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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,PEASANT ,AN>*ISM 

,TO CLAIM AS SOME WRIT]S HAVE DONE ?AT ,AN>*ISM WAS IMPORT$ 9TO ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT W\LD NOT BE 5TIRELY TRUE4 ,P]HAPS IT W\LD BE MORE APPROPRIATE TO SAY ?AT ,AN>*ISM WAS LAT5T !RE1 & ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S EVOK$ IT4 ,IF ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! CITIES HAD TO BUILD !IR [N C\NT]SOCIETY TO AN 9HOSPITABLE & CORROSIVE COMM]CIAL WORLD1 ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE F\ND ONE 9 !IR V]Y MID/4 ,!Y HAD ONLY TO RE%APE SOME ( ITS ELEM5TS 9 ORD] TO CREATE A LIV+ SOCIAL MILIEU = LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & WAYS ( LIFE4.<#a.> 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD NO DIFFICULTY 9 W9N+ OV] ! BRAC]OS1 ! GREAT MASS ( EXPLOIT$ GANG WORK]S :O CULTIVAT$ ! LATIFUNDIA ( ! ,GUADALQUIVIR BAS94 ,BUT ! REAL /R5G? LAY 9 ! M\NTA9 PUEBLOS1 ( ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT--! 0PEOPLE ( ! SI]RA10 AS ,J4 ,A4 ,PITT-,RIV]S CALLS !M4 ,H]E1 :]E A FEW HUNDR$ FAMILIES LIV$ 9 COMPACT T[NS SURR\ND$ BY B>E1 JAGG$ PEAKS1 ,AN>*ISM /RUCK ITS DEEPE/ & MO/ LA/+ ROOTS4 ,T5ACITY & CONT9UITY >E AMONG ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( !SE COMMUNITIES & REVEAL !MSELVES 9 MANY WAYS4 ,! SQUAT BUILD+S ( :ITEWA%$ GRANITE B\LD]S & UNCUT /ONE1 SO COMMON 9 ! M\NTA9S1 >E MADE TO LA/1 & VILLAGE TRADITIONS (T5 REA* BACK = C5TURIES ( EMBATTL$ ,SPANI% HI/ORY4 ,! BEG9N+S ( SOME ( !SE PUEBLOS CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ,MOORI% 9VASIONS4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! RI* ,GUADALQUIVIR BAS91 ! SOIL ( ! SI]RAS IS POOR & M>G9AL4 ,FI<T+ AN 9TRACTABLE L&1 ! M\NTA9 PEASANTS MU/ COAX \T A MIX$ CROP ( VEGETABLES & MAIZE--?IS BY H& LABOR1 = MA*9]Y IS NOT ONLY CO/LY BUT ALMO/ USELESS ON ! SLOP+1 ROCKY SOIL4 ,OLIVES1 FRUIT1 & /OCK-RAIS+ PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ! AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY4 ,MO/ ( ! M\NTA9 PEASANTS [N !IR [N L&1 G5]ALLY 9 PLOTS ( LESS ?AN FIVE ACRES4 ,TO COMP5SATE = ! SMALL SIZE ( !SE HOLD+S1 GRAZ+ IS DONE ON COMMON L&4 ,A L>GE PUEBLO ( ?REE ?\S& 9HABITANTS OR MORE1 = 9/ANCE1 MAY [N ?\S&S ( ACRES ( =E/ & PA/URE4 ,A SUB/ANTIAL M9ORITY1 ( PEASANTS HAVE L>G] HOLD+S 79 EXCESS ( FIVE ACRES74 ,/ILL ANO!R M9ORITY >E ESS5TIALLY L&LESS LABOR]S :O MU/ CONTRACT = WORK 9 ! PUEBLO OR ON L>GE E/ATES 9 ! VALLEY4 ,! PUEBLO'S MONEY IS ACQUIR$ MA9LY BY SELL+ FATT5$ PIGS = SLAU<T]1 BUT EGGS1 P\LTRY1 & A L>GE P>T ( ! CROP ALSO F9D !IR WAY TO ! M>KET4 

,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ! M\NTA9 PUEBLO IS REM>KABLY SELF-SUFFICI5T ECONOMICALLY & ALMO/ WONDR\SLY SELF-CONTA9$ CULTURALLY4 ,! ESS5TIAL MEANS ( LIFE--FOOD1 %ELT]1 FUEL1 & 9 TIMES PA/1 CLO?+--COME FROM )9 ! PUEBLO ITSELF2 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! M\NTA9 PEASANTS >E LESS VULN]ABLE TO ECONOMIC VICISSITUDES ?AN ! BRAC]OS & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,! BIGGE/ PROBLEM !Y FACE IS DR\<T4 ,9 ! >ID L&S ( ! S\?1 RA9FALL & ACCESS TO WAT] >E AS CLOSE AS ONE CAN COME TO AN AGRICULTURAL 0MY/IQUE40 ,9 O!R RESPECTS1 M\NTA9 PEASANTS HAVE NO LOVE ( NATURE1 NO MY/ICAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! SOIL1 NO FEEL+ = AGRICULTURE4 

,!IR DEEPE/ PASSION IS SOCIAL LIFE3 ! JOYS ( TALK1 >GUM5T1 & COMPANION%IP4 ,H5CE1 H\SES CLU/] TOGE!R1 EV5 IF ?IS MEANS ?AT PEASANTS MAY HAVE TO WALK LONG DI/ANCES TO !IR HOLD+S4 ,! VIRTUES ?AT >E PRIZ$ MO/ HI<LY >E MUTUAL AID1 HOSPITALITY1 LOYALTY1 & HONE/Y 9 DEAL+S4 ,SO /RONG IS ?IS SOCIAL COHESIV5ESS ?AT ! PUEBLO ANSW]S = EA* ( ITS MEMB]S AS A S+LE COMMUNITY1 & EA* 9 TURN T5DS TO VALUE ! GOOD NAME ( ! PUEBLO OV] HIS OR H] [N PETTY 9T]E/S & CONC]NS4 ,LOPE DE ,VEGA'S PLAY ,FU5TEOVEJUNA IS BAS$ ON ! REAL /ORY ( A PUEBLO ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ?AT ROSE AGA9/ A TYRANNICAL KNI<T & KILL$ HIM4 ,:5 ! ROYAL JUDGES >RIV$ & TRI$ TO DET]M9E :O WAS RESPONSIBLE = HIS DEA?1 ! ONLY ANSW] !Y C\LD GET WAS 0,FU5TEOVEJUNA40 ,IT WAS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT RESPONSIBILITY = AN ACT BY ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 :I* HAD ! APPROVAL ( ! PUEBLO1 %\LD BE REG>D$ AS ANY?+ BUT AN ACT BY ! PUEBLO AS A :OLE4 

,?IS SOLID>ITY1 RE9=C$ BY A H>% 5VIRONM5T ( SP>SE MEANS & A COMMON DE/9Y ( H>D WORK1 PRODUCES A FI]CE EGALIT>IANISM4 ,! PREF]R$ =M ( TRANSACTION BETWE5 PEASANTS & LABOR]S IS AP]C]IA1 OR P>TN]%IP1 RA!R ?AN WAGES4 ,AL?\< !Y [N ! L& & WORK AS H>D AS ! LABOR]S1 ! PEASANTS MAY GIVE AS MU* AS HALF ! CROP TO !IR TEMPOR>Y 0P>TN]S40 ,?IS TYPE ( RELATION%IP IS PREF]R$ NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS WIS] TO %>E :AT ONE HAS 9 H& RA!R ?AN TO SPECULATE ON MONET>Y RETURNS1 BUT ALSO [+ TO A RI* S5SE ( FRAT]NITY & A DISDA9 = POSSESSIVE VALUES4 ,9 ! LIFE ( ! PUEBLO1 POV]TY CONF]S ABSOLUTELY NO 9F]IORITY2 WEAL?1 UNLESS IT IS SP5T 9 BEHALF ( ! COMMUNITY1 CONF]S ABSOLUTELY NO PRE/IGE4 ,! RI* :O [N PROP]TY 9 OR NE> ! PUEBLO >E G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS A WICK$ BRE$ :OSE P[] & AMBITIONS CORRUPT SOCIETY4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! PUEBLO IMMUNE TO !IR 9FLU5CE1 BUT 9 REACTION1 T5DS TO ORGANIZE ITS VALUES >\ND ! DIGNITY ( WORK & ! IMPORTANCE ( MORAL & SPIRITUAL GOALS4 

,BE=E ! #a#h#gS ! MORE 5]GETIC ( !SE PEASANTS MI<T HAVE TURN$ TO BRIG&AGE 9 !IR Y\?4 ,! M\NTA9S W]E 9FE/$ ) B&ITS :OSE EXPLOITS AS *AMPIONS ( ! POOR ACQUIR$1 9 SOME CASES1 L>G]-?AN-LIFE PROPORTIONS4 ,BUT AFT] ! #a#h#gS1 ! MORE CAPABLE ( ! M\NTA9 VILLAG]S BECAME 0LOS QUE T]TIAN IDEAS0 70?OSE :O HAD IDEAS074 ,!Y EMBRAC$ ,AN>*ISM ) A DEVOTION ?AT WAS TO SURVIVE EV]Y P]SECUTION BUT ! METICUL\S EXECUTION SQUADS ( ! FASCI/ ,FALANGE4 

,TO BE AN ,AN>*I/ 9 ! M\NTA9 PUEBLOS 9VOLV$ ADOPT+ ALL ! P]SONAL /&>DS ( ! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! CITIES4 ,A MAN DID NOT SMOKE1 DR9K1 OR GO TO PRO/ITUTES1 BUT LIV$ A SOB]1 EXEMPL>Y LIFE 9 A /ABLE FREE UNION ) A COMPAN]A4 ,! *UR* & /ATE W]E ANA!MA1 TO BE %UNN$ COMPLETELY4 ,*ILDR5 W]E TO BE RAIS$ & $UCAT$ BY LIB]T>IAN /&>DS & DEALT ) RESPECTFULLY AS SOV]EIGN HUMAN BE+S4 

,BUT !RE W]E ALSO M>K$ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,AN>*ISM ( ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES & ! ,AN>*ISM ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,AS PROLET>IAN ,AN>*ISM DRIFT$ 9CREAS+LY T[>D SYNDICALISM1 IT GAVE A /RONG EMPHASIS TO ORGANIZATIONAL EXP$I5CY4 ,PEASANT ,AN>*ISM RETA9$ ITS 9T]TSELY MORAL ELEM5TS1 (T5 CONFLICT+ ) ! VALUES & DEM&S ( ! CITIES4 ,AS ,PITT-,RIV]S OBS]VES1 0! TELEGRAMS TO !-CONGRESS ( #ahhb :I* CAME FROM ,CATALONIA & ! NOR? R+ ) PHRASES LIKE 'AN>CO-S9DICALI/AS4' ,?OSE FROM ! SI]RA TALK ONLY ( JU/ICE & ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE40 ,SU* DIFF]5CES W]E TO REEM]GE 9 EV]Y MAJOR DISPUTE ?AT DIVID$ ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 ,CITY & C\NTRY W]E TO CONFLICT ON ! M]ITS ( NATIONAL OV] LOCAL ORGANIZATION1 ON ! VALUE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS AGA9/ ,BAKUN9'S COLLECTIVISM1 ON AGR>IAN COMMUNES V]SUS ! DIVISION ( ! L& 9TO 9DIVIDUAL HOLD+S 7! REP>TO74 ,BUT !SE DISPUTES BELONG TO LAT] YE>S1 :5 PEASANT ,AN>*ISM BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 

,LIV+ 9 A WORLD ?AT DEM&$ FEW] ( ! COMPROMISES FAC+ !IR URBAN COMRADES1 ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! SI]RA WALK$ LIKE UNBLEMI%$ PROPHETS AMONG !IR PEOPLE4 ,!IR ASC5DANCY WAS BAS$ ON NO AU?ORITY OR SOCIAL POSITION4 ,AS T>GETS ( ! CL]GY1 ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 & L>GE L&[N]S1 ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! SI]RA C\LD COMM& NO RES\RCES O!R ?AN A RESPECT E>N$ BY ! EXEMPL>Y NATURE ( !IR BEHAVIOR & ! RELEVANCY ( !IR IDEAS4 ,LACK+ ANY =MAL 9FLU5CE1 !Y W]E UTT]LY VULN]ABLE4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D (T5 MADE ITS [N LAW 9 ! RURAL H9T]L& ( ,SPA94 ,?AT ! VILLAGE ,AN>*I/S C\LD SURVIVE ! MOBILIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE & *UR* IS COMPELL+ EVID5CE ( ! POPUL> SUPPORT !Y ACQUIR$4 

,TRUE1 !Y W]E SEMI-$UCAT$ M51 & !IR IDEAS (T5 SEEM CRUDE TO ! MORE LIT]ATE & SOPHI/ICAT$ M9D4 ,BUT IT IS EASY TO =GET ?AT DUR+ ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ,SPA91 ! VILLAGE ,AN>*I/S W]E VIRTUALLY ! SOLE VOICES ( SCI5CE & MOD]NISM 9 ! SI]RA4 ,ONLY FROM ! ,AN>*I/S C\LD ! PEASANTS HOPE TO LE>N ( SU* M5 AS ,D>W91 ,HELMHOLTZ1 ,LAPLACE--OR1 = ?AT MATT]2 ,GALILEO & ,COP]NICUS4 ,ALWAYS READY TO EXP\ND UPON !IR VIEWS1 !Y =M$ ! C5T] ( ALL DISCUSSIONS ON RELIGION1 POLITICS1 SCI5CE1 MORALITY1 & $UCATION4 ,MANY *ILDR5 9 ! PUEBLOS ACQUIR$ ! RUDIM5TS ( READ+ & WRIT+ FROM !SE CONSCI5TI\S 0APO/LES ( ! ,IDEA40 ,& !Y W]E ! ONLY VOICES ( PROTE/ AGA9/ 9JU/ICES BY ! LOCAL NOTABLES1 BR++ ! COMPLA9TS ( ! VILLAG]S TO ! \TSIDE WORLD 9 ! =M ( LETT]S & >TICLES TO ! ,AN>*I/ PRESS4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! SI]RA1 9 TURN1 CONSULT$ !M 5DLESSLY ON ALL ! PETTY DETAILS ( VILLAGE LIFE4 ,!Y W]E ! >BIT]S ( P]SONAL DISPUTES & ( MALFEASANCES P]PETRAT$ BY ONE VILLAG] ON ANO!R-- ! S\RCE ( ADVICE ON 5DLESS PRACTICAL QUE/IONS4 

,! MAJORITY ( VILLAG]S1 TO BE SURE1 W]E NEV] ACTIVELY OCCUPI$ )4! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< >\S$ TO ACTION 9 P]IODS ( DI/RESS OR HOPE1 9 ORD9>Y TIMES !Y W5T AB\T !IR DAILY BUS9ESS ) V]Y LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 AN>*I/IC T5ETS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CONV9C$ ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS =M$ A TI<T NUCLEUS )9 ! L>G] >5A ( ! PUEBLO4 ,!Y BECAME1 9 EFFECT1 A CLAN1 EV5 09T]M>RY+0 & E/ABLI%+ BLOOD TIES4 ,E4,J4 ,HOBSBAWM1 :O MADE A CLOSE /UDY ( ! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS UPRIS+1 F\ND ?AT ,M>IA 70,LA ,LIB]T]IA071 ! DAU<T] ( ,CURRO ,CRUZ1 ! OLD ,AN>*I/ MILITANT :O SP>K$ ! UPRIS+1 WAS 05GAG$0 TO ,JOSE ,CABANAS ,SILVA1 ! MO/ \T/&+ ( ! Y\NG] MILITANTS4 ,ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,SILVA FAMILY WAS ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,LABOR]S'S UNION4 ,! ,CRUZ & ,SILVA FAMILIES W]E UNIT$ NOT ONLY BY ! RELATION%IP ( ,M>IA & ,JOSE1 BUT BY ! TRAG$Y ( ! UPRIS+ ITSELF4 

,9 ! VALLEYS1 & AT L[] ELEVATIONS 9 ! BAS9 ( ! ,GUADALQUIVIR1 ! SMALL] F>MS ( ! M\NTA9 PEASANTS GIVE WAY TO L>GE E/ATES & F9ALLY TO ! LATIFUNDIA1 ! GREAT PLANTATIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZE ! ,&ALUSIAN C\NTRYSIDE4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT ONE 5C\NT]S ! MO/ GL>+ EXTREMES ( RURAL WEAL? & POV]TY1 ( EXTRAVAGANT OPUL5CE & *RONIC HUNG]4 ,& IT IS H]E TOO1 AMONG ! L&LESS1 RURAL PROLET>IANS--! BRAC]OS--?AT ,AN>*ISM F\ND ANO!R K9D ( MASS SUPPORT1 AS %IFT+ & *ANGEABLE AS ! VOLATILE MOODS ( ! ,&ALUSIAN POOR4 

,IF ! T5ACITY ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! SI]RA CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SOLIDITY ( ! PUEBLO1 ! 9/ABILITY ( ?IS MOVEM5T ON ! LATIFUNDIA CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! POV]TY ( SOCIAL =MS AMONG ! BRAC]OS4 ,BR\<T TOGE!R & !N SCATT]$ BY ! SEASONAL DEM&S ( PLANTATION AGRICULTURE1 !SE GREAT MASSES ( RURAL LABOR]S LACK$ ANY DEF9ABLE SOCIAL \TL9ES OR 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y DID NOT LIVE ON ! L&LORD'S E/ATE LIKE S]FS1 OR 9 VILLAGES LIKE PEASANTS1 OR EV5 9 L>GE CITIES AS DID ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 BUT RA!R 9 ! SLUMS ( DISMAL ,&ALUSIAN T[NS ( #a#e1 9HABITANTS OR MORE4 ,!SE T[NS W]E TOO L>GE & =MLESS TO PROVIDE ! SOLID>ITY ( A SI]RA PUEBLO & TOO SMALL TO AF=D ! /IMULATION ( A ,B>CELONA4 

,DRAB & PURPOSELESS1 ! LIVES ( ! BRAC]OS W]E COMPLETELY UN/ABLE4 ,HIR$ BY ! SEASON1 ! WEEK1 OR ! DAY 7!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 COMMONLY CALL$ JOMAL]OS1 OR DAY LABOR]S71 !Y WORK$1 ) OCCASIONAL SMOK+ BREAKS1 = TWELVE OR MORE H\RS DAILY AT CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES FROM HOME4 ,DUR+ ! PL[+ & H>VE/+ SEASONS1 :5 SEV]AL MON?S ( CONT9U\S WORK C\LD BE GU>ANTE$1 ! BRAC]O W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO LEAVE HIS FAMILY & LIVE 9 ! L&LORD'S GANANIA1 A %ABBY1 B>N-LIKE B>RACKS1 :]E HIS B$ WAS SOME /RAW ON ! FLOOR & HIS COMPANIONS W]E LONELY1 MIS]ABLE WRET*ES LIKE HIMSELF1 TORN FROM !IR HOME & FAMILIES BY ! NE$ TO WORK4 

,!IR MIS]Y BEGG>S DESCRIPTION4 ,! L&LORD F$ !M GAZPA*O1 A S\P ( WAT]1 OIL1 V9EG>1 BREAD1 & SOME BEANS OR *ICK PEAS4 ,BREAD1 EAT5 AS A SUB/ITUTE = VIRTUALLY ALL ! ALIM5T>Y /APLES1 =M$ ! BASIC DIET ( ! ,&ALUSIAN POOR4 ,A L&LORD :O ADD$ O!R +R$I5TS TO ?IS IMPOV]I%+ & /UNT+ DIET C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO D$UCT HIS ADDITIONAL CO/S FROM ! BRAC]O'S WAGES4 ,! 9HUMAN NEGLECT !SE PEOPLE SUFF]$ AS LATE AS ! #a#i#cS IS CONVEY$ 9 AN ACC\NT BY ,E4,H4,G4 ,DOBBY1 AN ,5GLI% GEOGRAPH] :O SP5T TWO YE>S 5GAG$ 9 FIELDWORK 9 ,SPA93 

,I RECALL AN 9CID5T DUR+ A VISIT TO AN EXP]IM5TAL PIG F>M 9 AN \T-(-!-WAY P>T ( ,&ALUSIA4 ,FROM ! D>KNESS AT ONE 5D ( ! BUILD+ CAME A R$ GL[4 ,I W5T ALONG & F\ND A LABOR]'S FAMILY CR\*$ ON ! FLOOR >\ND A TWIG FIRE ) SMOKE SO ?ICK ?AT BREA?+ WAS DIFFICULT4 ,! MALODOR\S SQUALOR CONTRA/$ ) ! C>EFULLY WA%$ /IES ?AT ,I HAD BE5 SEE+4 ,TO MY QU]Y AN OLD WOMAN MUMBL$3 0,YES1 WE LIVE H]E4 ,WORSE ?AN ! PIGS40 ,AT :I* ! [N] BESIDE ME EXCLAIM$ 9DIGNANTLY3 0,Y\ HAVE A RO( OV] Y\R HEAD4 ,:AT MORE DO Y\ WANT80 

,! RESPONSE ( ! OYM] SUMS UP1 ) PRICELESS CL>ITY1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,&ALUSIAN L&$ CLASSES T[>D ! BRAC]OS3 !Y W]E REG>D$ AS LESS ?AN ANIMALS4 ,& TO =M A COMPLETE PICTURE ( LIFE 9 ! GANANIAS DUR+ S[+ OR H>VE/+ TIME1 ONE MU/ ADD TO ?IS DESCRIPTION TW5TY OR MORE PEOPLE ( ALL AGES4 ,IF A FAMILY WAS PRES5T1 EV]Y MEMB] WORK$1 9CLUD+ ! *ILDR51 (T5 TO ! PO9T ( %E] EXHAU/ION4 

,ECONOMICALLY1 ! IMPOV]I%$ BRAC]OS W]E AT ! M]CY ( ! L&LORD1 :O C\LD L[] !IR WAGES & BREAK !IR /RIKES BY HIR+ SCAB LABOR FROM ! M\NTA9 VILLAGES OR BY SIMPLY CULTIVAT+ ! BE/ L& & LETT+ ! RE/ LIE FALL[4 ,9DE$1 L>GE TRACTS ( L& W]E NOT PLAC$ UND] CULTIVATION3 SOME W]E RETURN$ TO GAME = HUNT+1 O!RS TO PA/URE = BRE$+ FI<T+ BULLS4 ,[+ TO !IR EXTREME POV]TY1 ! BRAC]OS C\LD R>ELY CONDUCT LONG ATTRITIVE /RIKES2 H5CE ! VIOL5T1 NE>-9SURRECTION>Y DIM5SIONS ( LABOR CONFLICTS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,9DE$1 ! /RIKES HAD VIRTUALLY NO /AY+ P[] )\T SUPPORT FROM PEASANTS :O [N$ OR LEAS$ L& 9 ! LATIFUNDIA REGIONS4 ,IF ! L&[N]S W]E NOT PANICK$ 9TO CONCESSIONS BY ! FE> ( A WIDESPREAD JACQU]IE OR PEASANT W>1 ! /RIK]S USUALLY LO/ \T4 ,OCCASIONALLY1 PUBLIC OP9ION %IFT$ TO !IR SIDE & ! LESS 9HUMANE L&[N]S MADE CONCESSIONS ON !IR [N4 

,TO />V+1 L&LESS PROLET>IANS :O WORK$ A HALF YE> OR LESS = A PITTANCE1 ! SI<T ( L>GE >EAS ( UNTILL$ L& C\LD G5]ATE ONLY ONE K9D ( FEEL+3 A SE>+ HATR$ = ! L&LORD ANCL ! /EW>DS :O EXECUT$ HIS ORD]S4 ,!IR ANTAGONISM MI<T HAVE BE5 CONTA9$ 9 #a#h#c#e1 :5 ,M5DIZABAL & HIS ,LIB]AL M9I/RY 9ITIAT$ ! CONFISCATION ( ! *UR* L&S4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 IMM5SE TRACTS ( ECCLESIA/ICAL & COMMON L& W]E PUT UP = SALE 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ?IS 5ORM\S LEGACY WAS SNAT*$ UP BY ! B\RGEOISIE & TURN$1 = ! MO/ P>T1 9TO LATIFUNDIA4 ,! BRAC]OS ACQUIR$ NO?+4 ,AGR>IAN UNRE/ WAS ANSW]$ NOT BY L& RE=M BUT BY ! USE ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D--! DETE/$ ,GU>DIA--AGA9/ ! PEASANTRY & L&LESS LABOR]S4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ! ROLE ( ?IS SPECIAL POLICE =CE 9 PROMOT+ REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE HAS BE5 SO IMPORTANT ?AT IT MU/ BE DISCUSS$ AS A DI/9CT FACTOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PEASANT ,AN>*ISM4 ,AN ELITE CON/ABUL>Y1 C>EFULLY SELECT$ & WELL-DISCIPL9$1 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahdd TO DEAL ) ! GR[+ B&ITRY 9 ! S\?4 ,BY ?IS TIME1 ! GREAT BULK ( ,&ALUSIAN B&ITS NO LONG] EV5 REMOTELY APPROXIMAT$ ! H]OIC IMAGE !Y HAD ACQUIR$ 9 POPUL> LEG5D4 ,!Y HAD BECOME ! TOOLS ( ! CACIQUES4 ,!Y W]E US$ TO DEF5D PROP]TY AGA9/ ! UPSURGE ( PEASANT UNRE/ & 9TIMIDATE ! OPPON5TS ( !IR CORRUPT POLITICAL BOSSES 9 LOCAL ELECTIONS4 ,! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! CACIQUES & B&ITS S]V$ NOT TO ABATE BRIG&AGE1 BUT TO EXP& IT4 ,%IELD$ FROM IMPRISONM5T BY ! PATRONAGE ( !IR NEW EMPLOY]S1 ! B&ITS BEGAN TO RAID ) IMPUNITY4 ,A PO9T WAS F9ALLY REA*$ :]E TRAVEL BETWE5 ,&ALUSIAN T[NS WAS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE )\T AN >M$ ESCORT4 

,TO RE/ORE ! SECURITY ( ! ROADS BY US+ ! LOCAL MILITIA & POLICE W\LD HAVE BE5 USELESS4 ,LIKE ! B&ITS1 !Y TOO HAD BE5 L>GELY TAK5 OV] BY ! CACIQUES4 ,?US1 :5 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D WAS =M$1 /RICT MEASURES HAD TO BE TAK5 TO 9SULATE ! NEW =CE FROM LOCAL 9FLU5CE4 ,ITS M5 W]E NEV] RECRUIT$ FROM ! DI/RICTS 9 :I* !Y S]V$1 & !Y W]E EXPRESSLY =BIDD5 TO 9T]M>RY OR E/ABLI% FAMILI> RELATIONS ) ! LOCAL POPULATION4 ,CIVIL ,GU>DS OCCUPI$ SPECIAL =TIFI$ B>RRACKS )9 ! VILLAGE4 ,!Y 9V>IABLY WALK$ 9 PAIRS1 FULLY >M$1 & EXUD$ A MI/RU/ T[>D ! COMMUNITY ?AT SOON 5VELOP$ !M 9 HO/ILITY4 ,A =CE AP>T1 9CREAS+LY DETE/$1 ! ,GU>DIA BECAME EASILY UNN]V$ & TRIGG]-HAPPY1 ESCALAT+ M9OR PROTE/S 9TO RIOTS & RIOTS 9TO 9SURRECTIONS4 ,:ATEV] SUPPORT ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS C\LD NOT MOBILIZE ) !IR LIT]ATURE & ORATORY1 ! ,GU>DIA EV5TUALLY GA9$ = !M ) ITS C>B9ES4 ,N>VAEZ1 :O ORGANIZ$ ?IS =CE & S5T IT ON ITS WAY 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 DES]VES TO BE 5%R9$ AS ONE ( ! ABLE/ PROPAG&I/S ( ! ,AN>*I/ & ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,SPA94 

,FRU/RAT$ BY ! DISPOSITION ( ! *UR* L&S1 PRODD$ BY ! C>B9ES ( ! ,GU>DIA1 & ?REAT5$ BY ! VALUES ( A CRASSLY EGOI/IC BUS9ESS CIVILIZATION1 ! PEASANTRY & BRAC]OS ( ! S\? W]E TO CREATE !IR [N UNIQUE =M ( SOCIAL REVOLT4 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#fS1 A NEW K9D ( RE/LESSNESS BEGAN TO /IR ! PUEBLOS1 GANANIAS1 & DRAB T[NS ( ! S\?3 A S5SE ( M\NT+ EXALTATION ?AT WAS TO SURGE UP AT V>I\S PO9TS1 SUDD5LY 5VELOP+ ! RURAL MASSES 9 HOPE & SWEEP+ !M 9TO LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS4 ,(T5 !Y OCCURR$ NOT M]ELY = N>R[ ECONOMIC GA9S1 BUT TO A*IEVE COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO3 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM DESCRIB$ 9 ,AN>*I/ PAMPHLETS4 ,WRIT]S ON ! ,&ALUSIAN UPRIS+S--9CLUD+ ! ,AN>*I/S !MSELVES--T5D TO EMPHASIZE ! MILL5>IAN QUALITY ( !SE \TBUR/S2 & IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! NAIVE & SIMPLE DIRECTNESS ( !IR VISIONS1 ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS & BRAC]OS ( ,&ALUSIA SEEM$ TO P>ALLEL ! RURAL FOLK ( ! LATE MIDDLE AGES ) !IR 5RAPTUR$ DREAMS ( A 0SECOND COM+40 ,EVIL & WICK$NESS W\LD BE BANI%$ FROM ! E>?4 ,RI* & POOR1 5LI<T5$ BY ! BRI<T REALITY ( A NEW WORLD1 W\LD EMBRACE 9 A SPIRIT ( RECONCILIATION & MUTUAL AID4 ,IT W\LD BE AN ASCETIC WORLD--0A JU/ %>+ ( AU/]ITY RA!R ?AN A DREAM ( RI*ES10 AS ,HOBSBAWM NOTES--BUT PEACE1 FRE$OM1 & EQUALITY W\LD REIGN4 ,NOT ONLY W\LD MONEY1 WEAL?1 & DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIAL RANK DISAPPE>1 BUT TO ! MORE AU/]E ADH]5TS1 PEOPLE W\LD CEASE TO P>TAKE ( TOBACCO1 ALCOHOL1 C(FEE1 & O!R 0VICE-PROMOT+0 LUXURIES4 

,?IS VISION W\LD P]COLATE 9 ! GANANIAS ( ! LATIFUNDIA & ! M\NTA9 PUEBLOS1 4GRADUALLY BUILD+ UP UNTIL IT SEEM$ ?AT NO?+ WAS WOR? DISCUSS+ BUT ITS M]ITS & POSSIBILITIES4 ,!N IT W\LD BOIL UP1 PRECIPITAT$ BY A /RIKE OR A /UPID ACT BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,!RE W\LD BE A BRIEF P]IOD ( FI<T+1 FOLL[$ BY A P]IOD ( REPRESSION 9 :I* ! DREAM W\LD SEEM TO EVAPORATE4 ,ELATION & HOPE W\LD BE SUCCE$$ BY SULL5 DESPAIR & FATALISM4 ,RIC>DO ,MELLA1 ! S5SITIVE ,AN>*I/ ESSAYI/ :O LIV$ 9 ,&ALUSIA = MANY YE>S1 RECALLS ! VOLATILE TEMP]AM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 SO QUICK TO RISE 9 B\NDLESS 5?USIASM & !N S9K 9TO DEJECTION1 LACK+ DOGG$NESS & /AY+ P[]4 ,LAT]1 H[EV]1 PASSIONS W\LD BEG9 TO SURGE UP AGA91 & ! DREAM W\LD REAPPE>4 ,! CYCLE W\LD BE REPEAT$ ) ! SAME F]VOR1 AS ?\< A REG5]ATION HAD OCCURR$ )\T A BACKGR\ND ( PA/ DEFEATS4 

,BUT GRANT+ ! CYCLES ( P]IODIC UPRIS+ & DECL9E1 ! AGR>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ! S\? HAD A SOLID ECONOMIC CORE ?AT ACC\NTS = ITS CONT9UAL REVIVAL 9 ! FACE ( UNFAVORABLE ODDS4 ,= MANY PEASANTS & BRAC]OS1 COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO WAS EQUAT$ ) ! REP>TO--! R$IVISION ( ! L&4 ,9 ,&ALUSIA1 :]E A VA/ ACREAGE WAS NE$LESSLY LEFT UNCULTIVAT$ OR US$ ) GROSS 9EFFICI5CY1 A RATIONAL R$IVISION ( ! L& W\LD HAVE RAIS$ ! /&>D ( LIV+ 5ORM\SLY & PROVID$ A P[]FUL SPUR TO ,SPA9'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! #a#h#gS & E>LY #a#h#hS1 ! REP>TO MEANT ! DIVISION ( ! L& 9TO 9DIVIDUAL HOLD+S1 NOT COLLECTIVE F>MS4 ,EV5 ! PEASANT ,AN>*I/S ADH]$ TO ?IS VIEW4 ,LAT]1 ) ! GR[? ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 ! BRAC]OS &1 TO A LESS] DEGREE1 ! PEASANTS W]E WON OV] TO A COMMUNAL SY/EM ( L& T5URE4 

,:AT DOOM$ ! AGR>IAN MOVEM5T ( ! P]IOD WAS NOT ! IMPRACTICABILITY ( ITS VISIONS BUT ITS ISOLATION4 ,! UPSURGES W]E USUALLY LIMIT$ TO A FEW LOCALITIES1 EA* FOLL[+ ! O!R LIKE FIRECRACK]S ON A /R+4 ,R>ELY WAS !RE AN EXPLOSION ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,! PUEBLOS HAD YET TO BE L9K$ ) ! GANANIAS4 ,P]IODICALS W]E NE$$ TO BR+ TID+S ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ONE DI/RICT TO ! ATT5TION ( O!RS4 ,ORGANIZATION WAS NECESS>Y TO COORD9ATE ! 9SURRECTIONS 9TO A COMMON MOVEM5T4 ,F9ALLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY ( ALL1 ! B>RI]S SEP>AT+ ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE HAD TO BE DEMOLI%$ & ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T JO9$ ) ?AT ( ! PEASANTS4 

,AGR>IAN ,UNIONS & ,UPRIS+S 

,&ALUSIANS SU* AS ,TR9IDAD ,SORIANO1 ,JOSE ,G>CIA ,V9AS1 & ,ANTONIO ,GONZALEZ ,M5ESES W]E ACTIVE 9 E/ABLI%+ ! ,B>CELONA NUCLEUS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION 9 ,JUNE #a#h#g4 ,!Y W]E /UD5TS ( TE*NOLOGY1 M$IC9E1 & 5G9E]+1 RESID5TS ( ! ,CATALAN SEAPORT :O HAD GA!R$ >\ND ,F>GA ,PELLIC] 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ACTIVITY & W]E LAT] TO RETURN TO !IR HOMES 9 ! S\? :]E MO/ ( !M FUNCTION$ AS ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,LA ,F$]ACION HAD BEGUN TO REA* A NUMB] ( ,&ALUSIAN CITIES1 :]E IT HAD A LIMIT$ CIRCULATION AMONG EXTREME LEFT-W+ ,F$]ALI/S1 ! MORE 0SOCIALI/IC0 FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON & ,PI Y ,M>GALL4 ,?R\<\T #a#h#g1 H[EV]1 ! REAL /R5G? ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION LAY 9 ! NOR?1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,B>CELONA & NE>BY TEXTILE T[NS4 ,ALL S$UCTIVE PRECONCEPTIONS ASIDE1 ! FACT IS ?AT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM FIR/ DEVELOP$ AMONG URBAN 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & CRAFTSM51 NOT MILL5>IAN PEASANTS4 ,DREAM+ MILL5>IANS & SA9TLY APO/LES CAN1 ( C\RSE1 BE F\ND BUT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM'S E>LIE/ 9TELLECTUAL ADH]5TS CONTA9$ A FAIR PROPORTION ( TE*NICIANS & SCI5TI/S4 

,9 #a#h#g#a1 ! ,SPANI% ,E$]ATION BEGAN TO-MAKE S]I\S HEADWAY 9 ! CITIES ( ! S\?1 & !REAFT] IT GREW RAPIDLY4 ,A YE> LAT]1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 T\R+ ,&ALUSIA1 C\LD REPORT ) GREAT SATISFACTION ?AT VIABLE GR\PS EXI/$ 9 ,SEVILLE1 ,C>MONA1 ,J]EZ1 ,MALAGA1 & ,CADIZ4 ,! ,F$]ATION C\LD ALSO CLAIM SMALL GR\PS 9 ,CORDOBA1 ,AGUIL> DE LA ,FRONT]A1 & O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,9 ! YE>S TO COME1 !SE T[NS W]E TO PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ! SPREAD ( ,AN>*I/ IDEAS AMONG ! BRAC]OS & PEASANTS ( ! S\?4 ,BY ! 5D ( #a#h#g#b1 ! ,F$]ATION C\LD CLAIM CLOSE TO #b#h1 MEMB]S 9 ,&ALUSIA1 MORE ?AN HALF ITS NATIONAL FOLL[+4 

,&ALUSIA W\LD HAVE PROVID$ A F]TILE GR\ND = ! GR[? ( ,AFI>*I/ IDEAS EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY ,SOCIALI/ OR ,F$]ALI/ PRECURSORS4 ,BY ! #a#h#fS1 ! S\? ( ,SPA9 WAS SLIPP+ 9TO A CONDITION ( *RONIC SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,! SALE ( ! *UR* PROP]TIES & P>TICUL>LY ( ! 5TAIL$ L&S 7! LATT]1 MO/LY HELD COMMUNALLY BY ! VILLAGES & MUNICIPALITIES7 HAD UPSET ! TRADITIONAL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! RUL+ CLASSES & ! OPPRESS$ ( ! REGION4 ,= G5]ATIONS ! WALL$1 :ITE-WA%$ CORTIJO ( ! L&LORD & HIS OV]SE]S HAD DOM9AT$ ! LATIFUNDIUM LIKE A SELF-CONTA9$ =TRESS ( PRIVILEGE & EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 A RELATION%IP /ILL OBTA9$ 9 :I* ! >ROGANCE ( ! WEAL?Y WAS PITT$ AGA9/ ! FATALISM ( ! HUNGRY & IMPOV]I%$4 

,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BAD 5\< IF ! EXPROPRIATIONS ( ! *UR* PROP]TIES1 AFT] OP5+ ! PROSPECT ( A REP>TO1 HAD *EAT$ ! PEASANTS & BRAC]OS ( !IR LA/ HOPE TO ACQUIRE L& BY LEGAL MEANS4 ,! SALE ( ! CONFISCAT$ L&S1 H[EV]1 NOT ONLY SEV]$ ! LA/ TIES BETWE5 ! L&LESS & ! /ATE2 IT /R5G!N$ ! P[] ( A GRASP+ B\RGEOISIE :I* LACK$ EV5 ! TEMP]+ >I/OCRATIC PRET5SIONS & PAT]NALISM ( ! TRADITIONAL NOBILITY4 ,9 ! L>GE CITIES1 WEAL?Y MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES BECAME ABS5TEE L&LORDS1 [N]S ( IMM5SE LATIFUNDIA4 ,9 ! RURAL COMMUNITIES1 MANY LOCAL B\RGEOIS 7A CLASS ( USUR]S1 PRODUCE DEAL]S1 BAILIFFS1 & LAWY]S7 ACQUIR$ SMALL] BUT SUB/ANTIAL PROP]TIES ( !IR [N4 ,FROM ?IS LATT] /RATUM CAME ! CACIQUES ( ,&ALUSIA--! M5 :O MADE A MOCK]Y ( EV]Y ELECTION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 !IR ABRASIVE EXPLOITATION & REL5TLESS PURSUIT ( PR(IT1 ?IS RURAL B\RGEOISIE HELP$ /OKE A REBELLION ?AT C\LD F9D RELIEF ONLY 9 ! UPROOT+ ( ! 5TIRE /RUCTURE ( ,&ALUSIAN SOCIETY4 

,! DECAY ( TRADITIONAL RELATIONS 9 ,&ALUSIA AFFECT$ NOT ONLY ! PEASANTRY & BRAC]OS1 BUT ALSO ! L[] PETTY B\RGEOISIE ( ! PROV9CIAL T[NS & CITIES4 ,?IS L>GE CLASS ( S*OOL TEA*]S1 CIVIL S]VANTS1 J\RNALI/S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & %OPKEEP]S LIV$ 9 A G5TEEL POV]TY ?AT M+L$ 9SECURITY ) HUMILIATION4 ,BY ! MIDN9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ADVANCE ( CAPITALISM 9TO ! S\? HAD /RIPP$ !IR VOCATIONS ( ALL SOCIAL PRE/IGE4 ,!Y TOO1 R$UC$ 9CREAS+LY TO A RES]VOIR ( EXPLOITABLE LABOR1 BEGAN TO SUFF] FROM ! G5]AL EXPLOITATION ( ! >EA4 ,! SUP]FICIAL UNITY ?AT ,LIB]ALISM HAD CREAT$ AMONG ALL ! MIDDLE CLASSES DUR+ ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO A POL>IZATION ( PROSP]\S & IMPOV]I%$ CLASSES1 DRIV+ ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE--P>TICUL>LY ITS 9TELLECTUAL /RATUM--9TO EXTREME ,F$]ALI/ & EV5 VAGUELY ,SOCIALI/ GR\P+S4 

,&ALUSIA1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 IS NOT LACK+ 9 A ,SOCIALI/ TRADITION ( ITS [N4 ,EV5 BE=E ,F]N&O ,G>RIDO 9 ,MADRID HAD F\ND$ ,LA ,ATRACCION 7G5]ALLY DESCRIB$ AS ! FIR/ ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/--ACTUALLY ,F\RI]I/--P]IODICAL71 ,JUAN ,ABREU HAD BE5 PROPAGAT+ SIMIL> IDEAS 9 ,CADIZ4 ,LAT]1 HE E/ABLI%$ A ,F\RI]I/ COLONY NE> ,J]EZ DE LA ,FRONT]A1 BUT IT WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,! EXPANSION ( A MILITANT ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T 9TO ! S\? HAD CREAT$ A GREAT 9T]E/ 9 ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 :I* WAS F$ BY PAMPHLETS ON ,PR\DHON'S MUTUALI/ NOTIONS & BY TRANSLATIONS ( HIS WRIT+S4 ,A /RONG TRADITION ( EXALTADO ,REPUBLICANISM FROM ! #a#h#bS PROVID$ A C]TA9 MUSCUL>ITY TO !SE IDEAS BY EMPHASIZ+ ! BITT]' ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! RI* & POOR1 ! [N]S ( PROP]TY & ! DISPOSSESS$4 

,?IS MUSCUL>ITY REPRES5TS ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5T 9 ! S\?4 ,IT W\LD BE NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT1 DUR+ ! #a#h#eS & #a#h#fS1 ! RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOISIE ( ,&ALUSIA HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO ONE ( ! MO/ 9SURRECTION>Y /RATA 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ONLY ! ,P>ISIANS C\LD HAVE MAT*$ ! RECKLESS PROP5SITY ( ! ,&ALUSIANS TO TAKE UP >MS1 BUILD B>RICADES1 & DO BATTLE1 (T5 AGA9/ HOPELESS ODDS4 ,MAJOR UPRIS+S BROKE \T 9 S\!RN CITIES 9 #a#h#e#g1 9 #a#h#f#a1 & AGA9 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE1 L$ BY ! VET]9>IAN ,P]EZ DEL ,ALAMO 9 ,LOJA1 HAS E>N$ A PLACE 9 ! ANNALS ( ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY AS AN 9SURRECCION SOCIALI/A4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#h#gS ! SOCIAL T]RA9 ( ! 5TIRE REGION HAD BE5 ?OR\<LY PREP>$ TO RECEIVE ! MO/ ADVANC$4IDEAS EMANAT+ FROM ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 ,IT C\LD BE SAID1 9 FACT1 ?AT ,AN>*ISM REPRES5T$ NOT ! SE$ ( A NEW SOCIAL !ORY1 :I* F\ND A CONG5IAL SOIL 9 ,&ALUSIA1 BUT ! FRUITION ( A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T 9 IDEAS & SOCIAL CONDITONS ?AT HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ DECADES E>LI]4 

,9 SOME RESPECTS1 ?IS CUMULATIVE DEVELOPM5T ACC\NTS = ! SL[ GR[? ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION 9 ! S\!RN CITIES DUR+ #ahg & #a#h#g#a4 ,! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T ALMO/ COMPLETELY OCCUPI$ ! 5]GIES ( ! ,&ALUSIAN REVOLUTION>IES1 LEAV+ LITTLE ROOM AS YET = ! EXPANSION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9QUIRIES AB\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 RECEIV$ FROM ,MONTILLA1 = EXAMPLE1 AS E>LY AS ,APRIL #a#h#g#a1 BUT AS ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL TELLS US1 MUNICIPAL POLITICAL CONFLICTS SO 5GROSS$ ! RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,&ALUSIAN CITY ?AT A VIABLE SECTION C\LD NOT BE =M$ UNTIL NE>LY TWO YE>S LAT]4 ,[+ TO ! WORK ( ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL1 H[EV]1 WE CAN =M A FAIRLY CLE> PICTURE ( H[ ! E>LIE/ ,&ALUSIAN SECTIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ & ! K9D ( PEOPLE !Y ATTRACT$4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ COMPLETE ACC\NTS ( !SE BEG9N+S CAN BE GIV5 = ! CITY ( ,CORDOBA4 ,! E>LIE/ EVID5CE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ACTIVITY APPE>$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ,RAFAEL ,SU>EZ & ! NEWSPAP]MAN ,JOSE ,NAV>RO ,PRIETO BEGAN TO CORRESPOND ) ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,MADRID4 ,LAT]1 !Y W]E JO9$ BY ?REE O!RS3 ! CRAFTSMAN ,FRANCISCO ,B>RADO ,G>CIA2 A PR(ESSOR ( CANONICAL LAW1 ,AUGU/9 ,C]VANTES1 & A MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEE1 ,EUG5IO ,GONZALEZ4 ,?IS CURI\S ASSORTM5T ( VOCATIONS WAS NOT UNUSUAL 9 RADICAL GR\PS 9 ! S\?4 ,ALL FIVE M5 W]E 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,ALLIANCE &1 BY #a#h#g#b1 HAD E/ABLI%$ A 0SECTION ( V>I\S TRADES0 & LAT] A LOCAL F$]ATION 9 ,CORDOBA4 ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL LEAVES US A COLORFUL DESCRIPTION ( ! TWO 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! GR\P1 ,NAV>RO & ,C]VANTES4 ,!IR CONTRA/+ P]SONALITIES PROVIDE A FASC9AT+ PICTURE ( ! V>I$ HUMAN TYPES :O W]E DRAWN TO ,AN>*ISM AT ?AT P]IOD4 

,JOSE ,NAV>RO ,PRIETO HAD B>ELY REA*$ N9ETE5 YE>S ( AGE :5 HE BEGAN HIS CORRESPOND5CE ) ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,AS WAS ! CASE ) SO MANY Y\NG ,&ALUSIAN RADICALS ( ! DAY1 9 HIS BACKGR\ND WE SEE AN OV]LAPP+ ( ! WORLDS ( CRAFTSMAN & MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLECTUAL4 ,!RE WAS ! FA!R1 A %OEMAK] :O DEM&$ A HI<] /ATION 9 LIFE = HIS ONLY SON2 ! UNIV]SITY $UCATION1 ACQUIR$ AT GREAT P>5TAL SACRIFICE2 ! PROSPECT ( /AGNAT+ AS A S*OOLTEA*] OR A LAWY]4 ,NAV>RO1 H[EV]1 WAS MU* TOO RE/LESS & H$ONI/IC TO SACRIFICE HIS Y\? TO AN ACADEMIC R\T9E4 ,! PROSPECT ( A NIGG>DLY PR(ESSIONAL LIFE MU/ HAVE APPALL$ HIM4 ,HE TURN$ TO J\RNALISM & BEGAN TO DEVELOP A LOCAL REPUTATION AS A BIT+ SATIRI/4 ,HIS WIT & M5TAL AGILITY SOON MADE HIM 9TO ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9 ! S\?1 & BY #ahgb HE 5JOY$ ! CONFID5CE ( ! ,ALIANCI/AS 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 

,BUT APP>5TLY HE ALSO 5JOY$ A REPUTATION = C[>DICE 9 ! FACE ( PHYSICAL DANG]4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T 9 #ahgc & ! PROSPECT ( REPRESSION UND] ,S]RANO BEGAN TO RAISE POLITICAL D\BTS 9 HIS M9D :I* C>RI$ HIM /EADILY T[>D ! P>TIES ( 0ORD]40 ,NAV>RO SOON BECAME A COMPLETE CONS]VATIVE4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 HE MORE ?AN FULFILL$ HIS FA!R'S ASPIRATIONS BY BECOM+ A LEAD+ NEWSPAP] PUBLI%] & $ITOR4 ,AFT] HIS DEA?1 HE WAS REMEMB]$ FONDLY BY HIS CONS]VATIVE FRI5DS AS AN +5I\S PRANK/]1 A JOVIAL & AGREEABLE *>ACT] :O1 9 ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL'S WORDS WAS 0MORE D$ICAT$ TO ,DIONYSUS ?AN TO ,APOLLO40 

,NAV>RO'S AMIABLE1 FUN-LOV+ P]SONALITY WAS V]Y COMMON 9 ! S\?1 CONTRADICT+ ! /]EOTYPE ( ! MY/ICAL ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*I/1 & MANY M5 ) HIS Y\?FUL ZE/ & TA/ES 5T]$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,&ALUSIA ALSO HAD ITS %>E ( SOB] FIGURES LIKE ,AUGU/9 ,C]VANTES1 MADE ( MORE SPIRITUAL /UFF ?AN ,NAV>RO & ABLE TO )/& P]SECUTION ) GREAT] =TITUDE4 ,! SON ( A ,MURCIAN LAWY]1 ,DON ,AUGU/9 ,C]VANTES DEL ,CA/ILLO ,VAL]O ATT5D$ ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MADRID & F9ALLY ACQUIR$ A DOCTORATE1 ) DEGREES 9 LAW1 PHILOSOPHY1 & LETT]S4 ,HE WAS A S]I\S /UD5T1 A TACITURN Y\NG MAN :O PRES5T$ A RES]V$ & )DRAWN MI54 ,?IS IMPOS+ DEMEANOR1 C\PL$ ) GREAT LE>N+ & A V>I$ CULTURAL BACKGR\ND1 C>RI$ ,C]VANTES 9TO ! UPP] /RATA ( ! ACADEMIC WORLD4 ,BY ! AGE ( ?IRTY HE WAS ALREADY A PR(ESSOR 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CORDOBA4 ,HIS M>RIAGE TWO YE>S LAT] TO ,DONA ,JULIA ,VALDIVIA Y ,RUIZ DE ,VAL5ZUELA BR\<T HIM 9TO ! HI<E/ SOCIETY ( ! CITY4 

,YET !RE WAS A PASSIONATE FEEL+ = HUMANITY 9 ,DON ,AUGU/9 ?AT MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 VISITS TO ! POOR] QU>T]S ( ! CITY1 :]E HE GAVE MONEY TO ! NE$Y4 ,! ,CORDOBESE NOTABLES KNEW NO?+ AB\T !SE VISITS4 ,A FEW MON?S AFT] HIS M>RIAGE1 ,C]VANTES OP5LY ESP\S$ ! CAUSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & HIS PE]S W]E /UNN$4 ,HE PUBLI%$ A PROPAG&I/IC WORK4 ,?REE ,SOCIALI/ ,DISC\RSES ON ,PROP]TY & ,9H]ITANCE1 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A DELEGATE ( ! LOCAL F$]ATION ( ,SOLANA4 ,A SOCIAL VACUUM BEGAN TO 5VELOP ,C]VANTES4 ,HIS B\RGEOIS FRI5DS--9CLUD+ ,REPUBLICANS--BEGAN TO )DRAW FROM HIM1 & HE SOON F\ND HIMSELF ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9 ! COMPANY ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 HE CRITICIZ$ ,CA?OLICISM FROM HIS ACADEMIC *AIR1 HE WAS SAVAGELY ATTACK$ BY (FICIAL SOCIETY4 ,F9D+ IT 9TOL]ABLE TO /AY AT ! UNIV]SITY1 ,C]VANTES LEFT ,CORDOBA TO TAKE UP AN EX*ANGE PR(ESSOR%IP 9 ,BADAJOZ1 :]E HE DI$ %ORTLY AFT]W>DS4 

,AL?\< !IR DE/9IES W]E TO DIFF]1 ,NAV>RO & ,C]VANTES W]E M5 ( ABILITY2 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 !Y W]E SURR\ND$ BY A COMPLEM5T ( HI<LY D$ICAT$ WORK+-CLASS ELEM5TS4 ,! ,CORDOBA NUCLEUS BEGAN TO PROSP]4 ,AFT] ,JUNE #a#h#g#b1 IT 9CREAS$ TO FIFTY-F\R MEMB]S & E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AMONG ! %OE & HAT WORK]S ( ! CITY4 ,AT ! ,CORDOBA CONGRESS 9 ,DECEMB]1 ! SECTION PLAY$ HO/ TO LEAD+ ,9T]NATIONALI/S FROM ALL OV] ,SPA9 & ITS MEMB]S BEGAN TO ACQUIRE A DEGREE ( NATIONAL PROM95CE4 ,! DECL>ATION ( A REPUBLIC TWO MON?S LAT] GAVE TREM5D\S IMPETUS TO ! GR\P4 ,IT L$ A SUCCESSFUL /RIKE ( WEAV]S1 E/ABLI%$ A PROGRESSIVE S*OOL1 & BY ,JUNE1 MANAG$ TO PUBLI% A NEWSPAP] ( ITS [N1 ,EL ,ORD54 ,RID+ ON ! ,F$]ALI/ GR\NDSWELL ( ! LATE SPR+1 ! ,CORDOBESE ,9T]NATIONALI/S ELECT$ !IR [N C&IDATE1 ! ,ALIANCI/A ,B>RADO1 TO ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL )\T ANY DEMON/RABLE QUALMS OV] AN ,AN>*I/ OCCUPY+ A SEAT 9 A B\RGEOIS LEGISLATIVE BODY4 

,! AGITATION DUR+ !SE MON?S WAS SPECTACUL>4 ,9T]NATIONALI/ & ,F$]ALI/ PROPAG&A ROLL$ FROM ! PRESSES4 ,! UPHEAVAL SPREAD FROM ! CITY TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BREAK+ \T 9 9C5DI>ISM4 ,!RE W]E RUMORS ( AN IMP5D+ ,F$]ALI/ & ,9T]NATIONALI/ REVOLT4 ,P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS W]E =M$ BY ,F$]ALI/S & ,MON>*I/S1 EA* ?REAT5+ TO TAKE OV] ! CITY1 :I* WAS A /RATEGIC S\!RN RAILROAD HUB4 ,ANTICIPAT+ A RIS+1 ! MILIT>Y GOV]NOR1 ,G5]AL ,RIPOLL1 >RE/$ SUSPECTS FROM BO? GR\PS4 ,LAT] ,G5]AL ,PAVIA & HIS TROOPS TOOK OV] ,CORDOBA4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN MILITIA WAS DIS>M$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! CITY NEV] ROSE 9 ! ,CANTONALI/ 9SURRECTIONS ( ,JULY #a#h#g#c4 ,!IR 5?USIASM WAN+1 ! ,F$]ALI/S SUSP5D$ ! PUBLICATION ( !IR NEWSPAP]S & BEGAN TO MAKE !MSELVES SC>CE4 ,IT WAS >\ND ?IS TIME ?AT ,NAV>RO BEGAN TO DEFECT FROM ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & DRIFT T[>D ! GOV]NM5TAL P>TY4 ,EV5 ! WOR?Y ,DON ,AUGU/9 PRUD5TLY )DREW FROM ,9T]NATIONALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,L$ BY ! CRAFTSMAN ,B>RADO1 ! ,CORDOBESE SECTION N[ CONSI/$ EXCLUSIVELY ( WORK]S4 ,YET1 DESPITE ! M\NT+ REPRESSION & ! DES]TION ( ! 9TELLECTUALS1 IT CONT9U$ TO GR[2 ,EL ,ORD51 = 9/ANCE1 REA*$ ITS MAXIMUM CIRCULATION DUR+ ! LATE SUMM] ( #a#h#g#c4 

,) ! ACCESSION ( ,CA/EL> TO ! PRESID5CY1 H[EV]1 A CRACKD[N BEGAN 9 E>NE/4 ,CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES W]E SUSP5D$1 /RIK]S W]E ?REAT5$ ) GUNFIRE IF !Y REFUS$ TO RETURN TO WORK1 ! C5TROS OBR]OS W]E CLOS$ D[N1 & ! MO/ MILITANT ,9T]NATIONALI/S F\ND !MSELVES 9 JAIL4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#h#g#c1 ,B>RADO WAS >RE/$ & LAT] DEPORT$ TO ,ALICANTE4 ,! ,CORDOBA SECTION N[ BEGAN TO DECL9E RAPIDLY4 ,UND] ,S]RANO'S H>% DICTATOR%IP1 :I* REPLAC$ ! ,CA/EL> REGIME 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#d1 ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS =C$ UND]GR\ND4 ,BY ,APRIL1 AFT] WEEKS ( H>% P]SECUTION1 ! ,CORDOBESE SECTION DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY AS AN ORGANIZ$ GR\P4 ,! HOPES IT HAD 5G5D]$ ?R\<\T ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #ahgc W]E TO BE NURS$ = YE>S BY A H&FUL ( ISOLAT$1 SCATT]$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,NOT UNTIL #a#h#h#a1 :5 A RESURG5CE ( RADICAL ACTIVITY SWEPT ,SPA91 WAS ! MOVEM5T TO REVIVE 9 AN ORGANIZ$ =M4 

,! ,CORDOBESE SECTION GIVES US A FAIRLY TYPICAL PICTURE ( ! DEVELOPM5T FOLL[$ BY ! E>LY ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,&ALUSIAN CITIES4 ,9TELLECTUALS PLAY ! 9ITIAT+ ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ A NUCLEUS1 BUT !Y >E SOON SURR\ND$ BY WORK]S1 USUALLY CRAFTSM51 :O =M ! LA/+ B$ROCK ( ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! MOVEM5T 9 ! CITIES IS NOT MILL5>IAN OR WILDLY APOCALYPTIC4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT TAKES ROOT 9 A SUPRIS+LY /OLID MANN] & GR[S RAPIDLY ONLY UND] ! IMPETUS ( EV5TS4 ,:5 ! SITUATION BECOMES TOO RISKY1 ! MAJORITY ( 9TELLECTUALS DROP AWAY OR UND]GO A 0MODIFICATION0 ( !IR FAI? ?AT LEAVES ! GR\P 9 ! H&S ( ITS WORK+-CLASS ADH]5TS4 ,FROM ?AT PO9T ON1 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BECOMES A PR$OM9ANTLY PROLET>IAN 7OR PEASANT7 ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS \T/&+ MILITANTS >E RECRUIT$ FROM ! %OPS & FACTORIES4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE H[ CLOSELY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,CORDOBESE SECTION WAS P>ALLEL$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SEVILLE1 ANO!R MAJOR C5T] ( ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*ISM4 ,H]E TOO1 A LEAD+ ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ AN ORGANIZ+ NUCLEUS WAS PLAY$ BY TWO 9TELLECTUALS4 ,TR9IDAD ,SORIANO HAD BY ?IS TIME RETURN$ TO HIS HOME 9 ,SEVILLE & WAS PLAY+ A KEY ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ A MOVEM5T 9 ! CITY4 ,!N !RE WAS ,NICOLAS ,ALONSO ,M>SELAU1 A LEFT-W+ ,REPUBLICAN :O HAD COME TO ,AN>*ISM AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#fS4 ,HE E/ABLI%$ ,LA ,RAZON1 ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONALI/ NEWSPAP] 9 ! CITY & ONE ( ! E>LIE/ 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,M>SELAU HAD BE5 A !OLOGY /UD5T1 & HIS BACKGR\ND WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,C]VANTES4 ,HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ANY MAJOR DECISION ( ! LOCAL GR\P WAS CONSID]$ SO IMPORTANT ?AT1 :5 ,LOR5ZO VISIT$ ! CITY TO E/ABLI% ! 0,DEF5D]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL10 ! ,ALIANCI/AS TROOP$ TO ! ,SEVILLE JAIL :]E ,M>SELAU WAS CONF9$ & CONF]R$ ) HIM !RE4 ,BUT ! ONSET ( BL9DNESS & ! UPHEAVALS ( ! #a#h#gS %ATT]$ ALL HIS LEFT-W+ CONVICTIONS4 ,HE R5\NC$ ,AN>*ISM TO BECOME A ,TRAPPI/ MONK4 ,! MOVEM5T HE HELP$ TO CREATE WAS DE/ROY$ BY ,PAVIA & ,S]RANO4 ,:5 IT REVIV$1 ITS NUCLEUS & SUPPORT]S W]E MA9LY PROLET>IAN4 ,!RE WAS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! COBBL] ,SAN*EZ ,ROSA1 :O HAD ONLY TWO YE>S ( =MAL $UCATION4 ,AFT] AN EMBATTL$ Y\?1 9 :I* HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! FAM\S ,J]EZ UPRIS+ & SUFF]$ IMPRISONM5T1 ,ROSA BECAME AN \T/&+ ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ & $UCATOR4 ,HE F\ND$ PROGRESSIVE & LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS & ACQUIR$ A C]TA9 R5[N = HIS SIMPLE MORAL DIALOGUES ON ! VIRTUES ( AN>*Y & ! EVILS ( CAPITALISM4 

,9 ! 5D1 ,S]RANO & HIS SUCCESSOR ,CANOVAS W]E NOT TO PREVAIL 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO REPRESS ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! CRU%+ ( ! ,CANTONALI/ 9SURRECTIONS W]E TO TURN MANY ,F$]ALI/S 9TO ACTIVE LIB]T>IANS4 ,! PRE/IGE ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ACQUIR$ AMONG ! ORD9>Y WORK]S WAS 5ORM\S4 ,LAT]1 ) ! REVIVAL ( RADICAL ACTIVITY1 !Y W]E TO 5T] ITS SUCCESSOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 GREAT] NUMB]S ?AN BE=E4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT IS ! EFFECT ! ,F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T & 9SURRECTIONS HAD 9 DISSEM9AT+ RADICAL IDEAS AMONG ! PEASANTS & BRAC]OS4 ,! %OCK WAVES ( ,F$]ALI/ ACTIVITY & ! ,CANTONALI/ B>RICADES RADIAT$ \TW>D FROM ! CITIES ( ,&ALUSIA 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! RURAL POOR1 EMULAT+ ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! CITIES1 SET FIRE TO ! L&LORD'S CROPS & HAYL(TS1 KILL$ HIS WAT* DOGS1 9JUR$ HIS CATTLE1 & TRI$ TO DE/ROY SOME ( ! CORTIJOS4 ,W&]+ ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S1 MANY ( !M REFUGEES OR DEPORTEES FROM 0URBAN REPRESSION1 APPE>$ 9 ! PUEBLOS & GANANIAS1 & !IR ROLE 9 SPREAD+ ,AN>*I/ IDEAS CAN H>DLY BY OV]E/IMAT$4 ,YE>S AFT] ,S]RANO SUPPRESS$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! CITIES1 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E TO P]COLATE DEEPLY 9TO ! ,&ALUSIAN C\NTRYSIDE4 

,! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 H[EV]1 WAS N[ 9 HOPELESS DECL9E4 ,ITS HI/ORY BETWE5 #ahgd & #ahh IS A HUMILIAT+ ONE4 ,! ,F$]AL ,COMMISSION1 CONT9UALLY 9 FLI<T FROM ! POLICE1 CLAW$ ITSELF TO %R$S ) 9T]NAL BICK]+4 ,A QU>RELSOME1 UN/ABLE BODY ) A WAN+ FOLL[+ & OBSCURE LEAD]S1 IT HAD F9ALLY LO/ ! RESPECT ( ITS SMALL RANK & FILE4 ,ELECTIONS TO ! ,COMMISSION W]E TREAT$ AS A JOKE1 AN OCCASION = A GOOD DEAL ( MALICI\S HUMOR4 ,! ONCE-FE>$ ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION SIMPLY FAD$ AWAY4 ,:5 ! REVIVAL ( ! #a#h#hS CAME1 ! ,F$]ATION WAS NO LONG] TO BE SE5 9 ! MAJOR CITIES ( ,SPA94 

,! ,F$]ATION'S SI/] ORGANIZATIONS NOR? ( ! ,PYR5EES ALSO DECL9$4 ,! ,BAKUN9I/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 F\ND$ AT ,/4 ,IMI]1 HELD ITS LA/ CONGRESS 9 #ahgg 9 ! ,BELGIAN 9DU/RIAL T[N ( ,V]VI]S4 ,?IS LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION HAD LA/$ ONLY FIVE YE>S4 ,ITS DECL9E IS USUALLY ATRIBUT$ TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CRAFT 9DU/RY 9 ! ,JURA1 ! FAM\S ,SWISS WAT*MAK]S AMONG :OM ! ,BAKUN9I/S HAD ACQUIR$ SO MU* SUPPORT 9 ! PREVI\S DECADE1 BUT ?IS EXPLANATION IS ONLY P>TLY TRUE4 ,P]HAPS A MORE IMPORTANT REASON = ! DECL9E ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T G5]ALLY 9 ,EUROPE WAS ! ECONOMIC /ABILIZATION ?AT BEGAN 9 ! MID-#a#h#gS1 AN UPSW+ ?AT FO/]$ CONS]VATIVE ATTITUDES 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,M>XI/S1 ) !IR POLICY ( ELECTORAL ACTIVITY1 P>LIM5T>IANISM1 & RE=MI/ UNIONS1 W]E TO REAP ! REW>DS ( ! P]IOD & W9 ! BULK ( ! WORK]S \TSIDE ( ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE4 

,IT WAS NOT M]ELY POLICE REPRESSION ?AT DE/ROY$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SPA91 BUT ALSO TACTICS NURTUR$ BY ITS ISOLATION4 ,9 ! AUTUMN ( #ah< ,JUAN ,OLIVIA ,MONCASI1 A Y\NG ,9T]NATIONALI/ FROM ,T>RAGONA1 TRI$ TO ASSASS9ATE ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I BY FIR+ TWO %OTS AT ! K+ 9 ! ,CALLE ,MAYOR 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ATTEMPT FAIL$1 BUT ! GOV]NM5T US$ ! OCCASION TO HEI<T5 ITS REPRESSIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,MANY UNION MILITANTS AS WELL AS ,AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$4 ,! ,CATALAN WORK]S RESPOND$ ) RETALIATORY /RIKES & ! PEASANTS 9 ,&ALUSIA ) A WAVE ( 9C5DI>ISM4 ,! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION'S COMMITM5T TO T]RORISM & ! REPRISALS PROVOK$ BY ! ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT EXAC]BAT$ ! POOR RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,F$]AL ,COMMISSION & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! GREATE/ /RA9 EXI/$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ITS L>GE/ PROLET>IAN FOLL[+4 ,:5 ! MOD]ATELY ,LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( ,SAGA/A REPLAC$ ! ,CANOVAS M9I/RY 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#a1 ! S5TIM5T ( ! ,CATALAN WORK]S VE]$ %>PLY AWAY FROM ! VIOL5T POLICIES ( ! ,F$]AL ,COMMISSION4 

,AN ATTEMPT WAS N[ MADE TO E/ABLI% A MORE CONV5TIONAL TYPE ( LABOR F$]ATION1 AV[$LY ,AN>*I/ 9 !ORY BUT ESS5TIALLY OPPORTUNI/IC 9 PRACTICE4 ,! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION1 AS ! NEW ORGANIZATION WAS CALL$1 CONV5$ 9 ! MEMORABLE ,TEATRO DEL ,CIRCO ( ,B>CELONA ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#d1 #a#h#h#a4 ,ONE HUNDR$ & =TY DELEGATES REPRES5T+ #afb F$]ATIONS ?R\< ,SPA9 ANSW]$ ! CALL--A REM>KABLY L>GE RESPONSE IF ONE CONSID]S ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD JU/ EM]G$ FROM YE>S ( SEV]E REPRESSION4 ,AL?\< MORE ?AN A DECADE ( RI* EXP]I5CES SEP>AT$ ! TWO F\ND+ CONGRESSES AT ! ,TEATRO1 ! PROCE$+S SEEM ALMO/ LIKE A REPLAY ( ! DISPUTES ?AT HAD OCCURR$ 9 #a#h#g4 ,REPUBLICANS TRI$ TO GA9 A COMMITM5T TO POLITICAL ACTION4 ,PR$ICTABLY1 SOME ( ! MORE =?RI<T TRADE UNIONI/S S\<T A CONV5TIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION1 EXPLICITLY AIM$ AT RE=MS & ECONOMIC GA9S4 ,! CONGRESS REJECT$ BO? ( !SE POSITIONS BY L>GE VOTES1 DECL>+ ,AN>*ISM TO BE ! SOCIAL GOAL ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT EMPHATICALLY REJECT$ POLITICAL TACTICS AS MEANS = A*IEV+ ITS AIMS4 ,ORGANIZATIONALLY1 ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION MODEL$ ITSELF ON ! DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE ( ! OLD ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 BUT !RE W]E MODIFICATIONS 9 ! LOCAL UNIONS 7UNIONES DE (ICIOS SMILES7 :I* CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ! =MS ?AT W]E TO BE ADOPT$ LAT] BY ! ,C,N,T4 

,! VOTE ACCEPT+ ,AN>*ISM AS AN IDEAL WAS OV]:ELM+--#a#a TO #h--BUT ! RHETORIC C\LD B>ELY CONCEAL A BASIC %IFT T[>D CONV5TIONAL1 9DE$ MOD]ATE1 UNIONISM4 ,OV] /RONG OPPOSITION BY ! MORE MILITANT ,AN>*I/S1 ! NEW ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION DECID$ AS A MATT] ( POLICY TO ACCUMULATE A /RIKE FUND4 ,IT ALSO DECID$ TO LIMIT RIGOR\SLY !4 USE ( ! /RIKE AS A WEAPON4 ,A /RIKE1 :5 UNAVOIDABLE1 WAS TO BE ORD]LY & WELL-DISCIPL9$4 ,IT WAS TO RELY ON ATTRITION RA!R ?AN COMPULSION TO GA9 ITS 5DS4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ?IS MEANT AN 5D TO LABOR VIOL5CE & SABOTAGE--9 %ORT1 TO MILITANT1 QUASI-9SURRECTION>Y /RIKES4 

,?IS APPROA* M>K$ A DECISIVE DEFEAT = ! S]I\S ,AN>*I/S 9 ! UNION4 ,?AT ! MORE CONV5TIONAL ,CATALAN UNION LEAD]S C\LD PREVAIL WAS DUE 9 P>T TO ! DISUNITY & IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION AMONG ! DELEGATES :O CALL$ !MSELVES ,AN>*I/S4 ,! OLD ,BAKUN9I/ ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* PLAY$ SO DECISIVE A ROLE 9 ORI5T+ ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 HAD GONE D[N TOGE!R ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BY ! #a#h#hS !RE WAS NO NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,9/EAD !RE WAS A QU>REL+ MULTITUDE ( ,AN>*I/ GR\PS :OSE IDEAS RANG$ SO F> AFIELD ?AT AT ONE EXTREME !Y W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN ,REPUBLICANS & AT ! O!R1 EMBATTL$1 9DIVIDUALI/IC T]RORI/S4 ,!RE W]E ALSO MANY \TRI<T RE=MI/S :O CALL$ !MSELVES 0,AN>*I/S0 BECAUSE ( ! PRE/IGE & ROMANTIC AURA ?AT HAD BEGUN TO SURR\ND ! WORD AMONG ! WORK]S4 

,ANO!R FACTOR ?AT ACC\NTS = ! %IFT T[>D A POLICY ( CONV5TIONAL UNIONISM WAS ! REPRISALS ?AT HAD FOLL[$ ! MILITANT POLICIES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AL?\< ALREADY T\*$ UPON1 ?IS FACTOR NE$S FUR!R EXPLANATION4 ,! ,CATALAN UNIONI/S VIEW$ ! ,SAGA/A REGIME ) EXTREME SUSPICION4 ,! NEW PRIME M9I/]1 A NOTORI\S FOE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 HAD PAT*$ TOGE!R AN UNEASY COALITION ( MOD]ATE ,LIB]AL GR\PS 9 ORD] TO COME TO P[]4 ,! UNIONI/S HAD EV]Y REASON TO FE> ?AT HE HAD RE/OR$ ! LEGALITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS AS A K9D ( DEMOCRATIC W9D[-DRESS+ = ! NEW M9I/RY4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,CATALAN LABOR LEAD]S W]E CLE>LY 9T5T ON PRES]V+ ?IS FACADE BY AVOID+ ANY %>P CONFRONTATION ) ! NEW REGIME4 ,DESPITE !IR REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC1 !Y DEALT PRUD5TLY ) ! ,SAGA/A M9I/RY4 ,ONE ( !IR MANIFE/OES READS MORE LIKE AN APPEAL = RE/RA9T ?AN A CALL TO ACTION2 9DE$1 VIRTUALLY ANY ADVOCATE ( MILITANT TACTICS IS DESCRIB$ AS A PROVOCATEUR4 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! M]E GR[? ( ! UNION WAS 5\< TO DOOM IT4 ,BY ! TIME ( ITS SECOND CONGRESS1 HELD 9 ,SEVILLE 9 LATE ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#b1 ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION CLAIM$ A FOLL[+ ( NE>LY #e#h1 MEMB]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO #bah LOCAL F$]ATIONS & #ffc SECTIONS4 ,! GREAT BULK ( ! UNION'S MEMB]%IP--MORE ?AN #c#h1--WAS LOCAT$ 9 ,&ALUSIA1 :ILE ONLY #a#c1 CAME FROM 9DU/RIAL ,CATALONIA4 ,TO MANY DELEGATES FROM ! S\?1 ! OPPORTUNI/IC POLICIES ( ! ,CATALAN LABOR LEAD]S W]E NO?+ LESS ?AN TREA*]Y4 ,DUR+ ! ?REE-DAY CONGRESS A FURI\S BATTLE EXPLOD$ BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT REGIONS ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM4 ,IT WAS H]E1 9 ! ,SEVILLE CONGRESS1 ?AT ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ESS5TIALLY DEF9$ ,AN>*ISM AS ITS LONG-RANGE GOAL & ! /RUGGLE = ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T AS ITS DAY-TO-DAY TASK--! SAME DI*OTOMY ?AT HAD FAC$ ! CONGRESS ( #a#h#g4 ,AL?\< ?IS EXPLICIT =MULA WAS PRES5T$ AS A COMPROMISE1 ! ,CATALAN VIEWPO9T ESS5TIALLY PREVAIL$4.<#a#a.> 

,BUT !RE WAS DEEP DISSATISFACTION AMONG ! ,&ALUSIANS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! DELEGATES FROM ! S\!RNMO/ COM>CAL ( ! P59SULA4 ,ONE GR\P1 CALL+ ITSELF ! ,DE%]$ADOS 7,DIS9H]IT$71 D5\NC$ ! ,F$]ATION'S POLICIES & BROKE AWAY1 =M+ AN ORGANIZATION ( ITS [N TO 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION4 ,! ,DE%]$ADOS W]E PROBABLY ONE ( MANY SECRET SOCIETIES ?AT W]E PROLIF]AT+ AMONG ! L& LABOR]S ( ! S\?4 ,! LATE #a#h#gS & E>LY #a#h#hS CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A P]IOD ( ECONOMIC EXPANSION = ! 9DU/RIAL NOR?1 BUT 9 ,&ALUSIA !SE DECADES W]E M>K$ BY SEV]E DR\<T & NE>-FAM9E CONDITIONS4 ,9 ,J]EZ1 :]E ! WORK]S & L& LABOR]S HAD CLUNG TO ,AN>*ISM 9 ! BLEAKE/ YE>S ( P]SECUTION1 DISCONT5T RAN ESPECIALLY HI<4 ,H]E1 :]E ! ,DE%]$ADOS HAD !IR /RONGE/ SUPPORT1 ! V9EY>D WORK]S RECEIV$ EXTREMELY L[ WAGES BAS$ ON PIECEWORK & LIV$ 9 DESP]ATE POV]TY4 

,AL?\< !RE MAY HAVE BE5 MORE TALK ?AN ACTUAL VIOL5CE AMONG ! ,DE%]$ADOS1 ! ,J]EZ DI/RICT HAD ALREADY EXP]I5C$ MANY ACTS ( 9C5DI>ISM & A NUMB] ( ASSASS9ATIONS4 ,! VICTIMS ( ! ASSASS9ATIONS W]E MO/LY 9=M]S = ! POLICE & OCCASIONALLY L&LORDS4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! ,DE%]$ADOS1 TOGE!R ) O!R SECRET SOCIETIES 9 ! >EA1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 SOME ( ! MURD]S4 ,! TWILI<T ZONE 9 :I* !SE GR\PS OP]AT$ MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% FACT FROM MY?4 

,A CELEBRAT$ CASE ( ! #a#h#hS PO9TS UP BO? ! MY?-MAK+ ?AT SURR\ND$ SU* 9CID5TS & ! V]Y REAL REPRESSION ?AT CAME 9 !IR WAKE4 ,9 ! MID/ ( A PROMIS+ /RIKE BY ! V9EY>D LABOR]S AGA9/ PIECEWORK1 A TAV]N KEEP] SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ BE5 A POLICE 9=M] WAS KILL$4 ,:ILE ! /RIKE WAS /ILL GO+ ON1 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D SUDD5LY ANN\NC$ ?AT ITS 9VE/IGATION ( ! MURD] HAD REVEAL$ ! EXI/5CE ( AN IMM5SE SECRET SOCIETY1 ! ,MANO ,NEGRA OR ,BLACK ,H&1 :I* WAS PLANN+ TO SLAU<T] ALL L&LORDS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,DESPITE REC5T >GUM5TS TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! S5SATIONAL /ORIES ?AT ! ,GU>DIA F$ ! PUBLIC >E1 9 MY OP9ION1 FICTITI\S4 ,! DI/+UI%$ ,SPANI% SOCIOLOGI/ ,B]NALDO DE ,QUIROS1 :O 9VE/IGAT$ ! CASE = ! GOV]NM5T1 D\BT$ ?AT ! ,MANO ,NEGRA EV] EXI/$ 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,BUT ! CASE WAS US$ BY ! POLICE TO R\ND UP ,AN>*I/S & LABOR MILITANTS ?R\<\T ! S\?4 ,HUNDR$S W]E TORTUR$ TO EXTRACT CONFESSIONS1 AL?\< ! MAJORITY W]E F9ALLY RELEAS$ = WANT ( EVID5CE4 ,! AFT]MA? ( ! 9VE/IGATION 9 #ahhc 5D$ 9 ! TRIAL ( A HUNDR$ ALLEG$ CONSPIRATORS & 9 ! G>ROT+ ( SEV5 \T ( ! F\RTE5 :O HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,BUT ! LEG5D ( ! ,MANO ,NEGRA L+]$ ON = YE>S1 & ,AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$ & ACCUS$ ( BELONG+ TO ?IS SPURI\S ORGANIZATION WELL 9TO ! #a#h#iS4 

,! ,MANO ,NEGRA P]SECUTIONS DE/ROY$ ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION 9 ,&ALUSIA & ALMO/ C]TA9LY CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS DECL9E 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,AN ATMOSPH]E ( FE>1 N\RI%$ BY MEMORIES ( ! REPRESSION 9 ! #a#h#gS SETTL$ OV] ,SPA9 & WORK]S BEGAN TO DES]T ! MOVEM5T BY ! ?\S&S4 ,! ?IRD CONGRESS ( ! ,F$]ATION1 HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA 9 #a#h#h#c1 %>PLY D5\NC$ ! VIOL5T TACTICS ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,MANO ,NEGRA BUT ?IS DID NOT 5D ! CONT9U\S DECL9E4 ,ONLY #c1 MEMB]S REMA9$ 9 ! N[-UND]GR\ND ,&ALUSIAN SECTIONS4 ,LA ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL1 AN \T/&+ ,AN>*I/ !ORETICAL MAGAZ9E :I* HAD REA*$ A CIRCULATION ( #b11 SIMPLY FAD$ \T ( EXI/5CE = WANT ( SUBSCRIB]S4 ,BY #a#h#h#g1 :5 ! ,F$]ATION HELD ITS F\R? CONGRESS 9 ,MADRID1 ONLY SIXTE5 DELEGATES %[$ UP4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION1 :I* HAD BEGUN ) SU* HOPE & PROMISE EI<T YE>S E>LI]1 WAS (FICIALLY DISSOLV$4 

,= ! PEASANT ,AN>*I/S ( ,SPA9 ! M$IEVAL VILLAGE HAD MANY LIMITATIONS4 ,AS A COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 IT HAD MANY VITAL FEATURES4 ,! ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*I/S VALU$ ! PUEBLO BECAUSE ITS SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID1 SOLID>ITY1 EGALIT>IANISM1 & SOCIABILITY ACCORD$ P]FECTLY ) ! GOAL ( ,AN>*ISM1 9DE$1 ( ANY HUMANE SOCIETY4 ,BUT !Y SAW ! VILLAGE AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A /ILL BETT] WAY ( LIFE1 NOT AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,= !M IT WAS A SPR+BO>D = A SOCIETY 9 :I* MAT]IAL NE$S W\LD BE SATISFI$ BY MOD]N TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE2 ! HUMAN M9D W\LD BE LIB]AT$1 BY REASON & KN[L$GE2 ! HUMAN SPIRIT N\RI%$ BY COOP]ATION & FRGGDOM4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,AN>*I/S C>RI$ ON AN UNREL5T+ W> AGA9/ ! NEGATIVE FEATURES ( ! PUEBLO--ITS P>O*IALISM1 SUP]/ITION1 IGNORANCE1 & SY/EMS ( AU?ORITY4 ,!Y 5C\RAG$ A RESPECT = CULTURE & ! BOLDE/ IDEAS 9 NE>LY EV]Y SPH]E ( LIFE4 ,TO ! PEASANTS & BRAC]OS !Y IMP>T$ A S5SE ( DIGNITY & SELF-WOR?1 ( G5]OSITY T[>D ! OPPRESS$ ( !IR [N CLASS1 9DE$1 A VIEW ( HUMANITY ?AT WAS KE5LY 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 SPIRIT & \TLOOK4 ,!Y BR\<T TO ! PUEBLOS A KN[L$GE ( SCI5CES ?AT HAD BE5 =BIDD5 BY ! CL]GY1 A CLAIM TO A LIB]TY ?AT HAD BE5 ABROGAT$ BY ! /ATE1 & A DEM& = MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ ?AT HAD BE5 USURP$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ 9 ?IS RESPECT TO COMP>E ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*ISM ) ANO!R PEASANT MOVEM5T1 ! ,C>LISM ( ! NOR!RN M\NTA9S4 ,C>LISM1 ( C\RSE1 WAS PRIM>ILY AN ATTEMPT'TO PRES]VE ! PUEBLO & ITS CL]ICAL-PATRI>*AL MORALITY FROM MOD]NISM4 ,L$ BY ! *UR*1 ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ATAVI/IC3 IF C\LD (F] NO PROGRAM O!R ?AN A RETURN TO ! PA/4 ,9 %>P CONTRA/ TO PEASANT ,AN>*ISM1 ,C>LISM FO/]$ A M9DLESS OB$I5CE TO ! HI]>*Y ( ! *UR* & ! AU?ORITY ( ! CR[N--AT LEA/ ! ONE IT HOP$ TO PLACE ON ! HEAD ( ! PRET5D]4 ,PROV9CIAL & DOGMATIC1 IT PREA*$ A GOSPEL ( HATR$ & IGNORANCE T[>D SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 EXP]IM5TATION1 & 9TELLECTUAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 ?REE CIVIL W>S1 ! ,C>LI/ >MIES M>*$ T[>D ! ,LIB]AL CITIES ( ! NOR?1 BURN+ RAILROAD /ATIONS & DE/ROY+ O!R 0DEMONIACAL0 9NOVATIONS4 ,FANATICAL PRIE/S1 GOAD+ !IR FLOCKS TO SAVAGE BRUTALITIES1 T]RIFI$ ! 5TIRE P59SULA ) AN EXAMPLE ( CL]ICAL REACTION GONE MAD4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,C>LI/ ,W>S S]V$ UP SOME ( ! MO/ FRI<TFUL BUT*]IES TO BE SE5 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,FROM ?IS QU>T] CAME ! DEM& = C5SOR%IP ( P]IODICALS & BOOKS1 = CL]ICAL CONTROL OV] $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & = A RE/ORATION ( ! ,9QUISITION4 

,BO? ,C>LISM & RURAL ,AN>*ISM1 !N1 TAKE !IR PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! PUEBLO4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( MORE DIV]G5T WORLD \TLOOKS ?AN ?OSE ( ! TWO PEASANT MOVEM5TS4 ,ONE TURN$ T[>D ! PA/1 ! O!R T[>D ! FUTURE4 ,BO? EXPLOR$ 5TIRELY ANTI!TICAL POT5TIALITIES 9 ! ,SPANI% PUEBLO'S DISSATISFACTION ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!IR COMMON BASIS 9 VILLAGE ,N SOCIETY IS 5TIRELY SECOND>Y TO ! FACT ?AT !Y FO/]$ CONTRADICTORY POSSIBILITIES & MOV$ 9 OPPOS+ DIRECTIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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