,*APT] #d 
,! ,E>LY ,YE>S 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,PROLET>IAN ,AN>*ISM 

,! F\ND+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION OP5$ AN 5TIRELY NEW P]IOD 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 ,S9CE ! RESPECTABLE ,LIB]AL P>TIES HAD %UT !MSELVES (F FROM ! MASSES ( ,SPA9 ! L[] CLASSES W\LD TRY TO =M ORGANIZATIONS ( !IR [N4 ,! POLITICAL POL>IZATION ( RUL]S & RUL$ M]ELY P>ALLEL$ ONE ?AT HAD LONG S9CE DEVELOP$ ON AN ECONOMIC & CULTURAL LEVEL1 BUT IT WAS TO LEAD TO 9CREAS+LY BITT] CONFRONTATIONS 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 

,! E>LIE/ ( !SE W]E MILD4 ,! F\ND+ CONGRESS HAD EVOK$ PRESS ATTACKS ?R\<\T ,SPA91 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,MADRID :]E ! ,LIB]ALS & ,REPUBLICANS VIEW$ ! ANTIPOLITICAL /ANCE ( ! NEW ,F$]ATION AS A ?REAT TO !IR WAN+ 9FLU5CE ON ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! MO/ IMM$IATE PRACTICAL RESULT ( ! ,B>CELONA CONGRESS WAS TO FURNI% ! ,F$]ATION ) ! NUCLEUS ( ITS [N NATIONAL PRESS2 9 ADDITION TO ,LA ,F$]ATION 9 ,B>CELONA & ,LA ,SOLID>IDAD 9 ,MADRID1 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S ACQUIR$ ,EL ,OBR]A & ,REVOLUTION 9 ,PALMA & ,LA ,VOZ DEL ,TRABAJADOR 9 ! KEY 9DU/RIAL DTY ( ,BILBOA4 ,! PROPAG&A ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION PROBABLY REPRES5TS ! MO/ IMPORTANT A*IEVEM5T ( ITS FIR/ SIX MON?S ( EXI/5CE4 ,ITS LIT]ATURE REA*$ ?\S&S1 EVOK+ AN ADDITIONAL PRESS RESPONSE ?AT GAVE IT WIDE & CONT9UAL PUBLICITY4 ,! ,F$]ATION BEGAN TO ACQUIRE L>G] DIM5SIONS 9 ! PUBLIC M9D ?AN IT ACTUALLY POSSESS$ 9 FACT1 AN IMAGE :I* ! ,F$]AL ,CCIUNCIL 9 ,MADRID & ! SECTIONS %REWDLY RE9=C$ ) NUM]\S LEAFLETS1 /ATEM5TS1 >ID PUBLIC MEET+S4 

,BUT O!R >EAS ( ! ,F$]ATION'S ACTIVITIES W]E LESS SATISFACTORY4 ,! 5ORM\S 5?USIASM G5]AT$ BY ! F\ND+ CONGRESS SOON GAVE WAY TO LASSITUDE4 ,! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL'S ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE A WORK+ UNITY BETWE5 ! V>I\S SECTIONS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY MET ) A DISILLUSION+ LACK ( RESPONSE4 ,LETT]S S5T 9TO ! H9T]L&S ( ,SPA9 W5T UNANSW]$1 RESPONSES W]E (T5 DELAY$1 & A *RONIC %ORTAGE ( FUNDS CREAT$ DIFFICULTIES = ! ,MADRID ORGANIZATION & SEV]E H>D%IPS = MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL1 MO/ ( :OM GAVE G5]\SLY ( !IR TIME & RES\RCES4 ,?IS 9 TURN EXAC]BAT$ RELATIONS BETWE5 SOME ( ! ,ALIANCI/AS :O CON/ITUT$ ! ,F$]ATION'S C5T] & W]E TO LEAD TO S]I\S P]SONAL & POLITICAL FRICTIONS4 

,EV5 MORE S]I\S W]E ! PROBLEMS ?AT FAC$ ! ,B>CELONA MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< ,CATALONIA PROVID$ ! L>GE/ S+LE BLOC ( WORK+-CLASS RECRUITS TO ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S CON/ITUT$ A V]Y SMALL PROPORTION ( ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT4 ,P]HAPS #i P]C5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! CITY ADH]$ TO ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,SMALL AS ?IS FIGURE IS1 IT DECL9$ DRA/ICALLY :5 A YELL[ ,JJEV] EPIDEMIC SWEPT ?R\< ! ,CATALAN SEAPORT1 CLAIM+ MANY LIVES & /AMP$+ ?\S&S1 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,( ! #a1 MEMB]S :O BELONG$ TO ! ,B>CELONA MOVEM5T 9 ,JULY #a#h#g1 ONLY #a1#h REMA9$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#a1 & SC>CELY MORE ?AN #b1#e 9 ,AUGU/1 A FULL YE> AFT] ! F\ND+ CONGRESS4 ,! COMMONLY REPEAT$ NOTION ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA9 5JOY$ A SPECTACUL> GR[? DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( ITS EXI/5CE IS A MY?1 C]TA9LY AS F> AS ,B>CELONA--ITS C5T] ( PROLET>IAN SUPPORT--IS CONC]N$4 

,NOM9ALLY1 ! ,B>CELONA ORGANIZATION WAS CONTROLL$ BY ,AN>*I/S4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! NUMB] ( ,AN>*I/S 9 ! SECTIONS WAS V]Y SMALL4 ,9 FACT MANY \T/&+ FIGURES 9 ! ,B>CELONA LABOR MOVEM5T W]E PRAGMATIC TRADE UNIONI/S :OSE SOCIAL IDEALISM WAS %ALL[ AT BE/4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! ,CATALAN SEAPORT WAS BAS$ ON AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 A H&FUL ( ,AN>*I/S & A L>G] GR\P ( OPPORTUNI/IC UNIONI/S :O HAD BE5 DRIV5 9TO AN ANTIPOLITICAL1 DIRECT-ACTIONI/ POSITION BY ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! ,B>CELONA TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]S4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES ( ! ,CATALAN TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T EXI/$ AN UNEASY1 EV5 DI/RU/FUL RELATION%IP :I* WAS TO SNAP1 REKNIT1 & SNAP AGA9 9 LAT] YE>S4 ,! NATURE ( ?IS ALLIANCE & ! MANEUV]+ IT 5TAIL$ DI/URB$ ! GALLANT1 HONE/ ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO4 ,LOR5ZO HAD NEV] =GOTT5 ,FANELLI'S WORDS ON LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION4 0,H[ MU* MORE B5EFICIAL IT W\LD HAVE BE510 HE OP9$1 YE>S LAT]1 0IF 9/EAD ( F9D+ AGREEM5TS & SOLUTIONS BY SURPRISE1 ! ,ALLIANCE .<( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY.> HAD 5GAG$ 9 A WORK ( $UCATION & 9/RUCTION TO %[ ! WAY ( OBTA9+ AGREEM5TS & SOLUTIONS AS A CONSCI\S SUM ( WILLS40 ,9/EAD1 ! T5SIONS 9 ! FUSION ( TRADE-UNIONI/ DEM&S ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS WAS TO HAVE S]I\S CONSEQU5CES ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,HAD ! ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/S RE/$ !IR HOPES SOLELY ON AN ALLIANCE ) AN OPPORTUNI/IC UNION LEAD]%IP1 !Y SURELY W\LD HAVE LO/ ! ,B>CELONA LABOR MOVEM5T TO SYNDICALISM ( A RE=MI/1 ,FR5* V>IETY4 ,EV5 ! MO/ D5SE1 UNRECON/RUCT$ CLASS ( EMPLOY]S C\LD NOT HAVE DEFLECT$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT EV5TUALLY GAVE ,CATALAN ,AN>*ISM A MASS FOLL[+ W]E ! HORDES ( RURAL FOLK1 ! L&LESS PEASANTS & LABOR]S1 :O /REAM$ 9TO ,B>CELONA LOOK+ = WORK4 ,EA* YE> !Y CAME BY ! ?\S&S1 ! GREAT MAJORITY FROM ! ,CATALAN C\NTRYSIDE ITSELF1 ! NEXT L>GE/ GR\P FROM ! ,LEVANT 7,MURCIA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,ALICANTE1 ,CA/ELLON71 FOLL[$ BY ,>AGONESE FROM ,S>AGOSSA1 ,HUESCA1 & ,T]UEL4 ,CONTR>Y TO POPUL> MY?1 ONLY A SMALL FRACTION ( ?IS 9FL[+ LABOR =CE CAME FROM ,&ALUSIA4 ,TO ! URBANE ,B>CELONESE1 !SE DE/ITUTE EMIGRANTS FROM ! HUNGRY ,LEVANT1 ) !IR C\NTRY WAYS & C\RSE MANN]S1 W]E 9DISCRIM9ATELY LUMP$ TOGE!R UND] ! NAME ,MURCIANOS1 9 ,B>CELONA A WORD EQUIVAL5T TO 0NIGG]40 

,P>IAHS 9 A /RANGE1 HO/ILE URBAN WORLD1 ! ,MURCIANOS 5CAMP$ BY ! T5S ( ?\S&S 9 SQUALID1 MIS]ABLE %ACKS4 ,!IR HOVELS R+$ ! GREAT SEAPORT & P5ETRAT$ ITS SUBURBS1 PROVID+ A HUGE RES]VOIR ( UNSKILL$1 M5IAL LABOR EXPLOIT$ BY ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,DISDA9$ BY NE>LY ALL ! FACTIONS ( ! ,LIB]ALS1 LAT] MANIPULAT$ BY SU* ,RADICAL DEMAGOGUES AS ,L]R\X1 ! ,MURCIANOS ALSO PROVID$ A RES]VOIR = ! MO/ VOLATILE RECRUITS TO ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,)\T ?IS TRANSITIONAL PROLET>IAT ,AN>*ISM W\LD HAVE LO/ ITS MASS BASE 9 A BROADLY SYNDICALI/ LABOR ORGANIZATION1 & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO REORI5T ! RE=MI/ T5D5CIES ( ! SKILL$ & E/ABLI%$ ,B>CELONA FACTORY WORK]S T[>DS ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 

,! ROLE ( ! ,MURCIANOS 9 ROOT+ PROLET>IAN ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9'S L>GE/ 9DU/RIAL CITY1 & ! NE>-9SURRECTION>Y ATMOSPH]E !Y CREAT$1 RAISES MANY FASC9AT+ PROBLEMS4 ,TO ,M>X1 ! MORE ! PROLET>IAT ADVANC$ FROM A CRAFT TO AN 9DU/RIAL E/ATE1 & ! MORE ?IS CLASS WAS 0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$ & ORGANIZ$ BY ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF0--BY ! FACTORY--! MORE ( A REVOLUTION>Y =CE IT BECAME4 ,M>X'S !ORY VIEW$ ! CRAFT WORK] AS A BACKW>D & UNDEVELOP$ PROLET>IAN1 A MEMB] ( A TRANSITIONAL CLASS LIKE ! PEASANTRY4 ,IT IS C]TA9 HE W\LD HAVE REG>D$ ! RURAL ,MURCIANOS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( 7OS MIS]ABLES ( ! ,SPANI% CITIES G5]ALLY1 ) DISDA9--AS A DECLASSE FLOTSAM1 A LUMP5 PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS CONTEMPTU\S ATTITUDE T[>D DECAY+ CLASSES AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY IS EV9C$ MO/ CLE>LY 9 HIS REM>KS ON ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>4 0,! ,FR5* NE$ A ?RA%+10 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS A DAY AFT] ! \TBREAK ( HO/ILITIES4 

,IF ! ,PRUSSIANS W91 !N C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE P[] IS USEFUL TO ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,G]MAN PR$OM9ANCE 9 ,EUROPE W\LD TRANSF] ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY1 & ONE NE$ ONLY COMP>E ! MOVEM5T FROM #ahff TO ! PRES5T 9 ! TWO L&S TO SEE ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS IS SUP]IOR TO ! ,FR5* 9 !ORY & ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS PR$OM9ANCE OV] ! ,FR5* ON ! WORLD /AGE W\LD AT ! SAME TIME BE ! PR$OM9ANCE ( \R !ORY OV] ?AT ( ,PR\DHON4444 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ,M>X WAS WRONG---NOT ONLY 9 PROSPECT BUT ALSO 9 RETROSPECT4 ,! CLASSES ?AT GAVE ! CUTT+ $GE TO ! REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh W]E NOT PRIM>ILY FACTORY WORK]S1 BUT CRAFTSM5 & WORK]S 9 SMALL %OPS1 PRECISELY ?OSE DECOMPOS+1 PRE9DU/RIAL /RATA :OM"9,M>X VIEW$ ) SU* CONTEMPT4 ,! FACTORY WORK]S ( ,B]L91 C5T]$ L>GELY 9 ! NEWLY EM]G+ LOCOMOTIVE 9DU/RY1 PLAY$ A REACTION>Y ROLE 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! P]IOD1 EV5 BY COMP>ISON ) PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS4 ,LAT]1 A YE> AFT] ,M>X'S LETT] TO ,5GELS1 ! DECLASSES ( ,MONTM>TRE & ! CRAFTSM5 & WORK]S 9 SMALL 9DU/RY 7! 0LUXURY GOODS 4WORK]S10 AS ,M>X DISDA9FULLY CALL$ !M7 RAIS$ R$ FLAGS & DI$ BY ! ?\S&S ON ! B>RICADES 9 DEF5SE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,& SOME SIXTY YE>S AFT]W>DS1 IT WAS NOT ! SOPHI/ICAT$1 HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 & WELL-DISCIPL9$ LABOR MOVEM5T ( ,G]MANY ?AT WAS TO TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ FASCISM1 BUT ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTS ( ,SPA9--BO? ( :I* W]E UNIQUE 9 HAV+ RETA9$ ! MO/ PRE9DU/RIAL \TLOOK 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! 0PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF10 :I* ,M>X COMM5D$ 9 ,CAPITAL1 S]V$ NOT-ONLY TO UNITE1 DISCIPL9E1 & C5TRALIZE ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT TO VITIATE ITS REVOLUTION>Y ATTITUDES4 ,! MORE WORK]S W]E CONDITION$ TO ACCEPT ! FACTORY R\T9E1 TO B5D !IR HEADS BE=E ! DEM&S ( ITS OV]SE]S1 ! MORE !Y T5D$ TO ACCEPT HI]>*Y1 AU?ORITY1 & OB$I5CE AS AN UN*ALL5GABLE DE/9Y4 ,& ! MORE ! WORK+ CLASS ACQUIR$ A H]$IT>Y /ATUS 9 SOCIETY1 KN[+ NO O!R WAY ( LIFE BUT ! 9DU/RIAL R\T9E1 ! LESS REVOLUTION>Y W]E ITS DESC5DANTS4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ! CONT9UAL FL[ ( ,MURCIANOS 9TO ,CATALAN 9DU/RY1 ! CONT9UAL LEAV5+ ACTION ( DECOMPOS+ CLASSES FROM ! PRE9DU/RIAL PUEBLOS1 ?AT R5EW$ ! REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ( ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE RURAL FOLK1 UPROOT$ FROM A PRECAPITALI/ CULTURE & LIFE-/YLE1 IMBU$ ) VALUES1 CODES1 & TA/ES COMPLETELY ANTI!TICAL TO ! 5]VAT+ CULTURE ( ! CITIES1 PREV5T$ ! MORE /ABLE & COOPT$ SECTORS ( ! ,CATALAN WORK+ CLASS FROM H>D5+ 9TO SETTL$ SOCIAL =MS4 ,! ,MURDANOS W]E AN IMM5SE SOCIAL /RATUM ?AT HAD ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO LOSE4 ,ACCU/OM$ TO ILLEGALITY1 EBULLI5T & RIOT\S ALMO/ BY NATURE1 !Y ADD$ AN ELECTRICITY TO ! ATMOSPH]E ( ,B>CELONA ?AT WAS TO MAKE IT ! MO/ EXCIT+1 UNRULY1 & REVOLUTION>Y CITY 9 ,EUROPE4 

,9 ! E>LY #a#h#gS1 H[EV]1 !SE L>GE MASSES ( SEMIPROLET>IANS HAD YET TO BE WON TO ,AN>*ISM4 ,! MO/ D$ICAT$ E>LY SUPPORT]S ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION W]E CRAFTSM51 NOT DECLASSES OR UNSKILL$ FACTORY WORK]S4 ,AS LATE AS #a#h#g#b1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! DELEGATES TO ! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS ( ! ,F$]ATION W]E PR9T]S1 TYPOGRAPH]S1 MA/] MASONS1 %OEMAK]S1 & BAK]S--9 %ORT1 SKILL$ OR FAIRLY SKILL$ CRAFTSM5 :O WORK$ 9 SMALL %OPS4 ,ONLY ONE \T ( FIVE DELEGATES WAS A FACTORY H&1 & AN EV5 SMALL] PROPORTION W]E PEASANTS4 ,! UNRULY MIS]ABLES ( ,MADRID1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E BY NO MEANS UNI=MLY FRI5DLY TO ! ,F$]ATION4 ,ON ,MAY #b1#a#h#g#a1 A DAY :I* ,SPA9 CELEBRATES 9 HONOR ( ! FIR/ POPUL> UPRIS+ AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON'S >MIES1 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S HELD A PUBLIC MEET+ TO C\NT] ! *AUV9I/IC1 ANTI-,FR5* SPIRIT 5G5D]$ BY ! HOLIDAY4 ,IT WAS MOBB$ & BROK5 UP BY ! LOCAL POOR4 ,A H[L+ CR[D LAID SIEGE TO ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9 A CAFE WELL 9TO ! NI<T4 

,TIME WAS ON ! SIDE ( ! ,F$]ATION1 H[EV]1 & IT SOON BEGAN TO MAKE HEADWAY AMONG ! WORK]S & URBAN POOR4 ,A FEW SUCCESSFUL /RIKES 9 ,B>CELONA1 C\PL$ ) ! GR[+ NOTORIETY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT HOME & ABROAD1 BR\<T NEW1 D$ICAT$ ADH]5TS 9TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,! PROSPECTS ( RAPID GR[? SEEM$1 HI<LY PROMIS+4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 MEMB]%IP FIGURES BEGAN TO RISE %>PLY FROM ! L[ ( ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#a2 NEW P]IODICALS W]E />T$ OR PLANN$2 & AGITATION BEGAN TO SPREAD 9 E>NE/ BEYOND ! CITIES 9TO DI/ANT REA*ES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,BUT TIME WAS PRECISELY :AT ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS TO LACK4 ,:5 9 ,M>* #a#h#g#a1 ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S ROSE & E/ABLI%$ ! COMMUNE1 TREMORS ( FE> %OOK ALL ! PALACES & *ANCELLORIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,MADRID !SE FE>S W]E COMP\ND$ BY ! 9CREAS+ 9/ABILITY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#g1 ,AMADEO ( ,SAVOY HAD >RIV$ FROM ,ITALY TO OCCUPY ! VACANT ,SPANI% ?RONE1 BUT 9/EAD ( BR++ PEACE TO ! W>R+ POLITICAL FACTIONS1 HIS PRES5CE REOP5$ ALL ! 9FI<T+ & 9TRIGUES ?AT HAD L$ TO ! ISOLATION & FLI<T ( ,ISABELLA4 ,! NEW REGIME1 HI<-/RUNG & UNSURE ( ITSELF1 BECAME 9CREAS+LY S5SITIVE TO ! AGITATION 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,SOON PRESS ATTACKS BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO POLICE REPRESSION4 ,9T]NATIONALI/S W]E H>RASS$ & JAIL$ 9 GR[+ NUMB]S1 & ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL1 AL>M$ BY ! TURN 9 EV5TS1 DECID$ TO EMIGRATE TO ! LESS TR\BL$ ATMOSPH]E ( ,PORTUGAL4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#h#g#a1 ON ,CORPUS ,*RI/I ,DAY1 ,LOR5ZO1 ,MORAGO1 & ,FRANCISCO ,MORA DEP>T$ = ,LISBON ) ! RECORDS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 LEAV+ ,BORREL & ,ANGEL ,MORA BEH9D TO KEEP AN EYE ON EV5TS4 

,?IS FLI<T WAS PROBABLY PREMATURE4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS /ILL TOO WEAK & DIVID$ TO CRU% ! LABOR ORGANIZATION1 & ! PRESSURE BEGAN TO LIFT4 ,AFT] ?REE MON?S1 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S RETURN$ TO ,MADRID4 ,DUR+ ?IS BRIEF EXILE1 !Y W5T ?R\< ANO!R BITT] R\ND ( MAT]IAL H>D%IPS & 9T]NAL FRICTION1 BUT !IR /AY 9 ,LISBON HAD NOT BE5 A COMPLETE LOSS4 ,!RE !Y MET TWO Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS1 ,JOSE ,FONTANA & ,ANT]O DO ,QUANTA.>1 :O HELP$ !M E/ABLI% ! FIR/ /ABLE NUCLEUS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7& ,BAKUN9I/ ,ALLIANCE7 9 ,PORTUGAL4 ,A YE> LAT]1 ! NEW ,PORTUGUESE ,F$]ATION CLAIM$ A MEMB]%IP ( #a1 9 ,LISBON & ?\S&S MORE ELSE:]E 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS BADLY 9 NE$ ( REPAIR4 ,! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL HAD SUFF]$ ! LOSS ( TWO MEMB]S3 ,BORREL1 :O HAD DROPP$ \T ( ACTIVITY1 & ,FRANCISCO ,MORA1 :O REMA9$ BEH9D 9 ,LISBON1 NURS+ P]SONAL & POLITICAL GRIEVANCES ?AT W]E LAT] TO BR+ HIM 9TO ! ,M>XIAN-9SPIR$ ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,MO/ ( ! WORK 9 ! ,C\NCIL FELL ON ! %\LD]S ( ,ANGEL ,MORA & ! 9DEFATIGABLE ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO4 ,AL?\< ! MEMB]%IP HAD HELD ITS [N & ,LA ,SOLID>IDAD 9 ,MADRID HAD BE5 AUGM5T$ BY A NEW P]IODICAL1 ,LA ,EMANCIPATION1 ! TIES BETWE5 ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL & ! V>I\S SECTIONS 9 ,SPA9 W]E LOOS] ?AN EV]4 ,! V]Y LIFE ( ! ,F$]ATION AS A NATIONAL MOVEM5T SEEM$ 9 ! BALANCE4 

,TO MEET ?IS CRISIS1 FIFTY-F\R DELEGATES ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION CONV5$ 9 ,VAL5CIA ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #ahga = A WEEK ( 9T5SIVE ORGANIZATIONAL WORK4 ,! CONF]5CE MET 9 SECRET [+ TO ! ATMOSPH]E ( REPRESSION ?AT /ILL L+]$ ON FROM ! SPR+4 ,TO FIRM UP ! ORGANIZATION1 ! CONF]5CE DIVID$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA9 9TO FIVE L>GE REGIONAL F$]ATIONS OR COM>CA 7NOR?1 S\?1 EA/1 WE/1 & C5T]74 ,! TRADE SECTIONS OR ,SECCIONES DE (ICIO1 :I* EXI/$ 9 A V]Y DEC5TRALIZ$ =M1 W]E F$]AT$ ON AN OCCUPATIONAL BASIS & /ILL FUR!R C5TRALIZ$ 9TO CRAFT UNIONS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! P[]S ( ! HI<] COMMITTEES :I* KNITT$ ! CRAFT UNIONS TOGE!R W]E GREATLY AMPLIFI$1 GIV+ !M CONSID]ABLE AU?ORITY OV] ! LOCAL SECTIONS4 

,9 TIME1 ! NEW /RUCTURE WAS TO BECOME SO ELABORATE AS TO BE VIRTUALLY 9OP]ABLE4 ,BY ! 5D ( #a#h#g#b1 ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION HAD TURN$ 9TO A BULKY1 COMPLEX ORGANIZATION COMPOS$ ( FIVE HUNDR$ ,SECCIONES DE (ICIO & (ICIO V>IOS1 #bcf ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES1 & T5 ,UNIONES DE (ICIO4 ,EA* ( !SE BODIES HAD A COMMITTEE1 SUBDIVID$ 9TO COMMISSIONS = ADM9I/RATION1 CORRESPOND5CE1 ORGANIZATION1 & PROPAG&A4 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO E/IMATES ?AT IT W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ NE>LY #g1#e PEOPLE TO /AFF ALL ( ! COMMITTEES & LOCAL C\NCILS--A GRAVE POT5TIAL = BUREAUCRACY1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT MANY ,SPANI% WORK]S W]E ILLIT]ATE4 ,9DE$1 MANY COMMITTEES C\LD NOT F9D A S+LE WORK] TO KEEP ! M9UTES ( ! MEET+S & (T5 HAD TO CALL UPON FRI5DLY /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS = AID4 

,HAD ! MEMB]S ( ! SECTIONS TAK5 ! /RUCTURE & ITS REQUIREM5TS S]I\SLY 7:I* !Y PROBABLY DID NOT DO71 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 VIRUTALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE ANY CONC]T$ ACTION & SOLID>ITY ON ANY LEVEL BEYOND ! LOCALITY4 ,IF A GR\P ( /RIK]S WI%$ TO GET SUPPORT FROM SECTIONS \TSIDE !IR COMMUNITY OR TRI$ TO DRAW ON ! /RIKE FUNDS ( ! ORGANIZATION1 !Y W]E REQUIR$ TO FOLL[ AN ELABORATE PROC$URE ( 0PETITION+0 ! TRADE F$]ATION TO :I* !Y BELONG$4 ,IT MI<T EASILY HAVE TAK5 TWO MON?S OR MORE BE=E ! TRADE F$]ATION RESPOND$ ) SOME K9D ( DECISIVE ACTION4 ,IF ! /RIKE W]E /RICTLY ECONOMIC1 IT PROBABLY W\LD HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$2 IF IT W]E ! OP5+ ACT 9 A REVOLUTION1 IT ALMO/ C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE BE5 CRU%$4 

,FOLL[+ ! RETURN ( ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL FROM ,LISBON !N1 H]OIC MEASURES W]E C]TA9LY NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! ,F$]ATION FROM DISSOLV+ AS A NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ?F /RUCTURE ADOPT$ AT ,VAL5CIA W5T F> BEYOND :AT WAS NE$$ TO PRES]VE ! UNITY ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,:5CE1 !N1 CAME ! IMPULSE = ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION8 ,FRANKLY1 ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL WAS NOT COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( ,AN>*I/S4 ,9 FACT1 IT 9CLUD$ ! V]Y M5 :O 9 LAT] YE>S W]E TO F\ND ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY3 ,FRANCISCO ,MORA1 ,JOSE ,MESA1 & ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS4 ,)9 A FEW MON?S ( ! ,VAL5CIA CONF]5CE1 !SE M5--! ,AUTORIT>IOS 7,AU?ORIT>IANS71 AS !Y W]E CALL$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S--W]E LOCK$ 9 A FURI\S CONFLICT ) ! SO-CALL$ ,ANTI-,AUTORIT>IOS4 ,NEI!R SIDE EM]G$ V]Y CR$ITABLY4 

,AL?\< ! CONFLICT HAD OBVI\SLY BE5 SIMM]+ = SOME TIME1 IT WAS SP>K$ 9TO AN OP5 W> BY EV5TS & 9T]F]5CE FROM ABROAD4 ,9 ! SAME MON? ?AT ! ,VAL5CIA CONF]5CE WAS HELD1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO HAD GONE TO ,LONDON TO ATT5D A WORLD CONF]5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!RE HE NOT ONLY SAW ,M>X1 BUT OBS]V$ AT FIR/ H& ! BITT] 9FI<T+ ?AT WAS TO CULM9ATE 9 ! EXPULSION ( ,BAKUN9 AT ! ,HAGUE CONGRESS A YE> LAT]4 ,FROM ! /ORMY DISCUSSIONS 9 ,LONDON IT WAS CLE> ?AT A SPLIT WAS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,TWO MON?S LAT]1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#g#a1 ,M>X'S SON-9-LAW ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE APPE>$ 9 ,MADRID1 A REFUGEE FROM ! REPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,LAF>GUE HAD BE5 RAIS$ 9 ,CUBA & C\LD SPEAK ,SPANI% FLU5TLY4 ,?R\< ,MESA & ,IGLESIAS HE ACQUIR$ CONTROL OV] ,LA ,EMANCIPATION & BEGAN TO PRESS HIS ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ,MADRID4 

,! CONFLICT1 DRAGG+ WELL 9TO ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g#b1 5D$ %ABBILY4 ,! ,LONDON CONF]5CE HAD PROHIBIT$ ! EXI/5CE ( SECRET ORGANIZATIONS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! MAM ?RU/ ( ,LAF>GUE'S ATTACK WAS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAD NEV] BE5 DISSOLV$ & /ILL PLAY$ A HIDD5 ROLE 9 GUID+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION4 ,LAF>GUE1 ( C\RSE1 WAS CORRECT4 ,! ,ALIANTI/AS1 EMB>RASS$ BY ! ATTACKS1 DISSOLV$ !IR ORGANIZATION1 AT LEA/ =MALLY4 ,! DISPUTE1 H[EV]1 DID NOT C5T] M]ELY ON ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES4 ,LAF>GUE HAD COME TO ,MADRID NOT ONLY TO RECOV] ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION = ,M>X BUT ALSO TO REQJI5T IT T[>D POLITICAL ACTION4 ,HE FAVOR$ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,REPUBLICANS & ! =MATION ( A WORK]S' P>TY4 ,9 ,MADRID1 ! DISPUTE OV] !SE ISSUES ASSUM$ A P>TICUL>LY BITT] =M :51 9 ,M>* #a#h#g#b1 ! ,M>XIAN $ITORS ( ,LA ,EMANCIPATION1 REPRES5T+ VIRTUALLY NO ONE BUT !MSELVES1 PROCE$$ TO USE ! P]IODICAL 9 ! NAME ( ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL TO MAKE A RAPPRO*EM5T ) ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,! $ITORS W]E EXPELL$1 & ! ,MADRID ,F$]ATION WAS FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ( AN OP5 SPLIT4 

,ONE MON? LAT] AT ,S>AGOSSA1 ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION HELD ITS SECOND NATIONAL CONGRESS1 :]E AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO HEAL ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO FACTIONS4 ,! $ITORS ( ,LA ,EMANCIPATION W]E TAK5 BACK 9TO ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! CONGRESS PRUD5TLY ELECT$ A ,BAKUN9I/ ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL1 ) ,LOR5ZO AS SECRET>Y G5]AL1 & TRANSF]R$ ITS HEADQU>T]S FROM ,MADRID TO ,VAL5CIA4 ,DESPITE ! COMPROMISE1 )9 WEEKS ! BATTLE WAS RESUM$ 9 FULL FURY--& ?IS TIME IT WAS WAG$ ON BO? SIDES )\T SCRUPLE4 ,BY PUBLICLY CA/+ D\BTS ON ! S\RCES ( ,BAKUN9'S 9COME1 = EXAMPLE1 ! $ITORS ( ,LA ,EMANCIPATION TRI$ TO REVIVE ! RUMOR ?AT ,BAKUN94WAS A POLICE SPY4 ,! *>ACT] ASSAULT OCCURR$ 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 WELL AFT] !Y W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,MADRID ,F$]ATION1 BUT IT AF=DS A GLIMPSE ( ! MURKY DEP?S TO :I* ! 0DISCUSSION0 HAD DESC5D$4 ,! ,AN>*I/S ON ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL1 ON ! O!R HKND1 W]E NOT IMMUNE TO DI%ONORABLE TACTICS ( !IR [N4 ,SUSPICIONS ( ,LOR5ZO'S P]SONAL FRI5D%IP ) ,LAF>GUE1 !Y SURREPTITI\SLY OP5$ HIS MAIL FROM ,MADRID & SURR\ND$ HIM 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( 9TRIGUE4 ,SU* TACTICS BY HIS [N COMRADES SO 9FURIAT$ ,LOR5ZO ?AT HE RESIGN$ FROM ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL & LEFT ,VAL5CIA4 ,BUT HE NEV] GAVE UP HIS ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & SOON RETURN$ TO ! ,F$]ATION4 

,! S]I\S POLITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS W]E 9CREAS+LY OBSCUR$ BY GOSSIP1 SL&]1 ORGANIZATIONAL MANEUV]+1 & BITT] 9VECTIVE4 ,! CLIMAX ( ! SORDID CONFLICT WAS REA*$ ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#h#g#b1 :5 ! ,AUTORIT>IOS W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,MADRID ,F$]ATION4 ,A MON? LAT]1 !Y E/ABLI%$ A 0,NEW ,MADRID ,F$]ATION0 ( !IR [N & 9 REPRISAL = !IR EXPULSION !Y MALICI\SLY PUBLI%$ ! NAMES ( ! ,ALIANCI/AS 9 ,LA ,EMANCIPATION 7,JUTY #b#g71 EXPOS+ !IR =M] COMRADES TO POLICE REPRISALS4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! CONFLICT A*IEV$ VIRTUALLY NO?+ = ,LAF>GUE1 ,MESA1 ,FRANCISCO ,MORA1 & ,IGLESIAS4 ,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! ,MADRID ,F$]ATION1 9DE$ ( ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION1 SUPPORT$ ! ,ALIANCI/AS4 

,BUT ! SKIRMI%ES 9 ,MADRID PRESAG$ A MORE HI/ORIC CONFLICT 9T]NATIONALLY1 ONE :I* WAS TO HAVE A PR(\ND EFFECT ON ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T = DECADES TO COME4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1#a#h#g#b1 9 A MEMORABLE CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & HIS Y\NG ,SWISS ASSOCIATE1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL = CREAT+ A SECRET ORGANIZATIOII4 ,! EVID5CE = ! *>GE CAME FROM ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE4 ,TO BE C]TA9 ( HIS VICTORY OV] ,BAKUN91 ,M>X HAD PACK$ ! CONGRESS ) HIS SUPPORT]S1 DISPAT*$ DELEGATES ) HI<LY QUE/IONABLE CR$5TIALS1 MADE UNPR9CIPL$ DEALS ) M5 :O W]E SOON TO BECOME HIS BITT] OPPON5TS1 & P]SONALLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! PROCE$+S4 ,HE HAD EV5 *>G$ ,BAKUN9 ) 0SW9DL+0 = FAIL+ TO RETURN A MODE/ PUBLI%]'S ADVANCE = AN UNF9I%$ ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATION ( ,CAPITAL4 0,?IS ATTEMPT TO ROB A FAM\S REBEL ( HIS GOOD NAME1 AN ACT ( *>ACT] ASSASS9ATION N[ CONDEMN$1 APOLOGETICALLY1 BY MO/ ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS10 OBS]VES ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 0WAS TO POISON WELL-NI< =EV] ! AN>*I/S' P]SONAL FEEL+ T[>D ,M>X40 ,!REAFT]1 ,M>X HAD ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TRANSF]R$ FROM ,LONDON TO ,NEW ,YORK1 A MOVE ?AT VIRTUALLY ASSUR$ ! DEA? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,TWO WEEKS LAT]1 ! ,AN>*I/ DELEGATES TO ! ,HAGUE CONGRESS1 REPRES5T+ PRIM>ILY ,SWITZ]L&1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA91 MET AT ,/4 ,IMI] 9 ! ,SWISS ,JURA & =M$ AN ,9T]NATIONAL ( !IR [N4 ,! DELEGATES FROM ,SPA9 9CLUD$ ,F>GA ,PELLIC] & ,GONZALEZ ,MORAGO4 ,AFT] CONF]R+ ) ,BAKUN91 !Y HURRI$ HOME & MADE PLANS TO AFFILIATE ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ) ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,) ALL RE/RA9TS REMOV$ BY ! ISOLATION ( ! ,MADRID ,AUTORIT>IOS & ! SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,ALIANCI/AS DECID$ TO ACT BOLDLY4 ,!Y CONV5$ A NEW CONGRESS1 F\R MON?S E>LI] ?AN ! DATE /IPULAT$ BY ! ,S>AGOSSA CONF]5CE ( ,APRIL #a#h#g#b4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #b#e1 #a#h#g#b1 FIFTY-F\R DELEGATES REPRES5T+ #b1 WORK]S 9 #bcf LOCAL F$]ATIONS & #eaf TRADE SECTIONS CONV5$ 9 ! ,TEATRO ,MORAT9 AT ,CORDOBA = ! ?IRD CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION4 ,?IS WAS TO BE ! LA/ PUBLIC NATIONAL GA!R+ ( ! ORIG9AL ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA9 = ! NEXT N9E YE>S4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 IT WAS ALSO ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONE4 

,! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS CREAT$ :AT IS G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS ! 0TYPICAL0 =M ( ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,SPA94 ,AL?\< IT IS H>D TO SPEAK ( 0TYPICALITY0 ) RESPECT TO ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ! CONGRESS BASICALLY AB&ON$ ! UNWIELDLY /RUCTURE CREAT$ BY ! ,VAL5CIA CONF]5CE ( ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL WAS %ORN ( ITS AU?ORITY OV] LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS & R$UC$ TO A M]E 0,F$]AL ,COMMISSION = ,CORRESPOND5CE & ,/ATI/ICS40 ,! TRADE SECTIONS & LOCAL F$]ATIONS W]E ELEVAT$ TO 0SOV]EIGNLY 9DEP5D5T0 BODIES1 FREE AT ANY TIME TO R5\NCE !IR AFFILIATION TO ! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL RE/RA9TS W]E REMOV$ FROM ACTS ( SOLID>ITY = LOCAL /RIKES & UPRIS+S4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 NO TRADE SECTION &_/OR LOCAL F$]ATION C\LD BE CO]C$ 9TO 9ITIAT+ OR SUPPORT+ ANY ACTIONS4 ,H5CE=?1 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS TO BE A =MALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION & ITS SUCCESS AS A MOVEM5T WAS TO DEP5D L>GELY UPON 9ITIATIVES FROM BEL[4 

,NEV]!LESS1 SOME K9D ( COHESION WAS NECESS>Y4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = KNITT+ ! ORGANIZATION TOGE!R WAS UND]TAK5 BY ! ,AN>*I/S1 :O1 DESPITE ! =MAL DISSOLUTION ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 CONT9U$ TO RETA9 CLOSE P]SONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL TIES ) EA* O!R4 ,! ,ALLIANCE1 9 EFFECT1 CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 :I* N[ MEANT ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION HAD A DE FACTO LEAD]%IP1 ALBEIT A LIB]T>IAN ONE4 ,) HIS TYPICAL HONE/Y1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 REFUS$ TO SUG>-COAT ?IS FACT4 ,9 ! LATE YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 HE WROTE3 0,:5 A B\RGEOIS EXPRESSES ADMIRATION = ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS = NOT HAV+ A PRESID5T :O ASSUMES ! RESPONSIBILITY ( LEAD]%IP1 ! ,9T]NATIONALS .<,AN>*I/S.> SMILE ) SUP]IOR PRIDE1 AS ?\< !Y POSSESS A SECRET ?AT CAN NOT BE P5ETRAT$ BY ! %ORT REA* ( ! B\RGEOIS 9T]LOCUTOR40 ,?IS PRET5SION IRRITAT$ ! OLD ,AN>*I/ & HE ADD$3 0,!RE WAS NO SU* SECRET NOR WAS IT TRUE ?AT WE HAD A TOTAL LACK ( AU?ORITY4 ,:AT WE DID HAVE WAS A CONV5TION ?AT DECEIV$ ! V]Y WORK]S :O EMPLOY$ IT40 

,YET 9 A S5SE1 BO? ,LOR5ZO & ! COMPLAC5T ,AN>*I/S HE TAKES TO TASK MISS AN ESS5TIAL PO9T4 ,! GREAT BULK ( ,9T]NATIONALI/S WORK$ !IR JOBS = LONG H\RS & L[ WAGES4 ,!Y W]E BURD5$ BY ! NE$ TO MAKE 5DS MEET = !MSELVES & !IR HUNGRY FAMILIES4 ,ORD9>ILY1 !SE WORK]S HAD LITTLE TIME OR 5]GY TO GIVE TO !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,ONLY ! MO/ HI<-M9D$ WORK+M5 C\LD PLAY A R\T9ELY ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! MOVEM5T1 :I* !Y DID AT 5ORM\S P]SONAL SACRIFICE4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES SOME K9D ( GUIDANCE WAS BO? UNAVOIDABLE & NECESS>Y2 TO D5Y ?IS FACT W\LD HAVE BE5 SELF-DECEPTION OR HYPOCRISY4 

,C]TA9LY ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S DECEIV$ !MSELVES (T5 5\<1 & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MIRACUL\S IF !Y W]E FREE ( HYPOCRITES4 ,:AT DES]VES EMPHASIS IS ?AT !Y TRI$ TO CREATE AN ORGANIZATION 9 :I* GUIDANCE C\LD BE EX]CIS$ )\T CO]CION & A LEAD]%IP1 SU* AS IT WAS1 REMOV$ EASILY :5 IT WAS NECESS>Y OR H>MFUL4 ,!Y ALSO TRI$ TO 5C\RAGE 9ITIATIVE FROM BEL[ & FO/] REVOLUTION>Y ELAN 9 ! SECTIONS1 F$]ATIONS1 9DE$1 9 ! FACTORIES & VILLAGES !MSELVES4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 !Y W]E EM95TLY SUCCESSFUL1 = UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T NEV] DEVELOP$ A BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT HAD ITS %>E ( ?OSE BUREAUCRATIC TYPES & AU?ORIT>IAN P]SONALITIES :O >E PRONE TO FLOCK 9TO ANY EFFECTIVE MASS MOVEM5T4 ,!SE PEOPLE POS$ CONT9U\S PROBLEMS = ! ORIG9AL ,9T]NATIONAL & = ITS HEIRS4 ,BUT !IR EFFECT WAS NEUTRALIZ$ BY A /RUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY1 ORGANIZATIONAL LOOS5ESS1 & AN ATMOSPH]E ( FRE$OM ?AT HAS R>ELY BE5 EQUAL$ BY A MASS LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( \R TIME4 ,!Y HAD READ !IR ,BAKUN9 WELL4 

,BR5AN GIVES US A SUP]B ACC\NT ( H[ WELL !IR MOVEM5T SUIT$ ,SPANI% CONDITIONS4 0,! FIR/ NE$10 HE WRITES1 

WAS TO GET HOLD ( ! HALF-/>V+1 UN$UCAT$ FIELD LABOR]S & FACTORY WORKM5 & FILL !M ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR [N GRIEVANCES & !IR [N P[]4 ,!SE M5 C\LD NOT1 AS A RULE1 AF=D TO PAY A REGUL> SUBSCRIPTION & !Y W]E SUSPICI\S ( ANY 9FLU5CE FROM \TSIDE :I* MI<T EMBROIL !M ) !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,ANY REGUL> TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION ) A PAID SECRET>IAT1 ACT+ ON ORD]S FROM ,B>CELONA OR ,MADRID & LEAD+ ITS ADH]5TS LIKE A B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN P>TY TO ! POLL+ BOO?S1 W\LD HAVE BE,G,B,PN DOOM$ TO FAILURE4 ,BUT ! ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E NEV] PAID--9 #a#i#c#f1 :5 !IR TRADE UNION1 ! ,C4,N4,T41 CONTA9$ OV] A MILLION MEMB]S1 IT HAD ONLY ONE PAID SECRET>Y4 ,TRAVEL+ AB\T FROM PLACE TO PLACE1 ON FOOT OR MULE BACK OR ON ! H>D SEATS ( ?IRD-CLASS RAILWAY C>RIAGES1 OR EV5 LIKE TRAMPS OR AMBULANT BULLFI<T]S UND] ! T>PAUL9S ( GOODS WAGONS1 :IL/ !Y ORGANIZ$ NEW GR\PS OR C>RI$ ON PROPAG&I/ CAMPAIGNS'1 !SE 0APO/LES ( ! IDEA10 AS !Y W]E CALL$1 LIV$ LIKE M5DICANT FRI>S ON ! HOSPITALITY ( ! MORE PROSP]\S WORKM54 

,!IR FIR/ OBJECT WAS SIMPLY TO 5ROLL GR\PS ( POOR WORK]S1 :ATEV] !IR POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S OP9IONS MI<T BE1 = MUTUAL PROTECTION AGA9/ EMPLOY]S3 N[ & !N !RE W\LD BE A SMALL /RIKE1 :I*1 IF IT WAS SUCCESSFUL1 W\LD AT ONCE D\BLE ! MEMB]%IP ( ! SECTION & LEAD TO O!R SMALL /RIKES 9 NEI<BOR+ DI/RICTS4 ,!N GRADUALLY ! LEAD]S W\LD UNFOLD !IR AN>*I/ CRE$ ) ITS HATR$ ( ! *UR*1 ITS WILD IDEALISM1 ITS G5]\S & HUMANE \TLOOK1 & ! IMAG9ATION ( ! HE>]S W\LD BE K9DL$4 ,?US IT HAPP5$ ?AT1 AT MOM5TS ( 5?USIASM1 ! NUMB] ( ! WORK]S CONTROLL$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S W\LD D\BLE & TREBLE !MSELVES &1 :5 ! 9EVITABLE REACTION CAME1 W\LD %R9K BACK TO A SMALL K]NEL ( CONV9C$ MILITANTS4 ,?IS PLA/ICITY ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 5ABL$ IT TO SURVIVE P]SECUTIONS &1 SOON AS !Y W]E OV]1 TO REAPPE> /RONG] ?AN EV]4 

,! ORGANIZATIONAL PLA/ICITY CREAT$ BY ! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS WAS SOON TO RECEIVE A CRITICAL TE/4 ,! POLITICAL 9/ABILITY ?AT HAD L$ TO ,ISABELLA'S EXILE & ! 5?RONEM5T ( ,AMADEO WAS N[ REA*+ S]I\S PROPORTIONS4 ,9 ?IS M\NT+ CRISIS1 ! AGITATION & /RIKES CONDUCT$ BY ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION DID NOT PASS UNNOTIC$4 ,?R\<\T ! CLOS+ MON?S ( #a#h#g#a1 ! ,F$]ATION1 ITS ACTIVITIES1 & ! FACT ( ITS'AFFILIATION TO ! 0S9I/]0 ,9T]NATIONAL BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES HAD BECOME ! SUBJECT ( 9CREAS+ DISCUSSION )9 ! ,CORTES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#b1 ! ,F$]ATION WAS (FICIALLY ORD]$ TO DISSOLVE BY REASON ( ITS TIES TO A 0=EIGN ORGANIZATION40 ,BUT ! GOV]NM5T WAS TOO WEAK TO 5=CE ITS ORD] & ! ,F$]ATION CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION AS PUBLICLY AS EV]1 EV5 CALL+ L>GE RALLIES TO PROTE/ ! BAN4 ,BUT ITS DAYS AS AN OP5 MOVEM5T W]E NUMB]$1 = IF ,SPA9 WAS 9 UPHEAVAL & FAC$ ) REVOLUTION1 %E WAS ALSO FAC$ ) A REACTION>Y MILIT>Y PRONUNCIAMI5TO ?AT W\LD DECIDE H] FUTURE = DECADES TO COME4 

,REBELLION & ,REPRESSION 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #a#h#g#c1 ,AMADEO (-,SAVOY ABDICAT$ ! ,SPANI% ?RONE & RETURN$ TO ,ITALY4 ,AFT] A REIGN ( LITTLE MORE ?AN TWO YE>S1 ! 0G5TLEMAN K+10 AS ! ,SPANI>DS CALL$ HIM1 HAD RUN ?R\< SIX M9I/]IAL *ANGES & ?REE G5]AL ELECTIONS )\T BR++ POLITICAL /ABILITY TO ! C\NTRY4 ,FROM ! />T1 ,AMADEO HAD NEV] GA9$ ! POPUL>ITY ( HIS SUBJECTS4 ,! >I/OCRACY TREAT$ HIM ) DISDA91 ,MADRID !AT] AUDI5CES OP5LY 9SULT$ HIM1 & 9 ! LA/ MON?S ( HIS REIGN HE WAS VIRTUALLY ISOLAT$ 9 ! ,CORTES4 ,FAC$ ) ! *OICES ( COMPLETELY ANTAGONIZ+ ! (FIC] CORPS1 PROVOK+ A ,REPUBLICAN REBELLION1 OR RUL+ BY DECREE1 ?IS CIVILIZ$ MON>* AB&ON$ ! ?RONE1 OP5+ ! WAY TO A BLOODLESS ,REPUBLICAN VICTORY4 

,! DECL>ATION ( A REPUBLIC F\ND ITS ADH]5TS AS DIVID$ AS ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S4 ,! ,UNIT>IANS1 A CAUTI\S W+ L$ BY ,SPA91 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! RADICAL MIDDLE CLASSES ( ,MADRID4 ,OPPOS+ ! C5TRALI/ ,REPUBLICANS W]E ! ,F$]ALI/S1 9SPIR$ BY ,PI Y ,M>GALL'S !ORIES ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 ,SWISS-LIKE REPUBLIC BAS$ ON ! AUTONOMY ( ! PROV9CES4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! ,F$]ALI/S ACQUIR$ ! BULK ( !IR ADH]5TS FROM ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALS 9 ! PROV9CIAL CITIES & T[NS4 

,BUT ! ,F$]ALI/S W]E F> FROM UNIT$4 ,! IMM$IATE SUPPORT]S ( ,PI W]E PRUD5T M5 :O1 E*O+ HIS MAXIM ?AT 0=CE IS LEGITIMATE ONLY :5 RI<T FAILS10 BELIEV$ 9 A*IEV+ A REPUBLIC BY LEGAL MEANS4 ,TOGE!R ) ! ,UNIT>IANS1 !Y HAD DEVELOP$ !IR =CES >\ND P>LIAM5T>Y & ELECTORAL CONTE/S1 ?R[+ !IR SUPPORT TO ! MORE LIB]AL CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S 9 COMMON BATTLES AGA9/ 0REACTION>IES0 9 ! ,CORTES4 ,?IS P>LIAM5T>Y 0B5EVOL5CE0 T[>D SUPPORT]S ( A LIB]AL MON>*Y E>N$ !M ! CONTEMPTU\S SOBRIQUET ( B5EVELOS4 ,BY ! 5D ( ,AMADEO'S REIGN1 !IR TACTICS HAD ?OR\<LY 9FURIAT$ ! MORE MILITANT ELEM5TS 9 ! ,F$]ALI/ CAMP--! SO-CALL$ ,9TRANSIG5TS--:O N[ VE]$ T[>D AN ANTIP>LIM5T>Y POLICY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION FROM BEL[4 

,! ,F$]ALI/S DID NOT HAVE A MAJORITY ( ! C\NTRY BEH9D !M1 YET EV]Y?+ FAVOR$ !IR SUCCESS4 ,! ANTI-,F$]ALI/ =CES HAD EXHAU/$ ALL ! ALT]NATIVES 9 !IR POLITICAL >MORY &1 AFT] AN ABORT$ ATTEMPT AT A C\P 9 ,MADRID1 SANK 9TO COMPLETE DEMORALIZATION4 ,! WORK]S & ! GREAT MASS ( L& LABOR]S W]E HI<LY COMBU/IBLE4 ,A MEAN+FUL ,F$]ALI/ PROGRAM1 RESPONSIVE TO !IR NE$S1 MI<T HAVE EASILY K9DL$ !IR SUPPORT4 ,REASSUR$ BY ! ANTICONSCRIPTION POLICY ( ! ,F$]ALI/S1 RANK-&-FILE SOLDI]S DES]T$ !IR REGIM5TS 9 DROVES1 LEAV+ ! (FIC] CORPS ) 9ADEQUATE =CES TO BACK UP A PRONUNCIAMI5TO4 ,! RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOISIE ( ! PROV9CIAL CITIES & T[NS W]E COLLECT+ 9TO P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS4 ,ONLY ! ,C>LI/S W]E SUFFICI5TLY >M$ & COHESIVE TO UPHOLD ! 9T]E/S ( REACTION1 BUT EXCEPT = ! ?REAT !Y POS$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 !Y W]E BOX$ 9TO ! NOR!RN M\NTA9S4 

,IT SEEM$ = A TIME ?AT ! ,F$]ALI/S W\LD SUCCE$4 ,A ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES ELECT$ A FEW WEEKS AFT] ,AMADEO'S ABDICATION PROVID$ !M ) A WORK+ MAJORITY & ! LEGALITY NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% A DEC5TRALIZ$1 CANTONAL REPUBLIC4 ,E4 ,FIGU]AS1 A CAUTI\S ,F$]ALI/ B5EVELO :O HAD FUNCTION$ AS C>ETAK] PRESID5T S9CE ,FEBRU>Y1 WAS SUCCE$$ BY ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 ! FA!R ( ! ,F$]ALI/ DOCTR9E 9 ,SPA94 ,ON ,APRIL #b#d1 #a#h#g#c1 ,PI TOOK OV] ! PRESID5CY ( ! NEW REPUBLIC4 ,! GOV]NM5T & ! FATE ( ! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T HE HAD HELP$ TO CREATE LAY 9 HIS H&S4 ,LOOK+ BACK0 YE>S LAT]1 HE RECALL$ ?AT 0AFT] ,APRIL #bc ,I WIELD$ IMM5SE P[]44440 ,?IS 0IMM5SE P[]0 WAS TO MELT FROM HIS H&S LIKE ICE UND] A BLAZ+ SUN4 

,9 #a#h#g#c1 ,FRANCISCO ,PI Y ,M>GALL HAD REA*$ ! AGE ( =TY-N9E4 ,! Y\NG1 E>NE/ ,CATALAN :O HAD ?REAT5$ TO 0DIVIDE & SUBDIVIDE P[]0 UNTIL IT WAS DE/ROY$ N[ F\ND HIMSELF 5SN>$ BY ! V]Y SY/EM ( P[] HE WAS PL$G$ TO DE/ROY4 ,NE>LY TW5TY YE>S HAD PASS$ S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ,LA ,REACTION Y ,LA ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,F$]ALI/ CAUSE HAD GR[N FROM A H]ETICAL SECT 9TO A'L>GE MOVEM5T EMBRAC+ ?\S&S ( 5RAPTUR$ PETTY B\RGEOIS4 ,! SEV]E REPRESSION 9ITIAT$ BY ,RAMON ,N>VAEZ AFT] #ahef HAD CONVULS$ ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES1 ALI5AT+ !M FROM ! ,LIB]AL P>TIES4 ,FROM ?AT PO9T ON1 ! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T BEGAN TO GR[ & 9 #ahfi ,PI WAS ELECT$ TO ! ,CORTES1 :]E HE BEGAN TO LE>N ! TE*NIQUES ( P>LIM5T>Y MANEUV]+4 

,HAV+ ACQUIR$ ! PRESID5CY1 ,PI BEGAN TO MANEUV] ) ! FACTIONS ( HIS [N MOVEM5T4 ,! ,9TRANSIG5TS EMB>RASS$ HIM BY !IR 0PU]ILE IMPATI5CE0 & W]E TREAT$ CAVALI]LY4 ,?IS DEVOTEE ( LEGALITY ( :OM ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS (F]$ ! CURI\S DESCRIPTION1 0! ONLY SOCIALI/ 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN CAMP10 C\LD (F] ! L[] CLASSES LITTLE MORE ?AN SOCIAL AB/RACTIONS4 ,AL?\< ,PI PROBABLY HAD ! BROADE/ VISION ( ALL ! POLITICIANS 9 ! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T1 HIS 0SOCIALISM10 AS ,RAYMOND ,C>R HAS OBS]V$1 0DID HOT GET BEYOND WAGE >BITRATION1 A -M9IMUM ( /ATE ACTION TO IMPROVE WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AGRICULTURAL CR$IT1 & A 'G5]ALIZATION ( PROP]TY' :I* W\LD EXT5D ! LIB]AL L& REVOLUTION BEYOND ! 'NEW FEUDALISM' TO ! AGR>IAN POOR40 ,?US1 IF ! LEGAL ETIQUETTE 9VOLV$ 9 E/ABLI%+ A F$]AL REPUBLIC GOAD$ ! ,9TRANSIG5TS 9TO ACTION1 ! ANEMIC ,F$]ALI/ PROGRAM = SOCIAL RE=M R$UC$ ! WORK+ GLASS & PEASANTRY TO PASSIVITY4 

,9 NO S5SE C\LD ,PI BE REG>D$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HIS 0SOCIALISM10 CONSI/$ ( A HA% ( UNDEVELOP$ NOTIONS1 MORE AK9 TO COOP]ATIVISM ?AN ,AN>*ISM OR ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALISM4 ,AL?\< ! PRESSURE EX]CIS$ BY ! ,9TRANSIG5TS WAS L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = BR++ HIM TO P[] 7A FACT HE WELL UND]/OOD & US$ TO ADVANTAGE71 ,PI T5D$ TO RELY ON RI<T-W+ & C5TRI/ ,F$]ALI/S4 ,HE WAS QUITE PREP>$ TO USE TROOPS AGA9/ ,9TRANSIG5T 9SURRECTION>IES & ABHORR$ LABOR /RIKES4 ,HIS 0CONCILIATORY0 POLICIES CONSI/$ L>GELY ( TRY+ TO CAJOLE ! ,9TRANSIG5TS 9TO MAK+ CONCESSIONS TO ! MOD]ATE W+S ( ! ,CORTES4 

,! D5\EM5T CAME ON ,JULY #a#b1 :5 >M$ ,CANTONALI/S 7AS ! ,9TRANSIG5TS & !IR ALLIES W]E KNOYVN7 TOOK OV] ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T ( ,C>TEG5A & DECL>$ !MSELVES AUTONOM\S4 ,! ,C>TEG5A REVOLT DOOM$ ,PI'S LEGALI/ 0CONCILIATORY0 POLICY4 ,! 0FA!R ( ,SPANI% ,F$]ALISM0 WAS N[ MI/RU/$ BY EV]Y FACTION 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,! RI<T REG>D$ HIM AS TOO 0SOCIALI/IC0 & 0CONCILIATORY02 ! ,9TRANSIG5TS1 AS TREA*]\S & LACK+ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ZEAL1 AL?\< !IR DEPUTIES 9 ! ,CORTES W]E PREP>$ TO SUPPORT HIM AGA9/ O!R T5D5CIES4 ,! ,F$]ALI/ C5T] ON :I* HE REJI$ = P>LIM5T>Y SUPPORT HAD DIVID$ BETWE5 ! RI<T & ! ,9TRANSIG5TS1 LEAV+ HIM ISOLAT$4 ,ON ,JULY #a#h1 NOT ?REE MON?S AFT] TAK+ ! PRESID5CY1 ,PI RESIGN$ HIS (FICE & WAS REPLAC$ BY ,SALM]ON1 :O LACK$ ,PI'S SCRUPLES & WAS PREP>$ TO JETTISON ! F$]AL REPUBLIC = A MORE C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4.<#h.> 

,) ,PI'S RESIGNATION1 ! ,CANTONALI/ REVOLT ?AT HAD />T$ 9 ,C>TAG5A N[ SPREAD ?R\<\T ! S\?4 ,9 A MATT] ( DAYS1 ,JULY #ai TO #b#b1 >M$ ,CANTONALI/S TOOK OV] ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS ( ,SEVILLE1 ,CADIZ1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,ALMANSA1 ,T]REVIEJA1 ,CA/ELLON1 ,GRANADA1 ,MALAGA1 ,SALAMANCA1 ,BAIL51 ,&UJ>1 ,T>IFA1 ,ALGECIRAS1 & O!R SMALL] COMMUNITIES4 ,! GREATE/ SUPPORT = ! UPRIS+ CAME FROM ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT4 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA REMA9$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T'S H&S"9 ,! ,CANTONALI/ REVOLT 9 ! S\? WAS ABETT$ BY ! \TBREAKS ( A ,C>LI/ REVOLT 9 ! ,PYR5EAN PASSES & BY DI/URBANCES 9 ,MADRID1 :I* COMPELL$ ! GOV]NM5T TO DISPAT* ITS BE/ REMA9+ TROOPS TO ! NOR?1 LEAV+ ! KEY CITIES 9 ,&ALUSIA VIRTUALLY UNGU>D$4 

,:AT ROLE DID ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION PLAY 9 !SE EV5TS8 ,9 REALITY1 ONLY A M9OR ONE4 ,! ,F$]ATION HAD ANTICIPAT$ ?AT ! POLITICAL CRISIS 9 ,SPA9 W\LD APPROA* AN ACUTE /AGE & TOOK /EPS TO PREP>E = ANY CONT+5CY4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#g#b1 ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,MADRID S5T ,FRANCISCO ,MORA & ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO ON T\RS ( ! SECTIONS--,MORA TO ! EA/]N REGION1 ,LOR5ZO TO ,&ALUSIA--) ! AIM ( E/ABLI%+ AN UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATION4 ,! TWO M5 ASK$ TRU/$ MILITANTS 9 EA* SECTION TO =M A SPECIAL CL&E/9E GR\P CALL$ 0,DEF5D]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL0 :OSE FUNCTION WAS TO SPE>HEAD AN 9SURRECTION OR1 9 ! EV5T ( REPRESSION1 TO 5GAGE 9 UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY4 ,!SE 0,DEF5D]S0 W]E ! PRECURSORS ( MANY O!R DEF5SE ORGANIZATIONS ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S W]E TO E/ABLI% 9 ! FUTURE4 

,9 ! EV5T ( A SUCCESSFUL 9SURRECTION1 ! 0,DEF5D]S0 W]E ALSO EXPECT$ TO E/ABLI% LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y JUNTAS ?AT EXCLUD$ B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS 0IF POSSIBLE0 7TO USE ,LOR5ZO'S WORDS74 0,B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS10 ( C\RSE1 9CLUD$ ,F$]ALI/S AS WELL AS ,LIB]ALS4 ,BUT ,LOR5ZO'S QUALIFY+ PHRASE IS SIGNIFICANT2 IT REVEALS ! AMBIGUITY ?AT HAD BEGUN TO P]MEATE ! ,F$]ATION'S ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,CLE>LY1 ! ,F$]ATION WAS NURS+ HOPES = A ,F$]ALI/ VICTORY 9 ,SPA91 :I* IT BELIEV$ W\LD PROVIDE ! LABOR MOVEM5T ) A POLITICALLY HOSPITABLE ATMOSPH]E4 ,BUT S9CE ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES REQUIR$ A RESOLUTELY ANTIPOLITICAL1 CLASS-ORI5T$ POSITION1 ?IS DILEMMA WAS SOLV$ BY A CALCULAT$ =M ( 0IRRESOLUTION40 ,ON ! EVE ( ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES1 ! ,F$]ATION AFFIRM$ ITS ANTIPOLITICAL L9E BY REFUS+ TO /& C&IDATES4 ,BUT IT ALL[$ ! SECTIONS & 9DIVIDUAL ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 IF !Y SO WI%$1 TO VOTE = ! ,F$]ALI/S & COOP]ATE ) !M4 

,9 PRACTICE1 ( C\RSE ! ,F$]ATION WAS TOO WEAK TO FOLL[ AN 9DEP5D5T POLICY ( ITS [N EXCEPT = ,9T]NATIONALI/ UPRIS+S 9 ,ALCOY1 ,SAN ,LUC>1 & A FEW SCATT]$ COMMUNITIES 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! PROLET>IAT RESPOND$ TO ! ,F$]ATION'S PLEA = A G5]AL /RIKE BUT REFUS$ TO FOLL[ IT ALONG ! PA? ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9TRANSIG5TS & ,9T]NATIONALI/S WORK$ TOGE!R 9 E/ABLI%+ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY 9 ,B>CELONA'S MUNICIPAL'GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,SEVILLE REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA WAS HEAD$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONALI/1 ,MIGNORANCE4 ,! ,C>TEG5A SECTION MAY HAVE PLAY$ A ROLE 9 W9N+ ! SAILORS OV] TO ! ,CANTONALI/ UPRIS+1 & ,9T]NATIONALI/S COOP]AT$ ) ,9TRANSIG5TS 9 ,GRANADA & ,VAL5CIA4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 H[EV]1 ! ,CANTONALI/ UPRIS+S W]E FOLL[$ BY %>P RECRIM9ATIONS BETWE5 ,AN>*I/S & ,F$]ALI/S ( ALL FACTIONS4 

,! ,CANTONALI/S1 AL?\< CAPABLE ( MOBILIZ+ A MU* L>G] FOLL[+ ?AN ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 W]E NOT /RONG 5\< TO )/& A S]I\S MILIT>Y ASSAULT BY ,MADRID4 ,) SOME ?REE ?\S& TROOPS1 ,G5]AL ,PAVIA CAPTUR$ ,SEVILLE AFT] TWO DAYS ( HEAVY FI<T+ & QUICKLY R$UC$ ! REBELLION 9 MO/ ,&ALUSIAN CITIES4 ,VAL5CIA HELD \T = NE>LY TWO WEEKS AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,CAMPOS'S =CES1 & ,C>TEG5A1 ITS L&SIDE PROTECT$ BY P[]FUL RAMP>TS & ! NAVAL BASE 9 ,CANTONALI/ H&S1 WAS 5VELOP$ BY A LONG SIEGE4 ,BUT ! CITY'S CAUSE WAS DOOM$ AFT] ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 SUBDU$4 ,AFT] F\R'MON?S IT WAS TAK5 [+ TO TREA*]Y BY ! (FIC]S ( A KEY =TRESS4 

,G5]ALLY1 ! ,CANTONALI/S DOM9AT$ ! /RUGGLE4 ,BUT 9 ,ALCOY A COMMUNITY ( ?IRTY ?\S& PEOPLE TO ! S\? ( ,VAL5CIA1 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION MANAG$ TO ET* ITS [N M>K ON ! EV5TS ( #a#h#g#c4 ,?IS OLD 9DU/RIAL T[N1 A C5T] ( PAP]-MAK+ = C5TURIES1 & BE5 P5ETRAT$ & /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 & BY E>LY #ahgc ALREADY 5JOY$ ! DI/9CTION ( FURNI%+ \T/&+ ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS TO ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION4 ,! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS HAD DECID$ TO LOCATE ! ,F$]AL ,COMMISSION AT ,ALCOY BECAUSE FIVE ( ! ,COMMISSION'S MEMB]S CAME FROM ! T[N4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! RELATIVELY SMALL 9DU/RIAL COMMUNITY BECAME ! C5T] ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ON ! EVE ( ?IS NATIONWIDE REBELLION4 

,! /REET FI<T+ 9 ,ALCOY PREC$$ BY SEV]AL DAYS ! ,CANTONALI/ UPRIS+ AT ,C>TEG5A & ALMO/ /&S \T AS A PRECURSOR ( ! 9SURRECTIONS ?AT W]E TO FOLL[4 ,YET ,ALCOY EXPLOD$ 9TO 9SURRECTION NOT BECAUSE ( POLITICAL OR REGIONAL ANTAGONISMS1 BUT AS ! RESULT ( AN ECONOMIC DISPUTE BETWE5 ! PAP] WORK]S & !IR EMPLOY]S4 

,= SOME TIME !RE HAD BE5 A VIGOR\S AGITATION = AN EI<T-H\R DAY 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,ALCOY4 ,! AGITATION1 CONDUCT$ BY ! LOCAL ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 REA*$ ITS CLIMAX ON ,JULY #g1 :5 AN ASSEMBLY ( WORK]S DECID$ ON A G5]AL /RIKE TO 5=CE ITS DEM&S4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 A DELEGATION ( FACTORY EMPLOYES APPE>$ BE=E ! MAYOR AT ! ,CITY ,HALL1 DEM&+ ?AT HE SUMMON ! EMPLOY]S & PRES5T !M ) ! WORK]S' DEM&S4 ,! MAYOR1 A /OLID ,F$]ALI/ BY ! NAME ( ,AUGU/9 ,ALBORS1 DECID$ TO PLAY = TIME4 ,ASSUR+ ! WORK]S ( HIS NEUTRALITY 9 ! /RIKE1 ,ALBORS TREA*]\SLY URG$ ! EMPLOY]S TO /& FIRM & B>RICADE !MSELVES 9 !IR HOMES UNTIL MILIT>Y AID C\LD BE SUMMON$4 ,AFT] DISPAT*+ A REQUE/ = TROOPS1 HE REV]S$ HIS NEUTRAL /& & PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ! /RIK]S4 

,IT IS D\TBFUL IF ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S W]E REALLY EAG] TO FOM5T AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,ALCOY4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE REALIZ$ ! VULN]ABILITY ( AN UPRIS+ 9 AN ISOLAT$ & PAT5TLY 9DEF5SIBLE T[N4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y TRI$ TO NEGOTIATE ) ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! NEXT DAY A SECOND DELEGATION APPE>$ AT ! ,CITY ,HALL ) ! W>N+ ?AT ! MAYOR & HIS C\NCIL MU/ EI!R MA9TA9 !IR NEUTRALITY OR RESIGN IF !Y WI%$ TO AVOID A CONFLICT4 ,AS ! DELEGATION WAS LEAV+1 ! POLICE OP5$ FIRE ON AN UN>M$ CR[D 9 ! SQU>E4 ,IT WAS ?IS /UPID PROVOCATION RA!R ?AN ANY 0S9I/]0 ,9T]NATIONALI/ DESIGN ?AT TRIGG]$ ! ,ALCOY UPRIS+4 ,! S5SELESS %OOT+S 9FURIAT$ ! WORK]S1 :O QUICKLY GA!R$ >MS & BESIEG$ ! ,CITY ,HALL4 ,! POLICE 7NUMB]+ LITTLE MORE ?AN ?IRTY7 F9ALLY SURR5D]$ AFT] 5DUR+ A SIEGE ( TW5TY H\RS4 ,!Y HAD SIMPLY RUN \T ( AMMUNITION4 ,ALBORS1 ADAMANT & /UPID TO ! LA/1 WAS %OT & KILL$ AFT] FIR+ HIS PI/OL PO9T-BLANK AT ! WORK]S :O W]E >RE/+ HIM4 

,! ,ALCOY UPRIS+ OCCURR$ ON ,JULY #i1 & ITS *ANCES ( 5DUR+ W]E F> SMALL] ?AN ?OSE ( ! LAT] ,CANTONALI/ 9SURRECTIONS 9 ! CITIES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONALI/S E/ABLI%$ A ,WELF>E ,COMMITTEE TO MANAGE ! T[N1 BUT ITS MO/ PRESS+ TASK WAS TO NEGOTIATE FAVORABLE SURR5D] T]MS FROM ,G5]AL ,VEL>DE1 :O WAS APPROA*+ FROM ,ALICANTE4 ,=TUNATELY ! COMMITTEE RECEIV$ A PROMISE ( COMPLETE AMNE/Y ?R\< ! GOOD (FICES ( A ,F$]ALI/ DEPUTY1 ,C]V]A1 & ON ,JULY #a#b1 ,VEL>DE 5T]$ ,ALCOY )\T MEET+ >M$ OPPOSITION4 

,MANY WRIT]S HAVE DEALT ) ! ,ALCOY UPRIS+ AS A TRIVIAL EPISODE ?AT WAS SUBM]G$ BY ! ,CANTONALI/ 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 T]MS ( ITS SCOPE1 !Y >E CORRECT4 ,! 5TIRE EV5T LA/$ LITTLE MORE ?AN FIVE DAYS4 ,BY COMP>ISON ) AN HI/ORIC EV5T LIKE ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,ALCOY SEEMS LIKE A SKIRMI%4 ,?AT IT OCCURR$ AT ALL WAS DUE MORE TO ! DILATOR9ESS ( ! MILIT>Y 9 ,ALICANTE ?AN TO ! REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ( ! WORK]S 9 ,ALCOY4 ,YET ?IS BRIEF EPISODE CREAT$ A S5SATION 9 ,SPA94 ,ALMO/ ALL %ADES ( OP9ION1 9CLUD+ ,F$]ALI/1 JO9$ 9 CONDEMN+ IT4 ,D\BTLESS1 ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES ( ,SPA9 W]E HAUNT$ BY IMAGES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS RECURR5CE 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT !RE W]E ALSO 9T]NAL REASONS = ! FE>S ,ALCOY HAD >\S$4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,SPANI% HI/ORY1 AN >M$ UPRIS+ HAD OCCURR$ ?AT WAS OR*E/RAT$ NOT BY PR$ICTABLE ELEM5TS SU* AS ! MILIT>Y1 ! *UR*1 OR ! ,LIB]ALS1 BUT BY AN AV[$LY REVOLUTIORI>Y WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ,SPA9 HAD ACT$ AS AN 9DEP5D5T 9SURRECTION>Y =CE4 

,! UPRIS+1 C\PL$ ) ! FALL ( ,PI1 GU>ANTE$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION W\LD BE PHYSICALLY SUPPRESS$4 ,! ORGANIZATION1 H[EV]1 CONT9U$ TO MA9TA9 A PUBLIC1 IF H>RASS$1 EXI/5CE = ANO!R HALF YE> :ILE ! B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS 9 ,MADRID CONSUMMAT$ ! BURIAL RITES ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,SALM]ON1 :O HAD TAK5 OV] ! PRESID5CY FROM ,PI 9 ,JULY #a#h#g#c1 WAS REPLAC$ 9 LESS ?AN TWO MON?S BY ,CA/EL>1 A ,F$]ALI/ :OM ! CONS]VATIVE CLASSES & G5]ALS REG>D$ AS MORE PLIABLE ?AN HIS PR$ECESSORS4 ,HAV+ /R5G!N$ ! >MY'S POSITION 9 ,SPANI% POLITICS1 NEI!R ,SALM]ON NOR ,CA/EL> C\LD PUT IT TO RE/4 ,:5 IT SEEM$ ?AT ,CA/EL> W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO /EM A P>LIM5T>Y DRIFT BACK TO ! ,F$]ALI/S1 ! G5]ALS DECID$ TO ACT OP5LY3 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#d1 ,G5]AL ,PAVIA1 ! 0SAVIOR ( ,SPA90 FROM A ,CANTONALI/ REPUBLIC1 PRON\NC$ AGA9/ ,CA/EL> & 9/ALL$ ,G5]AL ,S]RANO1 A CONS]VATIVE MILIT>Y POLITICIAN4 ,)9 A YE> IT WAS CLE> ?AT ,S]RANO'S GOV]NM5T C\LD BE LITTLE MORE ?AN A TRANSITION TO A RE/ORATION ( ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y4 ,:5 A BLOODLESS PRONUNCIAMI5TO BY ,M>T9EZ ,CAMPOS BR\<T ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I1 ,ISABELLA'S SON1 TO ! ?RONE A YE> LAT]1 IT SURPRIS$ NO ONE 9 ,SPA9 OR ABROAD4 ,EV5 A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( ,C>LI/S DEFECT$ TO ! NEW MON>*4 

,! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T1 SPLIT IRREP>ABLY BY ! ,CANTONALI/ UPRIS+S1 WAS TO DISAPPE> UND] ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION4 ,YET ITS IMPORTANCE = ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM CAN H>DLY BE OV]E/IMAT$4 ,DESPITE ! %>P DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E TO EM]GE BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS DUR+ ! REVOLT1 !Y OV]LAPP$ 9 MANY KEY >EAS4 ,BO? S\<T TO WEAK5 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 7! ,AN>*I/S1 ( C\RSE1 TO ABOLI% IT7 & TO FO/] A VITAL REGIONAL & COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,! ,9TRANSIG5TS1 LIKE ! ,AN>*I/S1 W]E PREP>$ TO USE ! MO/ DESP]ATE 9SURRECTION>Y ME?ODS TO A*IEVE !IR DEC5TRALIZ$ GOALS4 ,AN>*I/S & ,CANTONALI/S F\<T TOGE!R BEH9D ! SAME B>RICADES 9 ,JULY #a#h#g#c1 & SAT ON ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y JUNTAS 9 ! PROV9CIAL CITIES & T[NS4 ,LAT]1 MANY ,F$]ALI/S W]E TO TURN TO ,AN>*ISM AS ! LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( !IR DEC5TRALI/ AIMS4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 9 TURN1 W]E TO ELEVATE ,PI Y ,M>GALL TO ! /ATUS ( A PRECURSOR ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94.<#i.> 

,NO SOON] HAD ,S]RANO BECOME PRESID5T ( ! FALT]+ REPUBLIC 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #a#h#g#d1 :5 HE RU?LESSLY UND]TOOK ! SUPPRESSION NOT ONLY ( ! MORE EXTREME ,F$]ALI/ GR\PS1 BUT ALSO ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! MEET+ HALLS & WORK]S' C5T]S ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION W]E CLOS$ D[N1 ITS MILITANTS JAIL$ BY ! HUNDR$S1 & ITS NEWSPAP]S \TLAW$4 ,AT ITS HI< PO9T 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#c1 ! ,F$]ATION PROBABLY NUMB]$ NO MORE ?AN #f1 MEMB]S1 AN 9SIGNIFICANT FRACTION ( ! POPUL> FOLL[+ ! ,F$]ALI/S C\LD MU/]4 ,EV5 MORE TELL+ ?AN ! >RE/S ( ,9T]NATIONALI/S W]E ! BL[S ,S]RANO & ! ,RE/ORATION POLITICIANS /RUCK AT ! MOVEM5T'S BASE1 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,/RIKES W]E CRU%$ AT GUNPO9T & ! RI<T ( WORK]S TO =M LABOR UNIONS WAS PROHIBIT$ BY LAW4 ,9 EFFECT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS ?R[N BACK NE>LY TW5TY YE>S1 :5 ! CRY 0,ASSOCIATION OR ,DEA?0 HAD RUNG 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,NOR DID ! P]SECUTION REL5T ) ! PASS+ YE>S4 ,AT ,LA ,C>RACA1 AS LATE AS ,M>* #a#h#g#g1 ! POLICE PLAC$ SIXTY-SIX ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9 WEI<T$ SACKS & ?REW !M 9TO ! SEA4 ,A D\D1 ?ICK ) FE> & REPRESSION1 HAD DESC5D$ ON ,SPA94 ,IT W\LD LA/ = NE>LY EI<T YE>S4 

,SOMEH[ ! ,F$]ATION SURVIV$ !SE P]SECUTIONS4 ,NATIONAL CONGRESSES W]E AB&ON$ = SECRET REGIONAL1 OR COM>CAL1 CONF]5CES4 ,LOCAL UND]GR\ND PRESSES REPLAC$ ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ PUBLIC NEWSPAP]S4 ,ECONOMIC /RIKES W]E AB&ON$ = REVOLUTION>Y /RIKES--:I* ESS5TIALLY MEANT NO /RIKES AT ALL4 ,HAV+ DRUNK HEAVILY FROM ! F\NT ( REVOLUTION1 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION REORGANIZ$ ITSELF ONCE AGA91 ?IS TIME 9TO A SMALL 9SURRECTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 

,A NEW /RUCTURE GE>$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO >M$ REVOLT REPLAC$ ! LOOSE1 9=MAL PUBLIC /RUCTURE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS4 ,9 ! TITIES1 :]E IT C\LD ONCE C\NT ON ?\S&S ( ADH]5TS & NUM]\S SECTIONS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS R$UC$ TO A FEW D$ICAT$ ,AN>*I/S4 ,! 0,DEF5D]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL0 W]E R5AM$ ! 0,AV5G+ ,EXECUTIVE ,NUCLEUS10 A MORE AGGRESSIVE TITLE ?AT ACCORD$ ) ! EMBATTL$ & VIOL5T MOOD ( ,AN>*ISM AT ! TIME4 

,! FACT IS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9 ! TITIES W]E LIV+ ON A MY?4 ,NO REVOLUTION WAS 9 ! (F+2 9DE$1 ! FIR/ SIGNS ( MASS URBAN REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/ W]E NOT TO REAPPE> 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,LACK+ ! P[] TO CONDUCT /RIKES = HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 DES]T$ BY ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT2 H5CE IT C\LD FE$ ONLY ON IDEOLOGY1 HOPE1 & CONSPIRACY4 ,MANY NATIVE ,CATALAN WORK]S HAD NEV] ACCEPT$ ! VIOL5T ,AN>*I/ !ORIES ( ! ,F$]ATION ) 5?USIASM4 ,!Y MI<T HAVE 5T]$ TYPICAL RE=MI/IC LABOR UNIONS 9 DROVES W]E IT NOT = ! CONT9UAL 9FLUX ( ,MURCIANOS & ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! ,CATALAN FACTORY [N]S4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ) ! 9CREAS+ REPRESSION1 ! BALANCE )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BEGAN TO %IFT FROM ! NOR? TO ! S\?4 ,BY ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#g#c1 :5 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION'S MEMB]%IP HAD REA*$ A PEAK ( #f11TWO ?IRDS W]E 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,IT WAS 9 ! AGR>IAN S\?1 9 ! M\NTA9 PUEBLOS1 ! SUN-DR5*$ T[NS & CITIES1 & ON ! ANCI5T LATIFUNDIA ( ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT1 ?AT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM WAS TO SURVIVE & GR[ DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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