,*APT] #c ,! ,BEG9N+ #aiD FROM !M = A TIME4 ,BE=E HIS DEP>TURE FROM ,MADRID1 ! ,ITALIAN HAD GIV5 HIS ADMIR+ GR\P ( WORK]S A SMALL MISCELLANE\S LEGACY ( WRITT5 MAT]IAL3 ! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! PROGRAM & REGULATIONS ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ! RULES ( A ,SWISS WORK+M5'S SOCIETY1 & SEV]AL RADICAL P]IODICALS :I* 9CLUD$ >TICLES & SPEE*ES BY ,BAKUN94 ,!SE PRECI\S TEXTS W]E C>EFULLY /UDI$1 DISCUSS$1 & PASS$ >\ND 7PRESUMABLY 9 TRANSLATION71 UNTIL ! FL$GL+ ,MADRID ,AN>*I/S BEGAN TO FEEL ASSUR$ & CONFID5T ( !IR VIEWS4 ,!Y CALL$ !MSELVES 0,9T]NATIONALI/S10 & W]E TO DO SO = YE>S1 BASK+ 9 ! M\NT+ PRE/IGE ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL NOR? ( ! ,PYR5EES4 ,!Y ALSO BEGAN TO WRITE LETT]S TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON1 BUT R>ELY RECEIV$ A REPLY4 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 DOM9AT$ BY ,BAKUN9'S OPPON5T1 ,K>L ,M>X1 WAS SUSPICI\S ( ! NEW 0(FICIAL SECTION0 9 ,MADRID1 OR IT MAY HAVE BE5 %E] NEGLIG5CE2 9 ANY EV5T1 ! ,MADRID ,9T]NATIONALI/S MA9TA9$ CLOSE TIES ) ,BAKUN9 & HIS FRI5DS 9 ,G5EVA1 & !Y BEGAN TO CA/ >\ND = SUPPORT 9 !IR [N CITY4 ,BUT ?IS RAIS$ A DIFFICULT QUE/ION3 :AT C\LD A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P1 ORI5T$ T[>D ! WORK+ CLASS1 HOPE TO A*IEVE 9 ! ,SPANI% CAPITAL8 ,MADRID1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE C5T] ( ! ,SPANI% CR[N1 HAD NO PROLET>IAT 9 ANY MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,A NEW CITY BY ,IB]IAN /&>DS1 ,PHILIP ,I,I HAD TURN$ IT 9TO A CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! C\NTRY ) A SORELY NE$$ GEOGRAPHIC & POLITICAL C5T]4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! EIIAT CONSI/$ ( CRAFTSM51 WORK+ BY TRADITIONAL /&>DS 9 SMALL %OPS1 & ITS M>KET WAS COMPOS$ ( PETTY GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 C\RTI]S1 SOLDI]S1 AN EM]G+ COMM]ICAL MIDDLE CLASS1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( 9TELLECTUALS ATTRACT$ BY ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MADRID & BY ! CITY'S BURGEON+ CULTURAL LIFE4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% CAPITAL WAS L>GELY TO REFLECT !SE SOCIAL TRAITS4 ,! ,MADRID ORGANIZATION EV5TUALLY ATTRACT$ MANY 9TELLECTUALS & BECAME ONE ( ! MAJOR !ORETICAL C5T]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,! E>LY ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9 ! CAPITAL1 H[EV]1 BEGAN 9 CONFUSION OV] !IR AIMS & ME?ODS4 ,A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( ! ORIG9AL GR\P1 ?OSE :O W]E ACTUALLY ,REPUBLICANS1 ,MASONS1 & COOP]ATIVI/S1 SIMPLY DROPP$ AWAY4 ,! REMA9D]1 AFT] SORT+ \T !IR IDEAS & ! MAT]IAL ',FANELLI HAD LEFT BEH9D1 BEGAN TO HOLD PUBLIC MEET+S & ATTRACT LOCAL ATT5TION4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE MEET+S WAS HELD 9 A B>N-LIKE W>EH\SE ON ,VAL5CIA ,/REET :I* ! JANITOR1 A NEWLY WON SUPPORT] BY ! NAME ( ,JALVO1 HAD OP5$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,TYPICAL ( ! E>LY 5?USIASM & RECKLESSNESS ?AT M>K$ ! MOVEM5T1 ,JALVO'S GE/URE C\LD HAVE EASILY JEOP>DIZ$ HIS JOB1 POSSIBLY EXPOS+ HIM 4TO >RE/1 = ! W>EH\SE WAS A MUNICIPAL BUILD+ US$ TO /ORE MAT]IALS = PUBLIC FE/IVALS4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! AU?ORITIES DID NOT TAKE ! MOVEM5T TOO S]I\SLY1 & ,JALVO SUFF]$ NO REPRISALS4 ,! ,MADRID SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL EXP&$ RAPIDLY4 ,! E>LY MEET+S ALSO ATTRACT$ A NUMB] ( CANNY ,REPUBLICAN ORATORS :O W]E LOOK+ = A BASE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & TRI$ TO TAKE OV] ! NEWLY =M$ SECTION4 ,BUT ,FANELLI HAD DONE HIS WORK WELL1 & !Y W]E FIRMLY RESI/$4 ,FAC$ ) !SE WELL-ATT5D$ MEET+S1 ,LOR5ZO & HIS COMRADES N[ BEGAN ! DIFFICULT TASK ( GIV+ !IR MOVEM5T SOME ORGANIZATIONAL COH]5CE4 ,!Y ?REW !IR NET F>1 REA*+ \T TO ! ,MASONS 7:OM ,LOR5ZO DESCRIBES SYMPA!TICALLY AS 0AUXILI>IES0 ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL71 CULTURAL GR\PS1 MUTUAL-AID SOCIETIES1 & EV5 ECONOMIC LIB]ALS4 ,BY E>LY #a#h#g--A YE> AFT] ,FANELLI'S DEP>TURE--! ,MADRID SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CLAIM$ A MEMB]%IP ( TWO ?\S& & HAD />T$ PUBLI%+ A LOCAL P]IODICAL1 ,LA ,SOLID>IDAD1 TO PROPAGATE ITS VIEWS4 ,?IS MEMB]%IP FIGURE WAS PROBABLY 9FLAT$ BY ! 9CLUSION ( MANY 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ) A V]Y T5U\S RELATION%IP TO ! SECTION & ) NO CLE> UND]/&+ ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y GOALS4 ,YET IT IS CLE> ?AT BY #ahg ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,IF SUCCESS IS TO BE GAUG$ BY NUM]ICAL FOLL[+1 ! NEW MOVEM5T WAS EV5 MORE SUCCESSFUL 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,MADRID1 ! GREAT ,CATALAN SEAPORT WAS A MAJOR TEXTILE C5T]1 ! BIGGE/ 9 ,SPA91 ) A L>GE 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,AL?\< ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 R5[N$ = ITS CLO? PRODUCTS = C5TURIES ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY 9 ANY MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD DID NOT BEG9 UNTIL ! LATE #a#h#dS1 :5 /EAM-P[]$ COTTON FACTORIES W]E WIDELY E/ABLI%$4 ,A DECADE LAT]1 5GRAV+S %[ ! OLD PORT DI/RICT SURR\ND$ BY FACTORY *IMNEYS4 ,MO/ ( !SE CONC]NS W]E NOT L>GE2 !Y NORMALLY EMPLOY$ BETWE5 T5 & TW5TY WORK]S & W]E [N$ BY MOD]ATELY WELL-TO-DO B\RGEOIS FAMILIES4 ,BUT !RE W]E ALSO SPECTACUL> 9DU/RIAL DYNA/IES1 SU* AS ! ,GUELLS1 ! ,MUNTADA BRO!RS1 & ! ,S]RA BRO!RS1 EMPLOY+ ?\S&S ( UNSKILL$ WORK]S & PRODUC+ *EAP COTTON CLO? = ! VILLAGES & T[NS ( ,SPA94 ,! AV]AGE ,B>CELONA FACTORY OP]ATIVE WORK$ LONG H\RS & AT NE>-SUBSI/5CE WAGES 7SEE PP4 #e#a-#e#b BEL[71 LIV+ ) HIS OR H] FAMILY 9 HOVELS ?AT (T5 LACK$ ADEQUATE V5TILATION & SANIT>Y FACILITIES4 ,?IS DEGRAD$ WAY ( LIFE1 SC>R$ BY TOIL & POV]TY1 WAS M5AC$ CONT9UALLY BY TE*NOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYM5T & BY LAY-(FS DUE TO ECONOMIC SLUMPS4 ,R$UC$ TO AN ANIMAL LEVEL ( EXI/5CE1 ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT SEE!D ) A FUTILE \TRAGE ?AT F\ND P>TIAL \TLET@5N 0,LUDDISM03 ! DE/RUCTION ( MA*9]Y & FACTORY BUILD+S4 ,9 #a#h#c#f1 DUR+ AN UPSURGE ( WORK+-CLASS UNRE/1 A ,B>CELONA CR[D BURN$ D[N ! ,BONAPLATA FACTORY1 A NEW /EAM-P[]$ 5T]PRISE ?AT PRODUC$ NOT ONLY FABRICS BUT TEXTILE MA*9]Y4 ,FACTORY BURN+S & ! DE/RUCTION ( SELF-ACT+ SP9DLES ALSO OP5$ ! LABOR /RUGGLES ( #a#h#e#d1 BUT ?IS TIME ,B>CELONA WAS SWEPT BY A G5]AL /RIKE 9 :I* WORK]S M>*$ UND] ! SLOGAN1 0,ASSOCIATION OR ,DEA?40 ,! RILY ALL ! REGIMES ( ?AT P]IOD1 HAD N[ BECOME A P>AM\NT DEM& ( ! ,CATALAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,DESPITE ! FAILURE ( ! /RIKE1 ! MOVEM5T T[>D ASSOCIATION WAS IRREPRESSIBLE4 ,?IS BECAME EVID5T 9 ! MID-#a#h#fS :51 UND] ! TOL]ANT ADM9I/RATION ( A ,LIB]AL GOV]NM5T1 UND]GR\ND WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS SUDD5LY SURFAC$1 E/ABLI%$ TWO SUCCESSFUL1 WIDELY READ NEWSPAP]S1 & 9 #ahfe HELD AN IMPRESSIVE CONGRESS4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS SUPPRESS$ A YE> LAT] ) ! FALL ( ! ,LIB]ALS1 BUT IT ?RIV$ BEL[ ! SURFACE1 PUBLICLY APPE>+ 9 SU* =MS AS CULTURAL CIRCLES & $UCATIONAL SOCIETIES4 ,>\ND ! TIME ( ,FANELLI'S LA/ VISIT TO ,B>CELONA1 ! MO/ MILITANT WORK]S' GR\PS W]E ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! ,F$]AL ,C5T] ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES 7,C5TRO ,F$]AL DE LAS ,SOCI$ADES ,OBR]AS74 ,POLITICALLY1 ! ,F$]AL ,C5T] MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! ,REPUBLICANS1 SUPPORT+ !IR DEM& = A F$]AL REPUBLIC4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 IT FAVOR$ PRIVATELY F9ANC$ COOP]ATIVES4 ,A WORK]S' ,CONGRESS ( OV] SIXTY SOCIETIES1 HELD 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,DECEMB] #a#b-#a#c1 #a#h#f#h1 DECL>$ ITS SUPPORT = !SE MOD]ATE =MS & CIRCUMSPECTLY AVOID$ ANY DEM&S ?AT MICELONA NUCLEUS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W5T TO WORK4 ,! MOV+ SPIRIT ( ! NUCLEUS WAS UNQUE/IONABLY ,RAFAEL ,F>GA ,PELLIC]1 :O HAD BE5 DEEPLY IMPRESS$ BY ,FANELLI'S SPEE* 9 HIS UNCLE'S /UDY4 ,! GR\P ( ,9T]NATIONALI/S =M$ AFT] ! ,ITALIAN'S DEP>TURE WAS SOON RE9=C$ BY NEW1 EXTREMELY ABLE PEOPLE3 ! PHYSICAN ,GASP> ,S5T9ON2 ,JOSE ,G>CIA ,V9AS1 A M$ICAL /UD5T FROM ,MALAGA2 ,TR9IDAD ,SORIANO1 A TE*NICAL /UD5T2 & ,ANTONIO ,GONZALEZ ,M5ESES1 AN 5G9E]+ /UD5T FROM ,CADIZ4 ,BY ,MAY #a#h#f#i1 ! NUCLEUS FELT /RONG 5\< TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF (FICIALLY AS ! ,B>CELONA SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,TO ! CALL = A 0F$]AL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC10 ISSU$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS1 ! NEW GR\P REPLI$ ) A DEM& = 0,SOCIALISM10 FIRMLY DECL>+ ITS DISSATISFACTION ) M]E RE=MS & *ANGE 9 GOV]NM5T4 ,DESPITE ?IS /RONG EXPRESSION ( 9TRANSIG5CE1 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S PROCE$$ SL[LY & CAUTI\SLY4 ,A PR9T] BY TRADE1 ,F>GA ,PELLIC] ATT5D$ ! ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS 9 ,DECEMB]1 TWO MON?S PRIOR TO ,FANELLI'S SECOND TRIP TO ,B>CELONA2 !RE1 HE HAD OP5LY CONGRATULAT$ ! DELEGATES ON !IR SUPPORT = A F$]AL REPUBLIC & !IR PLAN TO E/ABLI% A NEWSPAP]6 ,HIS RELATIONS ) ! ,F$]AL ,C5T] W]E EXCELL5T & ! PAGES ( ITS NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ORGAN1 ,LA ,F$]ATION1 W]E OP5 TO ! EXPRESSION ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ OP9IONS4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,BAKUN9 HE DESCRIBES ! BASIC /RATEGY ( ! ,B>CELONA NUCLEUS AS A ?REEFOLD APPROA*3 TO DEF5D ,SOCIALISM 9 0A PRUD5T MANN]09 ,LA ,F$]ATION1 TO BR+ ! REGULATIONS ( ! ,F$]AL ,C5T] 9TO ACCORD ) ! SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & TO /R5G!N ! ORGANIZATIONAL 9FLU5CE ( ! NUCLEUS ON ! WORK]S' SOCIETIES4 ,)9 A FEW MON?S1 ?IS /RATEGY SUCCE$$4 ,9T]NATIONALI/S W]E ELECT$ PRESID5TS ( SEV]AL WORK]S' SOCIETIES & ,LA ,F$]ATION ESS5TIALLY BECAME AN ,9T]NATIONALI/ ORGAN1 ! ,B>CELONA C\NT]P>T ( ,MADRID'S ,LA ,SOLID>IDAD4 ,BY #a#h#g1 ! ,F$]AL ,C5T] & PRESUMABLY MO/ ( ITS AFFILIATES DECL>$ = ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BR++ ?\S&S ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9TO AN ,AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ MOVEM5T4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$1 WAS EX]CIS$ ) C>E4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S & !IR LEAD]S W]E NOT CONSCI\S ,AN>*I/S1 C]TA9LY NOT 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 ! 5TRY ( ! ,F$]AL ,C5T] 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS AN ALLIANCE1 NOT AN ACT ( ORGANIC UNITY1 BETWE5 A SMALL GR\P ( ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS & A NUM]ICALLY L>G] TRADE-UNION APP>ATUS4 ,BUT IT =E%AD[$ A TIME :5 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E TO SATURATE ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T & PRODUCE A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y MASS ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,FROM ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA1 ! IDEAS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BEGAN TO SPREAD 9TO ! PROV9CES ( ,SPA94 ,NEWSPAP]S & PROPAG&I/S BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ,&ALUSIA1 ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANT1 & 9 RURAL >EAS ( ,CATALONIA1 ! TWO ,CA/ILES1 & ,GALICIA4 ,GRADUALLY ! MOVEM5T TOOK HOLD \TSIDE ( ! TWO GREAT CITIES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#g1 ,LA ,SOLID>IDAD ISSU$ A CALL = A NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ALL SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA94 ,AFT] CONSULTATIONS ) ! ,CATALANS OV] A SUITABLE PLACE1 IT WAS DECID$ TO CONV5E AT ,B>CELONA 9 LATE ,JUNE4 ,DUR+ ?OSE FEW MON?S BE=E ! CONGRESS ! ,AN>*I/S DID A GREAT DEAL ( C>EFUL PLANN+ & PREP>ATION4 ,AFT] ,FANELLI'S F9AL DEP>TURE FROM ,B>CELONA 9 ! W9T] ( #a#h#f#i1 ,F>GA & ,S5T9ON HAD C>RI$ ON A LIVELY CORRESPOND5CE ) ,BAKUN94 ,AB\T A HALF YE> LAT]1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 ! TWO ,SPANI>DS ATT5D$ ! WORLDWIDE CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,BASEL1 :]E ,BAKUN9 SCOR$ A %ORTLIV$ TRIUMPH OV] ,M>X & HIS SUPPORT]S4 ,!RE1 ,BAKUN9 NOT ONLY SOLIDIFJGD !IR ADH]5CE TO ,AN>*ISM BUT 9ITIAT$ !M 9TO A SECRET GR\P1 ORIG9ALLY NAM$ ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD10 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN HAD =M$ YE>S E>LI] DUR+ HIS LONG SOJ\RN 9 ! HEADY1 CONSPIRATORIAL ATMOSPH]E ( ,ITALY4 7,AL?\< ! ORIG9AL 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD0 7,FRAT]NIT'E ,9T]NATIONALE7 WAS =MALLY DISSOLV$ E>LY 9 #a#h#f#i1.<#e.> HAVE RETA9$ ?IS NAME 9 QUOTATION M>KS TO DESIGNATE ! SMALL GR\P ( CONFIDANTES :O SURR\ND$ ,BAKUN9 DUR+ ! LAT] YE>S ( HIS LIFE47 ,! KEY ROLE PLAY$ ! V>I\S ,BAKUN9I/ ORGANIZATIONS--! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD0 & ITS SUCCESSOR1 ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY--9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA9 REQUIRES EXAM9ATION H]E BE=E PROCE$+ ) \R ACC\NT ( ! PLANN$ CONGRESS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,BAKUN9'S 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD0 HAS BE5 DEALT ) D]ISIVELY AS A HI]>*ICAL1 ELITI/ ORGANIZATION :I* /&S 9 BLATANT CONTRADICTION TO HIS LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION 9 MY VIEW IS V]Y REAL4 ,BAKUN9 HAD 9T5D$ ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD0 TO BE A SECRET ORGANIZATION ( ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 L$ 9 TIY G5]AL /AFF4 ,! ,RUSSIAN NEV] RESOLV$ ! NE$ TO BR+ HIS ORGANIZATIONAL !ORIES & PRACTICES 9TO COMPLETE ACCORD ) HIS LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,HE SEEM$ QUITE S9C]ELY TO REG>D BO? HIS FOLL[]S & HIMSELF AS HIIANS1 P]HAPS EV5 %IELD+ WEAK] 9DIVIDUALS & LESS COMMITT$ ORGANIZATIONS FROM ! TEMPTATIONS ( P[] & AU?ORITY4 ,BAKUN9'S FOLL[]S (T5 REBELL$ AGA9/ ?IS OBVI\S CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 =C+ ! ,RUSSIAN TO ACC$E TO A LOOS]1 MORE LIB]T>IAN TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ! 0,BRO!RHOOD0 & ITS ORGANIZATIONAL HEIRS REMA9$ NEBUL\S1 %AD[Y1 & NEV] DEVELOP$ A HI]>*Y2 9DE$1 IT IS D\BTFUL IF ITS NUMB]S EV] EXCE$$ A FEW SCORE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! 0,BRO!RHOOD0 WAS EXPECT$ TO PLAY A GUID+ ROLE 9 /ILL ANO!R ORGANIZATION1 ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY :I* ,BAKUN9'S COMRADES HAD =M$ OV] HIS OBJECTIONS 9 #a#h#f#h1 %ORTLY BE=E ,FANELLI'S J\RNEY TO ,SPA94 ,F>GA ,PELLIC] & ,S5T9ON1 9 FACT1 HAD HELP$ =M ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,ALLIANCE MON?S BE=E !Y KNEW ANY?+ AB\T ! 0,BRO!RHOOD40 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0,BRO!RHOOD10 ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS TO BE AN OP51 PUBLIC MOVEM5T & WAS CLE>LY ,AN>*I/ 9 PROGRAM DESPITE ! APP>5T 9NOC5CE ( ITS NAME4 ,DECL>+ ITSELF = ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 PROP]TY1 & ! RIIAN /ATES AT PRES5T %\LD BE R$UC$ TO M]E ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ( PUBLIC S]VICES40 ,TO ,M>X1 ! PRESID+ SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON1 ?IS AM\NT$ TO A DE FACTO REJECTION ( ELECTORAL & POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 A POSITION HE /RONGLY OPPOS$4 ,:5 ! ,ALLIANCE APPLI$ = MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,9T]NATIONA.> LATE 9 #a#h#f#h1 ITS REJECTION BY ! ,G5]A.> ,C\NCIL WAS ALMO/ PREORDA9$4 ,9 ORD] TO CIRCUMV5T ! ,C\NCIL'S DECISION1 ! ,ALLIANCE (FICIALLY DISSOLV$ ITSELF1 CALL+ UPON ITS SECTIONS TO BECOME SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 REALITY !SE SECTIONS CONT9U$ TO EXI/ AS SECRET ,BAKUN9I/ NUCLEI4 ,9 ,SPA91 ! ,ALLIANCE ESS5TIALLY BECAME A SMALL UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATION )9 ! L>G]1 OP5 >5A PROVID$ BY ! ,SPANI% SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BY ! E>LY SUMM] ( #a#h#g1 ! SECTIONS NUMB]$ BETWE5 TW5TY & ?IRTY ?\S& MEMB]S1 ) SCORES ( GR\PS 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! SIXTY YE>S FOLL[+ ,FANELLI'G VISIT1 ! =TUNES ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM W]E DE/9$ TO FLUCTUATE %>PLY & DRAMATICALLY4 ,DUR+ P]IODS ( REPRESSION1 ! MOVEM5T WAS TO CONTRACT TO A FEW ISOLAT$ NUCLEI ( D$ICAT$ MILITANTS1 ONLY TO SURGE =W>D & EMBRACE EV] L>G] MASSES ( OPPRESS$4 ,GRADUALLY1 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS W]E TO TAKE ROOT 9 A MULTITUDE ( ,&ALUSIAN VILLAGES AS WELL AS 9 MAJOR CITIES & 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,!Y W]E TO E/ABLI% T5DRILS 9 ! M\NTA9 COMMUNITIES ( ,MURCIA1 9 ! T[NS ( ! ,EBRO VALLEY1 9 ! REMOTE FI%+ VILLAGES ( ! ,GALICIAN COA/4 ,LONG AFT] ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD WAN$ 9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 IT WAS TO F9D A RI* SOIL BEL[ ! ,PYR5EES1 N\RI%$ BY ! DEVOTION ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,ONLY ! SCY! ( FASCISM C\LD REMOVE ?IS WILD LUXURIANT GR[? FROM ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA--& ) IT ! REVOLUTION>Y PASSION ( ,SPA94 ,! ,CONGRESS ( #ahg ,ON ! MORN+ ( ,SUNDAY1 ,JUNE #a#h1 #a#h#g1 AB\T ONE HUNDR$ DELEGATES REPRES5T+ #ae WORK]S' SOCIETIES 9 ?IRTY-SIX LOCALITIES ( ,SPA9 CONV5$ 9 ! ,TEATRO DEL ,CIRCO ( ,B>CELONA = ! FIR/ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! CONGRESS PROPOS$ FIVE MON?S E>LI] BY ,LA ,SOLID>IDAD1 ! ,MADRID ORGAN ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAD N[ BECOME A REALITY4 ,! ,TEATRO WAS FILL$ TO OV]FL[+4 ,! FIR/ R[S ( SEATS W]E RES]V$ = DELEGATES1 BUT WORK]S HAD COME 9 L>GE GR\PS TO EXPRESS !IR SOLID>ITY1 OCCUPY+ EV]Y SEAT1 FILL+ ! HALLWAYS1 & SPILL+ \T BEYOND ! 5TRANCE4 ,A TRIBUNE OCCUPI$ ! C5T] ( ! /AGE4 ,9 ! BACKGR\ND !RE WAS AN >RAY ( R$ FLAGS1 & OV]HEAD1 A L>GE R$ BANN] PROCLAIM+ 9 GOLD LETT]S--0,NO RIRANG$ ON BO? W+S TO SYMBOLIZE LABOR & TABLES W]E PLAC$ ON ! EXTREMES ( ! /AGE = PRO TEM SECRET>IES ( ! CONGRESS4 ,! CONGRESS WAS OP5$ BY ,RAFAEL ,F>GA ,PELLIC]1 :O APPE>$ SUDD5LY ON ! DES]T$ /AGE1 RANG A H& BELL1 & EXT5D$ ! FOLL[+ GREET+S3 0,COMRADE DELEGATES3 ?OSE ( Y\ :O GA!R H]E TO AFFIRM ! GREAT WORK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 :I* CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! ABSOLUTE EXTIRPATION ( ALL 9JU/ICES :I* HAVE RUL$ & /ILL RULE OV] ! FACE ( ! E>?2 ?OSE ( Y\ :O COME TO FRAT]NIZE ) ! MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 :ITE SLAVES & BLACK SLAVES1 UND] ! R$ BANN] :I* COV]S US2 DE> BRO!RS1 9 ! NAME ( ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA1 PEACE & GREET+S60.<#f.> ,! HORTATORY /YLE ) ITS USE ( SUP]LATIVES1 ITS L>G5ESS ( P]SPECTIVE1 ITS 9T5SE 9T]NATIONALISM1 & ITS HI<-M9D$ TONE1 ALL S9C]E & V]Y DEEPLY FELT1 WAS TO BE *>ACT]I/IC ( ,AN>*I/ SPEE*ES 9 ,SPA94 ,F>GA MADE NO ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL OR SUBDUE TIIS RADICAL VIEWS4 0,! /ATE10 HE DECL>$1 0IS ! GU>DIAN & DEF5D] ( ! PRIVILEGES ?AT ! ,*UR* MAKES DIV9E4444 ,WE WI% TO 5D ! RULE ( ! CAPITAL1 ( ! /ATE & ( ! ,*UR* BY CON/RUCT+ ON !IR RU9S ,AN>*Y--! FREE F$]ATION ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S40 ,! SPEAK]1 WE >E TOLD1 WAS 9T]RUPT$ CONT9UALLY BY 0=MIDABLE ?UND]CLAPS0 & ! AUDI5CE WAS 0VISIBLY MOV$40 ,AN ATMOSPH]E ( 0FELICITY0 & 5?USIASM P]VAD$ ! ,TEATRO1 TO :I* GREET+S FROM ! ,SWISS & ,BELGIAN SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ADD$ A S5SE ( HI/ORIC PURPOSE & WORLDWIDE FRAT]NITY4 ,9 ! AFT]NOON1 ! DELEGATES ROSE ONE BY ONE TO REPORT ON ! CONDITIONS 9 !IR FACTORIES4 ,!IR ACC\NTS LEAVE US A BITT] PICTURE ( ! MIS]Y ?AT P]VAD$ ! LIVES ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S DUR+ ! #a#h#gS4 ,! REPORT ( ,BOVE1 A ,B>CELONA TEXTILE WORK]1 IS TYPICAL4 ,! WORK]S1 HE TELLS US1 >E EXPLOIT$ FROM FIVE 9 ! MORN+ TO LATE AT NI1 & 9 SOME FACTORIES1 = AS MU* AS EI4 ,O!R DELEGATES REPORT ?AT ELEV51 SIXTE51 & EIE TYPICAL 9 ! TEXTILE 5T]PRISES >\ND ,B>CELONA & ,T>RAGONA4 ,F>RES1 A DELEGATE ( ! /EAM WORK]S1 SPEAKS = 0A SAD & LAM5TABLE GR\P 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/S HAVE DECL>$ M5 USELESS = WORK & REPLAC$ !M ) WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,TAKE ?IS 9TO CONSID]ATION1 = ONLY ! MAN IS USEFUL = ?IS . WORK & NOT ! WOM54 ,! M5 DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT BORN TO /EAL BUT TO WORK40 ,!SE H>% REALITIES CONTRA/$ />KLY ) ! GL[+ HOPES ?AT OP5$ & ANIMAT$ ! CONGRESS4 ,EA* SESSION MOV$ ALONG SMOO?LY1 (T5 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( SPONTANE\S1 EV5 TUMULU\S 5?USIASM1 & NO RE/RA9TS W]E PLAC$ ON CONTROV]SY OR ! FREE EXPRESSION ( OP9ION4 ,BUT AS WE HAVE SE51 ! PROCE$+S HAD BE5 C>EFULLY PLANN$ & PREP>$ BY A CONSCI\S1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( ,AN>*I/S1 MEMB]S ( ,BAKUN9'S ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS !SE ,ALIANCI/AS--?IS HIDD5 ,AN>*I/ FACTION 9 ,SPA91 KN[N P]HAPS TO ONLY A FEW HUNDR$ 9ITIATES--?AT GUID$ ! PROCE$+S AT ! ,TEATRO DEL ,CIRCO4 ,!Y PREP>$ ! AG5DA ( ! CONGRESS1 /AFF$ ITS KEY COMMISSIONS1 & PROVID$ ! MO/ >TICULATE & 9=M$ SPEAK]S AT ITS SESSIONS4 ,! ,ALIANCI/AS HAD LITTLE NE$ ( MANIPULATION = !Y 5JOY$ 5ORM\S PRE/IGE AMONG ! DELEGATES TO ! CONGRESS4 ,!Y W]E ! ACTUAL F\ND]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA94 ,SO CLOSELY W]E ! ORIG9S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL L9K$ TO ! ,ALLIANCE ?AT ,FANELLI'S DISCIPLES HAD 9ITIALLY ADOPT$ ! ,ALLIANCE'S PROGRAM = ! ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA SECTIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! SPR+ ( #a#h#g1 :5 ! ,ALLIANCE WAS =MALLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA9 AS AN 9DEP5D5T BODY1 ?AT ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS BECAME IDEOLOGICALLY DI/+UI%ABLE4 ,AT ! CONGRESS ( #a#h#g1 ! ,ALIANCI/AS SET AB\T TO GIVE ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL A BROAD] PROGRAM1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE MORE 9 ACCORD ) ! NE$S ( A LOOSE F$]ATION ( WORK]S' & PEASANTS' TRADE UNIONS4 ,?IS NEW PROGRAM1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT FOI/$ ON ! CONGRESS4 ,IT DEVELOP$ \T ( CONTROV]SIES 9 ! 0COMMISSIONS0 ON V>I\S SOCIAL ISSUES & 9 DEBATES ON ! FLOOR ( ! ,TEATRO DEL ,CIRCO4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,AN>*I/S1 AT LEA/ ?REE T5D5CIES SURFAC$ AT ! CONGRESS3 AN 9EFFECTUAL MISCELLANY ( 0ASSOCIAT>IANS10 :O W]E MA9LY 9T]E/$ 9 FO/]+ PRODUC]S' & CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]2 A 0POLITICAL0 GR\P :I* WAS OCCUPI$ ) MOBILIZ+ LABOR SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TIES2 & F9ALLY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT & 5DUR+ T5D5CY ( ALL1 ! TRADE UNIONI/S 0PURE-&-SIMPLE10 A GR\P CONC]N$ L>GELY ) IMM$IATE ECONOMIC /RUGGLES OV] WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS--& A GR\P1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?AT WAS TO FUNCTION 9 LAT] P]IODS AS A RE/RA9+ =CE ON ! MORE MILITANT & REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/S4 ,VIRTUALLY ALL ( !SE T5D5CIES EMPLOY$ AN EXPANSIVE REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC1 GIV+ LIP-S]VICE TO A DI/ANT EGALIT>IAN FUTURE1 BUT !Y DIVID$ %>PLY ) ! ,AN>*I/S ON ! CRITICAL ISSUES ( ! SPECIFICS NE$$ TO A*IEVE ?IS NEW SOCIETY4 ,! VIEWS ( ! 0ASSOCIAT>IANS0 SEEM TO HAVE EVOK$ V]Y LITTLE 9T]E/ FROM ! CONGRESS4 ,A REPORT BY A 0COMMISSION ON ! !ME ( COOP]ATION10 OBVI\SLY ,AN>*I/-9SPIR$1 DISMISS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES UND] CAPITALISM3 !Y W\LD REPRES5T SIMPLY ONE MORE 9/ITUTION )9 ! B\RGEOIS FRAMEWORK4 ,BUT ! REPORT DID EMPHASIZE ! PRACTICAL ROLE CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES C\LD PLAY 9 PROMOT+ 0COOP]ATIVE HABITS0 & A SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,9 DEAL+ ) COOP]ATIVES AS AN $UCATIONAL MEANS1 RA!R ?AN AS A SOCIAL 5D ?AT C\LD A*IEVE A NEW SOCIETY )9 CAPITALISM1 ! REPORT SCAL$ D[N ! 5TIRE ISSUE1 BOX+ ! 0ASSOCIAT>IANS0 9TO A FADDI/ SOCIAL LIMBO4 ,ON ?IS ISSUE1 ! CONGRESS ( #ahg REPRES5T$ A TURN+ PO9T1 M>K+ ! DECL9E ( ! ,PR\DHONIAN TRADITION :I* HAD ONCE BE5 SO IMPORTANT 9 ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,H5CE=?1 ANY DISCUSSION ( COOP]ATIVES WAS TO BE TI$ TO PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 NOT PIECEMEAL RE=M4 ,P]HAPS ! %>PE/ CONFLICT )9 ! CONGRESS C5T]$ >\ND ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION T[>D POLITICS4 ,! ,ALIANCI/AS ADVOCAT$ POLITICAL AB/5TION4 ,?IS POSITION1 AS ,CASIMIRO ,M>TI OBS]VES 9 HIS /UDY ON E>LY ,CATALAN ,AN>*ISM1 0PO9T$ UP 9 A CLE> MANN] ! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES ( ! NEW ORI5TATION ADOPT$ BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS NOT N[ A QUE/ION ( A SIMPLE COMPLA9T1 ( A PROTE/1 MORE OR LESS VIOL5T1 AGA9/ P>TICUL> 9JU/ICES1 BUT ( REFUS+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITY BY VIRTUE ( A1 TOTAL & UNCONDITIONAL BREAK ) ! CON/ITUT$ SOCIETY40 ,AB/5TION FROM POLITICS AM\NT$ TO UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT = 0DIRECT ACTION ORI5T$ T[>D ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,/ATE44440 ,AN OV]/ATEM5T1 P]HAPS1 BUT ESS5TIALLY TRUE4 ,AL?\< ! NON-,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES AT ! CONGRESS W]E PREP>$ TO CONC$E SU* AB/RACTIONS AS COOP]ATIVE OR COMMUNAL VISIONS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY TO !IR ,ALIANCISLA OPPON5TS1 !Y RALLI$ AGA9/ A /RICT POLICY ( POLITICAL AB/5TION & DIRECT ACTION4 ,AFT] MU* DISPUTE1 A COMPROMISE WAS WORK$ \T 9 :I* ! CONGRESS1 :ILE COMMITT+ ITSELF ORGANIZATIONALLY TO AN ANTI/ATI/ & AB/5TIONI/ /&1 LEFT 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S FREE TO ACT AS !Y *OSE 9 ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,?IS WAS A S]I\S SETBACK = ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,!Y W]E NOT TRY+ TO MAKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S PROGRAM ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 = ?AT W\LD HAVE CONF9$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL EXCLUSIVELY TO REVOLUTION>Y =MS ( ACTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E EAG] = ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS TO BE DIFF]5TIAT$ 9 MANY IMPORTANT RESPECTS1 BO? PROGRAMMATICALLY & /RUCTURALLY4 ,BUT !Y KNEW ?AT ANY COMPROMISE ON ! ISSUE ( POLITICAL AB/5TION ?REAT5$ TO OP5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO A RE=MI/ P]SPECTIVE1 9VOLV+ IT L>GELY 9 ! AMELIORATION ( EXI/+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ABUSES4 ,! COMPROMISE1 9 FACT1 WAS TO HAVE S]I\S IMPLICATIONS = ! FUTURE1 = IT PROVID$ A =MULA BY :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS HEIRS 9 ,SPA9 W]E TO MAKE !ORETICAL ACKN[L$GM5TS TO PR9CIPLE BUT FUNCTION OPPORTUNI/ICALLY 9 PRACTICE4 ,AL?\< ! COMPROMISE WAS C>RI$ BY ! CONGRESS1 IT WAS SC>CELY HAIL$ ) 5?USIASM3 NE>LY #d P]C5T ( ! DELEGATES EI!R VOT$ AGA9/ IT OR AB/A9$4 ,MO/-( !SE NEGATIVE VOTES & AB/5TIONS CAME FROM DELEGATES ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK+ CLASS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE A*IEVEM5T ( ! CONGRESS WAS 9 ! REALM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! 0COMMISSION ON ! !ME ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S0 PROPOS$ A /RUCTURE :I* WAS TO REMA9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION = SEV]AL YE>S AFT]W>DS & :I* ! ,ALIANCI/AS HOP$ TO ADVANCE AS A MODEL = ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A :OLE AT ITS NEXT CONF]5CE 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,?IS /RUCTURE IS WOR? EXAM9+ 9 SOME DETAIL4 ,IT ANTICIPATES 9 MANY RESPECTS ! SYNDICALI/ =M ( ORGANIZATION ADOPT$ BY ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#h#iS1 A =M ?AT LAT] SPREAD TO O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & SURFAC$ AGA9 9 ,SPA94 ,! COMMISSION PROPOS$ A DUAL /RUCTURE = ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7OR AS IT WAS H5CE=? TO BE CALL$1 ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION73 ORGANIZATION BY TRADE & ORGANIZATION BY LOCALITY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 LOCAL TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 7,SECCIONES DE (ICIO7 GR\P$ TOGE!R ALL WORK]S FROM A COMMON 5T]PRISE & VOCATION 9TO A L>GE OCCUPATIONAL F$]ATION 7,UNIONES DE (ICIO7 :OSE PRIM>Y FUNCTION WAS TO /RUGGLE >\ND ECONOMIC GRIEVANCES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,A LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( MISCELLANE\S TRADES 7,SECCIONES DE (ICIO V>IOS7 GA!R$ UP ALL ?OSE WORK]S FROM DIFF]5T VOCATIONS :OSE NUMB]S W]E TOO SMALL TO CON/ITUTE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ALONG VOCATIONAL L9ES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 EV]Y COMMUNITY & REGION :]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS REPRES5T$1 ! DIFF]5T LOCAL ,SECCIONES W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R1 IRRESPECTIVE ( VOCATION1 9TO BODIES 7,F$]ACIONES LOCALES7 :OSE FUNCTION WAS AV[$LY REVOLUTION>Y--! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ON A DEC5TRALIZ$1 LIB]T>IAN BASIS4 ,?IS DUAL /RUCTURE =MS ! B$ROCK ( ALL SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,SPA91 AS ELSE:]E1 ! /RUCTURE WAS KNITT$ TOGE!R BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 :I* ORIG9AT$ 9 9DIVIDUAL %OPS1 FACTORIES1 & AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,GA!R+ TOGE!R 9 ASSEMBLIES1 ! WORK]S ELECT$ FROM !IR MID/ ! COMMITTEES ?AT PRESID$ OV] ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,SECCIONES DE (ICIO & ! ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES2 !SE W]E F$]AT$ 9TO REGIONAL1 OR COM>CAL1 COMMITTEES = NE>LY EV]Y GEOGRAPHIC >EA ( ,SPA94 ,! WORK]S1 MOREOV]1 ELECT$ ! DELEGATES TO ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION1 :I* 9 TURN ELECT$ A ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,AL?\< ALL COMMITTEES W]E DIRECTLY ACC\NTABLE TO ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT ELECT$ !M1 BUREAUCRATIZATION WAS A CON/ANT POSSIBILITY & CONC]N4 ,! DANG] ( BUREAUCRACY1 MANIPULATION1 & C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL EXI/S 9 ANY SY/EM ( 9DIRECT REPRES5TATION4 ,IT IS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT = AN ELABORATE NETWORK ( COMMITTEES1 BUILD+ UP TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL BODIES1 TO CIRCUMV5T ! WI%ES ( ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES AT ! BASE ( ! /RUCTURE4 ,?IS ACTUALLY HAPP5$ 9 ,FRANCE1 :5 A CORPS ( OPPORTUNI/IC SYNDICALI/S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 & LAT]1 ,COMMUNI/S ACQUIR$ CPNTROL ( ! ,FR5* ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T74 ,A BUREAUCRACY NEV] REALLY SOLIDIFI$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION OR ITS SYNDICALI/ HEIRS1 AT LEA/ NOT BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f4 ,=TUNATELY OR NOT1 ! P]IODIC WAVES ( GOV]NM5T OR EMPLOY] P]SECUTION ?AT BROKE OV] ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/ UNIONS MADE A UNION LEAD]'S POSITION AN UN5VIABLE ONE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,AN>*I/S FUNCTION$ AS A /EADY & UNSETTL+ C\NT]WEIY IDEALISM :I* HAS NEV] BE5 EQUAL$ BY WORK]S' UNIONS ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,WE MU/ LOOK CLOSELY AT !SE M5 & WOM51 !SE ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S1 & TRY TO GA9 AN UND]/&+ ( !IR LIVES1 !IR F]VOR1 & !IR D$ICATION TO ! 0,IDEA40 ,AL?\< ! F\ND+ NUCLEI ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM 9CLUD$ MANY 9TELLECTUALS & /UD5TS 7SU* FIGURES AS ,GASP> ,S5T9ON1 ,TR9IDAD ,SORIANO1 ,ANTONIO ,GONZALEZ ,M5ESES1 & ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA71 MO/ ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 5T]+ ! GR[+ LIB]T>IAN GR\PS ( ! CITIES W]E ORD9>Y WORK]S4 ,EV5 ! J\RNALI/S1 !ORETICIANS1 & HI/ORIANS ( ?IS MOVEM5T W]E L>GELY SELF-$UCAT$ PEOPLE ( PROLET>IAN ORIG9 :O (T5 TAUIAN S*OOLS1 ACQUIR+ !IR LE>N+ BY %E] DOGG$NESS 9 ! NILY 9 LIFE4 ,& LAT] CAME ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( FAMILY LIFE1 ( RE>+ *ILDR5 & MA9TA9+ A HOME4 ,!SE ,AN>*I/S TOOK GREAT PRIDE 9 !IR VOCATIONAL SKILLS & W]E VIEW$ ) IMM5SE RESPECT BY !IR FELL[ WORK]S4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E 9T5SELY S]I\S & HI<-M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!Y W]E ALSO OP51 C&ID1 & LIKE MO/ ,SPANI>DS1 PASSIONATELY DEVOT$ TO !IR FRI5DS & COMRADES4 ,!Y W]E 9DIVIDUALS ) V]Y /RONG P]SONALITIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 MORE D$ICAT$ M51 ONCE HAV+ DECID$ TO EMBRACE ! 0,IDEA10 ABJUR$ SMOK+ & DR9K+1 AVOID$ BRO!LS1 & PURG$ !IR TALK ( 0F\L0 LANGUAGE4 ,!Y BELIEV$ !SE TRAITS TO BE 0VICES0--DEMEAN+ TO FREE PEOPLE & FO/]$ DELIB]ATELY BY RUL+ CLASSES TO CORRUPT & 5?RALL$ ! WORK]S SPIRITUALLY4 ,IT WAS ! DUTY ( EV]Y OBR]A CONSCI5TE1 ( EV]Y CONSCI\S' WORK] & ESP@5FIALLY ( AN ,AN>*I/1 TO LIVE BY HIS OR H] PR9CIPLES1 NOT M]ELY TO AV[ !M4 ,BY ! EXAMPLE ( ! PROBITY & DIGNITY ( !IR DAILY LIVES1 SU* WORK]S W\LD HELP UPLIFT ! RE/ ( !IR CLASS4 ,)\T ?IS MORAL REG5]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD EV5TUALLY BE VITIAT$ BY ALL ! CORRUPTIVE REALITIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,:AT !SE ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S AIM$ =1 9 EFFECT1 WAS A 0C\NT]SOCIETY0 TO ! OLD ONE4 ,IT IS EASY TO MI/AKE ?IS = AN 0ALT]NATE SOCIETY10 ONE ?AT W\LD COEXI/ ) CAPITALISM AS AN 5CLAVE ( PURITY & FRE$OM1 BUT NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S EXPRESSLY REJECT$ ! CONCEPT ( AN 0ALT]NATE SOCIETY10 ) ITS HOPE ( PEACEFUL RECON/RUCTION & ITS PRIVILEG$ POSITION 9 A WORLD ( G5]AL MIS]Y4 ,!Y REG>D$ ! COOP]ATIVI/ MOVEM5T AS A DIV]SION FROM ! MA9 TASK ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM & ! /ATE4 ,S9CE SOCIAL OR P]SONAL FRE$OM C\LD NOT BE ACQUIR$ )9 ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 !Y VIEW$ A 0C\NT]SOCIETY0 AS A T]RA9 9 :I* TO REMAKE !MSELVES 9TO REVOLUTION>IES & REMOVE !IR 9T]E/S FROM ANY /AKE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,BUT ?IS T]RA9 WAS A COMPLETELY EMBATTL$ ONE4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS =MULAT$ !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y CODES1 !IR [N CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM1 & CREAT$ A WORLD ( 9TIMATE COMRADE%IP & SOLID>ITY ?AT PROV$ ALMO/ IMPREGNABLE TO REPRESSION4 ,! MO/ D$ICAT$ ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S NOT ONLY D5I$ ! LAWS1 VALUES1 & MORALITY ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 BUT SET \T TO TRANSLATE PRECEPT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,!Y DID NOT 5T] 9TO LEGAL M>RIAGES4 ,!Y REFUS$ TO REGI/] ! BIR?S ( !IR *ILDR5 OR TO BAPTIZE !M4 ,! BUREAUCRACY1 /ATE1 & *UR* W]E ! ,AN>*I/S' MORTAL 5EMIES2 ANY VOLUNT>Y DEAL+S ) !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E TO BE AVOID$4 ,*ILDR5 W]E S5T TO LIB]T>IAN OR UNION S*OOLS4 ,IF !SE W]E NOT AVAILABLE1 !Y W5T TO NONCL]ICAL 9/ITUTIONS OR W]E TAU5TS W\LD (T5 GIVE !IR *ILDR5 NAMES LIKE 0,LIB]T>IA0 7A FAVORITE = ! DAU*I/ MILITANTS7 OR 0,EMANCIPACION02 !Y MI*I/ H]OES OR M>TYRS4 ,!Y DISDA9$ ! ACCUMULATION ( MONEY1 & IF 9 LAT] YE>S !RE WAS MU* BANK-ROBB+ BY ,AN>*I/S1 ! FUNDS W5T 5TIRELY TO ! MOVEM5T OR TO LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS & PUBLI%+ PROJECTS4 ,!Y DID NOT HESITATE TO USE WEAPONS 9 DEF5D+ !IR [N RI*I/ VIOL5CE 9 ITS PROP] CONTEXT4 ,AT ?IS PO9T IT MI*ISM4 ,! ORGANIZ$1 (FICIAL VIOL5CE ?AT ! ,SPANI% WORK] 5C\NT]$ ALMO/ DAILY1 EV5 9 ! =M ( 5T]TA9M5T1 G5U9ELY HORRIFI$ !SE E>NE/ LIB]T>IANS4 ,%OCK$ BY ! CRUELTY & BRUTALIZ+ EFFECT ( ! BULLFI*I/S WAG$ A P]SIS5T CAMPAIGN TO DISC\RAGE ATT5DANCE AT ! CORRIDA & TO >\SE 9 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS AN 9T]E/ 9 BOOKS1 CULTURE1 & ! S]I\S DISCUSSION ( IDEAS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 :]EV] ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION HAD A SUB/ANTIAL FOLL[+ IT E/ABLI%$ C5TROS OBR]OS1 :I* FUNCTION$ NOT M]ELY AS UNION HEADQU>T]S BUT AS CULTURAL C5T]S4 ,DEP5D+ UPON ITS RES\RCES1 ! C5TRO OBR]O MIIETY ( SUBJECTS4 ,?IS 9/ITUTION EX]CIS$ A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON ! P]SONAL LIFE ( ! WORK] :O BELONG$ TO ,AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS4 ,RIC>DO ,MELLA1 ONE ( ! MO/ ABLE ,AN>*I/ !ORI/S & ESSAYI/S ( ?AT P]IOD1 RECALLS ?AT 9 ,SEVILLE 0) ITS 5ORM\S C5TRO OBR]O1 CAPABLE ( HOLD+ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE1 MORALITY 9 ! CU/OMS .<( WORK]S.> TOOK HOLD TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT DRUNK5NESS WAS BANI%$4 ,NO WORK] W\LD HAVE D>$ OR HAVE BE5 P]MITT$ TO APPE> DRUNK AT ! DOOR ( ! GREAT POPUL> BUILD+40 ,AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS GAVE HI<] PRIORITY TO LEISURE & FREE TIME = SELF-DEVELOPM5T ?AN TO HI< WAGES & ECONOMIC GA9S4 ,! EXPANSIVE HUMANISM ( !SE ,AN>*I/S IS PROBABLY BE/ 9DICAT$ BY ! ACTIONS !Y UND]TOOK TO PROTE/ ! P]SECUTION ( REVOLUTION>IES ABROAD1 :5EV] OR :]EV] !Y MI*I/S ( ! #a#h#hS & ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI DECADES LAT]1 BUT 9 SUPPORT ( M5 :O W\LD HAVE /RONGLY OPPOS$ !IR MOVEM5T & IDEAS1 SU* AS ,]N/ ,?ALMANN1 ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ LEAD] IMPRISON$ BY ! ,NAZIS4 ,!IR G5]OSITY ( S5TIM5T REA*$ 9TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE DETAILS ( P]SONAL & FAMILY LIFE4 ,A MALE ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/1 = EXAMPLE1 R>ELY WAV]$ 9 HIS LOYALTY TO HIS COMPAN]A4 ,HE G5U9ELY RESPECT$ H] DIGNITY1 AN ATTITUDE HE EXT5D$ TO HIS DEAL+S ) HIS *ILDR5 & COMRADES4 ,! 0,IDEA0 WAS HIS PASSION4 ,IF HE WAS A COMMITTEEMAN OR OCCUPI$ A UNION PO/1 HE REGUL>LY ATT5D$ MEET+S & OCCUPI$ HIMSELF ) ALL ! DETAILS ( ! MOVEM5T1 = ! MOVEM5T GAVE MEAN+ & PURPOSE TO HIS LIFE1 REMOV+ IT FROM ! M$IOCRE WORLD ( HUMDRUM R\T9E1 VULG> SELF-9T]E/1 & BANALITY4 ,?IS DEVOTION1 H[EV]1 DID NOT R$UCE HIM TO AN ORGANIZATIONAL ROBOT4 ,HE CONTROLL$ ! MOVEM5T LIKE EV]YONE ELSE 9 IT &1 DESPITE ! COMPLEXITY ( ITS /RUCTURE AT TIMES1 IT WAS USUALLY SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS4 ,IF ?IS /RUCTURE ?REAT5$ TO BECOME TOO COMPLEX1 HE AS AN ,AN>*I/ ?REW ! FULL WEI*ISM1 MOREOV]1 GAVE HIS M9D A PR(\NDLY EXP]IM5TAL TURN4 ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM IS ROOT$ 9 ! BELIEF 9 A 0NATURAL MAN10 CORRUPT$ BY PROP]TI$ SOCIETY & ! /ATE1 :O WILL BE REG5]AT$ BY A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,TO MANY 9DIVIDUAL ,AN>*I/S1 ?IS CORRUPTION WAS UBIQUIT\S2 IT DEBAS$ NOT ONLY PEOPLE'S 9/9CTS & MORAL 9TEGRITY1 BUT ALSO !IR DIET1 TA/ES1 & BEHAVIOR4 ,H5CE ,AN>*I/S EXP]IM5T$ ) A WIDE V>IETY ( IDEAS4 ,!Y IMPROVIS$ NEW DIETS 7MANY TURN+ TO VEGET>IANISM71 FLIRT$ ) NATUROPA?Y1 /UDI$ ,ESP]ANTO1 & 9 SOME CASES PRACTIC$ NUDISM4 ,EXTOLL+ SPONTANEITY 9 BEHAVIOR1 !Y HAD A FASC9ATION = LIB]T>IAN =MS ( $UCATION & = TE*NIQUES ( *ILD-RE>+ ?AT PROMOT$ ! NATURAL PROCLIVITIES ( ! Y\NG4 ,!IR EMPHASIS ON FRE$OM BECAME ! MO/ S]I\S *ALL5GE TO ! RIGID MORES & M$IEVAL FANATICISM ( ! TIME4 ,MANY LIB]AL & ,M>XIAN WRIT]S HAVE DESCRIB$ ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM AS AN ATAVI/IC ATTEMPT TO TURN BACK ! HI/ORICAL CLOCK4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 ! ,AN>*I/S PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE2 !Y DEV\R$ ! AVAILABLE SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE ( !IR DAY & EXP\ND$ CONT9UALLY ON SU* !MES AS EVOLUTION1 RATIONALI/ COSMOLPGIES1 & ! VALUE ( TE*NOLOGY 9 LIB]AT+ HUMANITY4 ,A V]Y COMPELL+ CASE1 9 FACT1 CAN BE MADE = ! >GUM5T ?AT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM REFRACT$ ! SPIRIT ( ,5LI*I/S C]TA9LY W]E EAG] TO PRES]VE ! RI*1 PRE9DU/RIAL TAPE/RY ( !IR C\NTRY'S COMMUNAL TRADITIONS--! EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUALITY & DIGNITY1 ! HI< SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID1 LOCALISM1 ! PATRIA *ICA1 & ! PUEBLO4 ,BUT !Y ALSO REALIZ$ ?AT ,SPA9 NE$$ ! TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES ( ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ WORLD TO CREATE ! MAT]IAL BASES = A CLASSLESS SOCIETY & G5U9E FRE$OM4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT CONFRONT$ ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S WAS CRUCIAL3 H[ TO 9DU/RIALIZE ,SPA9 )\T DE/ROY+ H] COMMUNAL H]ITAGE1 DEBAS+ H] WORK+ CLASS1 & RE>+ ! S\L-DE/ROY+ MON/ROSITY ?AT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAD 9FLICT$ ON ,5GL&4 ,! ATTEMPT TO DEAL ) ?IS PROBLEM ACC\NTS 9 P>T = !IR PURITANICAL MORALITY4.<#g.> ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S C\LD NOT HELP BUT ABSORB ! TRADITIONAL PURITANICAL ATMOSPH]E ( ,CA?OLIC1 AGR>IAN ,SPA92 BUT SIMPLY TO REG>D !IR MOVEM5T AS RELIGI\S1 TO VIEW IT 9 ,BR5AN'S T]MS AS A N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,RE=MATION1 IS A CRUDE OV]SIMPLIFICATION4 ,9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ,SPA9 BEGAN TO UND]GO AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ( H] [N1 ) MANY ( ! DEMORALIZ+ EFFECTS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL&4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE & ! ]OSION ( TRADITIONAL SOCIAL RELATIONS BEGAN TO UND]M9E ! FAMILY /RUCTURE & ! OLD SY/EM ( MORALITY4 ,! DEMORALIZATION ( NEWLY URBANIZ$ RURAL FOLK :O W]E FLOCK+ 9 GREAT NUMB]S 9TO ! CITIES LOOK+ = WORK & RELIEF FROM *RONIC HUNG] WAS A VISIBLE FEATURE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,DRUNK5NESS1 PRO/ITUTION1 BROK5 FAMILIES1 & BEGG>Y HAD REA*$ APPALL+ PROPORTIONS4 ,NOT ONLY TRADITIONAL SOCIETY BUT ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF WAS 9 A /ATE ( DECAY4 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S W]E DET]M9$ TO ELIM9ATE !SE DEMORALIZ+ FEATURES FROM WORK+-CLASS LIFE4 ,!Y W]E 9T5T ON RE/OR+ ! MORAL FIB] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ON GIV+ IT 9N] SOLIDITY & FIRMNESS4 ,9 A SOCIETY ( SC>CE RES\RCES1 :]E A LIFE ( IDL5ESS & DISSIPATION WAS A FUNCTION ( EXPLOITATION & PRIVILEGE1 IT WAS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT A REVOLUTION C\LD OCCUR )\T EMPHASIZ+ ! DUTY TO WORK4 ,! /RUGGLE ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S AGA9/ ALCOHOLISM1 DISSOLUT5ESS1 & IRRESPONSIBILITY BECAME A /RUGGLE = ! 9TEGRITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A VALIDATION ( ITS MORAL CAPACITY TO REORGANIZE SOCIETY & MANAGE IT ON A LIB]T>IAN BASIS 9 AN ]A ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY4 ,IT WAS 9DIVIDUALS ( ?IS MORAL CALIB] & SOCIAL \TLOOK :O COMPET$ ) COOP]ATIVI/S1 TRADE UNIONI/S1 POLITICAL OPPORTUNI/S1 & ,SOCIALI/S = 9FLU5CE 9 ! CONGRESS ( #a#h#g4 ,& !Y WON ?IS COMPETITION1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! NEXT CONGRESS A YE> LAT]4 ,BY ! TIME ,FRANCISCO ,TOMAS DECL>$ ! PROCE$+S CLOS$ ) 0FEEL+ & 5?USIA/IC PHRASES10 ! CONGRESS HAD ELECT$ A ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL ( FIVE MEMB]S3 ,TOMAS ,GONZALEZ ,MORAGO1 ,5RIQUE ,BORREL1 ,FRANCISCO ,MORA1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 & ,ANGEL ,MORA4 ,ALL ( !SE M5 W]E ,MADRID ,AN>*I/S :O HAD MET ,FANELLI E>LY 9 #ahfi & W]E N[ MEMB]S ( ,BAKUN9'S ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,ALIANCI/AS ALSO OCCUPI$ KEY POSITIONS 9 ALL LEAD+ SECTIONS ( ! ,F$]ATION & PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! =M+ ( !IR POLICIES4 ,! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T HAD BE5 F\ND$ ON ESS5TIALLY LIB]T>IAN L9ES & WAS SOON TO BE PLUNG$ 9TO A S]IES ( /ORMY UPHEAVALS4 ,! ,LIB]AL ,FAILURE ,A L>GE GA!R+ ( A REVOLUTION>Y LABOR ORGANIZATION C\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ AT A MORE FAVORABLE TIME ?AN ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g4 ,! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS HELD T[>D ! 5D ( AN 9T]REGNUM1 :5 ! 5TIRE C\NTRY WAS 9 A /ATE ( CONFUSION OV] ITS POLITICAL FUTURE & ITS RUL+ CLASSES W]E UNC]TA9 & FALT]+4 ,= NE>LY TWO YE>S ! ,SPANI% ?RONE HAD BE5 VACANT :ILE ,MADRID AF=D$ ! SPECTACLE ( POLITICIANS QU>REL+ AMONG !MSELVES OV] ! *OICE ( A MON>*4 ,?IS HUMILIAT+ 9T]REGNUM REVEAL$ ) />TL+ CL>ITY ! EXT5T TO :I* A P]MAN5T CRISIS HAD SETTL$ 9TO ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,! HURRI$ FLIKS ! CLIMAX ( A HI/ORIC CONFLICT BETWE5 AN ABSOLUTI/ MON>*Y & ! LIB]AL MIDDLE CLASSES1 TO BE SUCCE$$ BY A DUEL BETWE5 ! *UR* & ! >MY--! LATT] BE+ GU>DIAN1 = A TIME1 ( ALL ELEM5TS ?AT FE>$ A !OCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,EA* ( !SE CONFLICTS ROLL$ ONE UPON ! O!R LIKE WAVES1 LOOS5+ ! TRADITIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,SPANI% /ATE4 ,! MON>*Y HAD FAIL$ COMPLETELY TO RE/ORE ! 0OLD ,SPA90 ,( ! ANCI5 REGIME2 ! *UR*1 TO /RAITJACKET ! C\NTRY 9 A !OCRACY2 ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO FOLL[ 9 ! /EPS ( ITS PR$ECESSORS NOR? ( ! ,PYR5EES & CREATE ! 9/ITUTIONAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL BASES ( A CON/ITUTIONAL1 DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,& N[ ! PLEBIANS W]E BEG9N+ TO 5T] ! >5A 9 =CE3 ! RADICAL MIDDLE CLASS1 ! PEASANTS1 & ! GR[+ WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,! DETAILS ( ?IS SUCCESSION ( FAILURES >E TOO COMPLEX TO EXPLORE 9 ! SPACE ( A FEW PAGES1 BUT ! ,V]Y FACT ( !IR COMPLEXITY IS EVID5CE ( ! N]V\S TWIT*+1 FOLL[$ BY P]IODIC COLLAPSE1 ?AT M>K$ ,SPANI% POLITICAL LIFE FROM ! OP5+ DECADES ( ! RT9ETE5? C5TURY TO ,ISABELLA'S REMOVAL FROM ! ?RONE4 ,! OCCUPATION ( ,MADRID BY ,NAPOLEON'S >MIES 9 #ahh COMPLETELY EXPLOD$ ! LA/ REMA9+ MY?S ( ! 0,GOLD5 ,AGE0 :5 ,SPA9 ASPIR$ TO HEGEMONY 9 ,EUROPE & H] EMPIRE 5COMPASS$ VA/ T]RITORIES 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! ,RECONQUE/1 H] PEOPLE ACQUIR$ A VIBRANT S5SE ( NATIONAL ID5TITY4 ,EV]Y P>T ( ! C\NTRY TOOK UP >MS AGA9/ ! ,FR5* 9VAD]1 EA* REGION & LOCALITY ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY UND] ITS [N JUNTAS & COMM&]S4 ,AS NOT$ BY ,*>LES ,OMAN1 ! ,5GLI% *RONICL] ( ! P59SUL> W>1 0,! MOVEM5T WAS SPONTANE\S1 UNSELFI%1 & RECKLESS2 9 ITS W\ND$ PRIDE1 ! NATION *ALL5G$ ,NAPOLEON TO COMBAT1 )\T ANY ?\TURE = A NATIONAL R5AISSANCE & ! RE5TRY ( ,SPA9 9TO ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS NOT TO BE SO4 ,!SE HOPES VANI%$ ) ! RETURN ( ,F]D9& ,V,I,I FROM CAPTIVITY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,SUP9E BE=E ,NAPOLEON1 ,F]D9& PROV$ TO BE UNREL5T+ 9 HIS EF=TS TO CRU% ! ,LIB]ALS ( ,SPA94 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#a#b1 :I* ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,CORTES HAD PROMULGAT$ FROM ,CADIZ 9 ! MID/ ( ! NATIONAL W>1 WAS REPUDIAT$4 ,ITS PROVISIONS = A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 A S+LE LEGISLATIVE *AMB]1 & CIVIL LIB]TIES W]E REPLAC$ BY A H>% ABSOLUTISM4 ,= NE>LY SIX YE>S1 ,F]D9&'S RULE LAY UPON ,SPA9 LIKE A %R\D4 ,AL?\< ! C\NTRY BEGAN TO REGA9 ITS MOM5TUM ) ! SUCCESSFUL PRONUNCIAMI5TO ( ,RIEGO & ,QUIROGA 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#b1 ! LI/ ,W> 9 ,OCTOB] #ahcc M>K$ ! FIR/ BL[ 9 ! *UR*'S ATTEMPT TO GA9 MA/]Y OV] ,SPANI% POLITICAL LIFE4 ,:5 VIOL5CE FAIL$ TO BR+ ,F]D9&'S REACTION>Y BRO!R ,DON ,C>LOS TO ! ?RONE1 ! *UR* TURN$ TO SY/EMATIC P5ETRATION ( ! /ATE4 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#fS1 ! C\RT CAM>ILLA WAS RIDDL$ ) PRIE/S & CL]ICAL CRAFT9ESS SEEM$ ON ! PO9T ( A*IEV+ :AT HAD REMA9$ BEYOND ! REA* ( 9SURG5T PEASANT MILITIAS 9 YE>S ( BLOODY FIMY :I* CONTE/$ ITS AMBITIONS1 NOR ! B\RGEOISIE W]E TO GA9 LA/+ CONTROL ( ! ,SPANI% /ATE4 ,! ?IRTY YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ,F]D9&'S DEA? READ LIKE ! TEMP]ATURE *>T ( A MAN 9 DEA?LY FEV]4 ,M9I/RIES *ANG$ ) BEWILD]+ FREQU5CY1 C>RI$ AWAY BY POLITICAL MANEUV]S1 CIVIL W>S1 & ABOVE ALL1 BY MILIT>Y PRONUNCIAMI5TOS4 ,! >MY1 9ITIALLY ! DEF5D] ( ,LIB]ALISM AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM & CL]ICAL REACTION1 BEGAN TO ACT ALT]NATELY AS A POLITICAL MA/] 9 ITS [N RIY GR\P+ BAS$ ON ! L&$ B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ,PROGRESSIVES1 A PRUD5T CABAL ( ANTICL]ICAL 0,EUROPEANIZ]S10 :O LEAN$ = SUPPORT ON ! WELL-TO-DO URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,WELL+ UP FROM ! DEP?S ( ! DISILLUSION$ PETTY B\RGEOISIE CAME ! ,REPUBLICANS--A CONGLOM]ATE ( RADICALS & ,F$]ALI/S1 ! LATT] ADH]+ TO ,PI Y ,M>GALL'S DOCTR9E ( A ,SWISS-LIKE1 CANTONAL /ATE4 ,!RE WAS ONE ?+ ?AT UNIT$ ?IS FLOTSAM ( ,MON>*I/S1 CL]ICS1 0LIB]ALS10 L&$ OLIG>*S1 & >MY (FIC]S AS !Y SCRAMBL$ = CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,IT WAS FE>3 A FE> ( ! MASSES4 ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU NOTES ?AT 09 ,BRITA91 9 ,AM]ICA1 & 9 ,G]MANY1 EV]Y POPUL> MOVEM5T ORIG9AT$ 9 ! UPP] /RATUM ( SOCIETY & !N P]MEAT$ ! MASSES40 ,9 ,SPA91 ON ! O!R H&1 NO MOVEM5T 9 ! HI<] CLASSES EV] P5ETRAT$ DEEPLY ! MASSES4 ,SPA9 IS ! C\NTRY :]E ! SPONTANEITY ( ! 0PEOPLE0 AS AGA9/ ! >I/OCRACY1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 &1 9 ! LA/ DECADES1 ! CL]GY1 IS MO/ CONSPICU\S4 ,SU* A DEEP SEV]ANCE ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! RUL+ GR\PS2 SU* A PASS+ ( ! 9ITIATIVE TO ! L[E/ /RATUM ( SOCIETY1 IS ALWAYS A SYMPTOM ( DEEP DECAY & DIS9TEGRATION ( ! OLD CIVILIZATION4 ,S5S+ !IR [N WEAKNESS & DECAD5CE1 ! RUL+ CLASSES RESPOND$ TO ! PEOPLE ) A COMB9ATION ( ,OLYMPIAN CONTEMPT & %E] PANIC4 ,IT IS REPORT$ ?AT AFT] A T]RIFY+ EXP]I5CE ) A RIOT1 ,*>LES ,I,I,I NEV] OV]CAME HIS FE> ( ! ,MADRID 0MOB02 EV5 /REET NOISES FRIMIES FROM ,SPA91 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ! P]IOD RECALLS ! PANIC ?AT SEIZ$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES :5 ! RAGG$ MILITIA ( ! 0,VAL5CIAN ,>MY0 5T]$ ,MADRID4 ,! JOB ( DEAL+ ) ! MASSES1 ( CULTIVAT+ A WAT*FUL EYE & A RE/RA9+ H&1 WAS LEFT TO ! ,SPANI% *UR*4 ,! HI/ORIC ISOLATION ( ! *UR* FROM ! PEOPLE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 A PRODUCT P>TLY ( ! ,LIB]ALS' AGR>IAN POLICY1 COMPLET$ ! ISOLATION ( ! ,SPANI% RUL+ CLASSES FROM ,SPA94 ,!RE HAD BE5 A TIME1 ?\<1 :5 ! POPUL> PRE/IGE ( ! *UR* WAS 5ORM\S4 ,! *UR* BELLS ( ,SPA9 HAD BE5 ! TOCS9S ( ! ,RECONQUE/1 RALLY+ ! VILLAGES TO W> AGA9/ ! ,MOORI% 9VAD]S4 ,CL]ICS NOT ONLY BLESS$ ! ,*RI/IAN >MIES BUT (T5 L$ !M 9TO BATTLE4 ,DUR+ ! 0,GOLD5 ,AGE10 ! CL]GY PROVID$ ,SPA9 ) ITS ONLY SOCIAL CONSCI5CE1 RAIS+ ITS VOICE ON BEHALF ( ! EXPLOIT$ PEASANTRY AT HOME & ! DECIMAT$ ,9DIANS 9 ! COLONIES ABROAD4 ,9VEI<+ AGA9/ ! RAVAGES ( USURY1 PRIVILEGE1 & GRE$1 IT /OOD =EMO/ AMONG ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 DEF5SE ( ! COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ,SPA9 & ! TRIBAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,DESPITE ITS IMPOS+ HI]>*Y1 ! ,SPANI% *UR* PROBABLY REMA9$ ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION 9 A SOCIETY AN*OR$ 9 POLITICAL ABSOLUTISM4 ,TO A ,FR5* NOBLEMAN VISIT+ ,SPA9 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,SPANI% CL]GY WAS VIRTUALLY REPUBLICAN 70T\T A FAIT REPUBLICA9E074 ,RAYMOND ,C>R1 9 A P]CEPTIVE ACC\NT ( MOD]N ,SPANI% HI/ORY1 REM9DS US ?AT 0ONE EICOAL BURN]1 A SITUATION 9CONCEIVABLE 9 ,FRANCE10 & MO/ ( ! BI%OPS W]E RECRUIT$ FROM 0! OBSCURITY ( ! M9OR PROV9CIAL NOBILITY40 ,NOR WAS !RE A VISIBLE DISPLAY ( CL]ICAL LUXURY & OPUL5CE4 ,A BI%OP1 ,C>R ADDS1 WAS EXPECT$ TO GIVE ALL HIS SURPLUS 9COME TO *>ITY ONCE HIS SIMPLE H\%OLD NE$S W]E SATISFI$4 ,! AV]AGE P>I% PRIE/ WAS POOR & REMA9$ SO ?R\<\T ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES2 HE E>N$ LESS ?AN A WELL-PAID LABOR] & WAS (T5 DEP5D5T1 9 RURAL P>I%ES1 ON ! SALE ( EGGS & ON O!R M9OR AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS4 ,LE/ ?IS TRAIT BE OV]DRAWN1 H[EV]1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 ! *UR* BEGAN TO AGE & FATT51 MU* LIKE ! C\RTI]S :OSE LEAN1 W>RIOR ANCE/ORS HAD HELP$ EXPEL ! ,MOORS4 ,BY ! CLOSE ( ! EIGE/ L&[N] & WEAL?IE/ 9/ITUTION 9 ,SPA91 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$ ) ! MON>*Y & NOBILITY4 ,! GAP BETWE5 :AT BI%OPS W]E 0EXPECT$0 TO DO & :AT !Y 9 FACT DID WID5$ CONSID]ABLY1 BUT ! *UR*'S PRE/IGE AMONG ! MASSES HAD NOT DIM9I%$4 ,TO ! IMM5SE NUMB] ( BEGG>S--LOS MIS]ABLES--:O =M$ ! RECRUITS = 0MOB0 RIOTS & NE>-9SURRECTIONS 9 ! /REETS ( ,SPANI% CITIES1 ! *UR* PROVID$ NOT ONLY RELIGI\S CIRCUSES BUT MAT]IAL SU/5ANCE4 ,9 ,MADRID1 = EXAMPLE1 ! CONV5TS ALONE PROVID$ LOS MIS]ABLES ) #c1 B[LS ( S\P DAILY4 ,9 ,VALLADOLID1 ACCORD+ TO ,C>R'S E/IMATE1 A TW5TIE? ( ! POPULATION DEP5D$ ON ! *UR*1 0:ILE S\P & BREAD DOLES FROM EPISCOPAL PALACES & MONA/]IES W]E AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! BUDGET ( ! URBAN POOR40 ,BUT TIES ( ?IS K9D C\LD EXI/ ONLY IF ! *UR* RETA9$ ! AGR>IAN ROOTS ( A FEUDAL E/ATE1 ROOTS :I* N\RI%$ ! M$IEVAL SPECTACLE ( PUBLIC HUMILITY & *>ITY T[>D ! POOR4 ,:5 ! ,LIB]AL PREMI] ,M5DIZABAL 9ITIAT$ ! CONFISCATION ( *UR* L&S ON A MAJOR SCALE1 !SE TRADITIONAL ROOTS W]E PULL$ UP4 ,O/5SIBLY1 ! CONFISCATION WAS UND]TAK5 = TWO PURPOSES3 TO F9ANCE ! W> AGA9/ ! ,C>LI/S & TO CREATE AN AGR>IAN MIDDLE-CLASS BASE = ! ,LIB]ALS4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! SALE ( ! *UR* L&S DID NOT A*IEVE ANY?+ NE> ! RESULT 9T5D$4 ,! CONFISCAT$ E/ATES BECAME ! OBJECT ( CRASS B\RGEOIS SPECULATION1 N\RI%+ A NEW CLASS ( LAY L& MAGNATES4 ,! L& HUNG] ( ! PEASANTRY1 SATISFI$ 9 ,FRANCE BY ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION & BY ,NAPOLEON1 WAS TO REMA9 AN 5DEMIC FEATURE ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,HAV+ LO/ ITS L&S & ITS AGR>IAN ROOTS1 ! *UR* %IFT$ ALL ITS RES\RCES TO SPECULATION & BUS9ESS4 ,! HI<] CL]GY BEGAN TO NEGLECT ITS PA/ORAL DUTIES = ! MORE LUCRATIVE REALMS ( 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 URBAN REAL E/ATE1 & ACCORD+ TO ! GOSSIP ( ! DAY1 BRO!LS4 ,! NEW 9VE/M5TS TRANS=M$ ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* FROM ! L>GE/ L&[N] 9 ,SPA9 9TO ! L>GE/ CAPITALI/2 ITS IDEOLOGY1 ! MO/ M$IEVAL & ATAVI/IC 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 TRANS=M$ IT FROM ! SOCIAL CONSCI5CE ( ! RUL+ CLASS 9TO ! MO/ REACTION>Y =CE 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! DECL9E ( ! *UR*'S POPUL> PRE/IGE LEFT ONLY ONE'EFFECTIVE 9/ITUTION ?AT C\LD FUNCTION POLITICALLY )\T A POPUL> BASE--! >MY4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! >MY HAD BE5 A BULW>K ( ,LIB]ALISM & ITS E>LY PRONUNCIAMI5TOS 5=C$ MIDDLE-CLASS 9T]E/S 9 ,SPANI% POLITICS4 ,BUT A HALF C5TURY ( M$DL+ & MANIPULATION HAD MADE IT 9CREAS+LY SUSPECT AS A CORPS ( ,PRETORIANS1 EV5 TO ! ,MOD]ATES4 ,HAV+ EXHAU/$ ITS ALLIANCE ) ! ,LIB]ALS1 EMBROIL$ 9 IMP]IALI/ ADV5TURES 9 ,MOROCCO1 ! ,SPANI% (FIC] CA/E BEGAN ITS SL[1 FATAL DRIFT TO ! RI SUPPORT1 REG>D$ ! >MY AS AN EMB>RASS+ & DANG]\S LIABILITY1 ! REACTION>IES 9 LAT] YE>S W]E ONLY TOO GLAD TO USE IT AS A LEV] = SOCIAL P[]4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! >MY AFT] #ahg IS A NUMB+ ACC\NT ( ITS GR[+ S5SE ( ISOLATION1 ITS PREOCCUPATION ) PAY1 PROMOTION1 & GRAFT1 & ITS >ROGANCE T[>D ! CANAILLE4 ,! CANAILLE1 ( C\RSE1 W]E ! MASSES ( ,SPA9--PEASANTS1 F>M LABOR]S1 CRAFTSM51 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 LOS MIS]ABLES--! MAJORITY ( :OM LIV$ 9 DESP]ATE POV]TY4 ,?\S&S ( BEGG>S FILL$ ! CITY SLUMS OR W&]$ ! C\NTRY ROADS4 ,TO ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E A FACELESS1 ANONYM\S LOT1 VOLATILE BUT 9*OATE1 ?REAT5+ BUT POLITICALLY 9]T2 & ALL ! QU>REL+ FACTIONS ON ! SUMMITS ( SOCIETY W]E UNIT$ 9 ! NE$ TO EXCLUDE !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROCESSES ( 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGE4 ,BUT IF ! WORD 0MASS0 IS MEANT TO CONVEY ANY?+ MORE ?AN %E] NUMB]S1 IT BECOMES MEAN+LESS 9 ,SPA94 ,FROM ! ,SPANI% PUEBLO1 ) ITS REM>KABLE S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 HAD EM]G$ A PEOPLE 9 :I* SELF-ASSURANCE1 DIGNITY1 & A /RIK+ 9DIVIDUALITY SEEM$ LIKE 9BORN TRAITS4 ,DIGNIDAD HAS A FI]C5ESS ( MEAN+ 9 ,SPANI% ?AT HAS NO P>ALLEL 9 ANY O!R ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGE1 9DE$1 A FI]C5ESS ?AT ! ,AN>*I/S W]E TO CULTIVATE 9 EV]Y NUANCE ( BEHAVIOR & ACTION4 ,!Y W]E NOT UNIQUE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,BR5AN REM9DS US ?AT1 NOR? ( ! ,SI]RA ,MOR5A AT LEA/1 ! PREOCCUPATION ) DIGNITY IS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ,SPANI% HI/ORY--! PEASANT PL[+ ) A SWORD DANGL+ FROM HIS WAI/1 ! COBBL] & MASON TREAT+ ! GR&EE AS !IR EQUAL1 ! BEGG>S EXPECT+ TO BE ADDRESS$ AS 0,Y\R ,WOR%IP0 >E IMAGES ?AT WILL BE F\ND C5TURIES AGO4 ,IT WAS ?IS PEOPLE :OM ! RUL+ CLASSES F9ALLY DIVE/$ ( ANY MEAN+FUL RELATIONS ) ! 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES ( (FICIAL ,SPA94 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#fS1 A CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC VACUUM HAD BE5 CREAT$ = ! ,SPANI% MASSES4 ,! *UR* HAD BETRAY$ ITS RESPONSIBILITIES & ! POLITICIANS !IR PROMISES4 ,!RE WAS NO WAY EV5 TO FA9TLY RECONCILE ! 9T]E/S ( RURAL LABOR]S1 L&-HUNGRY PEASANTS1 & BITT]LY EXPLOIT$ WORK]S ) ?OSE ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,CACIQUES RAN ! VILLAGES ) A FIRM H&4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D PATROLL$ ! ROADS1 RAILWAY /ATIONS1 & /REETS4 ,! WORK]S1 D5I$ ALL RECOGNITION ( !IR RIDIANS ( ! /ATE1 OCCUPI$ ) !IR N>R[ POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 CA/ A BLANK />E ON ! FRU/RAT$ MASSES BEL[4 ,= ! GREAT BULK ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 CIVIL LIFE WAS AS EMPTY AS ! VACAT$ ?RONE 9 ,MADRID4 ,H5CE=?1 AFT] #a#h#g1 ALL ?AT C\LD FILL ?IS VACUUM W]E ! ,REPUBLICAN POLITICS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 ! ,SOCIALI/ DOCTR9ES ( ! RADICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 4& ,AN>*I/ IDEALS ( A PROLET>IAN'OR PEASANT V>IETY4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/