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,AN>*OSYNDICALISM 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,NEW ,F]M5T 

,BY ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 AN ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 HAD VIRTUALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,POLICE REPRISALS AGA9/ ! T]RORI/S1 C\PL$ ) REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION1 L$ TO ! DISSOLUTION 9 #ahif ( ! ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION WAS 9 %AMBLES4 ,WORK]S BEGAN TO LEAVE LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS AS RAPIDLY AS !Y HAD 5T]$ !M SEV]AL YE>S E>LI]4 ,9 ,CORDOBA1 = EXAMPLE1 AFT] ! PROMIS+ REVIVAL ( ! #a#h#hS1 ONLY A FEW ACOLYTES C\LD BE P]SUAD$ TO ATT5D ! ,MAY #a CELEBRATION ( #a#h#i#c4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 ! RALLIES W]E GIV5 UP ALTOGE!R4 ,9 VA9 DID LEAD+ ,AN>*I/S REV]SE !IR VIEWS & SPEAK \T AGA9/ T]RORISM4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#i#a1 ,KROPOTK9 W>N$ ?AT :ILE 0! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT GA9S 5ORM\SLY FROM H]OIC 9DIVIDUAL ACTS 444 IT IS NOT BY !SE H]OIC ACTS ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E'MADE40 ,BY #a#i1 ALL BUT A H&FUL ( ! \T/&+ ,AN>*I/S :O HAD SUPPORT$ 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 HAD AB&ON$ T]RORI/ ME?ODS AS A /RATEGIC =M ( DIRECT ACTION4 

,YET ! 0,IDEA0 WAS F> FROM DEAD 9 ,SPA91 & ,AN>*I/ T]RORISM WAS NEV] TO DISAPPE> TOTALLY4 ,LIB]T>IAN IDEAS N[ BEGAN TO TAKE ROOT AMONG ! 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT LEAD+ ,SPANI% WRIT]S & PA9T]S SU* AS ! NOVELI/ ,PIO ,B>OJA & A Y\NG >TI/1 ,PABLO ,PICASSO1 BEGAN TO FLIRT ) ! 0,IDEA40 ,O!RS1 NOTABLY ! A/RONOM] ,T>RIDA DEL ,M>MOL & ! 5G9E] ,RIC>DO ,MELLA1 W]E ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,LA ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL1 AN \T/&+ ,AN>*I/ !ORETICAL J\RNAL F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#f1 BECAME A =UM = A WIDE RANGE ( PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE FROM ! UNIV]SITIES1 >TS1 & SCI5CES4 ,DISILLUSION$ BY ! FAILURE ( T]RORI/ TACTICS1 MANY ,AN>*I/S BEGAN TO PLACE !IR /RONGE/ EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION 9 A*IEV+ !IR SOCIAL GOALS4 ,?IS P]IOD WAS ! HEYDAY ( LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS & P$AGOGICAL PROJECTS 9 ALL >EAS ( ! C\NTRY :]E ,AN>*I/S EX]CIS$ SOME DEGREE ( 9FLU5CE4 ,P]HAPS ! BE/-KN[N EF=T 9 ?IS FIELD WAS ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]'S ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 7,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA71 A PROJECT :I* EX]CIS$ A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON ,CATALAN $UCATION & ON EXP]IM5TAL TE*NIQUES ( TEA*+ G5]ALLY4 ,! P]SECUTION TO :I* ,F]R] WAS SUBJECT$ 9 LAT] YE>S BR+S 9TO %>P FOCUS ! 5ORM\S PROBLEMS & OB/ACLES ?AT FAC$ ALMO/ EV]Y EF=T TO RE=M ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,TO PROMOTE ! CONCEPTS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ,F]R] WAS OBLIG$ TO BE MORE ?AN AN $UCATOR & HIS P]SONAL FATE1 9 TURN1 BECAME A POLITICAL EV5T ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,!RE SEEMS TO BE NO?+ 9 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA'S BACKGR\ND ?AT %\LD HAVE MADE HIM AN $UCATOR OR EV5 AN ICONOCLA/4 ,HE WAS BORN ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#e#i1 9 ,ALELLA1 TWELVE MILES FROM ,B>CELONA4 ,HIS P>5TS W]E DEV\T ,CA?OLICS :O RAIS$ !IR SON 9 ! TRADITIONAL MANN] ( MOD]ATELY WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS 7HIS FA!R [N$ A SMALL V9EY>D71 & !RE IS NO EVID5CE ( ANY REBELLION 9 ! BOY UNTIL HE WAS S5T (F TO WORK 9 A ,B>CELONA FIRM AT ! AGE ( FIFTE54 ,! [N]1 A MILITANT ANTICL]IC1 APP>5TLY EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON HIS Y\NG EMPLOYEE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 BY ! TIME ,F]R] HAD REA*$ TW5TY HE HAD DECL>$ HIMSELF A ,REPUBLICAN1 AN ANTICL]IC1 & JO9$ ! ,FREEMASONS1 ! TRADITIONAL HAV5 = LIB]AL ?\<T & POLITICAL CONSPIRACY 9 ,SPA94 

,! Y\NG ,CATALAN CAU<T ! ATT5TION ( ,MANUEL ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA1 ! RADICAL ,REPUBLICAN :O HAD BE5 A =M] PREMI] UND] ,AMADEO & :O 9 #a#h#h#e1 WAS 5JOY+ A LIVELY CONSPIRATORIAL EXILE 9 ,P>IS4 ,WORK+ AS A RAILWAY EMPLOYEE1 ,F]R] RODE ! TRA9S BETWE5 ! ,FR5* FRONTI] & ,B>CELONA1 5GAG$ 9 ! PREC>I\S JOB ( SMUGGL+ POLITICAL REFUGEES TO ,FRANCE4 ,HE ALSO FUNCTION$ AS A C\RI] 9 ,ZORRILLA'S EF=TS TO W9 OV] >MY (FIC]S TO A ,REPUBLICAN C\P4 ,:5 ,G5]AL ,VILLACAMPA PRON\NC$ = A REPUBLIC 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#f1 ,F]R] P>TICIPAT$ 9 AN ABORT$ ,CATALAN UPRIS+4 ,?IS WAS ! LA/ 9SURRECTION>Y ATTEMPT TO TURN ,SPA9 9TO A REPUBLIC = ! NEXT HALF C5TURY4 ,ITS FAILURE F\ND ,F]R] 9 ,P>IS1 OCCUPY+ ! PO/ ( SECRET>Y TO ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA4 

,IT WAS 9 ! ,FR5* CAPITAL ?AT ,F]R] BEGAN TO AB&ON ! P>TY POLITICS ( ! ,REPUBLICANS = $UCATION4 ,?IS WAS A MAJOR %IFT ?AT M>K$ HIS DEVELOPM5T T[>D ,AN>*ISM1 AL?\< HE WAS C>EFUL NEV] TO DESCRIBE HIMSELF AS MORE ?AN A 0PHILOSOPHICAL ,AN>*I/10 AN ACRATA4 ,HE WAS GREATLY 9FLU5C$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION BY ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 :OM HE MET 9 ,P>IS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HIS NEW 9T]E/S C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 BETT] PLAC$4 ,ALMO/ ANY EF=T TO BR+ MORE S*OOLS TO ,SPA9 W\LD HAVE FALL5 LIKE RA9 ON A P>*$ L&4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 NE>LY #g P]C5T ( ! ,SPANI% POPULATION WAS ILLIT]ATE4 ,TEA*]S W]E GROSSLY UND]PAID1 & RURAL S*OOLS 7:]E !RE W]E ANY7 W]E (T5 LITTLE MORE ?AN %ACKS 9 :I* B>EFOOT$1 ILL-N\RI%$ *ILDR5 W]E GIV5 ONLY ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y 9/RUCTION4 

,! PROJECT ?AT ,F]R] WAS TO E/ABLI% AS ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL HAS MANY ELEM5TS ?AT W\LD ALMO/ SEEM CONV5TIONAL TODAY1 BUT IT WAS ALSO DI/+UI%$ BY FEATURES ?AT EV5 N[ HAVE SC>CELY ADVANC$ BEYOND ! EXP]IM5TAL /AGE4 ,TO UND]/& ! REM>KABLE ADVANCE SCOR$ BY ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ONE MU/ SEE IT AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! ,SPANI% $UCATIONAL SY/EM AS A :OLE4 

,AL?\< ,SPA9 HAD A UNIV]SAL $UCATION LAW1 ! MAJORITY ( S*OOLS W]E RUN BY CL]ICS :O US$ BRUTAL TEA*+ ME?ODS & EMPHASIZ$ ROTE 9/RUCTION 9 ,CA?OLIC DOGMA4 ,!SE CL]ICS OP5LY 9VEI<$ AGA9/ ANY POLITICAL GR\P1 SCI5TIFIC !ORY1 OR CULTURAL T5D5CY :I* DISPLEAS$ ! *UR*4 ,CO$UCATION1 TOL]AT$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ONLY = WANT ( S*OOL SPACE1 WAS RIGOR\SLY PROHIBIT$ 9 ! CITIES4 

,TO ?IS BLEAK E/ABLI%M5T ,F]R] OPPOS$ A PROGRAM & ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION ?AT ! CL]ICS C\LD REG>D ONLY AS 0DIABOLICAL40 ,HE PLANN$ TO E/ABLI% A CURRICULUM BAS$ ON ! NATURAL SCI5CES & MORAL RATIONALISM1 FRE$ ( ALL RELIGI\S DOGMA & POLITICAL BIAS4 ,AL?\< /UD5TS W]E TO RECEIVE SY/EMATIC 9/RUCTION1 !RE W]E TO BE NO PRIZES = S*OL>%IP1 NO M>KS OR EXAM9ATIONS1 9DE$ NO ATMOSPH]E ( COMPETITION1 CO]CION1 OR HUMILIATION4 ,! CLASSES1 9 ,F]R]'S WORDS1 W]E TO BE GUID$ BY ! 0PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY40 ,DUR+ A P]IOD :5 0WAYW>D0 /UD5TS 9 CL]ICAL S*OOLS W]E REQUIR$ TO DROP TO !IR KNEES 9 A P5IT5T FA%ION & !N BE BEAT51 ! TEA*]S 9 ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA W]E =EW>N$ ?AT !Y MU/ 0REFRA9 FROM ANY MORAL OR MAT]IAL PUNI%M5T UND] P5ALTY ( BE+ DISQUALIFI$ P]MAN5TLY40 ,9/RUCTION WAS TO RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON ! SPONTANE\S DESIRE ( /UD5TS TO ACQUIRE KN[L$GE & P]MIT !M TO LE>N AT !IR [N PACE4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! S*OOL WAS TO PROMOTE 9 ! /UD5TS 0A /EM HO/ILITY TO PREJUDICE10 TO CREATE 0SOLID M9DS1 CAPABLE ( =M+ !IR [N RATIONAL CONVICTIONS ON EV]Y SUBJECT40 

,TO ,F]R]1 H[EV]1 0! $UCATION ( A MAN DOES NOT CONSI/ M]ELY 9 ! TRA9+ ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 )\T HAV+ REG>D TO ! HE>T & WILL4 ,MAN IS A COMPLETE & UNIFI$ :OLE1 DESPITE ! V>IETY ( HIS FUNCTIONS4 ,HE PRES5TS V>I\S FACETS1 BUT IS AT ! BOTTOM A S+LE 5]GY1 :I* SEES1 LOVES1 & APPLIES A WILL TO ! PROSECUTION ( :AT HE HAS CONCEIV$40 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASKS ( ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA1 ,F]R] 9SI/$1 WAS TO MA9TA9 ?IS UNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 TO SEE TO IT ?AT !RE WAS NO 0DUALITY ( *>ACT] 9 ANY 9DIVIDUAL--ONE :I* SEES & APPRECIATES TRU? & GOODNESS1 & ONE :I* FOLL[S EVIL40 ,! S*OOL ITSELF MU/ BE A MICROCOSM ( ! REAL WORLD1 EMBODY+ MANY DIFF]5T SIDES & HUMAN P]SONALITIES4 ,H5CE1 ,F]R] 9SI/$ NOT ONLY ON CO$UCATION ( ! SEXES BUT ON A REPRES5TATIVE V>IETY ( PUPILS FROM ALL SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,EV]Y EF=T MU/ BE MADE TO BR+ ! *ILDR5 ( WORK]S TOGE!R ) ?OSE ( MIDDLE-CLASS P>5TS 9 ORD] TO CREATE A MILIEU = ! Y\NG ?AT IS FULLY LIB]ATORY1 A 0S*OOL ( EMANCIPATION ?AT WILL BE CONC]N$ ) BANN+ FROM ! M9D :ATEV] DIVIDES M51 ! FALSE CONCEPTS ( PROP]TY1 C\NTRY1 & FAMILY444 ,MU* ( ?IS IS PURE ,AN>*ISM & REVEALS ! 9FLU5CE ( ,LOR5ZO & ,KROPOTK9 ON ,F]R]'S M9D4 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a1 ?AT ,F]R] E/ABLI%$ ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,HE HAD BE5 A TEA*] DUR+ HIS LONG /AY 9 ,P>IS4 ,!RE HE HAD BEFRI5D$ AN ELD]LY /UD5T 9 ONE ( HIS ,SPANI% CLASSES1 ,MILE4 ,]NE/9E ,MEUNI]1 :O LEFT HIM A SUB/ANTIAL LEGACY AFT] H] DEA?4 ,) !SE RES\RCES1 ! FIR/ ,MODEM ,S*OOL WAS />T$ ) AN ORIG9AL CLASS ( TWELVE GIRLS & EI<TE5 BOYS4 ,)9 T5 MON?S1 ! NUMB] ( /UD5TS HAD MORE ?AT D\BL$1 & 9 ! NEXT FEW YE>S FIFTY S*OOLS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA91 MA9LY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,F]R]1 :O HAD 9VE/$ ,MILE4 ,MEUNI]'S MONEY 9 WELL-PAY+ SECURITIES1 BUILT UP SUFFICI5T FUNDS TO E/ABLI% A PUBLI%+ H\SE ?AT TURN$ \T SMALL1 9EXP5SIVE1 EASILY UND]/OOD BOOKS ON A V>IETY ( SCI5TIFIC & CULTURAL SUBJECTS4 ,!SE W]E DI/RIBUT$ WIDELY ?R\<\T ,SPA9 TO PEASANTS1 BRAC]OS1 & WORK]S1 (T5 BY W&]+ ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S4 ,IT WAS FROM !SE BOOKLETS ?AT ! POOR] CLASSES ( ,SPA9 ACQUIR$ !IR FIR/ GLIMPSE 9TO ! /RANGE1 ALMO/ TOTALLY UNKN[N WORLD ( SCI5CE & CULTURE ?AT LAY BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES4 ,AL?\< MORE GU>D$LY ?AN 9 ,P>IS1 ,F]R] MA9TA9$ HIS ASSOCIATION ) ,AN>*I/S1 TAK+ A NUMB] ( !M ON HIS /AFF & GIV+ EMPLOYM5T TO HIS FRI5D1 ! AG$ ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 AS A TRANSLATOR4 

,! GR[? ( ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA & ! WIDE DI/RIBUTION ( ITS BOOKLETS 9FURIAT$ ! CL]GY4 ,BUT = YE>S !RE WAS LITTLE !Y C\LD DO BEYOND D5\NC+ ! S*OOL & P\R+ VITUP]ATION ON ,F]R]'S P]SONAL LIFE4.<#a#f.> ,! OPPORTUNITY TO RE/RICT ,F]R]'S WORK F9ALLY CAME 9 #aif :5 ,MATEO ,MORRAL1 A MEMB] ( ,F]R]'S /AFF1 ?REW A BOMB AT ! ROYAL C\PLE ( ,SPA94 ,! ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT MISC>RI$1 & ,MORRAL COMMITT$ SUICIDE4 ,F]R] & ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL W]E HELD RESPONSIBLE1 AL?\< ! Y\NG ASSASS9 HAD EXPLICITLY D5\NC$ ! ,CATALAN $UCATOR & ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO = !IR OPPOSITION TO AT5TADOS4 ,SU* WAS ! /ATE ( ,SPANI% JU/ICE AT ! TIME ?AT ,F]R] WAS HELD 9 JAIL = AN 5TIRE YE> :ILE POLICE PR(ESS$ TO BE ACCUMULAT+ EVID5CE ( HIS COMPLICITY 9 ! ,MORRAL ATTEMPT4 ,A REVIEW ( ! CASE BY ! CIVIL C\RTS E/ABLI%$ HIS 9NOC5CE1 & HE WAS RELEAS$1 BUT HE NEV] REOP5$ ! ORIG9AL ,MODEM ,S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,?IS /RONG EMPHASIS ON $UCATION DID NOT MEAN ?AT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM VYAS NOT /ILL OCCUPI$ PRIM>ILY ) ! TASKS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! BUILD+ ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,SYNDICALISM WAS GA9+ 9 POPUL>ITY4 ,! IDEA1 O/5SIBLY ,FR5* 9 ORIG91 ?AT AN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S--A REVOLUTION>Y UNION AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A POLITICAL P>TY--CAN TAKE OV] SOCIETY BY MEANS ( A G5]AL /RIKE CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! DAYS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! #a#h#cS1 ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& HAD ADVANC$ ! PROPOSAL ( A 0,GR& ,NATIONAL ,HOLIDAY0 7A EUPHEMISM = A G5]AL /RIKE7 TO FULFILL ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,?IS ALLUR+ CONCEPT ( SOCIAL *ANGE SOON FAD$ AWAY ONCE ! ,BRITI% LABOR MOVEM5T BECAME RE=MI/1 ONLY TO REAPPE> 9 #ahfi AT ! FAM\S ,BASEL CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,H]E1 9 A DEBATE 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,BELGIAN SECTION ) ! SUPPORT ( DELEGATES FROM ,SPA91 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 & ,FRANCE1 ! PROPOSAL WAS ADVANC$ ?AT ! UNIONS %\LD PROVIDE ! NUCLE> /RUCTURE ( A FUTURE ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EUG5E ,H9S1 ! ,BELGIAN DELEGATE1 \TL9$ ! ACTUAL =M ( ORGANIZATION !SE UNIONS %\LD TAKE4 ,HE CALL$ = A 0DUAL =M ( ORGANIZATION03 A F$]ATION ( 9DU/RY-WIDE 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS0 ON ! ONE H& & A F$]ATION ( LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL 0LABOR C\NCILS0 ON ! O!R4 ,?IS /RUCTURE =MS ! MODEL ( ! SYNDICALI/ TYPE ( LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! OLD ,SPANI% ,9T]NATIONAL ADOPT$ IT FROM ! V]Y \TSET4 ,! 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS0 W]E ! ,SECCIONES DE (ICIO1 OR TRADE SECTIONS1 & ! 0LABOR C\NCILS0 W]E ! ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES1 OR LOCAL F$]ATIONS4 

,TO UND]/& CLE>LY SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION1 IT %\LD BE EXAM9$ 9 TWO P]IODS3 BE=E A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 & AFT]W>DS1 :5 ! 0SYNDICATES0 >E EXPECT$ TO TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 ! F$]ATION ( 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS10 ORGANIZ$ BY TRADES1 IS 5GAG$ 9 CONDUCT+ ! DAY-TO-DAY CLASS /RUGGLE & DEAL+ ) ! IMM$IATE GRIEVANCES ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD1 ! 0LABOR C\NCILS10 ORGANIZ$ GEOGRAPHICALLY1 HAVE ! TASKS ( $UCATION1 PROPAG&A1 & ! PROMOTION ( LOCAL SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS40 ,AFT] ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS0 ASSUME ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! OV]ALL ADM9I/RATION & TE*NICAL COORD9ATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,!Y SEE TO IT ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE UNITS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY >E SUPPLI$ ) RAW MAT]IALS1 MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 MA*9]Y1 ETC4 ,! 0LABOR C\NCILS10 9 TURN1 :I* CONTA9 REPRES5TATIVES FROM EA* TRADE & 5T]PRISE 9 ! LOCALITY1 ADM9I/] ! ECONOMIC OP]ATIONS ( ! COMMUNITY OR REGION1 DET]M9E ITS NE$S1 & >RANGE = ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 ,9 ?IS DUAL SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION1 ! LOCAL 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS0 & ! 0LABOR C\NCILS0 >E F$]AT$ 9TO P>ALLEL MUNICIPAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL BODIES UNTIL1 AT ! SUMMIT ( SOCIETY TWO C\NCILS EM]GE--ONE COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TRADES & ! O!R ( ! REGIONS--:I* COORD9ATE ! TOTAL PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 ,9ASMU* AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TRADES ALSO CON/ITUTE ! 0LABOR C\NCILS10 ! TWO P>ALLEL ORGANIZATIONS T5D TO 9T]SECT AT EV]Y GEOGRAPHIC LEVEL1 BUT EA* OBVI\SLY HAS SEP>ATE FUNCTIONS 9 ECONOMIC LIFE4 

,?IS MODEL1 ( C\RSE1 IS AB/RACT & OV]LY S*EMATIC4 ,ITS PURPOSE IS TO EXPLA9 ! ESS5TIAL /RUCTURE ( A SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION 9 ! SIMPLE/ POSSIBLE T]MS4 ,9 PRACTICE1 SYNDICALI/ F$]ATIONS HAVE BE5 F> MORE FLEXIBLE ?AN ANY MODEL C\LD POSSIBLY 9DICATE & !Y 9CORPORAT$ LONG-E/ABLI%$ UNIONS ?AT RETA9$ DI/9CTLY NONSYNDICALI/ FEATURES4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE IS NO MODEL ?AT1 9 ITSELF1 PROVIDES A GU>ANTEE ?AT A LABOR F$]ATION IS SYNDICALI/ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y S5SE4 ,! AV[$LY RE=MI/ ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T IS ALSO ORGANIZ$ ON A DUAL BASIS4 0,9T]NATIONAL0 UNIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--SU* AS ! AUTOMOBILE & /EEL WORK]S' F$]ATIONS1 = EXAMPLE--MI<T BE SAID TO CORRESPOND 9 A V]Y R\< WAY TO ! 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS0 & ! V>I\S CITY1 C\NTY1 & /ATE LABOR C\NCILS TO ! 0LABOR C\NCILS0 DESCRIB$ BY ,H9S AT ! ,BASEL CONGRESS4 ,9 ALL O!R RESPECTS1 H[EV]1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ & RE=MI/ UNIONS >E MORE DECISIVE ?AN ! SIMIL>ITIES4 

,= ONE ?+1 ! GOAL ( SYNDICALISM IS ! ELIM9ATION ( CAPITALISM1 NOT M]ELY ! AMELIORATION ( ! WORK]S' IMM$IATE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS & LABOR CONDITIONS4 ,ITS AIM IS ADMITT$LY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,NOT LESS IMPORTANT IS ! SYNDICALI/ GOAL ( VE/+ ALL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DECISIONS 9 ! H&S ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S-- ! WORK]S 9 EA* SPECIFIC 5T]PRISE4 ,! GUID+ & MO/ IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE ( SYNDICALISM IS ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION OCCURS AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY1 NOT AT ITS SUMMIT1 & DECISIONS FL[ FROM BEL[ TO ABOVE4 ,H5CE1 SYNDICALISM IS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,! DEMOCRATIC1 F$]ALI/1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAT REPLACE ! POLITICAL AG5CIES ( ! /ATE4 ,AU?ORITY ?AT IS CURR5TLY VE/$ 9 POLITICAL ORGANS IS TURN$ OV] TO ! ECONOMIC UNITS ( SOCIETY & ! ACTUAL PRODUC]S :O OP]ATE !M4 

,ACCORD+LY1 EA* 5T]PRISE IS ADM9I/]$ BY ITS [N WORK]S ?R\< AN ELECT$ COMMITTEE :OSE MEMB]S >E PRESUMABLY 7AL?\< NOT NECESS>ILY7 REMOVABLE4 ,! V>I\S COMMITTEES >E L9K$ TOGE!R BY DELEGATES ON LOCAL 0LABOR C\NCILS0 & ON AN 9DU/RY-WIDE BASIS ?R\< ! 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS10 OR TRADE UNIONS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! PIVOTAL BODIES 9 ?IS /RUCTURE >E ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES :I* ADM9I/] ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES1 SY/EMS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ETC41 AS WELL AS ! 0LABOR C\NCILS0 :I* DEAL ) ! AFFAIRS & NE$S ( ! LOCALITIES4 ,! VOCATIONALLY /RUCTUR$ TRADE UNIONS 7AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! GEOGRAPHICALLY ORGANIZ$ UNIONS71 AL?\< USEFUL 9 ORGANIZ+ 9DU/RY-WIDE /RIKES UND] CAPITALISM1 HAVE NO REAL FUNCTION AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,! TASK ( COORD9AT+ PRODUCTION1 :I* ! SYNDICALI/S VE/ 9 ! UNIONS1 CAN BE H&L$ JU/ AS EASILY BY ! LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL 0LABOR C\NCILS40 ,9DE$1 IT WAS TO BE SYMPTOMATIC ( ! DECAY ( SYNDICALI/ IDEALS 9 ,FRANCE ?AT 9CREAS+ AU?ORITY WAS VE/$ 9 ! TRADE UNIONS :ILE ! 0LABOR C\NCILS0 W]E P]MITT$ TO ATROPHY4 

,9 ITS EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC CONTROL AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY1 SYNDICALISM IS CONSCI\SLY ANTIP>LIAM5T>Y & ANTIPOLITICAL4 ,IT FOCUSES NOT ONLY ON ! REALITIES ( P[] BUT ALSO ON ! KEY PROBLEM ( A*IEV+ ITS DIS9TEGRATION4 ,REAL P[] 9 SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9E IS ECONOMIC P[]4 ,! WAY TO DISSOLVE ECONOMIC P[] IS TO MAKE EV]Y WORK] P[]FUL1 !REBY ELIM9AT+ P[] AS A SOCIAL PRIVILEGE4 ,SYNDICALISM ?US RUPTURES ALL ! TIES BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! /ATE4 ,IT OPPOSES POLITICAL ACTION1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 & ANY P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL ELECTIONS4 ,9DE$1 IT REFUSES TO OP]ATE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] & ! /ATE4 ,:AT1 !N1 WILL BE ! SUB/ITUTE = !SE TRADITIONAL ME?ODS8 ,H]E1 SYNDICALISM TURNS TO DIRECT ACTION--/RIKES1 SABOTAGE1 OB/RUCTION1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE4 ,DIRECT ACTION NOT ONLY P]PETUATES ! MILITANCY ( ! WORK]S & KEEPS ALIVE ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 BUT AWAK5S 9 !M A GREAT] S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,BY CONT9UAL PRESSURE1 DIRECT ACTION TE/S ! /R5G? ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AT ALL TIMES & PRESUMABLY 9 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT >5A--! FACTORY1 :]E RUL$ & RUL] SEEM TO CONFRONT EA* O!R MO/ DIRECTLY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT SYNDICALISM EX]TS ?IS UNREL5T+ PRESSURE ON CAPITALISM1 IT TRIES TO BUILD ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] )9 ! OLD4 ,! UNIONS & ! 0LABOR C\NCILS0 >E NOT M]ELY MEANS ( /RUGGLE & 9/RUM5TS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION2 !Y >E ALSO ! V]Y /RUCTURE >\ND :I* TO BUILD A FREE SOCIETY4 ,! WORK]S >E TO BE $UCAT$ 9 ! JOB ( DE/ROY+ ! OLD PROP]TI$ ORD] & 9 ! TASK ( RECON/RUCT+ A /ATELESS1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,! TWO GO TOGE!R4 ,:5 ALL ! CONDITIONS HAVE RIP5$ TO A PO9T :]E SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE1 ! WORK]S GO ON A G5]AL /RIKE ) ! AV[$ AIM ( TOPPL+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TRANSPORTATION CEASE TO OP]ATE4 ,! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IS BR\<T TO A /&/ILL4 

,9 ! #a#h#gS1 ALMO/ TWO DECADES BE=E SYNDICALISM WAS TO BECOME POPUL> 9 ,FRANCE1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS ATTRIBUT$ ! CONCEPT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE TO ! ,BAKUN9I/S4 ,HIS CRITICISM IS WOR? EXAM9+4 0,ONE F9E MORN+10 HE WRITES1 0ALL ! WORK]S ( ALL TRADES 9 SOME C\NTRY1 OR EV5 ALL OV] ! WORLD1 D[N TOOLS & ?US1 9 AT MO/ F\R WEEKS1 =CE ! POSSESS+ CLASSES EI!R TO EAT HUMBLE PIE OR LET LOOSE !IR VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 SO ?AT ! LATT] !N HAVE ! RI<T TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 & :ILE DO+ SO BR+ D[N ! :OLE ( ! OLD SOCIETY40 ,AFT] EXAM9+ ! P$IGREE ( ?IS NOTION1 ,5GELS ADDS3 0,ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]NM5TS1 ESPECIALLY IF 5C\RAG$ BY POLITICAL AB/5TION1 WILL NEV] LET ! ORGANIZATIONS OR ! TREASURY ( ! WORK]S GET ?AT F>2 & ON ! O!R H&1 POLITICAL EV5TS & ! EXCESSES ( ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL EFFECT ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S LONG BE=E ! PROLET>IAT GETS TO ACQUIR+ !SE IDEAL ORGANIZATIONS & ?IS IMM5SE RES]VE FUND4 ,MOREOV]1 IF IT HAD !M IT W\LD NOT NE$ ! CIRCUIT\S PA? ( ! G5]AL /RIKE TO A*IEVE ITS AIMS40 

,?IS DESCRIPTION1 ) ITS CRASS POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE & BOOKKEEP+1 IS DEMAGOG]Y1 YET IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ,M>X'S CLOSE/ COLLABORATOR WAS COMPELL$ TO USE SU* AN APPROA*4 ,9 ADMITTIHG ?AT ! ,BAKUN9I/S W]E PREP>$ TO 0DEF5D !MSELVES0 7?AT IS1 TO RISE 9 9SURRECTION71 ,5GELS PLA9LY 9DICATES ?AT !',AN>*I/S W]E NOT PREP>$ TO /OP ) A PEACEFUL /RIKE--9DE$1 ?AT !Y W]E ONLY TOO M9DFUL ?AT A /RICTLY ECONOMIC TE/ ( /R5G? 9 0AT MO/ F\R WEEKS0 WAS F\R WEEKS TOO LONG = ! WORK]S TO 5DURE4 ,TO ! ,AN>*I/S1 ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS ! /EPP+/ONE TO AN 9SURRECTION>Y CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES1 A CONFRONTATION 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT ALSO EX]CIS$ ITS ECONOMIC P[] TO P>ALYZE ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE & BLOCK ! MOVEM5T ( TROOPS4 

,EV5 MORE 9T]E/+ IS ,5GEL'S REM>K ?AT ! /ATE1 05C\RAG$ BY POLITICAL AB/5TION1 WILL NEV] LET ! ORGANIZATIONS OR ! TREASURY ( ! WORK]S GET ?AT F>40 ,IRONICALLY ?IS /ATEM5T C\LD APPLY MORE READILY TO A POLITICAL P>TY ?AN TO A SYNDICALI/ UNION4 ,SIXTY YE>S LAT] ,G]MAN FASCISM WAS TO ANNIHILATE TWO HUGE ,M>XIAN POLITICAL P>TIES ) SC>CELY A FLICK] ( RESI/ANCE BY !IR LEAD]S & FOLL[+4 ,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 9 FACT1 WAS TO BECOME SO COMPLETELY DIVE/$ ( REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE BY ITS WELL-DISCIPL9$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?AT ,HITL] M>VEL$ AT ! EASE ) :I* IT WAS %ACKL$ TO ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4.<#a#g.> 

,SYNDICALISM1 TO BE SURE1 HAS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 BUT ITS ,M>XIAN CRITICS W]E 9 NO POSITION TO PO9T !M \T BECAUSE !Y W]E %>$ BY ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES AS WELL4 ,9 MODEL+ !MSELVES /RUCTURALLY ON ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS T5D$ TO BECORRFE ! ORGANIZATIONAL C\NT]P>TS ( ! V]Y C5TRALIZ$ APP>ATUS !Y PR(ESS$ TO OPPOSE4 ,BY PLEAD+ ! NE$ TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) ! TI<TLY KNIT B\RGEOISIE & /ATE MA*9]Y1 RE=MI/ LEAD]S 9 SYNDICALI/ UNIONS (T5 HAD LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 %IFT+ ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP4 ,MANY OLD] ,AN>*I/S W]E M9DFUL ( !SE DANG]S & FELT UNCOM=TABLE ) SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9ES4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 FE>+ ! EM]G5CE ( A BUREAUCRACY 9 ! NEW UNION MOVEM5T1 W>N$ ?AT 0! (FICIAL IS TO ! WORK+ CLASS A DANG] ONLY COMP>ABLE TO ?AT PROVID$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>IAN2 BO? LEAD TO CORRUPTION & FROM CORRUPTION TO DEA? IS BUT A %ORT /EP40.<#a#h.> ,!SE ,AN>*I/S SAW 9 SYNDICALISM A %IFT 9 FOCUS FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! TRADE UNION1 FROM ALL ( ! OPPRESS$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ALONE1 FROM ! /REETS TO ! FACTORIES1 &1 9 EMPHASIS AT LEA/1 FROM 9SURRECTION TO ! G5]AL /RIKE4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E SYNDICALISM 9ITIAT$ A WORLDWIDE RADICALIZATION ( ! UNIONS 9 ! #a#h#iS1 ALL ! LAT5T DANG]S 9 ! MOVEM5T'S /RUCTURE W]E CULTIVAT$ TO PRODUCE A RE=MI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,UND] ,LEON ,J\HAUX1 ! SYNDICALI/ ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ATE DU ,TRAVAIL 7,C,G,T7 BECAME BUREAUCRATIZ$ &1 AP>T FROM ITS REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC1 A FAIRLY CONV5TIONAL TRADE UNION4 ,ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY PROLET>IAN 9 COMPOSITION1 IT EX]CIS$ V]Y LITTLE 9FLU5CE 9 RURAL >EAS4 ,! WORD SYNDICALISME ACQUIR$ A NEUTRAL MEAN+--0UNIONISM0--& REVOLUTION>Y ADH]5TS ( ! ORIG9AL DOCTR9E BY CONTRA/ W]E TO BE CALL$ 0,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S40 ,A FEW 9TELLECTUALS W]E ATTRACT$ TO ! PROMISE ( ! OLD SYNDICALI/ GOALS & ESPECIALLY TO ITS MILITANCY4 ,GEORGES ,SOREL1 :O S\<T 9 PROLET>IAN AGGRESSIV5ESS A REG5]ATIVE =CE TO OV]COME B\RGEOIS DECAD5CE1 ATTEMPT$ TO GIVE SYNDICALISM A H]OIC PHILOSOPHY ( ITS [N4 ,BUT HIS WORKS EX]CIS$ V]Y LITTLE 9FLU5CE AMONG ! ,FR5* WORK]S & NONE :ATEV] ON ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,LIKE ! MAJORITY ( 9TELLECTUALS :O W]E CAPTIVAT$ BY SYNDICALISM1 ,SOREL SOON BECAME DISILLUSION$ ) ! MOVEM5T'S PRAGMATIC & OPPORTUNI/IC GOALS4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,FRANCE1 SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA9 DEVELOP$ A FI]Y ELAN AS F> BACK AS ! DAYS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & REA*$ \T TO EMBRACE ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,IT W\LD BE MORE PRECISE TO SAY ?AT ,SPANI% SYNDICALISM WAS COMPELL$ TO EVOLVE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ DIRECTION BECAUSE ( ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ BEL[ ! ,PYR5EES4 ,YET 9 ! OP5+ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ?IS OV]ALL DEVELOPM5T WAS NOT EASILY DISC]NIBLE4 ,! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T SEEM$ TO BE MORE /ABLE ?AN EV]1 & ECONOMIC LIFE HAD BEGUN A SURPRIS+ RECOV]Y FROM ! L[ PRODUC$ BY ! LOSSES ( ,CUBA & ! ,PHILIPP9ES'9 ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>4 ,9 RE/IVE ,CATALONIA1 LOCAL POLITICAL LIFE WAS P>CEL$ \T BETWE5 ! ,LLIGA ,REGIONALI/A 7,REGIONALI/ ,LEAGUE71 A BLOC ( RI<T-W+ AUTONOMI/ GR\PS FAVOR$ BY ! MANUFACTUR]S1 & ! ,RADICAL ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 A POLITICAL MA*9E L$ BY AN UNSCRUPUL\S DEMAGOGUE1 ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X Y ,G>CIA4 ,! ,LLIGA HAD MU/]$ ! SUPPORT ( ?OSE WELL-TO-DO ,CATALANS :O W]E NOT COMMITT$ TO ! ,MADRID P>TIES4 ,! ,RADICALS1 BUOY$ UP BY ! 9FLAMMATORY RHETORIC ( ,L]R\X1 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( WORK]S & MIDDLE-CLASS DEMOCRATS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,AP>T FROM ITS 9CID5TAL NUISANCE VALUE1 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 AFT] A BRIEF RESURG5CE 9 ! /RIKES ( #a#i#a-#c1 HAD BE5 VIRTUALLY EXTIRPAT$ BY ! REPRESSION ( ! ,B>CELONA LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9DE$ = A TIME1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ,CATALONIA W\LD DRIFT T[>D ! ,SOCIALI/ RA!R ?AN ! ,AN>*I/ FOLD4 

,YET !-V]Y OPPOSITE WAS TO OCCUR4 ,! ASSASS9ATION ( ,CANOVAS 9 ,AUGU/ #ahig PRODUC$ NO *ANGE 9 ,TURNISMO1 ! POLITICALLY DEAD5+ SY/EM 9 :I* ,CONS]VATIVE & ,LIB]AL M9I/RIES ALT]NAT$ ) EA* O!R4 ,?IS BLOCK$ ANY S]I\S P>LIM5T>Y EXPRESSION ( F]M5T 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ahii & #a#i#i1 ! M9I/RY WAS OCCUPI$ BY ?REE ,CONS]VATIVE PREMI]S1 ,SILVELA1 ,VILLAV]DE1 & ,MAURA1 FOLL[$ BY ! ,LIB]ALS ,MONT]O ,RIOS & ,MORET1 & F9ALLY1 = NE>LY ?REE YE>S1 BY ,MAURA AGA94 ,?IS F9AL ,MAURA M9I/RY WAS TO UND]M9E ,TURNISMO ALMO/ COMPLETELY1 OP5+ ! WAY TO ONE ( ! MO/ /ORMY P]IODS 9 MOD]N ,SPANI% HI/ORY4 

,= A PO9T WAS N[ BE+ REA*$ :]E ,CANOVAS'S OLD /RATEGY ( CALCULAT$ POLITICAL /AGNATION C\LD NO LONG] CONTA9 ! NEW DEM&S ?AT W]E EM]G+ 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS AS WE HAVE NOT$1 W]E DECADES ( MAJOR 9DU/RIALIZATION1 9DE$1 ( OV]EXPANSION4 ,! ,CATALAN MANUFACTUR]S1 BURD5$ BY L>GE SURPLUSES ( TEXTILES & BY ! HI< PRICE ( RAW COTTON1 BEGAN TO PRESS = TAX RELIEF & HI<] T>IFFS4 ,:5 !IR DEM&S W]E IGNOR$1 !Y W]E =C$ 9TO A FATALLY DISCORDANT /RATEGY3 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL ACTION ON ! ONE H&1 & WAGE-CUTT+ ON ! O!R4 

,AL?\< BY #aig ! GOV]NM5T YIELD$ TO ! MANUFACTUR]S' DEM&S1 VIRTUALLY CLOS+ ! 9T]NAL ,SPANI% M>KET TO =EIGN COMPETITION1 IRREP>ABLE DAMAGE HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE TO ! POLITICAL /ABILITY ( ,CATALONIA4 ,A SY/EM ( 0DEG5]ATIVE FE$BACK0 HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ :I* WAS NOT TO BE >RE/$ = ! NEXT ?REE DECADES4 ,DESPITE ITS ,CATALANI/ PRET5SIONS1 ! RI<T-W+ ,LLIGA WAS OPPORTUNI/IC TO ! CORE4 ,! MANUFACTUR]S :O SUBSIDIZ$ IT C\LD NOT DIVE/ !MSELVES ( OLD HABITS & CONT9U$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ,MADRID 9 EX*ANGE = ECONOGIIC PRIVILEGES4 ,?IS VACILLAT+ POLICY PROMOT$ ! EXPANSION ( ,L]R\X'S ,RADICAL ,P>TY1 :I* N[ GA!R$ BEH9D IT MANY ,REPUBLICANS :O W]E DISILLUSION$ ) ! ,LLIGA'S OPPORTUNISM4 ,! ,LLIGA HAD RAIS$ ! SPECT] ( ,CATALAN NATIONALISM TO FRI<T5 ,MADRID2 ,L]R\X WAS EAG] TO RALLY ! GREAT MASS ( ,MURDANOS :O W]E 9DIFF]5T OR EV5 HO/ILE TO ,CATALANISM1 SO HE UNLEA%$ A VIOL5T ANT9ATIONALI/ CAMPAIGN 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,?IS CAMPAIGN WAS SPIC$ ) A BITT] ANTICL]ICALISM1 GIV+ ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY AN AURA ( MILITANCY )\T 5DANG]+ ! POSITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T 9 TURN DECID$ TO PLAY ! ,LLIGA & ,RADICALS AGA9/ EA* O!R ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! GREAT] ! 9/ABILITY 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! LESS LIKELY ,IHE ,CATALANS W]E TO UNITE AGA9/ ! C5TRAL P[]4 

,MY/]I\S FUNDS BEGAN TO FL[ 9TO ,L]R\X'S C(F]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 BOMBS BEGAN TO EXPLODE ON ! PREMISES ( ,CATALAN TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]S :O W]E KN[N TO BELONG TO ! ,LLIGA4 0,AN>*I/0 T]RORISM SEEM$ TO REVIVE ) EV]Y UPSURGE ( ,CATALAN NATIONALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,HAV+ RAIS$ VIOL5CE 9 ,B>CELONA TO EXTRAVAGANT PROPORTIONS1 ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T CREAT$ AN ONGO+ CRISIS 9 ! CITY--A CRISIS IT W\LD H5CE=? BE UNABLE TO CONTROL %ORT ( DICTATOR%IP OR CIVIL W>4 ,L]R\X1 9 TURN1 WAS TO SADDLE HIMSELF ) AN IRRESOLVABLE CONTRADICTION BETWE5 WORD & DE$ ?AT EV5TUALLY UND]M9$ ! LA/ TIES ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK+ CLASS TO POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,BUT !SE FACTORS1 UND5IABLY IMPORTANT 9 !MSELVES1 M]ELY EXAC]BAT$ A M\NT+ CLASS W> BETWE5 ! ,B>CELONA WORK+ CLASS & ! TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]S4 ,AL?\< ! COTTON 9DU/RY HAD EXP&$ GREATLY OV] ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS1 IT DID NOT EXP& SUFFICI5TLY TO ABSORB ! 5ORM\S 9FLDW ( ,MURCIANOS & RURAL ,CATALANS 9TO 9DU/RIAL >EAS4 ,! URBAN POPULATION 9 ,B>CELONA HAD 9CREAS$ BY #a P]C5T BETWE5 #ai & #a#i#a--AN ACCRETION COMPOS$ OV]:ELM+LY ( PEOPLE FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,= MANY ( ! NEW RURAL IMMIGRANTS !RE WAS NO /EADY WORK & NO ADEQUATE %ELT]4 ,DEMORALIZ$ & SEMI/>V$1 ?IS DESP]ATE MASS =M$ AN EXCITABLE RES]VOIR ( DISCONT5T ?AT ,L]R\X /IRR$ ) APPEALS TO VIOL5T ACTION AGA9/ ! CL]GY4 

,NO LESS DISAFFECT$ W]E ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA & \TLY+ FACTORY T[NS4 ,RIS+ PRICES HAD MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = A WORK+-CLASS FAMILY TO LIVE ON ! FA!R'S WAGES4 ,AL?\< IT REQUIR$ AB\T #aab PESETAS = A FAMILY ( F\R TO SATISFY ITS M9IMAL NE$S1 A DAY LABOR] ORD9>ILY RECEIV$ #f PESETAS1 A PLA/]] #i#f1 & A METALLURGICAL WORK] #a#h4 ,?REE QU>T]S ( A WORK]'S WAGES W5T TO FOOD4 ,TO SURIVE1 A WORK+-CLASS FAMILY HAD NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO S5D ! WIFE OR *ILDR5 TO WORK4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT 5\< = A WORK] TO ACCEPT ?IS BLEAK SITUATION AS A FIX$ WAY ( LIFE4 ,TO ALSO BE CONFRONT$ ) A WAGE-CUT HANG+ OV] ONE'S HEAD1 H[EV]1 WAS 9TOL]ABLE4 ,FAC$ )1 SU* GRIM PROSPECTS1 ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT WAS SEE?+ ) DISCONT5T4 

,! CONFLU5CE ( GR[+ ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ) SYNDICALI/ IDEAS FROM ,FRANCE SOON L$ TO ! =MATION ( A NEW ,AN>*I/ LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#i1 A CONF]5CE ( UNIONS1 ORGANIZ$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( A ,MADRID BRICKLAY]S' UNION1 WAS HELD 9 ,MADRID4 ,DELEGATES CLAIM+ TO REPRES5T SOME #e1 WORK]S W]E S5T FROM ,CATALONIA1 ,&ALUSIA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,A/URIAS1 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 ,CORUNA1 ,VALLADOLID1 & O!R >EAS4 ,MANY REPRES5T$ LOCAL AFFILIATES ( ! OLD ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION & ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY ?AT HAD SURVIV$ ! REPRESSION ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,) SYNDICALISM 9 ! AIR & NEW UNION ORGANIZATIONS =M+ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 ! PROSPECTS SEEM$ P>TICUL>LY BRI<T = A NEW LABOR F$]ATION BAS$ ON ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,! ORGANIZATION CALL$ ITSELF ! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION1 ADOPT+ ! /RUCTURE ( ITS PR$ECESSORS ( #ahgc & #a#h#h#a4 ,IT WAS SC>CELY 9 EXI/5CE = MORE ?AN A YE> :5 IT F\ND ITSELF RID+ A WAVE ( G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,VAL5CIA1 ,SEVILLE1 ,S>AGOSSA1 & O!R ,AN>*I/ /RON<OLDS4 ,9 ,&ALUSIA1 T[N AFT] T[N W5T ON /RIKE1 9 SOME CASES POS+ ONLY ONE DEM&-- COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO4 ,!RE W]E EV5 M9OR 9SURRECTIONS REM9ISC5T ! ,J]EZ UPRIS+4 ,! MOVEM5T 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE CONT9U$ = SEV]AL YE>S & DID NOT COME TO AN 5D UNTIL #a#i#e1 :5 FAM9E 9 ! S\? LITEFALLY />V$ IT 9TO QUIESC5CE4 

,! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES WAS SUPPRESS$1 BUT NOT BE=E IT HAD 9ITIAT$ ONE ( ! MO/ PORT5T\S G5]AL /RIKES 9 ! E>LY HI/ORY ( ! ,CATALAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! /RIKE WAS TO REVEAL ! EXTRAORD9>Y S5SE ( SOLID>ITY ?AT BY ?IS TIME HAD DEVELOP$ AMONG ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA & ! 9TRACTABILITY ( ! MANUFACTUR]S 9 DEAL+ ) LABOR GRIEVANCES4 ,IT WAS A PORT5T ( ! YE>S TO COME & ( ! NEW RELATION%IP ( =CES ?AT WAS EM]G+ 9 ! GREAT ,CATALAN SEAPORT4 

,! FIR/ SKIRMI%ES OCCURR$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a1 :5 ! Y>N MANUFACTUR]S ( ! ,T] VALLEY ATTEMPT$ TO FIX A L[] WAGE SCALE BY REPLAC+ M5 ) WOM5 ON NEWLY 9/ALL$ AUTOMATIC SP9N+ MA*9ES4 ,A /RIKE FOLL[$ 9 :I* ! WORK]S F\<T BITT]LY ) /RIKEBREAK]S & POLICE4 ,! ,T] VALLEY /RIKE WAS ANSW]$ ) A LOCK\T3 ! MANUFACTUR]S CLOS$ D[N ! PLANTS 9 ORD] TO />VE ! WORK]S 9TO OB$I5CE4 ,IT SEEM$ PROBABLE ?AT AN EMPLOY] VICTORY 9 ! ,T] VALLEY W\LD LEAD TO L[] WAGE SCALES NOT ONLY = TEXTILE OP]ATIVES BUT = WORK]S 9 O!R BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,AS ! SUMM] ( #aia CAME TO AN 5D1 ! KEY UNIONS 9 ,B>CELONA BEGAN TO GIRD !MSELVES = A CONFRONTATION ) ! MANUFACTUR+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 

,! OB/ACLES ! UNIONS FAC$ W]E 5ORM\S4 ,LESS ?AN A ?IRD--9DE$ CLOS] TO A QU>T]--( ! CITY'S LABOR =CE BELONG$ TO LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ! L>GE TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( OP]ATIVES W]E WOM5 & *ILDR5--! GR\PS MO/ 9TRACTABLE TO UNION 9FLU5CE4 ,9 =MULAT+ /RATEGIC DECISIONS1 ! UNION LEAD]%IP WAS %>PLY DIVID$ BETWE5 SYNDICALI/S1 ,AN>*I/S1 & ,SOCIALI/S1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ORD9>Y UNIONI/S :OSE \TLOOK WAS %ALL[ & :OSE CAPACITY = CLASS SOLID>ITY WAS LIMIT$4 ,AN IMM5SE RES]VOIR ( UNSKILL$ & ILLIT]ATE RURAL UNEMPLOY$ WAS AVAILABLE TO ! EMPLOY]S AS SCAB LABOR4 ,! TEXTILE WORK]S W]E SCATT]$ OV] NE>LY #ge FACTORIES1 MANY ( !M WIDELY DISP]S$ & DIFFICULT TO COORD9ATE = COMMON ACTIONS4 ,F9ALLY ! EMPLOY]S W]E UNIT$ 9 A TI<TLY KNIT ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N1 ! P[]FUL ,FOMETITO DEL ,TRABAJO ,NATIONAL1 & C\LD C\NT ON ! FULL COOP]ATION ( ! POLICE & MILIT>Y4 ,IT WAS ) !SE ELEM5TS ?AT ! ,F$]ATION-( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES1 A DEC5TRALIZ$1 LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION1 W\LD HAVE HAD TO PIECE TOGE!R AN EFFECTIVE G5]AL /RIKE4 ,YET ! /RANGE DIALECTIC ( ! /RIKE IS ?AT IT OCCURR$ PRECISELY BECAUSE ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT1 S*OOL$ 9 DIRECT ACTION & ,AN>*I/ TACTICS1 HAD DEVELOP$ A REM>KABLY HI< DEGREE ( 9ITIATIVE4 ,)\T ?AT 9ITIATIVE1 ! /RIKE W\LD HAVE BE5 VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! /RIKE WAS T\*$ (F BY A LIMIT$1 ALMO/ P]IPH]AL CONFLICT4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #f1#a#i#a1 ! METALLURGICAL WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA WALK$ \T4 ,DESPITE ! ABS5CE ( /RIKE FUNDS1 !Y REMA9$ \T = ! NEXT ?REE MON?S PRESS+ !IR MA9 DEM& = AN EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,! EMPLOY]S W]E UNCOMPROMIS+1 FLATLY REFUS+ ALL (F]S ( M$IATION & TURN+ A DEAF E> TO PUBLIC CRITICISM4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN NEWSPAP] ,EL ,DILUVIO W>N$ ?AT IF ! WORK]S W]E DEFEAT$1 !Y W\LD 9T]PRET ?IS AS AN 9DICATION ( ! USELESSNESS ( PEACEFUL /RIKES4 ,! OBS]VATION PROV$ TO BE ACUTELY P]CEPTIVE1 AS ! EMPLOY]S W]E TO LE>N SEV]AL YE>S LAT]4 ,AS ! WEEKS PASS$ & IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! /RIKE WAS TURN+ 9TO A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT & ! MANUFACTUR]S1 A %[ ( WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY BECAME ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,! MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES !REUPON DECID$ TO 9T]V5E & ON ,MONDAY MORN+1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g1 #a#i#b1 DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE CITY4 

,! /RIKE LA/$ A FULL WORK+ WEEK4 ,ITS SCOPE WAS 5L>G$ BY EMPLOY]S :O CLOS$ D[N1 FE>+ DAMAGE TO !IR BUS9ESSES4 ,SOME /REET FI<T+ DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! /RIK]S & ! >MY1 BUT = ! MO/ P>T ! /RIKE WAS PEACEFUL4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 MO/ ( ! WORK]S RETURN$ TO !IR JOBS1 & ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS OV]4 ,! /RIK]S HAD RAIS$ NO DEM&S &1 DESPITE ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES1 HAD CONDUCT$ ! ACTION )\T ANY VISIBLE LEAD]%IP4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE1 9 %ORT1 WAS NOT ONLY AN ACT ( SOLID>ITY ) ! METAL WORK]S BUT A SUP]B DEMON/RATION ( WORK+-CLASS 9ITIATIVE & CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,!SE LESSONS W]E NOT LO/ ON ! EMPLOY]S & GOV]NM5T1 :O COMB9$ !IR =CES TO SMA% ! ,B>CELONA LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,MORE /RIKES FOLL[$ 9 #aic AS ! PROLET>IAT TRI$ DESP]ATELY TO RESI/ ! (F5SIVE ( ! /ATE & MANUFACTUR]S4 ,C>LOS ,GONZALEZ ,RO?WOS1 ! NEW GOV]NOR APPO9T$ BY ! ,LIB]ALS1 >RE/$ MORE ?AN #ce MILITANTS ?AT YE> & CLOS$ D[N A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S' C5T]S4 ,BY #a#i#d1 ! /RIKE MOVEM5T HAD BEGUN TO SUBSIDE4 ,MO/ ( ! /RIKES HAD BE5 LO/1 LEAV+ TWO ?\S& UNEMPLOY$4 ,BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#i1 ,B>CELONA'S UNION MEMB]%IP HAD BE5 R$UC$ FROM #d#e1 TO #g11 & ! EMPLOY]S C\LD CONGRATULATE !MSELVES ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD BE5 ALL BUT OBLIT]AT$ 9 ?AT CITY4 

,! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 :I* HAD PLAY$ NO ROLE 9 ! /RIKE1 DREW ITS [N CONCLUSIONS4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE1 IT W>N$1 WAS A ?REAT TO PUBLIC ORD]1 9VIT+ GRAVE REPRISALS ?AT W\LD DIM9I% ALL POSSIBILITIES ( COLLECTIVE B>GA9+4 ,?IS REACTION IS SIGNIFICANT AS AN 9DICATION ( ! P>TY'S POLICY AT ! TIME4 ,POLITICALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY1 ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAD BECOME ANO!R BRAN* 9 ! TREE ( ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY3 OPPORTUNI/IC 9 ME?OD & RE=MI/ 9 POLICY4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E EMPLOY] & POLICE VIOL5CE T5D$ TO TURN EV]Y MAJOR /RIKE 9TO A NE>-9SURRECTION1 ! P>TY WAS SIMPLY IRRELEVANT & ITS ISOLATION FROM ! WORK]S COMPLETE4 ,?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,U,G,T DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 REMA9+ CONSI/5TLY RE=MI/ IS DUE MORE TO ! M\NT+ CRISIS 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY ?AN TO ANY LAT5T MILITANCY 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP4 ,BR5AN OBS]VES ?AT :]E ,AN>*I/ UNIONS W]E /RONG1 ! ,SOCIALI/S W]E USUALLY RE=MI/2 :]E !Y W]E WEAK1 ! ,SOCIALI/S BEHAV$ AS RADICALS4 ,P]HAPS IT W\LD BE MORE PO9T$ TO SAY ?AT :]E ! ,AN>*I/ UNIONS W]E /RONG1 !Y BECAME ! BRUNT ( EMPLOY] (F5SIVES :ILE ! ,U,G,T1 %IELD$ BY ITS LIB]T>IAN RIVALS1 TRI$ TO MAKE DEALS ) ! EMPLOY]S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,:]E ! ,U,G,T WAS ! L>G] ORGANIZATION1 IT WAS GOAD$ 9TO MILITANCY BY ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! EMPLOY]S & BY ! DEM&S ( ITS RANK & FILE4 

,!SE TRAITS W]E NOT LO/ ON ! WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,U,G,T TRI$ 5]GETICALLY TO BR+ ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT-9TO ! ,SOCIALI/ FOLD4 ,9DE$1 ! FIR/ NATIONAL (FICE ( ! ,U,G,T HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! UNION MADE SOME 9ROADS AMONG SKILL$ WORK]S4 ,CAU<T BETWE5 ,AN>*I/ MILITANCY & EMPLOY] 9TRANSIG5CE1 IT C\LD MAKE V]Y LITTLE HEADWAY4 ,9 #ahih ITS HEADQU>T]S W]E F9ALLY TRANSF]R$ TO ! MORE CONG5IAL 5VIRONM5T ( ,MADRID4 ,YET H]E TOO IT 5C\NT]$ ,AN>*I/ COMPETITION1 NEV] GA9+ COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! KEY CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 :O EV5TUALLY DRIFT$ 9TO ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNIONS4 

,9 ,MADRID A VIGOR\S EF=T WAS MADE TO GET ,U,G,T BACK+ = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 & ,P$RO ,VALL9A LEAVES US A PRICELESS ACC\NT ( :AT HAPP5$4 ,AFT] A MEET+ AT ! ,CAS9O ,F$]AL DEL ,HORNO 9 ! CAPITAL1 :]E ! ,AN>*I/S UNANIM\SLY PL$G$ !IR SUPPORT TO ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S1 A COMMITTEE WAS APPO9T$ TO VISIT ! ,U,G,T HEADQU>T]S4 0,ONE ( ! ,U,G,T LEAD]S1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 RECEIV$ US 9 HIS (FICE10 WRITES ,VALL9A1 0& )\T CONSULT+ ANYONE REJECT$ \R DEM&4 ,9 A JOK+1 D]OGATORY MANN]1 HE ASK$ IF WE BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A SUCCESSFUL /RIKE4 ,I ANSW]$ WE DID1 EV5 IF ! ,SOCIALI/S DID NOT HELP US1 BECAUSE WE HAD CONFID5CE 9 ! GOOD WILL ( ! WORK]S ( ,MADRID4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS SO DISAGREEABLE ?AT ONE ( \R DELEGATES1 BECOM+ 9DIGNANT1 ?REAT5$ TO PUN* HIM4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,SOCIALI/S DECL9$ ALL P>TICIPATION 9 ! CONFLICT4 ,!Y W]E AT ?AT TIME A MODEL ( COMMONS5SE40 

,! JUXTAPOSITION ( ! CYNICAL ,SOCIALI/ UNION BOSS ) ! IDEALI/IC1 VOLATILE ,AN>*I/S =MS A P]FECT /UDY 9 CONTRA/+ HUMANTYPES4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 BO? ! ,CATALAN EMPLOY]S & ,MADRID ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S W]E TO BE PROV5 WRONG 9 !IR ASSESSM5TS4 ,! ,B>CELONA UNION MOVEM5T W\LD RECOV] & CALL A SECOND G5]AL /RIKE4 ,?IS W\LD DEVELOP 9TO A WEEK ( FULL-SCALE 9SURRECTION4 ,IT TOO W\LD BE DEFEAT$1 BECOM+ KN[N AS ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK40 ,BUT 9/EAD ( FALL+ AP>T1 ! ,B>CELONA LABOR MOVEM5T W\LD EM]GE 9 A MORE VIGOR\S--& MORE REVOLUTION>Y--=M ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/4 

0,! ,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 

,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,CATALAN UNIONS AFT] ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #aib %IFT$ ! C5T] ( CONFLICT FROM ! ECONOMIC TO ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,9 ! NEXT FEW YE>S1 ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA W]E TO %IFT !IR ALLEGIANCES FROM ! UNIONS TO ,L]R\X'S ,RADICAL ,P>TY4 

,! ,RADICAL ,P>TY WAS NOT M]ELY A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION2 IT WAS ALSO A MAN1 ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X Y ,G>CIA1 & AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CIRCUS = PLEBIANS4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 ,L]R\X WAS A ,RADICAL ,REPUBLICAN 9 ! TRADITION ( ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA3 BITT]LY ANTICL]ICAL & AN OPPON5T ( ,CATALAN AUTONOMY4 ,L]R\X'S TACTICS1 LIKE ,RUIZ'S1 C5T]$ >\ND WEAN+ ! >MY & ! DIS9H]IT$ FROM ! MON>*Y TO ! VISION ( A ,SPANI% REPUBLIC4 

,9 HIS Y\NG] DAYS1 ,L]R\X MAY HAVE S9C]ELY ADH]$ TO ?IS PROGRAM4 ,! SON ( AN >MY VET]9>Y SURGEON1 HE BECAME A DEFT J\RNALI/ :O C\LD MESM]IZE ANY PLEBIAN AUDI5CE OR READ]%IP4 ,AFT] MOV+ FROM ,MADRID TO ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#a1 ,L]R\X OP5LY WOO$ ! >MY (FIC]S :ILE AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! EXALTADO TRADITION ( ! OLD ,REPUBLICAN 9SURRECTION>IES1 %OPP$ >\ND ,EUROPE LOOK+ = >MS4 ,HAD HE F\ND !M1 H[EV]1 HE PROBABLY W\LD NEV] HAVE US$ !M4 ,HIS MA9 GOAL WAS NOT 9SURRECTION BUT ! REVIVAL ( ! DY+ ,REPUBLICAN MOVEM5T ) TRANSFUSIONS ( WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT4 ,?IS HE A*IEV$ ) DRAMATIC PUBLIC RALLIES1 VIOL5TLY DEMAGOGIC ORATORY1 & A NETWORK ( MORE ?AN FIFTY PUBLIC C5T]S 9 ,B>CELONA ALONE4 ,IT WAS ,L]R\X :O 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,SPA9 ! ,CASA DEL ,PUEBLO 7,PEOPLE'S ,H\SE71 AN 9/ITUTION ( ! ,BELGIAN ,SOCIALI/S ?AT COMB9$ MEET+ HALLS1 CLASSROOMS1 A LIBR>Y1 & A TAV]N 9 A S+LE BUILD+4 ,LAT] ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/S W]E TO E/ABLI% ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SES ( !IR [N AS MEANS ( EXP&+ !IR MOVEM5T4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SES1 ,L]R\X & ! ,RADICALS PROVID$ ! ,B>CELONA POOR ) FOOD COOP]ATIVES1 MUTUAL B5EFITS1 DAY & EV5+ CLASSES1 & 9EXP5SIVE !ATRICAL PRODUCTIONS4 ,P>T ( ! MONEY = 9ITIAT+ ?IS CO/LY E/ABLI%M5T CAME FROM SECRET GOV]NM5T FUNDS ?AT ! ,LIB]AL PREMI]1 ,MORET1 F$ TO ! ,RADICALS 9 HOPES ( C\NT]ACT+ ! ,CATALAN AUTONOMI/S4 

,! MASSES FLOCK$ TO ! ,RADICALS 9 DROVES4 ,MORE ?AN TWO-?IRDS ( ! P>TY W]E MADE UP ( WORK]S1 9CLUD+ T\< WORK+-CLASS WOM5 :O =M$ !IR [N ,RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS--! ,DAMAS ,RADICALES & ,DAMAS ,ROJAS4 ,! MORE VOLATILE Y\? ( ,B>CELONA W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,JUV5TUD ,REPUBLICANA ,RADICAL--! ,JOV5ES ,B>B>OS 7,Y\NG ,B>B>IANS71 AS !Y W]E CALL$--:OSE TASK IT WAS TO PROTECT ,RADICAL RALLIES & BREAK UP ?OSE ( OPPON5T ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS APP>ATUS SPREAD ?R\< ,B>CELONA 9TO ! WORK]S' SUBURBS1 COLLECT+ ?\S&S 9TO A F>-REA*+ POLITICAL NETWORK4 

,!RE WAS NO?+ TO EQUAL ?IS NETWORK AMONG ,CATALAN AUTONOMI/S OR ! UNIONS4 ,BY ,M>* #a#i#g1 ! AUTONOMI/S HAD BE5 COMPELL$ TO JO9 =CES AGA9/ ! ,LAW ( ,JURISDICTIONS :I* GAVE ! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES ! P[] TO TRY BY C\RTS M>TIAL ALL CIVILIAN ACTS MIMICAL TO ! >MY4 ,! NEW ELECTORAL BLOC1,TEAM$ ,SOLID>IDAD ,CATALANA1 9CLUD$ MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS1 ! BUS9ESS-ORI5T$ ,LLIGA1 & ,C>LI/S4 ,DESPITE ITS POPUL>ITY AT ! POLLS1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,CATALANA HELD NO ATTRACTION = ! WORK]S & ,MURCIANOS1 :O NO LONG] TOOK ELECTIONS V]Y S]I\SLY 9 ANY CASE4 

,! UNIONS W]E /ILL 9 DEBRIS4 ,MANY S9DICATOS 7AS !Y W]E N[ CALL$7 HAD SIMPLY DISB&$ OR W]E %AD[ ORGANIZATIONS1 AL?\< !IR LEAD]S RETA9$ CONTACT ) EA* O!R 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL #aig ?AT ! ,B>CELONA LABOR MOVEM5T RECOV]$ SUFFICI5TLY TO HOLD A LOCAL CONGRESS4 ,9 ,JUNE A COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( METALLURGICAL WORK]S1 TYPESETT]S1 BAK]S1 PA9T]S1 & /ORE CL]KS GA!R$ 9 ! /ORE CL]KS' UNION HEADQU>T]S TO LAY PLANS = A MUNICIPAL F$]ATION4 ,! F$]ATION1 CALL$ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7,WORK] ,SOLID>ITY71 WAS F\ND$ ON ,AUGU/ #c & TWO MON?S LAT] BEGAN PUBLI%+ A NEWSPAP] ( ! SAME NAME4 ,AL?\< ! NEW ORGANIZATION GREW SL[LY1 IT MANAG$ TO TAKE HOLD AMONG WORK]S \TSIDE ! CITY4 ,A YE> LAT]1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#h1 IT WAS EXP&$ 9TO A REGIONAL F$]ATION EMBRAC+ #aab LABOR SYNDICATES ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA ) A MEMB]%IP ( TW5TY FIVE ?\S& WORK]S4 ,! ,RADICAL LEAD]S W]E DISCONC]T$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS NEW RIVAL = WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT4 ,AFT] AN EX*ANGE ( SUSPICI\S CORDIALITIES1 !Y BEGAN TO MOVE AGA9/ IT ) ! 9T5TION ( EI!R DOM9AT+ OR DE/ROY+ IT4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! ,RADICALS HAD V]Y LITTLE TO FE>4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A WAS A 0PURE SYNDICALI/0 UNION1 ORGANIZ$ 5TIRELY >\ND IMM$IATE DEM&S & COLLECTIVE B>GA9+4 ,!1 UNION DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS NOT UND] ! 0TUTELAGE ( ANY POLITICAL P>TY OR 444 EI!R ( ! TWO BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISM0 7,M>XISM OR ,AN>*ISM74 ,IT 5JOY$ ! FAVOR ( ! GOV]NOR1 ,ANGEL ,OSSORIO Y ,GALL>DO1 :O LIK$ ITS ,SOCIALI/ MEMB]S & LAM5T$ ! WEAKNESS ( !IR P>TY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,9EVITABLY1 H[EV]1 ! LABOR F$]ATION BECAME A BATTLEGR\ND BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 L$ BY UNION (FICIALS LIKE ,ANTONIO ,BADIA ,MATEMOLA1 ,>TURO ,GAS1 & ! ,CATALAN 9TELLECTUAL ,ANTONIO ,FABRA ,RIVAS1 W]E 9T5T ON BR++ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 9TO ! ,U,G,T4 ,!Y /RONGLY APPROV$ ( ! UNION'S OPPORTUNISM2 9DE$1 AS ,>TURO ,GAS WAS TO EMPHASIZE1 0,WORK]S CONSCI\S ( !IR POSITION EM]GE FROM /RONG SYNDICATES1 & FROM SU* WORK]S EM]GE GOOD ,SOCIALI/S40 ,LIKE ! ,RADICALS1 ! ,SOCIALI/S REG>D$ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A AS A RIVAL TO !IR [N ORGANIZATION & W]E 9T5T ON ABSORB+ IT OR CRU%+ IT4 ,?AT !Y W]E 9 ! NEW UNION AT ALL WAS DUE TO ! ,CATALAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ATION'S LACK ( 9FLU5CE 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A W]E ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S :O BELIEV$ 9 OP]AT+ )9 L>GE LABOR MOVEM5TS--WORK]S LIKE ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ ,ROM]O1 ,TOMAS ,H]R]OS1 & ! PUBLICI/ ,LEOPOLDA ,BON(ULLA4 ,5C\RAG$ BY ,F]R]1 !Y OP5$ A CONC]T$ ATTACK ON ! ,SOCIALI/S & TRI$ TO GUIDE ! LABOR F$]ATION T[>D REVOLUTION>Y GOALS4 ,!IR EF=TS1 FO/]$ BY ! DRIFT ( ! E>LY ,FR5* ,C,G,T T[>D REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 W]E TO BE M>K$ BY 9CREAS+ SUCCESS4 ,! P]IODICAL ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A SOON FELL UND] ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ CONTROL & ON ,JUNE #a#c1 #a#i#i1 A CONGRESS ( ! LABOR F$]ATION VOT$ OV]:ELM+LY TO ACCEPT ! G5]AL /RIKE TACTIC 0DEP5D+ UPON CIRCUM/ANCES40 

,! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S W]E VIEW$ ) DISDA9 BY ! ,B>CELONA ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! P]IODICAL ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD & ! T]RORI/-ORI5T$ ,GRUPO #d DE ,MAYO 7,MAY #d? ,GR\P74 ,?IS H&FUL ( PURI/S WAS ALL ?AT REMA9$ ( ! MU* L>G] ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T =M$ 9 ! #a#h#iS4 ,!IR RANKS HAD BE5 T]RIBLY DEPLET$ BY >RE/S & P]SECUTIONS4 ,[+ TO A LACK ( FUNDS1 !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO GIVE UP !IR HEADQU>T]S & MEET 9 ! (FICES ( ! NEWSPAP]4 ,! $ITORS1 ,JUAN ,B>ON & ,FRANCISCO ,C>D5AL1 REG>D$ ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AS DES]T]S TO RE=MISM & HELD FAI?FULLY TO ! DOCTR9ES ?AT HAD =M$ ! BASIS ( ! OLD ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION4 

,AL?\< !RE W]E NO VISIBLY ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN F$]ATIONS AT ?IS TIME1 ,AN>*I/S W]E NUM]ICALLY SIGNIFICANT 9 ! ,CATALAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S W]E UNIT$ 9=MALLY BY !IR COMMON OBJECTIVES 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 ,L]R\X'S [N P>TY CONTA9$ MANY EX-,AN>*I/S :OSE COMMITM5T TO ,REPUBLICAN POLITICS WAS SUP]FICIAL4 ,!SE 0AN>*I/IC0 TYPES 7IF SU* !Y CAN BE CALL$7 W]E TO CONTRIBUTE MAT]IALLY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY M]ELY BY DO+ :AT IT HAD PREA*$4 ,YET 9 ! 5D IT WAS NOT NUM]ICAL /R5G? ?AT WAS TO E/ABLI% ,AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,B>CELONA LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT ! %>P5+ /RUGGLE ?AT DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT & ! EMPLOY]S4 

,BY ! SPR+ ( #a#i#i1 ! CLASS CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S & ! TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]S BEGAN TO LOOK LIKE AN UNCANNY REPLAY ( ! EV5TS ?AT HAD L$ TO ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#b4 ,ON ,MAY #a#e1 ! ,RUS9OL FACTORY 9 ! ,T] VALLEY WAS CLOS$ D[N1 & #h WORK]S W]E DIS*>G$4 ,! LOCK\T WAS ! OP5+ BL[ 9 ANO!R CAMPAIGN TO L[] WAGES ?R\<\T ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,AT A TWO-DAY ASSEMBLY ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 9 ,JULY1 SPEAK]S EXHORT$ ! DELEGATES TO ?R[ ! FULL WEI<T ( ! LABOR F$]ATION BEH9D ! TEXTILE WORK]S & TO PLAN = A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,!RE SEEM$ TO BE BROAD AGREEM5T AMONG ! DELEGATES ON ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,AL?\< MO/ ( ! WORK]S \TSIDE ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY W]E APA!TIC1 ! IDEA ( A G5]AL /RIKE HAD BE5 ACCEPT$ BY ! UNION NOT M]ELY 9 ! AB/RACT BUT CONCRETELY--AS A /RATEGY ?AT W\LD BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTION IF !RE W]E SUFFICI5T PROVOCATION FROM ! MANUFACTUR]S OR ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IT WAS AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND ( M\NT+ CRISIS 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT ! ,MAURA M9I/RY1 ON ,JULY #a#a1 ANN\NC$ A CALL-UP ( MILIT>Y RES]VES = ACTIVE DUTY 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,! CALL-UP WAS NOT 5TIRELY SURPRIS+4 ,SKIRMI%ES & SPORADIC 5C\NT]S BETWE5 ,RIFF TRIBESM5 & ,SPANI% TROOPS HAD BE5 GO+ ON = WEEKS4 ,! ODOR ( AN IMP5D+ W> WAS ALREADY 9 ! AIR4 ,IT WAS NO SECRET ?AT ! ,RIFF =AYS W]E M5AC+ ! SUPPLY R\TES TO VALUABLE IRON M9ES [N$ BY MAJOR ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S4 ,TO ! ,SPANI% WORK]S1 ! PROSPECT ( %$D+ !IR BLOOD TO PROTECT ! COLONIAL HOLD+S ( A FEW WEAL?Y MAGNATES WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY ALLUR+4 ,MAURA'S CALL-UP HAD PRODUC$ HE>TR5D+ SC5ES 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! MA9 PORT ( EMB>KATION = ,MOROCCO4 ,MANY RES]VI/S W]E DESP]ATELY POOR ,CATALAN WORK]S :OSE FAMILIES W]E 9 NO POSITION TO LOSE !IR BREADW9N]S EV5 = A FEW DAYS1 MU* LESS ALL[ !IR LIVES TO BE 5DANG]$ 9 IMP]IALI/ ADV5TURES4 ,ANTIW> FEEL+ RAN HI< ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,ON ,JULY #a#h1 ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS1 A MAN :O = DECADES HAD MADE PRUD5CE ! KEY/ONE ( ,SOCIALI/ POLICY1 W>N$ AN ANTIW> RALLY 9 ,MADRID ?AT 0IF IT IS NECESS>Y1 WORK]S WILL GO \T ON A G5]AL /RIKE ) ALL ! CONSEQU5CES40 

,BUT :5 W\LD IT BE NECESS>Y8 ,ON ! V]Y DAY ( ,IGLESIAS'S SPEE*1 ! ,RIFFS ATTACK$ ! ,SPANI% SUPPLY L9ES = ! FIR/ TIME1 TURN+ :AT HAD BE5 SPORADIC 5GAGEM5TS 9TO A FULL-SCALE W>4 ,DEMON/RATIONS AT ! ,CATALAN PORT SPREAD TO TRA9 /ATIONS 9 O!R CITIES :]E RES]VI/S W]E BE+ CALL$ UP4 ,?IS CRISIS WAS RAIS$ TO ACUTE DIM5SIONS 9 ,B>CELONA :5 ON ,JULY #ba ,EL ,POBLE ,CATALA PUBLI%$ A PETITION BY ! ,CATALAN ,SOCIALI/S TO !IR ,MADRID HEADQU>T]S1 CALL+ = A G5]AL /RIKE ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,NE>LY A WEEK HAD PASS$ S9CE ,IGLESIAS'S W>N+ )\T ANY FOLL[-UP ACTION BE+ TAK5 BY ! ,U,G,T4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! TURMOIL 9 ,SPA9 CONT9U$ TO M\NT4 ,AS ,EL ,POBLE ,CATALA $ITORIALIZ$3 0,! VALVES HAVE BE5 CLOS$ & ! /EAM IS ACCUMULAT+4 ,:O KN[S IF IT WILL EXPLODE80 

,! /ALEMATE WAS SUDD5LY BROK5 ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #b#d1 :5 TWO ,B>CELONA ,AN>*I/S1 ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ ,ROM]O & ,MIGUEL ,VILLALOBOS ,MOR5A1 DECID$ TO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES AS ! NUCLEUS ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE = A /RIKE4 ,RODRIGUEZ ,ROM]O WAS AN ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ (FICIAL 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 & ,VILLALOBOS ,MOR5A HAD BE5 A S*OOLTEA*] 9 A M9+ VILLAGE :O WAS =C$ TO LEAVE HIS PO/ = PUBLICIZ+ ,AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,DUR+ ! EV5TS DISCUSS$ ABOVE1 ,VILLALOBOS WAS ON ! /AFF ( ,F]R]'S ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & LAT] REPRES5T$ ! 0SYNDICALI/S0 ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE = A ,/RIKE4 ,BO? M51 ( C\RSE1 W]E ,AN>*I/S 9 !IR D$ICATION TO A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & LIB]T>IAN ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE4.<#a#i.> 

,COLLECT+ :ATEV] SUPPORT !Y C\LD F9D AMONG ! MILITANT (FICIALS ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 !Y FANN$ \T ?R\< ! CITY TO GA9 COMMITM5TS FROM O!R LEAD]S4 ,FAC$ ) A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 ! ,CATALAN ,SOCIALI/S1 :O HAD BE5 WAIT+ = WORD FROM ,MADRID1 N[ HAD NO *OICE BUT TO JO9 ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,TO HAVE REMA9$ \TSIDE W\LD HAVE CO/ !M ! OPPORTUNITY ( PLAY+ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! /RIKE ACTION4 

,AMONG ! ,RADICALS !RE WAS TO BE A DIVISION 9 ATTITUDE BETWE5 ! TOP LEAD]S & RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS4 ,L]R\X HAD GONE ABROAD 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aii TO ESCAPE TRIAL ON AN OLD *>GE ( WRIT+ A S$ITI\S >TICLE4 ,HE PRUD5TLY REMA9$ AWAY UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#i#i1 LONG AFT] ! UPHEAVAL HAD SUBSID$4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY FELL TO ,EMILIANO ,IGLESIAS ,AMBROSIO1 A %REWD LAWY] & POLITICIAN :OSE SOLE POLICY WAS TO PREV5T A REVOLUTION )\T DAMAG+ ! ,RADICALS' REPUTATION = MILITANCY4 ,9 TRY+ TO CURRY FAVOR ) BO? ! >MY (FIC]S & WORK]S--TWO ESS5TIALLY ANTAGONI/IC CAMPS--! ,RADICAL POLITICIANS SUCCE$$ 9 SATISFY+ NEI!R GR\P4 ,AL?\< A YE> LAT] ! ,RADICALS W]E TO SCORE A L>GE ELECTORAL VICTORY1 ! ,CATALAN WORK]S W]E TO AB&ON ! P>TY & TURN AWAY FROM POLITICS4 ,! >MY1 = ITS P>T1 WAS TO DEVELOP ITS [N ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,JUNTAS DE ,DEF5SA 7,COMMITTEES ( ,DEF5SE71 AFT] :I* IT DRIFT$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY T[>D REACTION4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE = A ,/RIKE HAD BE5 =M$ ON A ,SATURDAY NI<T4 ,BY ,MONDAY ! /RIKE WAS UND]WAY4 ,9 ! MORN+ H\RS1 /RIKE DELEGATIONS APPE>$ AT ! FACTORY GATES TO CALL \T ! WORK]S4 ,TO PROTECT !IR PROP]TY1 ! EMPLOY]S CLOS$ D[N ! FACTORIES1 ONCE AGA9 SWELL+ ! RANKS ( ! /RIK]S AS !Y HAD 9 #a#i#b4 ,FROM ! \TSET ! ,AN>*I/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD TRI$ TO TURN ! /RIKE 9TO AN 9SURRECTION1 BUT !IR MO/ ABLE ACTIVI/S W]E QUICKLY >RE/$ BY ! AU?ORITIES = 9CIT+ CR[DS TO ATTACK ! POLICE /ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E REMOV$ FROM ! SC5E ALMO/ AS SOON AS ! /RIKE BEGAN4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S ON ! O!R H&1 FE>FUL ( 0,AN>*I/ TURMOIL10 TRI$ TO CONF9E ! /RIKE TO AN ANTIW> PROTE/ & REG>D$ ANY ATTEMPT AT A REVOLT AS ADV5TURI/IC4 

,! EV5TS W]E TO A/ONI% EV]YONE4 ,DUR+ ! WEEK ( ,JULY #bf TO ,AUGU/ #a1 ,B>CELONA W\LD PRES5T ! SPECTACLE ( A FULL-SCALE 9SURRECTION1 A L>GELY SPONTANE\S UPRIS+ ?AT RECEIV$ LITTLE GUIDANCE FROM ! UNION OR ,RADICAL LEAD]S4 ,AS ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO WROTE TO ,T>RIDA DEL ,M>MOL 9 ,LONDON3 0,:AT IS HAPP5+ H]E IS AMAZ+4 ,A SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS BROK5 \T 9 ,B>CELONA & IT HAS BE5 />T$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,NO ONE 9/IGAT$ IT4 ,NO ONE HAS L$ IT4 ,NEI!R ! ,LIB]ALS NOR ,CATALAN ,NATIONALI/S1 NOR ,REPUBLICANS1 NOR ,SOCIALI/S1 NOR ,AN>*I/S40 

,HAD HE KN[N ALL ! DETAILS1 ,LOR5ZO MI<T HAVE ADD$ ?AT ! CIVIL GOV]NM5T 9 ! CITY HAD COLLAPS$4 ,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ! /RIKE1 ! GOV]NOR ( ,CATALONIA1 ,DON ,ANGEL ,OSSORIO Y ,GALL>DO1 BECAME LOCK$ 9 A FEUD ) HIS SUP]IOR1 ! M9I/] ( 9T]IOR ,DON ,JUAN DE ,LA ,CI]VA & HIS MILIT>Y C\NT]P>T1 ,SANTIAGO1 ! CAPTA9 G5]AL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,HE RESIGN$ 9 A HUFF FROM HIS PO/ & )DREW TO SULK 9 HIS SUMM] MANSION ON ! ,TIBIDABO4 ,SANTIAGO1 MI/RU/FUL ( ! LOCAL G>RISON1 CONF9$ MO/ ( HIS TROOPS TO !IR B>RACKS1 AB&ON+ ! /REETS TO ! REVOLUTION>IES4 

,:ATEV] LEAD]%IP EM]G$ CAME FROM ! MILITANTS 9 ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY & ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 0,BY DEFAULT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! UPRIS+ PASS$ TO ! MILITANTS 4440 OBS]VES ,JOAN ,CONNELLY ,ULLMAN 9 H] DETAIL$ /UDY ( ! 9SURRECTION4 0,!Y W]E AN>*I/ BY CONVICTION1 AL?\< NOM9ALLY MEMB]S ( ! ,RADICAL P>TY OR ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A40 ,!IR EF=TS W]E NEV] COORD9AT$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE1 :I* /ONILY REFUS$ TO ISSUE ANY DIRECTIVES & WA/$ MU* ( ITS TIME TRY+ TO COAX ! ,RADICAL JEFE1 ,IGLESIAS1 9TO JO9+ IT4 ,IGLESIAS1 N[ CONC]N$ ONLY ) HIS P]SONAL SAFETY1 REFUS$4 ,?US FROM ! \TSET ! 9SURRECTION FOLL[$ ITS [N C\RSE4 ,! CR[DS ROAM+ ! MA9 /REET W]E C>EFUL TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 POLICE & SOLDI]S4 ,! LATT] W]E WOO$ ) *E]S & ANTIW> APPEALS :5EV] !Y APPE>$2 ! POLICE /ATIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E ATTACK$ ) F]OCITY4 ,?IS CANNY APPROA* PROV$ TO BE HI<LY SUCCESSFUL4 ,! POLICE MADE !MSELVES SC>CE :ILE AT ! ,PASEO DEL ,COLON1 A GR\P ( DRAGOONS REFUS$ TO OBEY AN ORD] TO OP5 FIRE ON ! CR[D4 ,RAILROAD L9ES LEAD+ 9TO ! DTY W]E BL[N UP1 TEMPOR>ILY ISOLAT+ ,B>CELONA FROM G>RISONS \TSIDE ! CITY4 ,B>RICADES W]E ?R[N UP 9 ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS & >MS DI/RIBUT$4 ,WOM5 PLAY$ A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! REVOLT1 (T5 JO9+ ! M5 9 ! ACTUAL FI<T+4 ,! /RUGGLE >\S$ NOT ONLY ! WORK]S & ,MURCIANOS BUT ALSO ELEM5TS ( ,B>CELONA'S DECLASSES1 ESPECIALLY PRO/ITUTES4 

,NOR WAS IT = WANT ( LEAD]%IP ?AT ! 9SURRECTION WAS SUPPRESS$1 ALL MY?S AB\T ! LIMITS ( POPUL> SPONTANEITY NOT)/&+4 ,! CRUCIAL PROBLEM WAS ! LACK ( SUPPORT \TSIDE ,CATALONIA4 ,! BREAKD[N 9 COMMUNICATIONS BETWE5 ,B>CELONA & ! RE/ ( ,SPA9 WORK$ TO ! FULL ADVANTAGE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* MISREPRES5T$ ! UPRIS+ AS AN EXCLUSIVELY AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! NON-,CATALAN WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 LULL$ BY A FALSE PICTURE ( ! EV5TS1 MADE NO EF=T TO AID ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,EXCEPT = WORK]S 9 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL T[NS NE>BY1 ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT F\<T ALONE4 ,& IT F\<T ) GREAT C\RAGE & 9ITIATIVE4 ,BY ,W$NESDAY1 ,JULY #b#h1 L>GE TROOP DETA*M5TS REA*$ ! CITY & W]E DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTION>IES4 ,9T5SE FI<T+ CONT9U$ WELL 9TO ! NEXT DAY4 ,9 ! ,CLOT & ,PUEBLO ,NUEVA DI/RICTS1 ! RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK]S WAS SO FURI\S ?AT >TILL]Y WAS NE$$ TO CLE> ! B>RICADES4 ,EV5 AFT] ! B>RICADES W]E DEMOLI%$1 DOGG$ FI<T+ WAS C>RI$ ON 9 BUILD+S & FROM RO(TOPS4 

,ELSE:]E1 ! FI<T+ WAS SPORADIC4 ,! MORALE ( ! WORK]S HAD BE5 %AK5 BY ! NEWS ?AT !IR REVOLT WAS AN ISOLAT$ ONE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! ,U,G,T1 ! ONLY NATIONAL LABOR F$]ATION 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TIME1 DID NOT ISSUE AN APPEAL = A G5]AL /RIKE UNTIL ,TUESDAY NI<T1 ,JULY #b#g1 TWO DAYS AFT] ,B>CELONA HAD RIS54 ,MOREOV]1 ! APPEAL WAS NOT DI/RIBUT$ UNTIL ,W$NESDAY1 & IT S*$UL$ ! /RIKE = ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY1 ,AUGU/ #b--TWO DAYS AFT] ! ,B>CELONA 9SURRECTION HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$4 

,!RE WAS LITTLE CL>ITY AB\T ! AIMS ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 AS WE HAVE NOT$1 SAW ! UPRIS+ AS AN ANTIW> PROTE/1 ! ,AN>*I/S AS A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & ! ,REPUBLICANS AS A BL[ AGA9/ ! MON>*Y4 ,BY ,TUESDAY ! ',TRAGIC ,WEEK0 HAD DEVELOP$ A %>P ANTICL]ICAL $GE ?AT WAS TO *>ACT]IZE IT ALMO/ TO ! V]Y 5D4 ,BE=E ! WEEK WAS OV]1 AN E/IMAT$ EI<TY *UR*ES1 MONA/]IES1 & ,CA?OLIC WELF>E 9/ITUTIONS W]E DE/ROY$4 ,IT IS FAIRLY EVID5T N[ ?AT ?IS WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO CL]ICAL 9/ITUTIONS WAS 9/IGAT$ BY ! ,RADICAL POLITICIANS' :O W]E EAG] TO DIV]T ! WORK]S FROM REVOLUTION>Y PA?S 9TO WELL-GROOV$ ANTICL]ICAL *ANNELS4 

,V]Y LITTLE WAS REQUIR$ TO LAUN* ?IS EF=T3 ! *UR* WAS ?OR\<LY DETE/$ BY ! WORK]S & MIDDLE-CLASS RADICALS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! MONA/]IES & NUNN]IES W]E REG>D$ AS PRISONS 9 :I* RECALCITRANT NOVICES W]E TORTUR$ 9TO OB$I5CE OR 7AS POPUL> RUMOR HAD IT7 SIMPLY KILL$4 ,! AURA ( TORTURE & T]ROR :I* SUFFUS$ POPUL> ATTITUDES T[>D ! *UR* L$ TO A NUMB] ( MACABRE 9CID5TS4 ,HAV+ 0LIB]AT$0 ! MONKS & NUNS1 ! WELL-MEAN+ ATTACK]S PROCE$$ TO EXHUME BODIES 9 ! MONA/IC VAULTS & CEMET]IES1 LOOK+ = EVID5CE ( ILL-TREATM5T BE=E DEA?4 ,:5 SOME CADAV]S W]E F\ND ) B\ND LIMBS 7A PRACTICE ( ! ,HI]ONYMITE NUNS71 !Y W]E C>RI$ TO ! ,CITY ,HALL AS EVID5CE ( TORTURE4 ,9 ONE CASE1 A NUMB] ( BODIES W]E DEPOSIT$ ON ! DOOR/EPS ( SEV]AL PROM95T ,CA?OLIC LAYM54 ,:ILE ?IS WAS GO+ ON1 A Y\NG1 SIMPLE-M9D$ COALMAN1 ,RAMON ,CLEM5T ,G>CIA DID AN OBSC5E DANCE ) ONE ( ! CORPSES AS AN 0AMUSEM5T40 ,HE WAS >RE/$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & LAT] %OT1 O/5SIBLY = 0BUILD+ A B>RICADE40.<#b.> 

,! FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA CAME TO AN 5D ON ,SATURDAY1 ,JULY #c#a1 :5 ,HORTA1 ! LA/ \TPO/ ( REBEL RESI/ANCE1 WAS OV]COME4 ,! REBELS !RE HAD F\<T UNTIL FUR!R COMBAT WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y HAD 9SI/$ !Y W]E GO+ TO 0C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION0 DESPITE ! OV]:ELM+ ODDS AGA9/ !M4 ,:5 ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 WAS OV] ! POLICE HAD LO/ A TOTAL ( ONLY EI<T DEAD & #adb W\ND$2 ! FATALITIES AMONG ! CIVILIAN POPULATION W]E (FICIALLY REPORT$ AS #a#d1 BUT ?IS FIGURE IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY AN UND]/ATEM5T & %\LD BE WEI<$ AGA9/ ,BU5ACASA'S CLAIM ( #f DEAD 7,BU5ACASA WAS ONE ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! UPRIS+ & HIS FIGURE1 AL?\< ALMO/ SIX TIMES ! (FICIAL ONE1 %\LD NOT BE TOTALLY DISC\NT$74 ,! NUMB] ( W\ND$ WILL NEV] BE KN[N4 ,AL?\< ! REACTION>Y PRESS BELL[$ AB\T ATTACKS ON ! CL]GY1 ONLY TWO MONKS HAD BE5 DELIB]ATELY KILL$4 ,CLE>LY1 9 ! ASSAULTS LAUN*$ UPON RELIGI\S 9/ITUIONS1 ! OBJECTIVE WAS NOT TO TAKE LIFE BUT1 AS ,JOAN ,CONNELLY ,ULLMAN HAS NOT$1 0TO DE/ROY ! PROP]TY--! WEAL?--( ! CL]GY40 

,NO SOON] WAS ! REVOLT OV] :5 C\RTS M>TIAL W]E E/ABLI%$ TO PUNI% ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL REPORTS1 #a1#g#b#e 9DIVIDUALS W]E 9DICT$ BY MILIT>Y C\RTS 9 ! T5-MON? P]IOD FOLL[+ ,AUGU/ #a4 ,TWO HUNDR$ & F\RTE5 HAD ESCAP$ ! REA* ( ! >MY & W]E NEV] CAPTUR$4 ,ON CLOS] EXAM9ATION1 ! C\RTS W]E OBLIG$ TO DISMISS ! *>GES AGA9/ #dfi & ACQUIT ANO!R #e#h#d4 ,9 ! 5D1 ?IS LEFT AB\T #de PEOPLE TO BE TRI$ & S5T5C$1 MO/LY TO V>Y+ T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,SEV5TE5 W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 BUT ONLY FIVE W]E EXECUT$ 9 ,MONTJUI* PRISON4 ,! REMA9D] HAD !IR S5T5CES COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 

,9 F\R ( ! FIVE CAPITAL CASES1 ! TRIALS W]E ALMO/ COMPLETELY )\T JURIDICAL F\NDATION3 ! VICTIMS W]E EXECUT$ NOT BECAUSE !Y HAD COMMITT$ ! MO/ S]I\S (F5SES ) :I* !Y W]E *>G$1 BUT BECAUSE ! AU?ORITIES WANT$ TO MAKE EXAMPLES ( !M4 ,! MILIT>Y HAD APP>5TLY DECID$ TO %OOT AT LEA/ ONE 9DIVIDUAL = EA* ( ! MAJOR ACTS COMMITT$ 9 ! 9SURRECTIONS4 ,?US ITS SELECTION ( VICTIMS WAS L>GELY >BITR>Y4 ,! FIF? & LA/ P]SON TO BE EXECUT$ WAS ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 ,F]R] HAD BE5 ABROAD BETWE5 ,M>* & ,JUNE ( #a#i#i4 ,HE HAD RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA 9 ORD] TO BE AT ! SICK B$ ( HIS SI/]-9-LAW & DY+ NIECE4 ,DUR+ ! UPRIS+ HE HAD SP5T MO/ ( ! TIME AT HIS F>M1 SOME FIFTE5 MILES \TSIDE ( ,B>CELONA1 & HIS MOVEM5TS HAD BE5 WAT*$ CLOSELY BY ! POLICE4 

,F]R] HAD V]Y LITTLE 9FLU5CE ON RANK-&-FILE REVOLUTION>IES & ,RADICALS 9 ! CITY4 ,AL?\< HE HAD BEFRI5D$ SU* \T/&+ ,AN>*I/S AS ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO & ,F$]ICO ,URALES1 ! ORD9>Y ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAD BE5 SC&ALIZ$ BY HIS F9ANCIAL ACTIVITIES & ! PUBLICITY GIV5 TO HIS RELATIONS ) WOM54 ,! ,RADICALS W]E 9T]E/$ MA9LY 9 ,F]R]'S F9ANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO !IR CAUSE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 = !IR P>T1 DETE/$ HIM4 ,NE>LY EV]YONE REG>D$ HIS POLITICAL SUPPORT AS A LIABILITY4 ,!Y W]E READY TO TAKE HIS MONEY 7,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A'S HEADQU>T]S1 = EXAMPLE HAD BE5 R5T$ ) A LOAN FROM ,F]R]7 BUT FEW W]E WILL+ TO LI/5 TO HIS ADVICE4 

,YET ?IS MAN WAS A S9C]E REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,RADICAL LEAD]S LIKE ,IGLESIAS1 HE DEV\TLY HOP$ ?AT ! G5]AL /RIKE W\LD TURN 9TO A REVOLUTION4 ,! GOV]NM5T & CL]ICS HAT$ HIM & W]E 9T5T ON DE/ROY+ HIM4 ,:5 HE WAS CAPTUR$ ON ,AUGU/ #c#a1 AFT] HID+ = FIVE WEEKS 9 CAVES ON HIS F>M1 ! PRELATES ( ,B>CELONA S5T A LETT] TO ,MAURA OP5LY DEM&+ VIGOR\S ACTION AGA9/ ,F]R] & ! ,ESCUELA ,MODEMA4 ,MAURA PUBLICLY REPLI$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T 0WILL ACT 9 ! SPIRIT ( Y\R LETT] & FOLL[ ! L9E ( CONDUCT Y\ 9DICATE40 

,ACCORD+LY1 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WAS TRI$ = HIS LIFE BY A MILIT>Y C\RT ?AT HAD >RIV$ AT ITS V]DICT WELL 9 ADVANCE4 ,! PROCE$+S LA/$ ONLY ONE DAY4 ,! PROSECUTION WAS ALL[$ LIB]TIES ?AT SC&ALIZ$ WORLD OP9ION3 ANONYM\S AFFIDAVITS & HE>SAY ACC\NTS W]E ADMITT$ 9TO EVID5CE AGA9/ ! DEF5DANT2 PRISON]S :O W]E FAC$ ) S]I\S PUNI%M5T = !IR [N (F5SES W]E EVID5TLY GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO TRADE HEAVY S5T5CES = TE/IMONY AGA9/ ,F]R]4 ,EVID5CE 9 ,F]R]'S FAVOR WAS SUPPRESS$1 & CROSS-EXAM9ATION BY ! DEF5SE CIRCUMSCRIB$ TO A %OCK+ EXT5T1 EV5 BY ,SPANI% /&>DS ( ! DAY4 ,ONE WITNESS CLAIM$ ?AT ,F]R] HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! BURN+ ( CONV5TS 9 A COMMUNITY :]E NONE 9 FACT HAD BE5 BURN$ AT ALL4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( ,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#i#i1 ,F]R] WAS EXECUT$ BY A FIR+ SQUAD 9 ,MONTJUI* PRISON4 ,HE IS SAID TO HAVE DI$ S]5ELY & ) GREAT C\RAGE4 ,AS ! M5 W]E AIM+ !IR WEAPONS AT HIM1 HE CRI$ \T3 0,LOOK WELL1 MY *ILDR56 ,I AM 9NOC5T4 ,LONG LIVE ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA6 

,! JUDICIAL MURD] ( ,F]R] WAS AN ACT NOT ONLY ( GROSS 9JU/ICE BUT POLITICAL /UPIDITY4 ,! CASE L$ TO DEMON/RATIONS ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & CONTRIBUT$ DIRECTLY TO ! D[NFALL ( ,MAURA'S M9I/RY4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT W]E ! LONG-RUN EFFECTS ( ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ ! UPRIS+4 ,! GOV]NM5T US$ ! REVOLT AS AN EXCUSE TO SUPPRESS ! ,CATALAN UNIONS1 SUSP5D ! PUBLICATION ( OPPOSITION NEWSPAP]S1 & CLOSE VIRTUALLY ALL PRIVATE LAY S*OOLS 9 ! RE/IVE PROV9CE4 ,AL?\< ,SPA9 HAD BE5 PLAC$ UND] M>TIAL LAW DIRECTLY AFT] ! \TBREAK ( ! 9SURRECTION1 FULL CIVIL RALE WAS NOT RE/OR$ 9 ,CATALONIA UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #g1 ALMO/ SIX WEEKS AFT] ITS RE/ORATION 9 ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 !SE MEASURES FUR!R RADICALIZ$ ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT & 9CREAS$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 RALLI$ ! MANUFACTUR]S >\ND ,MADRID & M>K$ ! FIR/ MAJOR /EP T[>D 5D+ 9DEP5D5T B\RGEOIS POLITICS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,9DE$1 ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 ,SPA9 BECAME MIS-TRU/FUL ( ELECTORAL ME?ODS & DRIFT$ T[>D POLITICAL SUBT]FUGE OR ! USE ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE RETURN$ TO ITS OLD PRACTICE ( MAK+ BEH9D-!-SC5E DEALS4 ,! ,CONS]VATIVES & ,LIB]ALS1 AL?\< FALL+ \T 9CREAS+LY BETWE5 !MSELVES1 BECAME UNEASY AB\T CALL+ ELECTIONS4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES BEGAN TO LIVE UND] A S+LE CL\D3 ! DANG] ( A MASS UPRIS+ BY ! URBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! 9N] P>ALYZES ( !SE CLASSSES 9CREAS+LY T5D$ TO P>ALYZE ! 5TIRE CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM1 RE/RICT+ POLITICAL LIFE TO MANEUV]S )9 ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! ,B>CELONA UPRIS+ MI<T HAVE BREA!D SOME LIFE 9TO ! DY+ SY/EM ( ,TURNISMO--JU/ AS ! ,F$]ALI/ REVOLT ( #ahgc HAD EVOK$ IT--HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! POLITICAL MA*9ATIONS ( ! Y\NG K+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I4 ,HIS OV]T 9T]V5TION 9 P>LIAM5T>Y AFFAIRS WAS TO PROVE A FATAL BL[ TO ELECTORAL POLITICS1 LEAD+ DIRECTLY TO ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP ( ! #a#i#bS4 

,! FIR/ MON>* ( ! ,RE/ORATION1 ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I1 HAD ACCOMMODAT$ HIMSELF TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME ( ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS4 ,! L&[N+ OLIG>*Y ML$1 & ! MON>*Y = ! MO/ P>T OBEY$4 ,! DEA? ( ! K+ 9 ,NOVEMB] #ahhe W\LD HAVE BE5 GREATLY LAM5T$ HAD ! OLIG>*S BE5 ABLE TO =ESEE ! ROLE ?AT HIS SUCCESSOR W\LD PLAY4 ,!Y W]E TO BE SP>$ ?IS VISION = TWO DECADES2 ! SECOND ,RE/ORATION MON>* ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I1 WAS A PO/HUM\S *ILD1 BORN SIX MON?S AFT] HIS FA!R'S DEA?4 ,HIS MO!R1 ,DONA ,M>IA ,CRI/9A1 DID NO?+ TO ?REAT5 ,CANOVAS'S S*EME = /ABILITY1 & !SE DECADES W]E ! MO/ /ABLE 9 MOD]N ,SPANI% HI/ORY4 ,9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T PROCE$$ AT A FAIRLY BRISK PACE4 ,! >MY'S ROLE 9 POLITICS WAS CURB$1 ! ,C>LI/S W]E SL[LY ASSIMILAT$ 9TO ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 & ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS P]IODICALLY CRU%$ :5 ITS GR[? BECAME WORRISOME4 

,BUT :ILE ,CANOVAS WAS BUILD+ UP ?IS NEW POLITICAL E/ABLI%M5T1 ! Y\NG K+ WAS BE+ TAK5 OV] BY ! >MY4 ,$UCAT$ 9 ! FA%ION ( A MILIT>Y PR9CE1 HE LIV$ AMID P>ADES1 SWORDS1 UNI=MS1 & (FIC]S :O S*OOL$ HIM 9 ! PR]OGATIVES ( COMM&4 ,ON ASC5D+ ! ?RONE 9 #a#i#b1 ?IS HALF BOY1 HALF G5]AL BEGAN TO EXHIBIT AN ANNOY+ 9T]E/ 9 HIS K+LY PRIVILEGES4 ,! ,RE/ORATION ,CON/ITUTION ( #ahgf HAD GIV5 ! MON>* ! RI<T TO APPO9T & DISMISS ! PREMI]S ( ,SPA9 & AS #aii DREW TO A CLOSE1 ,ALFONSO DECID$ TO EX]CISE HIS ROYAL AU?ORITY 9 A MORE DIRECT FA%ION4 ,:5 ,MAURA1 CONFRONT$ BY ,LIB]AL OB/RUCTION 9 ! ,CORTES1 TRI$ TO BOL/] HIS POSITION BY ASK+ ! ?RONE = A R5EWAL ( CONFID5CE1 ,ALFONSO A/ONI%$ ! ,CONS]VATIVE PREMI] BY ACCEPT+ HIS =MAL (F] ( RESIGNATION & REPLAC+ HIM ) ! ,LIB]AL1 ,MORET4 ,) ?IS TREA*]\S ACT1 ,ALFONSO VIRTUALLY T]M9AT$ ! ,TURNISMO1 A SY/EM ?AT HAD /ABILIZ$ ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T = A QU>T] ( A C5TURY4 

,IF ,MAURA 5T]TA9$ ANY HOPE ( US+ ! REPRESSION TO /R5G!N HIS [N GRIP ON ! GOV]NM5T1 HE WAS SOON TO BE DIS5*ANT$4 ,AL?\< HE HAD A MAJORITY 9 ! ,CORTES1 HE WAS DROPP$ BECAUSE HIS H&L+ ( ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 & ! ,F]R] CASE HAD DEEP5$ ! SPLIT )9 ! C\NTRY & TURN$ WORLD OP9ION AGA9/ ,SPA94 ,H[ LONG ,MAURA C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ HAD ! K+ SUPPORT$ HIM IS DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,OBVI\SLY ! :OLE /RUCTURE CREAT$ BY ,CANOVAS WAS ALREADY DIS9TEGRAT+ & ,ALFONSO'S 9T]V5TION 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! OLIG>*Y WAS D\BTLESS AN EFFECT1 NOT M]ELY A CONTRIBUTORY CAUSE1 ( ITS DECL9E4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ) ! PASS+ ( ! ,MAURA M9I/RY1 ! ,CANOVITE SY/EM ( A DISCIPL9$ ALT]NATION ( P>TIES BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO IRRESPONSIBLE 9FI<T+ BETWE5 UNPR9CIPL$ POLITICAL FACTIONS1 LEAD+ 9EVITABLY TO ! PIECEMEAL CRUMBL+ ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/