,*APT] #a ,! 0,IDEA0 & ,SPA9 #aiCELONA8 ,:Y DID IT S9K SU* DEEP & LA/+ ROOTS 9 ,SPA98 ,FEW VISIONS ( A FREE SOCIETY HAVE BE5 MORE GROSSLY MISREPRES5T$ ?AN ,AN>*ISM4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+11 AN>*Y MEANS )\T AU?ORITY1 RUL]LESS--H5CE1 A /ATELESS SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELFADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ! POPUL> M9D1 ! WORD IS 9V>IABLY EQUAT$ ) *AOS1 DISORD]1 & T]RORI/ BOMB+S4 ,?IS C\LD NOT BE MORE 9CORRECT4 ,VIOL5CE & T]ROR >E NOT 9TR9SIC FEATURES ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,!RE >E SOME ,AN>*I/S :O HAVE TURN$ TO T]RORI/ ACTIONS1 JU/ AS !RE >E O!RS :O OBJECT TO ! USE ( VIOL5CE AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE4 ,UNLIKE ,M>XISM1 ) ITS F\ND]S1 DI/9CT BODY ( TEXTS1& CLE>LY DEF9ABLE IDEOLOGY1 AN>*I/IC IDEALS >E DIFFICULT TO FIX 9TO A H>D & FA/ CR$O4 ,AN>*ISM IS A GREAT LIBID9AL MOVEM5T ( HUMANITY TO %AKE (F ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS CREAT$ BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY4 ,IT ORIG9ATES 9 ! AGE-OLD DRIVE ( ! OPPRESS$ TO ASS]T ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & SPONTANEITY OV] VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ ON AU?ORITY4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ! 5ORM\S ANTIQUITY ( AN>*I/IC VISIONS1 !IR IRREPRESSIBILITY & CONT9UAL REEM]G5CE 9 HI/ORY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL TRANSITION & REVOLUTION4 ,! MULTITUDE ( CRE$S ?AT SURFACE FROM ?IS GREAT MOVEM5T ( ! SOCIAL DEP?S >E ESS5TIALLY CONCRETE ADAPTATIONS TO A GIV5 HI/ORICAL P]IOD ( MORE DIFFUSE UND]LY+ S5TIM5TS1 NOT ( ET]NALLY FIX$ DOCTR9ES4 ,JU/ AS ! VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS ( HI]>*Y HAVE *ANG$ OV] ! AGES1 SO TOO HAVE ! AN>*IC CRE$S ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO DISLODGE !M4 ,9 ANTIQUITY1 !SE CRE$S W]E >TICULAT$ BY A NUMB] ( HIIAN ,*RI/IANITY4 ,9DE$1 = C5TURIES1 ! *UR* FA!RS W]E TO BE OCCUPI$ ) MASS H]ESIES ?AT EMPHASIZ$ FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & AT TIMES1 A WILD H$ONISM4 ,! SLAVES & POOR :O FLOCK$ TO ,*RI/IANITY SAW ! SECOND COM+ ( ,*RI/ AS A TIME :5 0A GRA9 ( :EAT W\LD BE> T5 ?\S& E>S10 :5 HUNG]1 ILLNESS1 CO]CION1 & HI]>*Y W\LD BE BANI%$ =EV] FROM ! E>?4 ,!SE H]ESIES1 :I* HAD NEV] CEAS$ TO P]COLATE ?R\< M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 BOIL$ UP T[>D ITS 5D 9 GREAT PEASANT MOVEM5TS & WILDLY EC/ATIC VISIONS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,SOME ( ! M$IVAL AN>*I/IC SECTS W]E A/ONI%+LY MOD]N & AFFIRM$ A FRE$OM 0SO RECKLESS & UNQUALIFI$10 WRITES ,NORMAN ,COHN1 0?AT IT AM\NT$ TO A TOTAL D5IAL ( EV]Y K9D ( RE/RA9T40 7,! SPECIFIC H]ESY TO :I* ,COHN REF]S H]E IS ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 A H$ONI/IC SECT :I* SPREAD ?R\<\T S\!RN ,G]MANY DUR+ ! F\RTE5? @5 C5TURY47 0,!SE PEOPLE10 ,COHN EMPHASIZES 0C\LD BE REG>D$ AS REMOTE PRECURSORS ( ,BAKUN9 & ,NIETZS*E--OR RA!R ( ?AT ,BOHEMIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA :I* DUR+ ! LA/ HALF-C5TURY HAS BE5 LIV+ FROM IDEAS ONCE EXPRESS$ BY ,BAKUN9 & ,NIETZS*E 9 !IR WILD] MOM5TS40 ,MORE TYPICAL1 H[EV]1 W]E ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANT MOVEM5TS ( ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES :I* DEM&$ VILLAGE AUTONOMY1 ! PRES]VATION ( ! COMMUNAL L&S1 & 9 SOME CASES1 \TRI$ COMPLETELY2 9DE$1 AS LATE AS ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,UKRANIAN PEASANT MILITIAS1 L$ BY ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 W]E TO FIDS & ,BOL%EVIKS ALIKE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> UND] ,AN>*I/ BLACK FLAGS 9SCRIB$ ) ! TRADITIONAL DEM& ( 0,LIB]TY & ,L&40 ,AN>*I/IC !ORIES F\ND 5TIRELY NEW =MS AS REVOLUTION>Y PASSIONS BEGAN TO SURGE UP 9 ! T[NS & CITIES4 ,! WORD 0,AN>*I/0 WAS FIR/ US$ WIDELY AS AN EPI!T AGA9/ ! ,5RAGES1 ! /REET ORATORS ( ,P>IS1 DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ! ,5RAGES DID NOT MAKE DEM&S ?AT W\LD BE REG>D$ TODAY AS A BASIC DEP>TURE FROM RADICAL DEMOCRATISM1 ! USE ( ! EPI!T WAS NOT 5TIRELY UNJU/IFI$4 ,! FI]Y NATURE ( !IR ORATORY1 !IR EGALIT>IANISM1 !IR APPEALS TO DIRECT ACTION1 & !IR IMPLACABLE HATR$ ( ! UPP] CLASSES1 M5AC$ ! NEW HI]>*Y ( WEAL? & PRIVILEGE RE>$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W]E CRU%$ BY ,ROBESPI]RE %ORTLY BE=E HIS D[NFALL1 BUT ONE ( ! MO/ ABLE ,5RAGES1 ,JEAN ,V>LET1 :O MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! GUILLOT9E1 WAS TO DRAW ! ULTIMATE CONCLUSION FROM HIS EXP]I5CES4 0,= ANY REASONABLE BE+10 HE WROTE YE>S AFT]W>DS1 0,GOV]NM5T & ,REVOLUTION >E 9COMPATIBLE44440 ,! PLEBIAN ,AN>*ISM ( ! T[NS DIRECT$ ITS 5]GIES AGA9/ DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL?1 BUT LIKE ! PEASANT ,AN>*ISM ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ITS SOCIAL \TLOOK WAS DIFFUSE & 9*OATE4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 !SE DIFFUSE S5TIM5TS & IDEAS ( ! PA/ W]E SOLIDIFI$ BY ! NEW SPIRIT ( SCI5TIFIC RATIONALISM ?AT SWEPT ,EUROPE4 ,& = ! FIR/ TIME1 SY/EMATIC WORKS ON ,AN>*I/ !ORY BEGAN TO APPE>4 ,P]HAPS ! FIR/ MAN TO CALL HIMSELF PUBLICLY AN 0,AN>*I/0 & TO PRES5T HIS IDEAS 9 A ME?ODICAL MANN] WAS ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 :OSE WRIT+S W]E TO EX]CISE A GREAT DEAL ( 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 ,PR\DHON'S USE ( ! WORD 0,AN>*I/0 TO DESIGNATE HIS VIEWS MU/ BE TAK5 ) RES]VATIONS4 ,P]SONALLY1 HE WAS AN 9DU/RI\S MAN ) FIX$ HABITS & A /RONG TA/E = ! QUIETUDE & PLEASANTRIES ( DOME/IC LIFE4 ,HE WAS RAIS$ 9 A SMALL T[N & TRA9$ AS A PR9T]4 ,! VIEWS ( ?IS PAT]FAMILIAS W]E (T5 LIMIT$ BY ! SOCIAL B>RI]S ( A CRAFTSMAN & PROV9CIAL1 DESPITE HIS LONG /AYS 9 ,P>IS & O!R L>GE CITIES4 ,?IS IS CLE>LY EVID5T 9 HIS WRIT+S & CORRESPOND5CE4 ,PR\DHON 5VISIONS A FREE SOCIETY AS ONE 9 :I* SMALL CRAFTSM51 PEASANTS1 & COLLECTIVELY [N$ 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES NEGOTIATE & CONTRACT ) EA* O!R TO SATISFY !IR MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,EXPLOITATION IS BR\DS ( !IR LABOR1 FREELY WORK+ & EX*ANG+ !IR PRODUCE )\T ANY COMPULSION TO COMPETE OR SEEK PR(IT4 ,AL?\< !SE VIEWS 9VOLVE A BREAK ) CAPITALISM1 BY NO MEANS CAN !Y BE REG>D$ AS COMMUNI/ IDEAS1 A BODY ( VIEWS EMPHASIZ+ PUBLICLY [N$ PROP]TY & A GOAL 9 :I* HUMAN NE$S >E SATISFI$ )\T REG>D TO ! CONTRIBUTION ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S LABOR4 ,DESPITE ! CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S HAVE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,PR\DHON1 HIS MUTUALI/ VIEWS W]E ! T>GET ( MANY ATTACKS BY ! E>LY ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! COOP]ATIVI/ MOVEM5T1 P]HAPS MORE AU!NTICALLY ,PR\DHONIAN ?AN ,AN>*I/1 RAIS$ MANY OB/ACLES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TRAJECTORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,AS 0COOP]ATIVI/S10 ! MUTUALI/S W]E TO SEEK A PEACEFUL & PIECEMEAL ]OSION ( CAPITALISM4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 9 TURN1 W]E TO /RESS ! NE$ = MILITANT /RUGGLE1 G5]AL /RIKE1 & 9SURRECTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,PR\DHON1 MORE ?AN ANY WRIT] 9 HIS DAY1 WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! POPUL>ITY ( F$]ALISM 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,9 HIS VISION ( A F$]AL SOCIETY1 ! DIFF]5T MUNICIPALITIES JO9 TOGE!R 9TO LOCAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 DELEGAT+ LITTLE IF ANY P[] TO A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y DEAL ) COMMON ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS & TRY TO ADJUDICATE !IR DIFF]5CES 9 AN AMICABLE MANN]4 ,PR\DHON1 9 FACT1 SEES NO NE$ = A C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION & AT TIMES SEEMS TO BE CALL+ = ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4 ,AL?\< HIS /YLE IS VIGOR\S & (T5 R++1 ,PR\DHON'S TEMP]AM5T1 ME?ODS1 & HIS EMPHASIS ON CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y1 MU* LESS AN>*I/IC4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HIS !ORIES W]E TO HAVE 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE 9 ,FRANCE & ON ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA4 ,MUTUALISM & ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS BECAME FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 ,SPAM ?R\< ! WORK ( A Y\NG ,CATALAN1 ,FRANCISCO ,PI Y ,M>GALL4 ,9 #ah$ ,PI PUBLI%$ ,REACTION Y ,REVOLUTION1 A WORK ?AT WAS TO EX]CISE A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON RADICAL ?\E H\RS1 COMB9$ OCCASIONAL V5TURES 9TO J\RNALISM ) ! AU?OR+ ( SEV]AL BOOKS ON >T4 ,AL?\< HE WAS NOT AN ,AN>*I/ & WAS NEV] TO BECOME ONE1 HIS BOOK CONTA9S ?RU/S AGA9/ C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY & P[] ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY COME FROM ,BAKUN9'S P54 0,EV]Y MAN :O HAS P[] OV] ANO!R10 WRITES ! Y\NG ,CATALAN1 0IS A TYRANT40 ,FUR!R3 0,I %ALL DIVIDE & SUBDIVIDE P[]2 ,I %ALL MAKE IT *ANGEABLE & GO ON DE/ROY+ IT40 ,! SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 !SE /ATEM5TS & ,PR\DHON'S VIEWS HAS L$ SOME WRIT]S TO REG>D ,PI AS A DISCIPLE ( ! ,FR5*MAN4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT WAS ,HEGEL :O 9ITIALLY EX]CIS$ ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE ON ,PI'S ?\LY #a#h#eS4 ,! ,HEGELIAN NOTION ( LAWFUL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & 0UNITY 9 V>IETY0 W]E ! GUID+ CONCEPTS 9 ,PI'S E>LY F$]ALI/ IDEAS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL LAT] ?AT ! ,CATALAN TURN$ 9CREAS+LY TO ,PR\DHON & %$ MANY ( HIS ,HEGELIAN IDEAS4 ,AL?\< KE5LY SYMPA!TIC TO ! WRET*$NESS ( ,SPA9'S POOR1 ,PI %UNN$ ! USE ( REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE4 ,!IR LIV+ CONDITIONS1 HE >GU$1 C\LD BE/ BE IMPROV$ BY RE=MI/IC & GRADUALI/IC MEASURES4 ,! BOOK CAUS$ A GREAT /IR AMONG ! ,SPANI% RADICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,TO MANY1 ,F$]ALISM SEEM$ LIKE ! IDEAL SOLUTION TO ,SPA9'S M\NT+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,! M5 :OM ,FANELLI ADDRESS$ 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA W]E L>GELY ,F$]ALI/S1 AS W]E MO/ ( ! ,REPUBLICANS 9 ! TWO CITIES4 ,F$]ALI/ IDEAS HAD BECOME SO WIDESPREAD 9 ,SPA91 9 FACT1 ?AT ITS SUPPORT]S W]E TO PROVIDE ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9TELLECTUAL RECRUITS TO ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,MUTUALISM BECAME ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BO? ( ! RADICAL ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICANS ( ! #a#h#fS & ( ! ,P>ISIAN ,COMMUN>DS ( #a#h#g#a4 ,BUT IT WAS L>GELY DUE TO ! WORK ( A FAM\S REVOLUTION>Y EXILE--! 0,G>IBALDI ( ,SOCIALISM10 AS ,G]ALD ,BR5AN CALLS HIM--?AT ! COLLECTIVI/ & ,F$]ALI/ ELEM5TS 9 ,PR\DHON'S !ORIES W]E GIV5 A REVOLUTION>Y ?RU/--& W]E C>RI$ 9TO ,SPA9 AS A FI]Y AN>*I/IC IDEAL4 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 ,! MAN :O WAS MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9 PROVID+ ! VA/ PLEBIAN ELEM5TS ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM ) A COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS WAS NEI!R A ,SPANI>D NOR A PLEBIAN1 BUT A ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRAT1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,AL?\< A C5TURY HAS PASS$ S9CE HIS DEA?1 HE REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ CONTROV]SIAL1 LITTLE KN[N1 & MALIGN$ FIGURES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,HE 5JOYS NONE ( ! PO/HUM\S HONORS ?AT >E HEAP$ ON ,M>X4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 NE>LY ALL ACC\NTS ( HIS LIFE & IDEAS BY NON-,AN>*I/ WRIT]S >E /REAK$ ) MALICE & HO/ILITY4 ,HIS NAME /ILL CONJURES UP IMAGES ( VIOL5CE1 RAP9E1 T]RORISM1 & FLAM+ REBELLION4 ,9 AN AGE ?AT HAS MADE ! COOPTATION ( DEAD REVOLUTION>IES 9TO A F9E >T1 ,BAKUN9 5JOYS ! UNIQUE DI/9CTION ( BE+ ! MO/ D5IGRAT$ REVOLUTION>Y ( HIS TIME4 ,?AT ! M]E APPE>ANCE ( ,BAKUN9 W\LD HAVE EVOK$ A S5SE AF M5ACE IS ATTE/$ BY EV]Y DESCRIPTION HIS CONTEMPOR>IES H& D[N TO US4 ,ALL PORTRAY HIM 9 MASSIVE /ROKES3 AN IMM5SELY TALL1 HEAVY MAN 7,M>X DESCRIB$ HIM AS A 0BULLOCK071 ) A T\SL$1 LEON9E MANE1 %AGGY EYEBR[S1 A BROAD =EHEAD1 & A HEAVILY BE>D$ FACE ) ?ICK ,SLAVIC FEATURES4 ,!SE G>GANTUAN TRAITS W]E MAT*$ BY AN EBULLI5T P]SONALITY & AN EXTRAORD9>Y AM\NT ( 5]GY4 ,! URBANE ,RUSSIAN EXILE1 ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 LEAVES US ) A PRICELESS DESCRIPTION ( ! TIME :5 ,BAKUN91 ALREADY APPROA*+ FIFTY1 /AY$ AT HIS HOME 9 ,LONDON4 ,BAKUN91 HE TELLS US1 >GU$1 PREA*$1 GAVE ORD]S1 %\T$1 DECID$1 >RANG$1 ORGANIZ$1 EXHORT$1 ! :OLE DAY1 ! :OLE NI ( TOBACCO A%1 & BEG9 TO WRITE FIVE1 T51 FIFTE5 LETT]S TO ,SEMIPALAT9SK & ,>AD1 TO ,BELGRADE1 ,MOLDAVIA1 & ,:ITE ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( A LETT] HE W\LD ?R[ D[N HIS P5 9 ORD] TO REFUTE SOME REACTION>Y ,DALMATIAN2 !N1 )\T F9I%+ HIS SPEE*1 HE W\LD SEIZE HIS P5 & GO ON WRIT+4444 ,HIS ACTIVITY1 HIS APPETITE1 LIKE ALL HIS O!R *>ACT]I/ICS--EV5 HIS GIGANTIC SIZE & CONT9UAL SWEAT -- W]E ( SUP]HUMAN PROPORTIONS4444 ,?IS WAS WRITT5 AFT] ! WE>Y1 POLITICALLY DISILLUSION$ ,H]Z5 HAD P>T$ COMPANY ) ! EXUB]ANT REVOLUTION>Y4 ,NEV]!LESS ! DESCRIPTION GIVES US AN IMAGE ( ! %E] ELEM5TAL =CE ?AT EMANAT$ FROM ,BAKUN91 QUALITIES :I* W]E TO C>RY HIM ?R\< TRIALS ?AT W\LD HAVE EASILY CRU%$ ORD9>Y M54 ,BAKUN9'S =CEFULNESS1 OV]BE>+ AS IT WAS TO ,H]Z51 WAS S(T5$ BY A NATURAL SIMPLICITY & AN ABS5CE ( PRET5SION & MALICE :I* V]G$ ON *ILDLIKE 9NOC5CE4 ,LIKE SO MANY ,RUSSIAN EXILES AT ! TIME1 ,BAKUN9 WAS K9DLY & G5]\S TO A FAULT4 ,!RE W]E SOME :O EXPLOIT$ !SE TRAITS = DUBI\S 5DS1 BUT !RE W]E O!RS 7AMONG !M1 Y\NG ,ITALIAN1 ,SPANI%1 & ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES7 :O1 /RONGLY ATTRACT$ BY ! W>M? ( HIS P]SONALITY1 W]E TO TURN TO HIM = MORAL 9SPIRATION ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 ,MAY #a#h#a#d1 9 ,PREMUKH9A1 A MOD]ATELY L>GE E/ATE #ae MILES NOR?WE/ ( ,MOSC[4 ,A NOBLEMAN :OSE MO!R WAS CONNECT$ BY L9EAGE TO ! RUL+ CIRCLES ( ,RUSSIA1 ,BAKUN9 AB&ON$ A DI/A/EFUL MILIT>Y C>E] & ! PROSPECT ( G5TEEL /AGNATION ON HIS FAMILY E/ATE = A LIFE ( W&]+ & REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! YE> #ahdh F\ND HIM 9 ,P>IS1 LAT] 9 ,PRAGUE1 & F9ALLY 9 ,DRESD51 :]E HE LIT]ALLY J\RNEY$ FROM ONE 9SURRECTION TO ANO!R 9 HIS APPETITE = ACTION4 ,FROM ,MAY #ahdi HE WAS B&I$ AB\T FROM ONE PRISON TO ANO!R--,SAXON1 ,AU/RIAN1 & ,RUSSIAN--BE=E ESCAP+ FROM ,SIB]IA TO >RIVE 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#f#c4 ,UP TO ! #a#h#fS ,BAKUN9 HAD ESS5TIALLY BE5 A REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/1 LOOSELY ADH]+ TO ! RADICAL DEMOCRATIC & NATIONALI/ VIEWS ( ! DAY4 ,IT WAS 9 ,LONDON1 & ESPECIALLY DUR+ A LONG /AY 9 ,ITALY1 ?AT HE BEGAN TO =MULATE HIS ,AN>*I/ VIEWS4 ,9 ! ?IRTE5 YE>S ( LIFE REMA9+ BE=E HIM1 HE NEV] CEAS$ TO BE ! B>RICADE FIY PLOTS1 BUT IT WAS ALSO 9 ?IS P]IOD ?AT HE DEVELOP$ ! MO/ MATURE ( HIS !ORETICAL IDEAS4 ,BAKUN9'S ,AN>*ISM CONV]GES T[>D A S+LE PO9T3 UNRE/RICT$ FRE$OM4 ,HE BROOKS NO COMPROMISE ) ?IS GOAL1 & IT P]MEATES ALL ( HIS MATURE WRIT+S4 0,I HAVE 9 M9D ! ONLY LIB]TY WOR?Y ( ?AT NAME10 HE WRITES1 LIB]TY CONSI/+ 9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL P[]S LAT5T 9 EV]Y MAN2 A LIB]TY :I* DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ANY O!R RE/RICTIONS BUT ?OSE :I* >E TRAC$ BY ! LAWS ( \R NATURE1 :I*1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 IS TANTAM\NT TO SAY+ ?AT !RE >E NO RE/RICTIONS AT ALL1 S9CE !SE LAWS >E NOT IMPOS$ UPON US BY SOME \TSIDE LEGISLATOR /&+ ABOVE US OR ALONGSIDE US4 ,!SE LAWS >E IMMAN5T1 9H]5T 9 US2 !Y CON/ITUTE ! V]Y BASIS ( \R BE+1 MAT]IAL AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL2 & 9/EAD ( F9D+ 9 !M A LIMIT TO \R LIB]TY WE %\LD REG>D !M AS ITS EFFECTIVE REASON4 ,! 0IMMAN5T0 & 09H]5T0 LAWS ?AT =M ! BASIS ( HUMAN NATURE1 H[EV]1 DO NOT LEAD TO A RABID 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT SEES SOCIAL LIFE AS A RE/RICTION2 ,BAKUN9 EMPHATICALLY D5IES ?AT 9DIVIDUALS CAN LIVE AS ASOCIAL 0EGOS40 ,PEOPLE WANT TO BE FREE 9 ORD] TO FULFILL !MSELVES1 HE >GUES1 & TO FULFILL !MSELVES !Y MU/ LIVE ) O!RS 9 COMMUNITIES4 ,IF !SE COMMUNITIES >E NOT DI/ORT$ BY PROP]TY1 EXPLOITATION1 & AU?ORITY1 !Y T5D TO APPROA* A COOP]ATIVE & HUMANI/IC EQUILIBRIUM \T ( %E] COMMON 9T]E/4 ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM LEANS HEAVILY ON ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X4 ,HE NEV] CEAS$ TO PRAISE ,M>X = HIS !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 EV5 DUR+ !IR BITT] CONFLICTS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! BASIC DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 C5T]S >\ND ! SOCIAL ROLE ( ! /ATE & ! EFFECTS ( C5TRALISM ON SOCIETY & ON REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AL?\< ,M>X %>$ ! ,AN>*I/ VISION ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY--! 0ULTIMATE GOAL0 ( ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM19 FACT1 IS A =M ( AN>*Y--HE REG>DS ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! /ATE AS 0PROGRESSIVE0 & SEES C5TRALIZATION AS AN ADVANCE OV] LOCALISM & REGIONALISM4 ,BAKUN9 EMPHATICALLY DISAGREES ) ?IS VIEWPO9T4 ,! /ATE1 HE ADMITS1 MAY BE 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y0 9 ! S5SE ?AT ITS DEVELOPM5T WAS UNAVOIDABLE DUR+ ,IJUMANITY'S EM]G5CE FROM B>B>ISM1 BUT IT IS AN 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y EVIL1 AS NECESS>Y 9 ! PA/ AS ITS COMPLETE EXT9CTION WILL BE NECESS>Y SOON] OR LAT]1 JU/ AS NECESS>Y AS PRIMITIVE BE/IALITY & !OLOGICAL DIVAGATIONS W]E NECESS>Y 9 ! PA/40 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ,BAKUN91 9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X1 CONT9UALLY EMPHASIZES ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( ! /ATE3 ,EV5 :5 IT COMM&S ! GOOD1 IT MAKES ?IS VALUELESS BY COMM&+ IT2 = EV]Y COMM& SLAPS LIB]TY 9 ! FACE2 AS SOON AS ?IS GOOD IS COMM&$1 IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN EVIL 9 ! EYES ( TRUE 7?AT IS1 HUMAN1 BY NO MEANS DIV9E7 MORALITY1 ( ! DIGNITY ( MAN1 ( LIB]TY4444 ,?IS 9T5SELY MORAL JUDGM5T PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ,BAKUN9'S \TLOOK1 9DE$1 9 ,AN>*ISM G5]ALLY4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 TO ,BAKUN91 >E NOT 09/RUM5TS0 ( AN AB/RACTION CALL$ 0HI/ORY02 !Y >E 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 = :I* !RE >E NO AB/RACT SUB/ITUTES4 ,IF PEOPLE BEG9 TO CONCEIVE !MSELVES AS 09/RUM5TS0 ( ANY K9D1 !Y MAY WELL BECOME A MEANS RA!R ?AN AN 5D1 & MODIFY ! C\RSE ( EV5TS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y NEV] A*IEVE FRE$OM4 ,9 ]RONE\SLY PREJUDG+ !MSELVES & !IR 0FUNCTION10 !Y MAY IGNORE OPPORTUNITIES ?AT C\_*D LEAD DIRECTLY TO LIB]ATION OR ?AT C\LD CREATE FAVORABLE SOCIAL CONDITIONS = FRE$OM LAT]4 ,) ?IS EXI/5TIAL EMPHASIS1 ,BAKUN9 DEP>TS RADICALLY FROM ,M>XISM1 :I* CONT9UALLY /RESSES ! ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS = FRE$OM & (T5 SMUGGLES 9 9T5SELY AU?ORIT>IAN ME?ODS & 9/ITUTIONS = ADVANC+ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,BAKUN9 DOES NOT IGNORE ! IMPORTANT ROLE ( TE*NOLOGY 9 RIP5+ ! CONDITIONS = FRE$OM1 BUT HE FEELS ?AT WE CANNOT 8AYE 9 ADVANCE :5 !SE CONDITIONS >E RIPE OR NOT4 ,H5CE WE MU/ CONT9UALLY /RIVE = COMPLETE FRE$OM LE/ WE MISS OPPORTUNITIES TO A*IEVE IT OR1 AT LEA/1 PREP>E ! CONDITIONS = ITS A*IEVEM5T4 ,!SE SEEM+LY AB/RACT !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 LEAD TO OPPOS+ CONCLUSIONS ( A V]Y CONCRETE & PRACTICAL NATURE4 ,= ,M>X1 :OSE CONCEPT ( FRE$OM IS VITIAT$ BY PRECONDITIONS & AB/RACTIONS1 ! IMM$IATE GOAL ( REVOLUTION IS TO SEIZE POLITICAL P[] & REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE BY A HIIAN0 DICTATOR%IP4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ ?US ORGANIZE A MASS C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL P>TY & USE EV]Y MEANS1 9CLUD+ P>LIAM5T>Y & ELECTORAL ME?ODS1 TO 5L>GE ITS CONTROL OV] SOCIETY4 ,= ,BAKUN91 ON ! O!R H&1 ! IMM$IATE GOAL ( REVOLUTION IS TO EXT5D ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CONTROL OV] HIS OR H] [N LIFE2 H5CE REVOLUTION MU/ BE DIRECT$ NOT T[>D ! 0SEIZURE ( P[]0 BUT ITS DISSOLUTION4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P ?AT TURNS 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY1 /RUCTUR+ ITSELF ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES & P>TICIPAT+ 9 ELECTIONS1 ,BAKUN9 W>NS1 WILL EV5TUALLY AB&ON ITS REVOLUTION>Y GOALS4 ,IT WILL BECOME D5ATUR$ BY ! NE$S ( POLITICAL LIFE & F9ALLY BECOME'COOPT$ BY ! V]Y SOCIETY IT SEEKS TO OV]?R[4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 !N1 ! REVOLUTION MU/ DE/ROY ! /ATE APP>ATUS3 ! POLICE1 ! >MY1 ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,IF VIOL5CE IS NECESS>Y1 IT MU/ BE EX]CIS$ BY ! >M$ REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE1 ORGANIZ$ 9 POPUL> MILITIAS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 9 TURN1 MU/ TRY TO REFLECT ! SOCIETY IT IS TRY+ TO CREATE4 ,IF ! MOVEM5T IS TO AVOID TURN+ 9TO AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 9TO ANO!R /ATE1 COMPLETE CON=MITY MU/ EXI/ BETWE5 ITS MEANS & 5DS1 BETWE5 =M & CONT5T4 ,WRIT+ BN ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,BAKUN9 9SI/S ?AT IT MU/ DIFF] ESS5TIALLY FROM /ATE ORGANIZATION4 ,JU/ AS MU* AS ! /ATE IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 >TIFICIAL1 & VIOL5T1 ALI51 & HO/ILE TO ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PEOPLE'S 9T]E/S & 9/9CTS1 SO MU/ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE FREE & NATURAL1 CON=M+ 9 EV]Y RESPECT TO ?OSE 9T]E/S & 9/9CTS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,BAKUN9 WAS TO OPPOSE ,M>X'S EF=TS TO C5TRALIZE ! MOVEM5T & 9VE/ VIRTUALLY COMM&+ P[]S 9 ITS ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4.<#c.> ,BAKUN9 PLACES /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! ROLE ( SPONTANEITY 9 ! REVOLUTION & 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,IF PEOPLE >E TO A*IEVE FRE$OM1 IF !Y >E TO BE REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY ! REVOLUTION1 !Y MU/ MAKE ! REVOLUTION !MSELVES1 NOT UND] ! TUTELAGE ( AN ALLKN[+ POLITICAL P>TY4 ,BAKUN9 ALSO RECOGNIZES1 H[EV]1 ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS NE$$ TO CATALYZE REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES 9TO REALITIES1 TO FO/] A REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T BY MEANS ( PROPAG&A1 IDEAS1 & PROGRAMS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 HE BELIEVES1 %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 SMALL GR\PS ( D$ICAT$ 0BRO!RS0 7! WORD RECURS (T5 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ORGANIZATION7 :O S+LE-M9D$LY PURSUE ! TASK ( FOM5T+ REVOLUTION4 ,HIS EMPHASIS ON SMALLNESS IS MOTIVAT$ P>TLY BY ! NE$ = SECRECY ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! S\!RN ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ( HIS DAY1 P>TLY ALSO BY HIS DESIRE TO FO/] 9TIMACY )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,= ,BAKUN91 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS A COMMUNITY ( P]SONALLY 9VOLV$ BRO!RS & SI/]S1 NOT AN APP>ATUS BAS$ ON BUREAUCRACY1 HI]>*Y1 & PROGRAMMATIC AGREEM5T4 ,MORE SO ?AN ANY ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>IES ( HIS DAY1 ,BAKUN9 S\Y MOVEM5T4 ,HE WAS UNIQUE 9 HIS APPRECIATION ( REVOLUTION AS A FE/IVAL4 ,RECALL+ HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ,P>IS1 %ORTLY AFT] ! #ahdh REVOLUTION1 HE WRITES3 ,I BREA!D ?R\< ALL MY S5SES & ?R\< ALL MY PORES ! 9TOXICATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ATMOSPH]E4 ,IT WAS A FE/IVAL )\T BEG9N+ NOR 5D2 ,I SAW EV]YONE & ,I SAW NO ONE1 = EA* 9DIVIDUAL WAS LO/ 9 ! SAME 9NUM]ABLE & W&]+ CR[D2 ,I SPOKE TO EV]YONE )\T REMEMB]+ EI!R MY [N WORDS OR ?OSE ( O!RS1 = MY ATT5TION WAS ABSORB$ BY NEW EV5TS & OBJECTS & BY UNEXPECT$ NEWS4 ,BAKUN9'S EMPHASIS ON CONSPIRACY & SECRECY CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY AGA9/ ! SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ( ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 & ,RUSSIA--! ?REE C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE :]E CONSPIRACY & SECRECY W]E MATT]S ( %E] SURVIVAL4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X1 :O GREATLY ADMIR$ ! WELL-DISCIPL9$1 C5TRALIZ$ ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 ,BAKUN9 PLAC$ HIS GREATE/ HOPES = SOCIAL REVOLUTION ON ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 ,HE =ESAW ! DANG] ( ! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT & W>N$ ( ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,FOLL[+ A PR$ISPOSITION TO MI/RU/ /ABLE1 COMPLAC5T1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CLASSES 9 SOCIETY1 ,BAKUN9 TURN$ 9CREAS+LY TO DECOMPOS+1 PRECAPITALI/ CLASSES ( ! K9D ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA & S\!RN ,EUROPE3 L&LESS PEASANTS1 WORK]S ) NO /AKE 9 SOCIETY1 >TISANS FAC$ BY RU91 FOOTLOOSE DECLASSE 9TELLECTUALS & /UD5TS4 ,M>X REG>D$ ! =MATION ( A /ABLE 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS AS A PRECONDITION = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BAKUN91 H[EV]1 SAW 9 ?IS PROCESS ! RU9 ( ALL HOPES = A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T--& 9 ?IS RESPECT HE PROV$ DEEPLY PROPHETIC4 ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT A COMMUNI/4 ,HE MAY HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 HIS DAY DID NOT ADMIT ( ! COMMUNI/ PRECEPT1 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY2 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,9 ANY CASE HE ACCEPT$ ,PR\DHON'S NOTION ?AT ! SATISFACTION ( MAT]IAL NE$S W\LD HAVE TO BE TI$ TO ! LABOR CONTRIBUT$ BY EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BAKUN9 ALSO CLOSELY FOLL[$ ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALI/ APPROA* TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,FR5* MUTUALI/1 HE REG>D$ ! COLLECTIVE1 & NOT ! 9DEP5D5T >TISAN1 AS ! BASIC SOCIAL UNIT4 ,HE WAS %>PLY CRITICAL ( ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALI/S :O CONCEIVE SOCIETY AS ! RESULT ( ! FREE CONTRACT ( 9DIVIDUALS ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R & 5T]+ 9TO MUTUAL RELATIONS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! CONV5TION DRAWN UP AMONG !M4 ,AS IF !SE M5 HAD DROPP$ FROM ! SKIES1 BR++ ) !M SPEE*1 WILL1 ORIG9AL ?\?1 ?AT IS1 ANY?+ HAV+ SOCIAL ORIG9S4 ,9 TIME ?IS VIEW ACQUIR$ ! NAME 0,COLLECTIVI/ ,AN>*ISM0 TO DI/+UI% IT BO? FROM ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALISM &1 LAT]1 FROM ! 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM0 PROP\ND$ BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 7,= A DISCUSSION ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,COMMUNI/ VIEWS1 SEE PP4 #a#a#e-#a#a#f BEL[47 ,A M]E SKET* ( ,BAKUN9'S !ORIES DOES NOT CAPTURE ! FLAVOR ( HIS WRIT+S1 ! ANIMAT+ SPIRIT ?AT CATAPULT$ HIS P]SONALITY 9TO ! =EGR\ND ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY RADICAL HI/ORY4 ,AL?\< A DEEPLY HUMANE & K9DLY MAN 79DE$ BECAUSE ( HIS 9TR9SIC HUMANITY & K9DNESS7 ,BAKUN9 DID NOT %R9K FROM VIOL5CE4 ,HE FAC$ ! PROBLEM ) DIS>M+ C&OR & REFUS$ TO DILUTE ! NE$ = VIOL5CE--& ! REALITY ( ! VIOL5CE :I* ! RUL+ CLASSES PRACTIC$ DAILY 9 !IR RELATIONS ) ! OPPRESS$--) A HYPOCRITICAL-/ANCE ( MORAL \TRAGE4 0,! URGE TO DE/ROY10 HE WROTE AS A Y\NG MAN1 0IS ALSO A CREATIVE URGE40 ,HIS WRIT+S EXUDE A S5SE ( VIOL5T REBELLION AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 ( UNRE/RA9$ ANG] AGA9/ 9JU/ICE1 ( FI]Y MILITANCY ON BEHALF ( ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$4 ,!RE CAN BE LITTLE QUE/ION ?AT HE LIV$ ?IS SPIRIT ) CONSI/5CY & GREAT P]SONAL D>+4 ,B5EA? ! SURFACE ( ,BAKUN9'S !ORIES LIES ! MORE BASIC REVOLT ( ! COMMUNITY PR9CIPLE AGA9/ ! /ATE PR9CIPLE1 ( ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,BAKUN9ISM1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ?OSE SUBT]RANEAN CURR5TS 9 HUMANITY ?AT HAVE TRI$ AT ALL TIMES TO RE/ORE COMMUNITY AS ! /RUCTURAL UNIT ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,BAKUN9 DEEPLY ADMIR$ ! TRADITIONAL COLLECTIVI/IC ASPECTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 NOT \T ( ANY ATAVI/IC ILLUSIONS AB\T ! PA/1 BUT BECAUSE HE WI%$ TO SEE 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY P]VAD$ BY ITS ATMOSPH]E ( MUTUAL AID & SOLID>ITY4 ,LIKE VIRTUALLY ALL ! 9TELLECTUALS ( HIS DAY1 HE ACKN[L$G$ ! IMPORTANCE ( SCI5CE AS A MEANS ( PROMOT+ EV5TUAL HUMAN BETT]M5T2 H5CE ! EMBATTL$ A!ISM & ANTICL]ICALISM ?AT P]VADES ALL HIS WRIT+S4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 HE DEM&$ ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES ( SOCIETY BE MOBILIZ$ 9 SUPPORT ( SOCIAL COOP]ATION1 FRE$OM1 & COMMUNITY1 9/EAD ( BE+ ABUS$ = PR(IT1 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE1 & W>4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT BEH9D HIS TIMES1 BUT A C5TURY OR MORE AHEAD ( !M4 ,TO ! Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y ,SPANI>DS ( ! #a#h#fS1 TO ! MILITANT WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA & ! RE/IVE L& LABOR]S ( ,&ALUSIA1 ! IDEAS PROP\ND$ BY ,BAKUN9 SEEM$ TO CRY/ALLIZE ALL !IR VAGUE FEEL+S & ?\Y 9 ITS ME?ODS1 & A RADICAL COLLECTIVISM ROOT$ 9 LOCAL 9ITIATIVE & DEC5TRALI/ SOCIAL =MS4 ,EV5 HIS MILITANT A!ISM SEEM$ TO SATISFY ! /RONG WAVE ( ANTICL]ICAL FEEL+ ?AT WAS SURG+ ?R\< ,SPA94 ,! PROSPECT ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! WORK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HELD ! PROMISE ( L9K+ !IR DE/9IES TO A WORLDWIDE CAUSE ( HI/ORIC DIM5SIPNS4 ,F9ALLY1 ,SPA9 HAD BE5 PREP>$ = ,BAKUN9'S !ORIES NOT ONLY SOCIALLY1 BUT ALS@59TELLECTUALLY4 ,IF ,BAKUN9I/ ,AN>*ISM WAS NEW TO ,FANELLI'S AUDI5CE1 SOMFE ( ITS ELEM5TS1 SU* AS F$]ALISM1 W]E FAMILI> TOPICS ( DISCUSSION 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ,BAKUN9'S F$]ALI/ IDEAS W]E HIS A!I/IC VIEWS & HIS ATTACKS ON CL]ICALISM4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT ! ,SPANI% *UR* HAD BECOME ! /RONGE/ S+LE PROP ( ABSOLUTISM & REACTION 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 LAT] RALLY+ >\ND ! ,C>LI/ L9E 7! REACTION>Y PRET5D]S TO ! ,SPANI% ?RONE7 & ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE TR5DS 9 POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! COLLUSION BETWE5 ! ,CA?OLIC HI]>*Y & ! ,SPANI% RUL+ CLASSES HAD COMPLETELY 0UND]M9$ ! PRE/IGE ( FHE CL]GY AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES10 WRITES ,EL5A DE ,LA ,S\*]E1 0& BR\LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE HAD CON/RUCT$ A P]FECT CITY FROM :I* ! PLEBIANS1 KEPT BEYOND ! WALLS1 5VELOP$ ! CL]GY 9 ! HATE !Y BORE ! 9/ITUTIONS & CA/ES :I* W]E ADMITT$ TO ?AT CLOS$ CITY40 ,ACCORD+LY1 AS E>LY AS #a#h#c#e1 ANG] AGA9/ ,C>LI/ ATROCITIES 9 ! NOR? HAD L$ TO *UR* BURN+S 9 MANY L>GE T[NS ( ,SPA94 ,! MONKS W]E DETE/$ AS P>ASITES & ! HI<] E*ELONS ( ! HI]>*Y W]E SE5 AS SIMPLY ! CL]ICAL EQUIVAL5TS ( WEAL?Y SECUL> L&[N]S & B\RGEOIS4 ,!Y W]E HAT$ ALL ! MORE F]V5TLY BECAUSE ( !IR RELIGI\S PRET5SIONS & !IR 9VOCATIONS ( HUMILITY & ! VIRTUES ( POV]TY4 ,BAKUN9'S EMPHASIS ON COLLECTIVISM1 SO MU* /RONG] ?AN ,PR\DHON'S1 HAD A P>TICUL>LY WIDE APPEAL TO ! DISPOSSESS$ RURAL CLASSES4 ,IT CON=M$ ADMIRABLY TO !IR S5SE ( ! PATRIA *ICA1 ! AUTONOM\S VILLAGE WORLD ?AT HAD BE5 DES]T$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES = A COM=TABLE LIFE 9 ! L>G] PROV9CIAL CITIES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,ROB9 ,HOOD M5TALITY ?AT P]MEATES SO MU* ( ,BAKUN9'S ?\EAS LIKE ,&ALUSIA :]E ! PEASANTRY HAD COME TO V5]ATE ! SOCIAL B&IT AS AN AV5G] ( 9JU/ICE4 ,9 ?IS L& ( ! 0P]MAN5T GU]RILLA0--A FIGURE ?AT REA*ES AS F> BACK AS ! ,MOORI% 9VASION--! LONELY B&1 /RIK+ A BL[ = FRE$OM1 HAD BECOME ESPECIALLY DE> TO ! RURAL POOR & N\RI%$ A MULTITUDE ( LOCAL MY?S & LEG5DS4 ,F9ALLY1 ,BAKUN9'S APPEAL TO DIRECT ACTION F\ND A WEAL? ( PREC$5TS 9 VILLAGE & URBAN UPRIS+S4 ,LACK+ EV5 A MODICUM ( PROTECTION BY ! LAW1 ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9CREAS+LY RELI$ ON !IR [N ACTION = ! R$RESS ( GRIEVANCES4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT ! USE ( ! BALLOT 9 ,SPA9 WAS TO BECOME MEAN+LESS1 EV5 AFT] UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE HAD BE5 9TRODUC$4 ,9 MANY ,SPANI% VILLAGES1 LOCAL POLITICAL BOSSES1 ! CACIQUES 7G5]ALLY1 L&[N]S1 BUT (T5 LAWY]S & PRIE/S7 HELD ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] POLITICAL LIFE4 ,US+ !IR ECONOMIC P[] &1 :]E NECESS>Y1 \TRITIES ( !IR *OICE4 ,?IS SC&AL\S SY/EM ( UNDISGUIS$ POLITICAL MANIPULATION1 COMB9$ ) ! REPEAT$ C\PS D'ETAT--! NOTORI\S PRONUNCIAMI5TOS--( ,SPANI% MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 CREAT$ AN ATMOSPH]E ( WIDESPREAD CYNICISM T[>D ELECTORAL ACTIVITY4 ,! ,SPANI% PEOPLE DID NOT HAVE TO BE CONV9C$ BY A ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRAT ?AT ! /ATE WAS ! PRIVATE DOMA9 ( ! RUL+ CLASSES2 !IR $UCATION CAME DIRECTLY FROM ! >ROGANT L& MAGNATES & B\RGEOISIE ( !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,?US1 ! FACT ?AT ,GUISEPPI ,FANELLI C\LD HAVE SCOR$ AN IMM$IATE TRIUMPH 9 ,MADRID MAY HAVE BE5 UNIQUE1 BUT IT NE$ H>DLY SEEM TOO SURPRIS+4 ,! VIEWS HE BR\*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/