS & TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MO/ KN[L$GEABLE 7OR ( ?OSE REPUT$ TO BE SU*74 ,M>X1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! CONCOMITANT MATURATION ( ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS & ( ! WORK]S' $UCATION 9 DEMOCRACY W\LD R$UCE ! ROLE ( A PROLET>IAN /ATE TO A BRIEF PHASE NE$$ TO LEGITIMIZE ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY OBJECTIVE FACTORS1 D5\NC$ ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S AS AN AU?ORIT>IAN CONSPIRATORIAL ELITE :O W]E DELIB]ATELY PLAC+ !MSELVES ABOVE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ! H>EBRA9$ S*EME ( IMPOS+ ON SOCIETY AN IRRESPONSIBLE DICTATOR%IP ( ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y 7OR ( ?OSE :O W\LD DESIGNATE !MSELVES AS SU*74 ,BAKUN9 DID 9 FACT RECRUIT FOLL[]S ON SU* A BASIS3 0,9 ! MID/ ( ! POPUL> TEMPE/ WE MU/ BE ! 9VISIBLE PILOTS GUID+ ! REVOLUTION1 NOT ?R\< ANY K9D ( OV]T P[] BUT ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP ( \R ,ALLIANCE -- A DICTATOR%IP )\T ANY BADGES OR TITLES OR (FICIAL /ATUS1 YET ALL ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE NONE ( ! APPE>ANCES ( P[]40 ,?US TWO IDEOLOGIES ( WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION OPPOS$ EA* O!R1 EA* CONTA9+ A P>TIALLY TRUE CRITIQUE1 BUT EA* LOS+ ! UNITY ( HI/ORICAL ?\<T & SETT+ ITSELF UP AS AN IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITY4 ,P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION FAI?FULLY S]V$ ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE IDEOLOGIES2 & EV]Y:]E ! RESULT WAS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT HAD BE5 S\<T4 

#ib 

  

,! FACT ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE SE5 ! GOAL ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION AS IMM$IATELY PRES5T REPRES5TS BO? ! /R5G? & ! WEAKNESS ( COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/ /RUGGLES 7! ONLY =MS ( AN>*ISM ?AT CAN BE TAK5 S]I\SLY -- ! PRET5SIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ =MS ( AN>*ISM HAVE ALWAYS BE5 LUDICR\S74 ,FROM ! HI/ORICAL ?\<T ( MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLES COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM RETA9S ONLY ! CONCLUSION1 & ITS CON/ANT H>P+ ON ?IS CONCLUSION IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A DELIB]ATE 9DIFF]5CE TO ANY CONSID]ATION ( ME?ODS4 ,ITS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE HAS ?US REMA9$ AB/RACT1 :ILE ITS COMMITM5T TO ECONOMIC /RUGGLE HAS BE5 *ANNEL$ T[>D ! MIRAGE ( A DEF9ITIVE SOLUTION ?AT WILL SUPPOS$LY BE A*IEV$ BY A S+LE BL[ ON ?IS T]RA91 ON ! DAY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE OR ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! AN>*I/S HAVE SADDL$ !MSELVES ) FULFILL+ AN IDEAL4 ,AN>*ISM REMA9S A M]ELY IDEOLOGICAL NEGATION ( ! /ATE & ( CLASS SOCIETY -- ! V]Y SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* 9 !IR TURN FO/] SEP>ATE IDEOLOGIES4 ,IT IS ! IDEOLOGY ( PURE FRE$OM1 AN IDEOLOGY ?AT PUTS EV]Y?+ ON ! SAME LEVEL & LOSES ANY CONCEPTION ( ! 0HI/ORICAL EVIL0 7! NEGATION AT WORK )9 HI/ORY74 ,?IS FUSION ( ALL P>TIAL DEM&S 9TO A S+LE ALL-5COMPASS+ DEM& HAS GIV5 AN>*ISM ! M]IT ( REPRES5T+ ! REJECTION ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE ( LIFE RA!R ?AN FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOME P>TICUL> CRITICAL SPECIALIZATION2 BUT ! FACT ?AT ?IS FUSION HAS BE5 5VISAG$ ONLY 9 ! ABSOLUTE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) 9DIVIDUAL :IM & 9 ADVANCE ( ANY PRACTICAL ACTUALIZATION1 HAS DOOM$ AN>*ISM TO AN ALL TOO OBVI\S 9COH]5CE4 ,AN>*ISM RESPONDS TO EA* P>TICUL> /RUGGLE BY REPEAT+ & REAPPLY+ ! SAME SIMPLE & ALL-EMBRAC+ LESSON1 BECAUSE ?IS LESSON HAS FROM ! BEG9N+ BE5 CONSID]$ ! BE-ALL & 5D-ALL ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S #ahgc LETT] ( RESIGNATION FROM ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION3 0,DUR+ ! PA/ N9E YE>S ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS DEVELOP$ MORE ?AN 5\< IDEAS TO SAVE ! WORLD1 IF IDEAS ALONE C\LD SAVE IT1 & ,I *ALL5GE ANYONE TO COME UP ) A NEW ONE4 ,IT'S NO LONG] ! TIME = IDEAS1 IT'S TIME = ACTIONS40 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE UND\BT$LY RETA9S PROLET>IAN HI/ORICAL ?\<T'S RECOGNITION ?AT IDEAS MU/ BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 BUT IT AB&ONS ! HI/ORICAL T]RA9 BY ASSUM+ ?AT ! APPROPRIATE =MS = ?IS TRANSITION TO PRACTICE HAVE ALREADY BE5 DISCOV]$ & WILL NEV] *ANGE4 

#ic 

  

,! AN>*I/S1 :O EXPLICITLY DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T BY !IR IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTION1 REPRODUCE ?IS SEP>ATION ( COMPET5CIES )9 !IR [N RANKS BY PROVID+ A T]RA9 ?AT FACILITATES ! 9=MAL DOM9ATION ( EA* P>TICUL> AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION BY PROPAG&I/S & DEF5D]S ( !IR IDEOLOGY1 SPECIALI/S :OSE M$IOCRE 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY IS L>GELY LIMIT$ TO ! CON/ANT REGURGITATION ( A FEW ET]NAL TRU?S4 ,! AN>*I/S' IDEOLOGICAL REV]5CE = UNANIM\S DECISIONMAK+ HAS 5D$ UP PAV+ ! WAY = UNCONTROLL$ MANIPULATION ( !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS BY SPECIALI/S 9 FRE$OM2 & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM EXPECTS ! SAME TYPE ( UNANIMITY1 OBTA9$ BY ! SAME MEANS1 FROM ! MASSES ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 LIB]AT$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! AN>*I/S' REFUSAL TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! GREAT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! CONDITIONS ( A M9ORITY B&$ TOGE!R 9 PRES5T-DAY /RUGGLES & ( A PO/REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS HAS REPEAT$LY L$ TO ! ISOLATION ( AN>*I/S :5 ! MOM5T = COLLECTIVE DECISIONMAK+ ACTUALLY >RIVES1 AS IS %[N BY ! C\NTLESS AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,SPA9 ?AT W]E CONTA9$ & CRU%$ AT A LOCAL LEVEL4 

#id 

  

,! ILLUSION MORE OR LESS EXPLICITLY MA9TA9$ BY G5U9E AN>*ISM IS ITS CON/ANT BELIEF ?AT A REVOLUTION IS JU/ >\ND ! CORN]1 & ?AT ! 9/ANTANE\S ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS REVOLUTION WILL DEMON/RATE ! TRU? ( AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY & ( ! =M ( PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?AT IDEOLOGY4 ,9 #aicf AN>*ISM DID 9DE$ 9ITIATE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 A REVOLUTION ?AT WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXPRESSION ( PROLET>IAN P[] EV] REALIZ$4 ,BUT EV5 9 ?AT CASE IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! G5]AL UPRIS+ BEGAN AS A M]ELY DEF5SIVE REACTION TO ! >MY'S ATTEMPT$ C\P4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9ASMU* AS ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT C>RI$ TO COMPLETION DUR+ ITS OP5+ DAYS 7BECAUSE ,FRANCO CONTROLL$ HALF ! C\NTRY & WAS BE+ /RONGLY SUPPORT$ FROM ABROAD1 BECAUSE ! RE/ ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY BE5 DEFEAT$1 & BECAUSE ! ANTI-,FRANCO CAMP 9CLUD$ V>I\S B\RGEOIS =CES & /ATI/ WORK+-CLASS P>TIES71 ! ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T PROV$ 9CAPABLE ( EXT5D+ ! REVOLUTION'S P>TIAL VICTORIES1 OR EV5 ( DEF5D+ !M4 ,ITS RECOGNIZ$ LEAD]S BECAME GOV]NM5T M9I/]S1 HO/AGES TO A B\RGEOIS /ATE ?AT WAS DE/ROY+ ! REVOLUTION EV5 AS IT PROCE$$ TO LOSE ! CIVIL W>4 

#ie 

  

,! 0OR?ODOX ,M>XISM0 ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IS ! SCI5TIFIC IDEOLOGY ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 AN IDEOLOGY :I* ID5TIFIES ITS :OLE TRU? ) OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC PROCESSES & ) ! PROGRESSIVE RECOGNITION ( ! 9EVITABILITY ( ?OSE PROCESSES BY A WORK+ CLASS $UCAT$ BY ! ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY REVIVES ! FAI? 9 P$AGOGICAL DEMON/RATION ?AT WAS F\ND AMONG ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 COMB9+ ?AT FAI? ) A CONTEMPLATIVE 9VOCATION ( ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY2 BUT IT HAS LO/ BO? ! ,HEGELIAN DIM5SION ( TOTAL HI/ORY & ! /ATIC IMAGE ( TOTALITY PRES5T$ BY ! UTOPIANS 7MO/ RI*LY BY ,F\RI]74 ,?IS TYPE ( SCI5TIFIC ATTITUDE1 :I* CAN DO NO?+ MORE ?AN RESURRECT ! TRADITIONAL DILEMMAS BETWE5 SYMMETRICAL E?ICAL *OICES1 IS AT ! ROOT ( ,HILF]D+'S ABSURD CONCLUSION ?AT RECOGNIZ+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( SOCIALISM 0GIVES NO 9DICATION AS TO :AT PRACTICAL ATTITUDE %\LD BE ADOPT$4 ,= IT IS ONE ?+ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SOME?+ IS 9EVITABLE1 & QUITE ANO!R TO PUT ONESELF 9 ! S]VICE ( ?AT 9EVITABILITY0 7,F9ANZKAPITAL74 ,?OSE :O FAIL$ TO REALIZE ?AT = ,M>X & = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL ?\<T WAS 9 NO WAY DI/9CT FROM A PRACTICAL ATTITUDE TO BE ADOPT$ G5]ALLY 5D$ UP BECOM+ VICTIMS ( ! PRACTICE !Y DID ADOPT4 

#if 

  

,! IDEOLOGY ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS PUT ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! PR(ESSORS :O W]E $UCAT+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 & !IR ORGANIZATIONAL =MS CORRESPOND$ TO ?IS TYPE ( PASSIVE APPR5TICE%IP4 ,! P>TICIPATION ( ! SOCIALI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLES WAS ADMITT$LY CONCRETE1 BUT IT WAS PR(\NDLY UNCRITICAL4 ,IT WAS A MANIFE/LY RE=MI/ PRACTICE C>RI$ ON 9 ! NAME ( AN ILLUSORY REVOLUTIONISM4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY ( REVOLUTION 9EVITABLY F\ND]$ ON ! V]Y SUCCESSES ( ?OSE :O PROCLAIM$ IT4 ,! ELEVATION ( SOCIALI/ J\RNALI/S & P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVES ABOVE ! RE/ ( ! MOVEM5T 5C\RAG$ !M TO BECOME HABITUAT$ TO A B\RGEOIS LIFE/YLE 7MO/ ( !M HAD 9 ANY CASE BE5 RECRUIT$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA74 ,& EV5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ \T ( /RUGGLES 9 ! FACTORIES W]E TRANS=M$ BY ! TRADE-UNION BUREAUCRACY 9TO BROK]S ( LABOR-P[]1 :OSE TASK WAS TO MAKE SURE ?AT ?AT COMMODITY WAS SOLD AT A 0FAIR0 PRICE4 ,= ! ACTIVITY ( ALL !SE PEOPLE TO HAVE RETA9$ ANY APPE>ANCE ( BE+ REVOLUTION>Y1 CAPITALISM W\LD HAVE HAD TO HAVE TURN$ \T TO BE CONV5I5TLY 9CAPABLE ( TOL]AT+ ?IS ECONOMIC RE=MISM1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT HAD NO TR\BLE TOL]AT+ ! LEGALI/IC POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS ( ! SAME RE=MISM4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' SCI5TIFIC IDEOLOGY CONFID5TLY AFFIRM$ ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD NOT TOL]ATE !SE ECONOMIC ANTAGONISMS2 BUT HI/ORY REPEAT$LY PROV$ !M WRONG4 

#ig 

  

,B]N/E91 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT LEA/ ATTA*$ TO POLITICAL IDEOLOGY & MO/ OP5LY ATTA*$ TO ! ME?ODOLOGY ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 WAS HONE/ 5\< TO PO9T \T ?IS CONTRADICTION 7A CONTRADICTION :I* HAD ALSO BE5 IMPLI$ BY ! RE=MI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,5GLI% WORK]S1 :O NEV] BO!R$ TO 9VOKE ANY REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY74 ,BUT IT WAS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ITSELF :I* ULTIMATELY PROVID$ ! DEF9ITIVE DEMON/RATION4 ,AL?\< FULL ( ILLUSIONS 9 O!R REG>DS1 ,B]N/E9 HAD D5I$ ?AT A CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION W\LD MIRACUL\SLY =CE ! H& ( ! SOCIALI/S1 :O WANT$ TO 9H]IT ! REVOLUTION ONLY BY WAY ( ?IS OR?ODOX SEQU5CE ( EV5TS4 ,! PR(\ND SOCIAL UPHEAVAL T\*$ (F BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ?\< IT L$ TO A WIDESPREAD AWAK5+ ( RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 TWICE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC HI]>*Y HAD FAIL$ TO PROVIDE ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ) A REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION CAPABLE ( TURN+ !M 9TO !ORI/S3 FIR/1 :5 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! P>TY RALLI$ TO ! IMP]IALI/ W>2 !N1 FOLL[+ ! ,G]MAN DEFEAT1 :5 ! P>TY CRU%$ ! ,SP>TAKI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! EX-WORK] ,EB]T1 :O HAD BECOME ONE ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S1 APP>5TLY /ILL BELIEV$ 9 S9 S9CE HE ADMITT$ ?AT HE HAT$ REVOLUTION 0LIKE S940 ,& HE PROV$ HIMSELF A FITT+ PRECURSOR ( ! SOCIALI/ REPRES5TATION ?AT WAS SOON TO EM]GE AS ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E1 :5 HE ACCURATELY SUMM$ UP ! ESS5CE ( ?IS NEW =M ( ALI5ATION3 0,SOCIALISM MEANS WORK+ A LOT40 

#ih 

  

,AS A ,M>XI/ ?9K]1 ,L59 WAS SIMPLY A FAI?FUL & CONSI/5T ,KAUTSKYI/ :O APPLI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( 0OR?ODOX ,M>XISM0 )9 ! CONDITIONS EXI/+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 CONDITIONS :I* DID NOT L5D !MSELVES TO ! RE=MI/ PRACTICE C>RI$ ON ELSE:]E BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTEXT1 ! ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE ( DIRECT+ ! PROLET>IAT FROM \TSIDE1 BY MEANS ( A DISCIPL9$ UND]GR\ND P>TY UND] ! CONTROL ( 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD BECOME 0PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES10 BECAME A NEW PR(ESSION -- A PR(ESSION :I* REFUS$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ANY ( ! PR(ESSIONAL RUL+ /RATA ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7! ,CZ>I/ POLITICAL REGIME WAS 9 ANY CASE 9CAPABLE ( (F]+ ANY OPPORTUNITIES = SU* COMPROMISE1 :I* DEP5DS ON AN ADVANC$ /AGE ( B\RGEOIS P[]74 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS 9TRANSIG5CE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5D$ UP BECOM+ ! SOLE PRACTITION]S ( ! PR(ESSION ( TOTALIT>IAN SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 

#ii 

  

,) ! W> & ! COLLAPSE ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! FACE ( ?AT W>1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGICAL RADICALISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ABLE TO SPREAD ITS 9FLU5CE ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,! BLOODY 5D ( ! DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T TRANS=M$ ! 5TIRE WORLD 9TO A ,RUSSIA1 & ,BOL%EVISM1 REIGN+ OV] ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y BREAK?R\< 5G5D]$ BY ?IS P]IOD ( CRISIS1 (F]$ ITS HI]>*ICAL & IDEOLOGICAL MODEL TO ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES1 URG+ !M TO ADOPT IT 9 ORD] TO 0SPEAK ,RUSSIAN0 TO !IR [N RUL+ CLASSES4 ,L59 DID NOT REPROA* ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL = BE+ A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 BUT = CEAS+ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 

#a 

  

,! HI/ORICAL MOM5T :5 ,BOL%EVISM TRIUMPH$ = ITSELF 9 ,RUSSIA & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY F\<T VICTORI\SLY = ! OLD WORLD M>KS ! 9AUGURATION ( ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT IS AT ! HE>T ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE'S DOM9ATION3 ! REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BECOME AN 5EMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

#aa 

  

0,9 ALL PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS10 WROTE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,DIE ,ROTE ,FAHNE ( #ba ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#h1 0! COMBATANTS FAC$ EA* O!R OP5LY & DIRECTLY -- CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 PROGRAM AGA9/ PROGRAM4 ,9 ! PRES5T REVOLUTION1 ! TROOPS PROTECT+ ! OLD ORD] >E NOT FI<T+ UND] ! 9SIGNIA ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT UND] ! BANN] ( A 'SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY4' ,IF ! C5TRAL QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION WAS POS$ OP5LY & HONE/LY -- ,CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM8 -- ! GREAT MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD TODAY HAVE NO D\BTS OR HESITATIONS40 ,?US1 A FEW DAYS BE=E ITS DE/RUCTION1 ! RADICAL CURR5T ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT DISCOV]$ ! SECRET ( ! NEW CONDITIONS 5G5D]$ BY ! :OLE PROCESS ?AT HAD GONE BE=E 7A DEVELOPM5T TO :I* ! REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD GREATLY CONTRIBUT$73 ! SPECTACUL> ORGANIZATION ( ! RUL+ ORD]'S DEF5SE1 ! SOCIAL REIGN ( APPE>ANCES :]E NO 0C5TRAL QUE/ION0 CAN ANY LONG] BE POS$ 0OP5LY & HONE/LY40 ,! REVOLUTION>Y REPRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD AT ?IS /AGE BECOME BO? ! PRIM>Y CAUSE & ! C5TRAL RESULT ( ! G5]AL FALSIFICATION ( SOCIETY4 

#ab 

  

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL RESULT$ FROM ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA & FROM ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY ! WORK]S MOVEM5TS ( ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,!SE SAME BACKW>D CONDITIONS ALSO T5D$ TO FO/] ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ASPECTS :I* ?AT =M ( ORGANIZATION HAD UNCONSCI\SLY CONTA9$ FROM ITS 9CEPTION4 ,! REPEAT$ FAILURE ( ! MASS ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S MOVEM5T TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! GOLD5 OPPORTUNITIES ( ! #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b P]IOD 7A FAILURE :I* 9CLUD$ ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ITS [N RADICAL M9ORITY7 FAVOR$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK DEVELOPM5T & 5ABL$ ?AT FRAUDUL5T \TCOME TO PRES5T ITSELF TO ! WORLD AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE PROLET>IAN SOLUTION4 ,BY SEIZ+ A /ATE MONOPOLY AS SOLE REPRES5TATIVE & DEF5D] ( WORK+-CLASS P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY JU/IFI$ ITSELF & BECAME :AT IT ALREADY WAS3 ! P>TY ( ! [N]S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 [N]S :O ESS5TIALLY ELIM9AT$ E>LI] =MS ( PROP]TY4 

#ac 

  

,= TW5TY YE>S ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD 5GAG$ 9 AN UNRESOLV$ DEBATE OV] ALL ! CONDITIONS ?AT MI<T BE> ON ! OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM -- ! WEAKNESS ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! PEASANT MAJORITY2 & ! POT5TIALLY DECISIVE ROLE ( A PROLET>IAT :I* WAS CONC5TRAT$ & COMBATIVE BUT :I* CON/ITUT$ ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,?IS DEBATE WAS EV5TUALLY RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE BY A FACTOR ?AT HAD NOT FIGUR$ 9 ANY ( ! HYPO!SES3 A REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRACY ?AT PLAC$ ITSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! PROLET>IAT1 SEIZ$ /ATE P[] & PROCE$$ TO IMPOSE A NEW =M ( CLASS DOM9ATION4 ,A /RICTLY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION HAD BE5 IMPOSSIBLE2 TALK ( A 0DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( WORK]S & PEASANTS0 WAS MEAN+LESS V]BIAGE2 & ! PROLET>IAN P[] ( ! SOVIETS C\LD NOT SIMULTANE\SLY MA9TA9 ITSELF AGA9/ ! CLASS ( SMALL L&[N]S1 AGA9/ ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ,:ITE REACTION1 & AGA9/ ITS [N REPRES5TATION :I* HAD BECOME EXT]NALIZ$ & ALI5AT$ 9 ! =M ( A WORK+-CLASS P>TY ?AT MA9TA9$ TOTAL CONTROL OV] ! /ATE1 ! ECONOMY1 ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION1 & SOON EV5 OV] PEOPLE'S ?\<TS4 ,TROTSKY'S & ,P>VUS'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION1 :I* ,L59 ADOPT$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g1 WAS ! ONLY !ORY ?AT PROV$ TRUE = C\NTRIES ) UND]DEVELOP$ B\RGEOISIES2 BUT IT BECAME TRUE ONLY AFT] ! UNKN[N FACTOR ( BUREAUCRATIC CLASS P[] CAME 9TO ! PICTURE4 ,9 ! NUM]\S >GUM5TS )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP1 ,L59 WAS ! MO/ CONSI/5T ADVOCATE ( CONC5TRAT+ DICTATORIAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ?IS SUPREME IDEOLOGICAL REPRES5TATION4 ,L59 WAS RI<T EV]Y TIME 9 ! S5SE ?AT HE 9V>IABLY SUPPORT$ ! SOLUTION IMPLI$ BY E>LI] *OICES ( ! M9ORITY ?AT N[ EX]CIS$ ABSOLUTE P[]3 ! DEMOCRACY ?AT WAS KEPT FROM PEASANTS BY MEANS ( ! /ATE W\LD HAVE TO BE KEPT FROM WORK]S AS WELL1 :I* L$ TO D5Y+ IT TO ,COMMUNI/ UNION LEAD]S & TO P>TY MEMB]S 9 G5]AL1 & F9ALLY TO ! HI<E/ RANKS ( ! P>TY HI]>*Y4 ,AT ! ,T5? ,CONGRESS1 AS ! ,KRON/ADT SOVIET WAS BE+ CRU%$ BY >MS & BURI$ UND] A B>RAGE ( SL&]1 ,L59 ATTACK$ ! RADICAL-LEFT BUREAUCRATS :O HAD =M$ A 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 FACTION ) ! FOLL[+ ULTIMATUM1 ! LOGIC ( :I* ,/AL9 W\LD LAT] EXT5D TO AN ABSOLUTE DIVISION ( ! WORLD3 0,Y\ CAN /& H]E ) US1 OR AGA9/ US \T !RE ) A GUN 9 Y\R H&1 BUT NOT )9 SOME OPPOSITION444 ,WE'VE HAD 5\< OPPOSITION40 

#ad 

  

,AFT] ,KRON/ADT1 ! BUREAUCRACY CONSOLIDAT$ ITS P[] AS SOLE [N] ( A SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALISM -- 9T]NALLY BY MEANS ( A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY 7! 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY07 & EXT]NALLY BY US+ ! WORK]S REGIM5T$ 9TO ! BUREAUCRATIC P>TIES ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AS A BACKUP =CE = ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY1 SABOTAG+ ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & SUPPORT+ B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS :OSE SUPPORT IT 9 TURN HOP$ TO SECURE 9 ! SPH]E ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS 7! ,KUOM9TANG REGIME 9 ! ,*9A ( #a#i#b#e-#b#g1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONTS 9 ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE1 ETC474 ,! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY !N C>RI$ ?IS CONSOLIDATION ( P[] TO ! NEXT /AGE BY SUBJECT+ ! PEASANTRY TO A REIGN ( T]ROR1 IMPLEM5T+ ! MO/ BRUTAL PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 HI/ORY4 ,! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,/AL9 ]A REVEAL$ ! BUREAUCRACY'S ULTIMATE FUNCTION3 CONT9U+ ! REIGN ( ! ECONOMY BY PRES]V+ ! ESS5CE ( M>KET SOCIETY3 COMMODIFI$ LABOR4 ,IT ALSO DEMON/RAT$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ECONOMY3 ! ECONOMY HAS COME TO DOM9ATE SOCIETY SO COMPLETELY ?AT IT HAS PROV$ CAPABLE ( RECREAT+ ! CLASS DOM9ATION IT NE$S = ITS [N CONT9U$ OP]ATION2 ?AT IS1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAS CREAT$ AN 9DEP5D5T P[] ?AT IS CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ ITSELF EV5 )\T A B\RGEOISIE4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY WAS NOT 0! LA/ [N+ CLASS 9 HI/ORY0 9 ,BRUNO ,RIZZI'S S5SE2 IT WAS M]ELY A SUB/ITUTE RUL+ CLASS = ! COMMODITY ECONOMY4 ,AN IMPOT5T CAPITALI/ PROP]TY SY/EM WAS REPLAC$ BY A CRUD] V]SION ( ITSELF -- SIMPLIFI$1 LESS DIV]SIFI$1 & CONC5TRAT$ AS ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS4 ,?IS UND]DEVELOP$ TYPE ( RUL+ CLASS IS ALSO A REFLECTION ( ECONOMIC UND]DEVELOPM5T1 & IT HAS NO AG5DA BEYOND OV]COM+ ?IS UND]DEVELOPM5T 9 C]TA9 REGIONS ( ! WORLD4 ,! HI]>*ICAL & /ATI/ FRAMEWORK = ?IS CRUDE REMAKE ( ! CAPITALI/ RUL+ CLASS WAS PROVID$ BY ! WORK+-CLASS P>TY1 :I* WAS ITSELF MODEL$ ON ! HI]>*ICAL SEP>ATIONS ( B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS ,ANTE ,CILIGA NOT$ :ILE 9 ONE ( ,/AL9'S PRISONS1 0,TE*NICAL QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION TURN$ \T TO BE SOCIAL QUE/IONS0 7,L59 & ! ,REVOLUTION74 

#ae 

  

,L59ISM WAS ! HI<E/ VOLUNT>I/IC EXPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY -- A COH]5CE ( ! SEP>ATE GOV]N+ A REALITY ?AT RESI/$ IT4 ,) ! ADV5T ( ,/AL9ISM1 REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY RETURN$ TO ITS FUNDAM5TAL 9COH]5CE4 ,AT ?AT PO9T1 IDEOLOGY WAS NO LONG] A WEAPON1 IT HAD BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT A LIE ?AT CAN NO LONG] BE *ALL5G$ BECOMES 9SANE4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN IDEOLOGICAL PRON\NCEM5T OBLIT]ATES REALITY AS WELL AS PURPOSE2 NO?+ EXI/S BUT :AT IT SAYS EXI/S4 ,AL?\< ?IS CRUDE =M ( ! SPECTACLE HAS BE5 CONF9$ TO C]TA9 UND]DEVELOP$ REGIONS1 IT HAS NEV]!LESS PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 ! SPECTACLE'S GLOBAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS P>TICUL> MAT]IALIZATION ( IDEOLOGY DID NOT TRANS=M ! WORLD ECONOMICALLY1 AS DID ADVANC$ CAPITALISM2 IT SIMPLY US$ POLICE-/ATE ME?ODS TO TRANS=M PEOPLE'S P]CEPTION ( ! WORLD4 

#af 

  

,! RUL+ TOTALIT>IAN-IDEOLOGICAL CLASS IS ! RUL] ( A WORLD TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,! MORE P[]FUL ! CLASS1 ! MORE IT CLAIMS NOT TO EXI/1 & ITS P[] IS EMPLOY$ ABOVE ALL TO 5=CE ?IS CLAIM4 ,IT IS MODE/ ONLY ON ?IS ONE PO9T1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ?IS (FICIALLY NONEXI/5T BUREAUCRACY SIMULTANE\SLY ATTRIBUTES ! CR[N+ A*IEVEM5TS ( HI/ORY TO ITS [N 9FALLIBLE LEAD]%IP4 ,?\< ITS EXI/5CE IS EV]Y:]E 9 EVID5CE1 ! BUREAUCRACY MU/ BE 9VISIBLE AS A CLASS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ALL SOCIAL LIFE BECOMES 9SANE4 ,! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( TOTAL FALSEHOOD /EMS FROM ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION4 

#ag 

  

,/AL9ISM WAS ALSO A REIGN ( T]ROR )9 ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS4 ,! T]RORISM ON :I* ?IS CLASS'S P[] WAS BAS$ 9EVITABLY CAME TO /RIKE ! CLASS ITSELF1 BECAUSE ?IS CLASS HAS NO JURIDICAL LEGITIMACY1 NO LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ /ATUS AS AN [N+ CLASS :I* C\LD BE EXT5D$ TO EA* ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,ITS [N]%IP HAS TO BE MASK$ BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON FALSE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS FALSE CONSCI\SNESS CAN MA9TA9 ITS TOTAL P[] ONLY BY MEANS ( A TOTAL REIGN ( T]ROR 9 :I* ALL REAL MOTIVES >E ULTIMATELY OBSCUR$4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRATIC CLASS HAVE ! RI<T ( [N]%IP OV] SOCIETY ONLY COLLECTIVELY1 AS P>TICIPANTS 9 A FUNDAM5TAL LIE3 !Y HAVE TO PLAY ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT GOV]N+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY2 !Y HAVE TO BE ACTORS FAI?FUL TO A SCRIPT ( IDEOLOGICAL BETRAYAL4 ,YET !Y CANNOT ACTUALLY P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS C\NT]FEIT 5TITY UNLESS !IR LEGITIMACY IS VALIDAT$4 ,NO BUREAUCRAT CAN 9DIVIDUALLY ASS]T HIS RI<T TO P[]1 BECAUSE TO PROVE HIMSELF A SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAN HE W\LD HAVE TO DEMON/RATE ?AT HE WAS ! OPPOSITE ( A BUREAUCRAT1 :ILE TO PROVE HIMSELF A BUREAUCRAT IS IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE ! BUREAUCRACY'S (FICIAL L9E IS ?AT !RE IS NO BUREAUCRACY4 ,EA* BUREAUCRAT IS ?US TOTALLY DEP5D5T ON ! C5TRAL SEAL ( LEGITIMACY PROVID$ BY ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY1 :I* VALIDATES ! COLLECTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ITS 0SOCIALI/ REGIME0 ( ALL ! BUREAUCRATS IT DOES NOT LIQUIDATE4 ,AL?\< ! BUREAUCRATS >E COLLECTIVELY EMP[]$ TO MAKE ALL SOCIAL DECISIONS1 ! COHESION ( !IR [N CLASS CAN BE 5SUR$ ONLY BY ! CONC5TRATION ( !IR T]RORI/ P[] 9 A S+LE P]SON4 ,9 ?IS P]SON RESIDES ! ONLY PRACTICAL TRU? ( ! RUL+ LIE3 ! P[] TO DET]M9E AN UN*ALL5GEABLE B\ND>Y L9E :I* IS NEV]!LESS CON/ANTLY BE+ ADJU/$4 ,/AL9 DECIDES )\T APPEAL :O IS & :O IS NOT A MEMB] ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRACY -- :O %\LD BE CONSID]$ A 0PROLET>IAN 9 P[]0 & :O BR&$ 0A TRAITOR 9 ! PAY ( ,WALL ,/REET & ! ,MIKADO40 ,! ATOMIZ$ BUREAUCRATS CAN F9D !IR COLLECTIVE LEGITIMACY ONLY 9 ! P]SON ( ,/AL9 -- ! LORD ( ! WORLD :O ?US COMES TO SEE HIMSELF AS ! ABSOLUTE P]SON1 = :OM NO SUP]IOR SPIRIT EXI/S4 0,! LORD ( ! WORLD RECOGNIZES HIS [N NATURE -- OMNIPRES5T P[] -- ?R\< ! DE/RUCTIVE VIOL5CE HE EX]TS AGA9/ ! CONTRA/+LY P[]LESS SELFHOOD ( HIS SUBJECTS40 ,HE IS ! P[] ?AT DEF9ES ! T]RA9 ( DOM9ATION1 & HE IS ALSO 0! P[] ?AT RAVAGES ?AT T]RA940 

#ah 

  

,:5 IDEOLOGY HAS BECOME TOTAL ?R\< ITS POSSESSION ( TOTAL P[]1 & HAS *ANG$ FROM P>TIAL TRU? TO TOTALIT>IAN FALSEHOOD1 HI/ORICAL ?\<T HAS BE5 SO TOTALLY ANNIHILAT$ ?AT HI/ORY ITSELF1 EV5 AT ! LEVEL ( ! MO/ EMPIRICAL KN[L$GE1 CAN NO LONG] EXI/4 ,TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY LIVES 9 A P]PETUAL PRES5T 9 :I* :ATEV] HAS PREVI\SLY HAPP5$ IS DET]M9$ SOLELY BY ITS POLICE4 ,! PROJECT ALREADY 5VISION$ BY ,NAPOLEON ( 0MON>*ICALLY CONTROLL+ MEMORY0 HAS BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ,/AL9ISM'S CON/ANT REWRIT+ ( ! PA/1 :I* ALT]S NOT ONLY ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( PA/ EV5TS BUT EV5 ! EV5TS !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! PRICE PAID = ?IS LIB]ATION FROM ALL HI/ORICAL REALITY IS ! LOSS ( ! RATIONAL FRAME ( REF]5CE ?AT IS 9DISP5SABLE TO CAPITALISM AS A HI/ORICAL SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,! ,LYS5KO FIASCO IS JU/ ONE WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE ( H[ MU* ! SCI5TIFIC APPLICATION ( IDEOLOGY GONE MAD HAS CO/ ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION -- ! FACT ?AT A TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY TRY+ TO ADM9I/] AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY IS CAU<T BETWE5 ITS NE$ = RATIONALITY & ITS REPRESSION ( RATIONALITY -- IS ALSO ONE ( ITS MA9 WEAKNESSES 9 COMP>ISON ) NORMAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,JU/ AS ! BUREAUCRACY CANNOT RESOLVE ! QUE/ION ( AGRICULTURE AS ORD9>Y CAPITALISM HAS DONE1 IT ALSO PROVES 9F]IOR TO ! LATT] 9 ! FIELD ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 BECAUSE ITS UNREALI/IC AU?ORIT>IAN PLANN+ IS BAS$ ON OMNIPRES5T FALSIFICATIONS4 

#ai 

  

,BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD W>S ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! JO9T ACTION ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY & ( FASCI/ TOTALIT>IANISM 7! LATT]'S ORGANIZATIONAL =M HAV+ BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! TOTALIT>IAN P>TY ?AT HAD FIR/ BE5 TE/$ & DEVELOP$ 9 ,RUSSIA74 ,FASCISM WAS A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO DEF5D ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY FROM ! DUAL ?REAT ( CRISIS & PROLET>IAN SUBV]SION1 A /ATE ( SIEGE 9 :I* CAPITALI/ SOCIETY SAV$ ITSELF BY GIV+ ITSELF AN EM]G5CY DOSE ( RATIONALIZATION 9 ! =M ( MASSIVE /ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,BUT ?IS RATIONALIZATION IS HAMP]$ BY ! EXTREME IRRATIONALITY ( ITS ME?ODS4 ,AL?\< FASCISM RALLIES TO ! DEF5SE ( ! MA9 ICONS ( A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ?AT HAS BECOME CONS]VATIVE 7FAMILY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 MORAL ORD]1 PATRIOTISM71 :ILE MOBILIZ+ ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S :O >E PANIC-/RICK5 BY ECONOMIC CRISIS OR DISILLUSION$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T'S FAILURE TO BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION1 IT IS NOT ITSELF FUNDAM5TALLY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,IT PRES5TS ITSELF AS :AT IT IS -- A VIOL5T RESURRECTION ( MY? CALL+ = P>TICIPATION 9 A COMMUNITY DEF9$ BY >*AIC PSEUDOVALUES3 RACE1 BLOOD1 LEAD]4 ,FASCISM IS A TE*NOLOGICALLY EQUIPP$ PRIMITIVISM4 ,ITS FACTITI\S MY?OLOGICAL REHA%ES >E PRES5T$ 9 ! SPECTACUL> CONTEXT ( ! MO/ MOD]N MEANS ( CONDITION+ & ILLUSION4 ,IT IS ?US A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 ! =MATION ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE1 & ITS ROLE 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ALSO MAKES IT ONE ( ! F\ND+ =CES ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,BUT S9CE IT IS ALSO ! MO/ CO/LY ME?OD ( PRES]V+ ! CAPITALI/ ORD]1 IT HAS G5]ALLY 5D$ UP BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! MAJOR CAPITALI/ /ATES1 :I* REPRES5T /RONG] & MORE RATIONAL =MS ( ?AT ORD]4 

#aa 

  

,:5 ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY HAS F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ AWAY ) ! VE/IGES ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY ?AT HAMP]$ ITS RULE OV] ! ECONOMY1 & 9 DEVELOP+ ?IS ECONOMY = ITS [N PURPOSES1 & 9 BE+ RECOGNIZ$ AS A MEMB] ( ! CLUB ( GREAT P[]S1 IT WANTS TO 5JOY ITS WORLD 9 PEACE & TO DIS5CUMB] ITSELF FROM ! >BITR>9ESS TO :I* IT IS /ILL SUBJECT$4 ,IT ?US D5\NCES ! ,/AL9ISM AT ITS ORIG94 ,BUT ?IS D5UNCIATION REMA9S ,/AL9I/ -- >BITR>Y1 UNEXPLA9$1 & SUBJECT TO CONT9UAL MODIFICATION -- BECAUSE ! IDEOLOGICAL LIE AT ITS ORIG9 CAN NEV] BE REVEAL$4 ,! BUREAUCRACY CANNOT LIB]ALIZE ITSELF EI!R CULTURALLY OR POLITICALLY BECAUSE ITS EXI/5CE AS A CLASS DEP5DS ON ITS IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY1 :I*1 = ALL ITS CUMB]SOM5ESS1 IS ITS SOLE TITLE TO P[]4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY HAS LO/ ! PASSION ( ITS ORIG9AL EXPRESSION1 BUT ITS PASSIONLESS R\T9IZATION /ILL HAS ! REPRESSIVE FUNCTION ( CONTROLL+ ALL ?\<T & PROHIBIT+ ANY COMPETITION :ATSOEV]4 ,! BUREAUCRACY IS ?US HELPLESSLY TI$ TO AN IDEOLOGY ?AT IS NO LONG] BELIEV$ BY ANYONE4 ,! P[] ?AT US$ TO 9SPIRE T]ROR N[ 9SPIRES RIDICULE1 BUT ?IS RIDICUL$ P[] /ILL DEF5DS ITSELF ) ! ?REAT ( RESORT+ TO ! T]RORIZ+ =CE IT W\LD LIKE TO BE RID (4 ,?US1 AT ! V]Y TIME :5 ! BUREAUCRACY HOPES TO DEMON/RATE ITS SUP]IORITY ON ! T]RA9 ( CAPITALISM IT REVEALS ITSELF TO BE A POOR C\S9 ( CAPITALISM4 ,JU/ AS ITS ACTUAL HI/ORY CONTRADICTS ITS FACADE ( LEGALITY & ITS CRUDELY MA9TA9$ IGNORANCE CONTRADICTS ITS SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS1 SO ITS ATTEMPT TO VIE ) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITY ABUNDANCE IS /YMI$ BY ! FACT ?AT SU* ABUNDANCE CONTA9S ITS [N IMPLICIT IDEOLOGY1 & IS G5]ALLY ACCOMPANI$ BY ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE FROM AN UNLIMIT$ RANGE ( SPECTACUL> PSEUDOALT]NATIVES -- A PSEUD(RE$OM ?AT REMA9S 9COMPATIBLE ) ! BUREAUCRACY'S IDEOLOGY4 

#aaa 

  

,! BUREAUCRACY'S IDEOLOGICAL TITLE TO P[] IS ALREADY COLLAPS+ AT ! 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,! P[] ?AT E/ABLI%$ ITSELF NATIONALLY 9 ! NAME ( AN O/5SIBLY 9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE IS N[ =C$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT CAN NO LONG] IMPOSE ITS SY/EM ( LIES BEYOND ITS [N NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,! UNEQUAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( DIV]SE BUREAUCRACIES ) COMPET+ 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR [N 0SOCIALISM0 9 MORE ?AN ONE C\NTRY HAS L$ TO AN ALL-\T PUBLIC CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN LIE & ! ,*9ESE LIE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ON1 EA* BUREAUCRACY 9 P[] WILL HAVE TO F9D ITS [N WAY2 & ! SAME IS TRUE = EA* ( ! TOTALIT>IAN P>TIES ASPIR+ TO SU* P[] 7NOTABLY ?OSE ?AT /ILL SURVIVE FROM ! ,/AL9I/ P]IOD AMONG C]TA9 NATIONAL WORK+ CLASSES74 ,?IS 9T]NATIONAL COLLAPSE HAS BE5 FUR!R AGGRAVAT$ BY ! EXPRESSIONS ( 9T]NAL NEGATION :I* FIR/ BECAME VISIBLE TO ! \TSIDE WORLD :5 ! WORK]S ( ,EA/ ,B]L9 REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATS & DEM&$ A 0GOV]NM5T ( /EEL WORK]S0 -- A NEGATION :I* HAS 9 ONE CASE ALREADY GONE TO ! PO9T ( SOV]EIGN WORK]S C\NCILS 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,BUT 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ?IS CRUMBL+ ( ! GLOBAL ALLIANCE ( PSEUDOSOCIALI/ BUREAUCRACIES IS ALSO A MO/ UNFAVORABLE DEVELOPM5T = ! FUTURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE IS 9 ! PROCESS ( LOS+ ! ADV]S>Y ?AT OBJECTIVELY SUPPORT$ IT BY PROVID+ AN ILLUSORY UNIFICATION ( ALL OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 TWO MUTUALLY RE9=C+ =MS ( ! SPECTACLE COMES TO AN 5D :5 ! PSEUDOREVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 TURN DIVIDES4 ,! SPECTACUL> COMPON5T ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T IS ITSELF HEAD$ = DE/RUCTION4 

#aab 

  

,! ONLY CURR5T P>TISANS ( ! ,L59I/ ILLUSION >E ! V>I\S ,TROTSKYI/ T5D5CIES1 :I* /UBBORNLY P]SI/ 9 ID5TIFY+ ! PROLET>IAN PROJECT ) AN IDEOLOGICALLY BAS$ HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION DESPITE ALL ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ?AT HAVE REFUT$ ?AT P]SPECTIVE4 ,! DI/ANCE ?AT SEP>ATES ,TROTSKYISM FROM A REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY IS RELAT$ TO ! DEF]5TIAL DI/ANCE ! ,TROTSKYI/S MA9TA9 REG>D+ POSITIONS ?AT W]E ALREADY MI/AK5 :5 !Y W]E ACT$ ON 9 REAL /RUGGLES4 ,TROTSKY REMA9$ FUNDAM5TALLY LOYAL TO ! UPP] BUREAUCRACY UNTIL #a#i#b#g1 :ILE /RIV+ TO GA9 CONTROL ( IT SO AS TO MAKE IT RESUME A G5U9ELY ,BOL%EVIK =EIGN POLICY4 7,IT IS WELL KN[N1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9 ORD] TO HELP CONCEAL ,L59'S FAM\S 0,TE/AM5T0 HE W5T SO F> AS TO SL&]\SLY DISAV[ HIS [N SUPPORT] ,MAX ,EA/MAN1 :O HAD MADE IT PUBLIC47 ,TROTSKY WAS DOOM$ BY HIS BASIC P]SPECTIVE1 BECAUSE ONCE ! BUREAUCRACY BECAME AW>E ?AT IT HAD EVOLV$ 9TO A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ON ! DOME/IC FRONT1 IT WAS B\ND TO OPT = A SIMIL>LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 O!R C\NTRIES 7?\< /ILL1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION74 ,TROTSKY'S SUBSEQU5T EF=TS TO CREATE A ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL REFLECT ! SAME 9CONSI/5CY4 ,ONCE HE HAD BECOME AN UNCONDITIONAL P>TISAN ( ! ,BOL%EVIK =M ( ORGANIZATION 7:I* HE DID DUR+ ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION71 HE REFUS$ = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY WAS A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 ,:5 ,LUKACS1 9 #a#i#b#c1 PRES5T$ ?IS SAME ORGANIZATIONAL =M AS ! LONG-S\<T L9K BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 9 :I* PROLET>IANS CEASE BE+ M]E 0SPECTATORS0 ( ! EV5TS ?AT OCCUR 9 !IR ORGANIZATION & BEG9 CONSCI\SLY *OOS+ & EXP]I5C+ ?OSE EV5TS1 HE WAS DESCRIB+ AS M]ITS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY EV]Y?+ ?AT ?AT P>TY WAS NOT4 ,DESPITE HIS PR(\ND !ORETICAL WORK1 ,LUKACS REMA9$ AN IDEOLOGUE1 SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( ! P[] ?AT WAS MO/ GROSSLY ALI5 TO ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 YET BELIEV+ & PRET5D+ ?AT HE F\ND HIMSELF COMPLETELY AT HOME ) IT4 ,AS SUBSEQU5T EV5TS DEMON/RAT$ H[ ?AT P[] DISAV[S & SUPPRESSES ITS LACKEYS1 ,LUKACS'S 5DLESS SELF-REPUDIATIONS REVEAL$ ) C>ICATURAL CL>ITY ?AT HE HAD ID5TIFI$ ) ! TOTAL OPPOSITE ( HIMSELF & ( EV]Y?+ HE HAD >GU$ = 9 ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NO ONE BETT] ?AN ,LUKACS ILLU/RATES ! VALIDITY ( ! FUNDAM5TAL RULE = ASSESS+ ALL ! 9TELLECTUALS ( ?IS C5TURY3 ,:AT !Y RESPECT IS A PRECISE GAUGE ( !IR [N DEGRADATION4 ,YET ,L59 HAD H>DLY 5C\RAG$ !SE SORTS ( ILLUSIONS AB\T HIS ACTIVITIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT 0A POLITICAL P>TY CANNOT EXAM9E ITS MEMB]S TO SEE IF !RE >E CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 !IR PHILOSOPHY & ! P>TY PROGRAM40 ,! P>TY :OSE IDEALIZ$ PORTRAIT ,LUKACS HAD SO 9OPPORTUNELY DRAWN WAS 9 REALITY SUIT$ = ONLY ONE V]Y SPECIFIC & LIMIT$ TASK3 ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]4 

#aac 

  

,S9CE ! NEO-,L59I/ ILLUSION C>RI$ ON BY PRES5T-DAY ,TROTSKYISM IS CON/ANTLY BE+ CONTRADICT$ BY ! REALITY ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES 7BO? B\RGEOIS & BUREAUCRATIC71 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT IT GETS ITS MO/ FAVORABLE RECEPTION 9 ! NOM9ALLY 9DEP5D5T 0UND]DEVELOP$0 C\NTRIES1 :]E ! LOCAL RUL+ CLASSES' V]SIONS ( BUREAUCRATIC /ATE SOCIALISM 5D UP AM\NT+ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A M]E IDEOLOGY ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! HYBRID COMPOSITION ( !SE RUL+ CLASSES T5DS TO CORRESPOND TO !IR POSITION )9 ! B\RGEOIS-BUREAUCRATIC SPECTRUM4 ,!IR 9T]NATIONAL MANEUV]+ BETWE5 ?OSE TWO POLES ( CAPITALI/ P[]1 ALONG ) !IR NUM]\S IDEOLOGICAL COMPROMISES 7NOTABLY ) ,ISLAM7 /EMM+ FROM !IR HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL BASES1 5D UP REMOV+ FROM !SE DEGRAD$ V]SIONS ( IDEOLOGICAL SOCIALISM EV]Y?+ S]I\S EXCEPT ! POLICE4 ,ONE TYPE ( BUREAUCRACY E/ABLI%ES ITSELF BY =G+ AN ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( COMB9+ NATIONAL /RUGGLE ) AGR>IAN PEASANT REVOLT2 IT !N1 AS 9 ,*9A1 T5DS TO APPLY ! ,/AL9I/ MODEL ( 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 SOCIETIES ?AT >E EV5 LESS DEVELOP$ ?AN ,RUSSIA WAS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,A BUREAUCRACY ABLE TO 9DU/RIALIZE ! NATION MAY ALSO DEVELOP \T ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 ) P[] BE+ SEIZ$ BY >MY (FIC]S1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,EGYPT4 ,9 O!R SITUATIONS1 SU* AS ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,ALG]IAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 A BUREAUCRACY ?AT HAS E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS A P>A-/ATE AU?ORITY 9 ! C\RSE ( /RUGGLE MAY SEEK A /ABILIZ+ COMPROMISE BY M]G+ ) A WEAK NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! =M] COLONIES ( BLACK ,AFRICA ?AT REMA9 OP5LY TI$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE1 A LOCAL B\RGEOISIE CON/ITUTES ITSELF 7USUALLY BAS$ ON ! P[] ( TRADITIONAL TRIBAL *IEFS7 ?R\< ITS POSSESSION ( ! /ATE4 ,=EIGN IMP]IALISM REMA9S ! REAL MA/] ( ! ECONOMY ( !SE C\NTRIES1 BUT AT A C]TA9 /AGE ITS NATIVE AG5TS >E REW>D$ = !IR SALE ( LOCAL PRODUCTS BY BE+ GRANT$ POSSESSION ( A LOCAL /ATE -- A /ATE ?AT IS 9DEP5D5T FROM ! LOCAL MASSES BUT NOT FROM IMP]IALISM4 ,9CAPABLE ( ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL1 ?IS >TIFICIAL B\RGEOISIE DOES NO?+ BUT SQU&] ! SURPLUS VALUE IT EXTRACTS FROM LOCAL LABOR & ! SUBSIDIES IT RECEIVES FROM PROTECTOR /ATES & 9T]NATIONAL MONOPOLIES4 ,BECAUSE ( ! OBVI\S 9ABILITY ( !SE B\RGEOIS CLASSES TO FULFILL ! NORMAL ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ( A B\RGEOISIE1 !Y SOON F9D !MSELVES *ALL5G$ BY OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS BAS$ ON ! BUREAUCRATIC MODEL 7MORE OR LESS ADAPT$ TO P>TICUL> LOCAL CONDITIONS74 ,BUT IF SU* BUREAUCRACIES SUCCE$ 9 !IR FUNDAM5TAL PROJECT ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 !Y PRODUCE ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS = !IR [N DEFEAT3 BY ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL !Y ALSO ACCUMULATE A PROLET>IAT1 ?US CREAT+ !IR [N NEGATION 9 C\NTRIES :]E ?AT NEGATION HAD NOT PREVI\SLY EXI/$4 

#aad 

  

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS COMPLEX & T]RIBLE EVOLUTION :I* HAS BR\<T ! ]A ( CLASS /RUGGLES TO A NEW SET ( CONDITIONS1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES HAS LO/ ITS ABILITY TO ASS]T ITS [N 9DEP5D5T P]SPECTIVE4 ,9 A FUNDAM5TAL S5SE1 IT HAS ALSO LO/ ITS ILLUSIONS4 ,BUT IT HAS NOT LO/ ITS BE+4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAS NOT BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,IT REMA9S IRR$UCIBLY PRES5T )9 ! 9T5SIFI$ ALI5ATION ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ?AT VA/ MAJORITY ( WORK]S :O HAVE LO/ ALL P[] OV] !IR LIVES & :O1 ONCE !Y BECOME AW>E ( ?IS1 R$EF9E !MSELVES AS ! PROLET>IAT1 ! =CE WORK+ TO NEGATE ?IS SOCIETY FROM )94 ,?IS PROLET>IAT IS BE+ OBJECTIVELY RE9=C$ BY ! VIRTUAL ELIM9ATION ( ! PEASANTRY & BY ! 9CREAS+ DEGREE TO :I* ! 0S]VICE0 SECTORS & 9TELLECTUAL PR(ESSIONS >E BE+ SUBJECT$ TO FACTORYLIKE WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,SUBJECTIVELY1 H[EV]1 ?IS PROLET>IAT IS /ILL F> REMOV$ FROM ANY PRACTICAL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 & ?IS GOES NOT ONLY = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S BUT ALSO = BLUE-COLL> WORK]S1 :O HAVE YET TO BECOME AW>E ( ANY P]SPECTIVE BEYOND ! IMPOT5CE & MY/IFICATIONS ( ! OLD POLITICS4 ,BUT :5 ! PROLET>IAT DISCOV]S ?AT ITS [N EXT]NALIZ$ P[] CONTRIBUTES TO ! CON/ANT RE9=CEM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 NO LONG] ONLY 9 ! =M ( ITS ALI5AT$ LABOR BUT ALSO 9 ! =M ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 & /ATE P[]S ?AT IT HAD CREAT$ 9 ! EF=T TO LIB]ATE ITSELF1 IT ALSO DISCOV]S ?R\< CONCRETE HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT IT IS ! CLASS ?AT MU/ TOTALLY OPPOSE ALL RIGIDIFI$ EXT]NALIZATIONS & ALL SPECIALIZATIONS ( P[]4 ,IT BE>S A REVOLUTION ?AT CANNOT LEAVE ANY?+ \TSIDE ITSELF1 A REVOLUTION EMBODY+ ! P]MAN5T DOM9ATION ( ! PRES5T OV] ! PA/ & A TOTAL CRITIQUE ( SEP>ATION2 & IT MU/ DISCOV] ! APPROPRIATE =MS ( ACTION TO C>RY \T ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,NO QUANTITATIVE AMELIORATION ( ITS IMPOV]I%M5T1 NO ILLUSORY P>TICIPATION 9 A HI]>*IZ$ SY/EM1 CAN PROVIDE A LA/+ CURE = ITS DISSATISFACTION1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT TRULY RECOGNIZE ITSELF 9 ANY P>TICUL> WRONG IT HAS SUFF]$1 NOR 9 ! RI<T+ ( ANY P>TICUL> WRONG4 ,IT CANNOT RECOGNIZE ITSELF EV5 9 ! RI<T+ ( MANY SU* WRONGS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! RI<T+ ( ! ABSOLUTE WRONG ( BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM ANY REAL LIFE4 

#aae 

  

,NEW SIGNS ( NEGATION >E PROLIF]AT+ 9 ! MO/ ECONOMICALLY ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,AL?\< !SE SIGNS >E MISUND]/OOD & FALSIFI$ BY ! SPECTACLE1 !Y >E SUFFICI5T PRO( ?AT A NEW P]IOD HAS BEGUN4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! FAILURE ( ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN ASSAULT AGA9/ CAPITALISM2 N[ WE >E WITNESS+ ! FAILURE ( CAPITALI/ ABUNDANCE4 ,ON ONE H&1 ANTI-UNION /RUGGLES ( ,WE/]N WORK]S >E BE+ REPRESS$ FIR/ ( ALL BY ! UNIONS2 ON ! O!R1 REBELLI\S Y\? >E RAIS+ NEW PROTE/S1 PROTE/S :I* >E /ILL VAGUE & CONFUS$ BUT :I* CLE>LY IMPLY A REJECTION ( >T1 ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & ( ! OLD SPECIALIZ$ POLITICS4 ,!SE >E TWO SIDES ( A NEW SPONTANE\S /RUGGLE ?AT IS AT FIR/ TAK+ ON A CRIM9AL APPE>ANCE4 ,!Y =E%AD[ A SECOND PROLET>IAN ASSAULT AGA9/ CLASS SOCIETY4 ,AS ! LO/ *ILDR5 ( ?IS AS YET IMMOBILE >MY REAPPE> ON ?IS BATTLEGR\ND -- A BATTLEGR\ND :I* HAS *ANG$ & YET REMA9S ! SAME -- !Y >E FOLL[+ A NEW 0,G5]AL ,LUDD0 :O1 ?IS TIME1 URGES !M TO ATTACK ! MA*9]Y ( P]MITT$ CONSUMPTION4 

#aaf 

  

0,! LONG-S\<T POLITICAL =M ?R\< :I* ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD C>RY \T ITS [N ECONOMIC LIB]ATION0 HAS TAK5 ON A CLE> %APE 9 ?IS C5TURY1 9 ! =M ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S C\NCILS :I* ASSUME ALL DECISIONMAK+ & EXECUTIVE P[]S & :I* F$]ATE ) EA* O!R BY MEANS ( DELEGATES :O >E ANSW]ABLE TO !IR BASE & REVOCABLE AT ANY MOM5T4 ,! C\NCILS ?AT HAVE ACTUALLY EM]G$ HAVE AS YET PROVID$ NO MORE ?AN A R\< H9T ( !IR POSSIBILITIES BECAUSE !Y HAVE IMM$IATELY BE5 OPPOS$ & DEFEAT$ BY CLASS SOCIETY'S V>I\S DEF5SIVE =CES1 AMONG :I* !IR [N FALSE CONSCI\SNESS MU/ (T5 BE 9CLUD$4 ,AS ,PANNEKOEK RI<TLY /RESS$1 OPT+ = ! P[] ( WORK]S C\NCILS 0POSES PROBLEMS0 RA!R ?AN PROVID+ A SOLUTION4 ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY )9 ?IS =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAN F9D !IR REAL SOLUTION4 ,?IS IS ! T]RA9 :]E ! OBJECTIVE PRECONDITIONS ( HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS >E BR\<T TOGE!R -- ! T]RA9 :]E ACTIVE DIRECT COMMUNICATION IS REALIZ$1 M>K+ ! 5D ( SPECIALIZATION1 HI]>*Y & SEP>ATION1 & ! TRANS=MATION ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9TO 0CONDITIONS ( UNITY40 ,9 ?IS PROCESS PROLET>IAN SUBJECTS CAN EM]GE FROM !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR CONTEMPLATIVE POSITION2 !IR CONSCI\SNESS IS EQUAL TO ! PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION !Y HAVE *OS5 = !MSELVES BECAUSE ?IS CONSCI\SNESS HAS BECOME 9SEP>ABLE FROM COH]5T 9T]V5TION 9 HI/ORY4 

#aag 

  

,) ! P[] ( ! C\NCILS -- A P[] ?AT MU/ 9T]NATIONALLY SUPPLANT ALL O!R =MS ( P[] -- ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T BECOMES ITS [N PRODUCT4 ,?IS PRODUCT IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 :OSE GOAL HAS BECOME NO?+ O!R ?AN !IR [N FULFILLM5T4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ! SPECTACLE'S NEGATION ( LIFE BE NEGAT$ 9 ITS TURN4 

#aah 

  

,! APPE>ANCE ( WORK]S C\NCILS DUR+ ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ?IS C5TURY WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXPRESSION ( ! OLD PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 BUT IT WAS UNNOTIC$ OR =GOTT51 EXCEPT 9 TRAVE/I$ =MS1 BECAUSE IT WAS REPRESS$ & DE/ROY$ ALONG ) ALL ! RE/ ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,N[1 FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( ! NEW /AGE ( PROLET>IAN CRITIQUE1 ! C\NCILS CAN BE SE5 9 !IR TRUE LI<T AS ! ONLY UNDEFEAT$ ASPECT ( A DEFEAT$ MOVEM5T4 ,! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT RECOGNIZES ?AT ! C\NCILS >E ! ONLY T]RA9 9 :I* IT CAN ?RIVE CAN N[ SEE ?AT !Y >E NO LONG] AT ! P]IPH]Y ( A MOVEM5T ?AT IS SUBSID+1 BUT AT ! C5T] ( A MOVEM5T ?AT IS RIS+4 

#aai 

  

,A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT EXI/S BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! P[] ( WORK]S C\NCILS WILL DISCOV] ITS [N APPROPRIATE =M ?R\< /RUGGLE2 BUT ALL !SE HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES HAVE ALREADY MADE IT CLE> ?AT IT CANNOT CLAIM TO REPRES5T ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS TASK1 RA!R1 IS TO EMBODY A RADICAL SEP>ATION FROM ! WORLD ( SEP>ATION4 

#ab 

  

,REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS ! COH]5T EXPRESSION ( ! !ORY ( PRAXIS 5T]+ 9TO TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION ) PRACTICAL /RUGGLES1 9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+ PRACTICAL !ORY4 ,ITS [N PRACTICE IS TO FO/] ! COMMUNICATION & COH]5CE ( !SE /RUGGLES4 ,AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T :5 SOCIAL SEP>ATIONS >E DISSOLV$1 ! ORGANIZATION MU/ DISSOLVE ITSELF AS A SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION4 

#aba 

  

,A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ CON/ITUTE AN 9TEGRAL CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 IT MU/ MAKE A COMPREH5SIVE CRITIQUE ( ALL ASPECTS ( ALI5AT$ SOCIAL LIFE :ILE REFUS+ TO COMPROMISE ) ANY =M ( SEP>ATE P[] ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ! ORGANIZATION'S /RUGGLE ) CLASS SOCIETY1 ! COMBATTANTS !MSELVES >E ! FUNDAM5TAL WEAPONS3 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ ?US SEE TO IT ?AT ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY'S CONDITIONS ( SEP>ATION & HI]>*Y >E NOT REPRODUC$ )9 ITSELF4 ,IT MU/ CON/ANTLY /RUGGLE AGA9/ ITS DE=MATION BY ! RUL+ SPECTACLE4 ,! ONLY LIMIT TO P>TICIPATION 9 ITS TOTAL DEMOCRACY IS ?AT EA* ( ITS MEMB]S MU/ HAVE RECOGNIZ$ & APPROPRIAT$ ! COH]5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION'S CRITIQUE -- A COH]5CE ?AT MU/ BE DEMON/RAT$ BO? 9 ! CRITICAL !ORY AS SU* & 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 ?AT !ORY & PRACTICAL ACTIVITY4 

#abb 

  

,AS CAPITALISM'S EV]-9T5SIFY+ IMPOSITION ( ALI5ATION AT ALL LEVELS MAKES IT 9CREAS+LY H>D = WORK]S TO RECOGNIZE & NAME !IR [N IMPOV]I%M5T1 PUTT+ !M 9 ! POSITION ( HAV+ TO REJECT ?AT IMPOV]I%M5T 9 ITS TOTALITY OR NOT AT ALL1 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION HAS HAD TO LE>N ?AT IT CAN NO LONG] COMBAT ALI5ATION BY MEANS ( ALI5AT$ =MS ( /RUGGLE4 

#abc 

  

,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON ! CONDITION ?AT1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 !ORY AS UND]/&+ ( HUMAN PRACTICE BE RECOGNIZ$ & LIV$ BY ! MASSES4 ,IT REQUIRES ?AT WORK]S BECOME DIALECTICIANS & PUT !IR ?\<T 9TO PRACTICE4 ,IT ?US DEM&S ( ITS 0PEOPLE )\T QUALITIES0 MORE ?AN ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION DEM&$ ( ! QUALIFI$ 9DIVIDUALS IT DELEGAT$ TO C>RY \T ITS TASKS 7BECAUSE ! P>TIAL IDEOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS DEVELOP$ BY A SEGM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS WAS BAS$ ON ! ECONOMY1 ?AT C5TRAL P>T ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 :I* ?AT CLASS WAS ALREADY 9 P[]74 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS SOCIETY TO ! /AGE ( ! SPECTACUL> ORGANIZATION ( NONLIFE IS ?US LEAD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT TO BECOME VISIBLY :AT IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 9 ESS5CE4 

#abd 

  

,REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS N[ ! 5EMY ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 & IT KN[S IT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/