,*APT] #i 
,FROM ,DICTATOR%IP TO ,REPUBLIC 

#ai<ai< 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A ,DICTATOR%IP 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#b#c1 ,G5]AL ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 ! @5CAPTA9 G5]AL ( ,CATALONIA 7A PO/ TO :I* HE HAD BE5 APPO9T$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>71 PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF MILIT>Y DICTATOR ( ,SPA91 BR++ TO AN 5D ! P>LIAM5T>Y OLIG>*Y ,SAGA/A HAD LABOR$ TO CREATE 9 ! #a#h#gS4 

,! DICTATOR%IP WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A P]IOD ( GR[+ DIS5*ANTM5T ) ! >MY & ) ! ROLE ( ! MON>*Y 9 ! C\RITRY'S POLITICAL AFFAIRS4 ,! >MY HAD PROV5 ITSELF GROSSLY 9COMPET5T4 ,TWO YE>S E>LI]1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#a1 A L>GE COLUMN 9 ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO1 ADVANC+ UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,SILVE/RE FROM ,MELILLA TO ,ALHUCEMAS1 WAS AMBU%$ AT ,ANNUAL & VIRTUALLY DE/ROY$ BY A SMALL] =CE ( ,RIFF TRIBESM54 ,T5 ?\S& W]E KILL$1 F\R ?\S& CAPTUR$1 & ALL ! COLUMN'S EQUIPM5T LO/ TO ! ,RIFFS4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ TWO WEEKS ! ,RIFFS TOOK ! ,SPANI%-=TIFI$ PO/S AT ,MONTE ,>RUT1 REA*+ ! \TSKIRTS ( ,M$ILLA BE=E !Y W]E /OPP$4 ,SILVE/RE'S ADVANCE1 AT FIR/ WIDELY T\T$ AS A BOLD /ROKE AGA9/ ! ,RIFFS1 TURN$ 9TO A NI<TM>I% R\TE ?AT ?REAT5$ ! ,SPANI% PRES5CE 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 

,! 5TIRE C\NTRY KNEW ?AT ! K+ WAS DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 !SE DISA/]S4 ,SILVE/RE1 :O P]I%$ 9 ! ,RIFF AMBU%1 HAD BE5 A PROTEGE ( ,ALFONSO4 ,! K+ 5C\RAG$ ! ADVANCE 9 ! HOPE ?AT BOLD MILIT>Y SUCCESSES 9 ,MOROCCO W\LD /R5G!N HIS POSITION AGA9/ ! ,CORTES4 ,A DAMN+ DISPAT* FROM ! MON>* TO ,SILVE/RE ADVIS$ ! ILL-FAT$ COMM&] TO 0DO AS ,I TELL Y\ & PAY NO ATT5TION TO ! ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 :O IS AN IMBECILE40 ,DESPITE ! LAPSE ( TWO YE>S BETWE5 ! ,ANNUAL DISA/] & ,PRIMO'S PRONUNDAMI5TO1 ! \T-CRY OV] ! AFFAIR CONT9U$ UNABAT$4 ,F$ BY RUMORS ( CORRUPTION 9 ! >MY1 ! PUBLIC HAD BECOME SO UNEASY ?AT ,SAN*EZ DE ,TOCA1 ! ,CONS]VATIVE PREMI]1 WAS REPLAC$ BY A ,LIB]AL1 ,G>CIA ,PRIETO1 5D+ ! REACTION>Y POLITCAL PATT]N ?AT HAD BE5 FOI/$ ON ,SPA9 S9CE #a#i#a#i4 ,A NEW GOV]NM5T ( 0LIB]AL CONC5TRATION0 ?REAT5$ TO 9ITIATE SWEEP+ RE=MS1 9CLUD+ ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! >MY & MON>*Y4 ,:ILE ! ,CORTES WAS ON SUMM] VACATION1 A P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSION ( 9QUIRY 9TO ! ,MOROCCAN DEFEATS WAS SIFT+ ! DETAILS ( >MY CORRUPTION1 L[ TROOP MORALE1 & ! COMPLICITY ( ! K+ 9 ! ,ANNUAL DEFEAT4 ,EV]YONE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT :5 ! ,CORTES RECONV5$ 9 ! AUTUMN1 ! COMMISSION'S CONCLUSIONS W\LD ESS5TIALLY PLACE ! K+ & >MY ON TRIAL BE=E PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,PRIMO'S DICTATOR%IP BR\<T ?IS CRISIS TO AN 5D & DEFLECT$ PUBLIC ATT5TION FROM ! CORRUPTION ( ! >MY & ! AMBITIONS ( ! MON>*Y TO ! 0IRRESPONSIBILITY0 ( P>LIM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,A /ATE ( M>TIAL LAW WAS DECL>$1 SUSP5D+ ! ,CORTES & 9VOK+ C5SOR%IP ( ! PRESS4 ,POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT CONT9U$ TO CRITICIZE ! DICTATOR%IP W]E SUPPRESS$4 ,BY (FEF+ ! PROMISE ( 0SOCIAL PEACE0 TO A PUBLIC WE>Y ( SOCIAL 9/ABILITY1 ! DICTATOR />T$ HIS RULE ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( POLITICAL CAPITAL4 ,TO A ,SPA9 OV]F$ ) P>LIM5T>Y CRISIS & CORRUPT POLITICIANS1 ,PRIMO'S SIMPLE PATRIOTISM & AMATEURISM BECAME ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES4 ,A PLEASURE-LOV+ ,&ALUSIAN RAKE1 ,PRIMO FUNCTION$ BY 09TUITION02 HIS SPEE*ES1 GE/URES1 & PUBLIC BEHAVIOR W]E M>K$ BY AN EMB>RASS+ FRANKNESS :I* (T5 MIX$ MAUDL9 EFFUSIV5ESS ) PROV9CIAL CANN9ESS4 0,I HAVE NO EXP]I5CE 9 GOV]NM5T10 HE DECL>$1 NOT )\T HONE/Y4 0,\R ME?ODS >E AS SIMPLE AS !Y >E +5U\S40 ,& HE PROV$ ?IS BY WORK+ AT FITS & />TS AT ! MO/ IRREGUL> H\RS1 LECTUR+ ! ,SPANI>DS 5DLESSLY ON A MOTLEY ASSORTM5T ( P]SONAL MATT]S1 & CORRECT+ SOCIAL ABUSES SUFF]$ BY 0LITTLE PEOPLE0 :5 !Y CAME UND] HIS PURVIEW4 ,?IS PAT]NALI/IC /YLE WAS DISPLAY$ AT ! V]Y \TSET ( HIS REGIME :51 9 A GR& GE/URE1 HE R$EEM$ ! PAWN %OP RECEIPTS ( ! ,MADRID POOR ) SURPLUSES FROM HIS FIR/ BUDGET4 

,TO ORGANIZE MASS SUPPORT = ! DICTATOR%IP1 ,PRIMO E/ABLI%$ A LOOSE1 RAMBL+ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,PATRIOTIC ,UNION 7,U,P71 :I* ATTACK$ 9DIVIDUALISM1 DEMOCRACY1 & 9TELLECTUALISM1 /RESS+ OB$I5CE TO SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & A PRAGMATIC POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 ! MID-#a#i#bS ?IS PROGRAM SEEM$ LIKE NO?+ LESS ?AN FASCISM4 ,PRIMO1 9 FACT1 EXPRESS$ AN ADMIRATION = ,MUSSOL9I & ADOPT$ ! EXT]NAL TRAPP+S & V]BAL /YLE ( ! ,ITALIAN DICTATOR4 ,HIS BLUFF SOLDI]LY TRAITS & HIS REGIME'S D5IAL ( DEMOCRATIC PROCESS ALI5AT$ ,LIB]AL OP9ION4 ,DRIV5 9TO EXILE MORE BY DISGU/ ?AN BY PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 ,LIB]AIL & ,REPUBLICAN DISSID5TS SL[LY COLLECT$ ON ! ,FR5* SIDE ( ! FRONTI] & OCCUPI$ !MSELVES1 ) PLOTS AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A WAS NOT A FASCI/ & HIS ,U,P WAS NOT A FASCI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! DICTATOR%IP EXI/$ BY SUFF]ANCE ( ! MON>*Y & ! >MY1 :I* SUPPORT$ IT AS A LA/ DIT* ALT]NATIVE TO ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( BO? 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! DE/9Y ( ! MON>*Y WAS N[ TI$ TO ?AT ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 = ,ALFONSO W\LD NEV] BE =GIV5 BY ,LIB]AL OP9ION = VALIDAT+ ,PRIMO'S PRONUNCIAMI5TO BY MAK+ ! G5]AL 9TO A PREMI]4 ,ULTIMATELY1 VIRTUALLY ALL SECTIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS CAME TO DESPISE ! NEW REGIME4 ,HAV+ ASS5T$ TO ITS E/ABLI%M5T ONLY 9 DESP]ATION1 ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ REACTION>IES & MON>*I/S W]E REPELL$ BY ,PRIMO'S-NAIVETE1 EXASP]AT$ BY HIS ECC5TRICITIES1 & HUMILIAT$ BY HIS CRUD5ESS4 

,MORE SIGNIFICANT EVID5CE ( ! REGIME'S NATURE IS PROVID$ BY ITS SOCIAL POLICY--A POLICY ?AT FIXES IT MORE 9 ! ,BONAP>TI/ ?AN ! FASCI/ TRADITION4 ,PRIMO HAD NO OBJECTION TO AN ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T1 PROVID$ IT POS$ NO POLITICAL *ALL5GES TO HIS REGIME4 ,HIS DESPOTIC B5EVOL5CE ALL[$ ROOM = MAT]IAL CONCESSIONS TO ! I_?ORK+ CLASS1 9CLUD+ GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ M$ICAL S]VICES1 MODE/ WAGE 9CREASES1 *EAP H\S+1 & A BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS = LABOR >BITRATION4 ,!SE POLICIES F\ND WILL+ COLLABORATION FROM ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,U,G,T4 ,FOLL[+ ! LOGIC ( ITS RE=MI/ & OPPORTUNI/ TRADITIONS1 ,SPANI% ,SOCIALISM1 ALMO/ ALONE AMONG ! OLD] POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 WORK$"9) ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,U,G,T LEAD]S 5T]$ ! COMITES P>IT>IOS--! P>ITY COMMITTEES--9 :I* LABOR1 GOV]NM5T1 & EMPLOY] REPRES5TATIVES DECID$ WAGE DISPUTES4 ,AS SAL>I$ BUREAUCRATS ( ! UNION1 !Y F\ND NO DIFFICULTY 9 BECOM+ SAL>I$ BUREAUCRATS ( ! /ATE4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 MUT+ EV5 HIS DEMOCRATIC SCRUPLES1 ACQUIESC$ TO ! REGIME & BECAME A C\NCILOR ( /ATE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7:I* ,PRIMO G5U9ELY ADMIR$7 PRES]V$ IT BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS OR1 AS ,C>R OBS]VES1 ITS 0MOD]N ORGANIZATION ) TYPEWRIT]S1 SECRET>IES1 BURIAL 9SURANCE1 & ! ,MADRID COOP]ATIVE444 ,! ,U,G,T EV5 5JOY$ A MODE/ 9CREASE 9 MEMB]%IP1 FROM #b#h1#a#g 9 ,DECEMB] #aibb TO #b#b#h1#e#a 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#i1 %ORTLY BE=E ! FALL ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 

,! ,AN>*I/S & ! ,C,N,T W]E SUPPRESS$4 ,PRIMO MAY HAVE 5T]TA9$ SOME HOPE ( SPLITT+ MOD]ATES FROM MILITANTS 9 ! ,C,N,T2 AT ANY RATE HE WAIT$ = NE>LY A HALF YE> BE=E SUPPRESS+ ! SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNION4 ,AL?\< MOD]ATE SYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA TRI$ 9 V>I\S WAYS TO ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES TO ! NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 ! UNION'S IMPLACABLE HO/ILITY TO ! DICTATOR%IP HAD BE5 FIX$ AT ! V]Y \TSET ( ,PRIMO'S REGIME4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#d1 A DAY AFT] ,PRIMO'S PRONUNCIAMI5TO1 ! ,C,N,T DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ SUPPORT & SUFFICI5T TIME = ADEQUATE PREP>ATION1 ! /RIKE WAS EASILY SUPPRESS$ BY ! MILIT>Y4 ,REM>KABLY1 DESPITE ?IS GE/URE1 ! UNION WAS /ILL P]MITT$ TO FUNCTION OP5LY4.<#c#c.> ,ON ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#b#c1 ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION HELD A PL5UM AT ,GRANOLL]S :I* ATTRACT$ HUNDR$S ( WORK]S2 ?IS WAS FOLL[$ ON ,MAY #d1 #a#i#b#d1 BY ANO!R PL5UM AT ,SABADELL4 ,ON BO? OCCASIONS ! U@5NION REAFFIRM$ ITS COMMITM5T TO ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT TIME1 N[1 WAS RUNN+ \T4 ,?REE DAYS AFT] ! ,SABADELL PL5UM4 ,AN>*I/ T]RORI/S ASSASS9AT$ AN ON]\S ,B>CELONA POLICE (FICIAL1 ONE ,ROGELIO ,P]EZ ,CIC>IO 70EL EJECUTOR DE LA JU/ICIA071 :]EUPON' ! GOV]NM5T IMM$IATELY CRACK$ D[N ON ! SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNION1 R\ND+ UP ALL ! ,C,N,T COMMITTEE MEMB]IS & MEMB]S ( ,AN>*I/ GR\PS IT C\LD F9D4 ,DRIV5 UND]GR\ND1 ! ,C,N,T WAS TO DISAPPE> FROM ! PUBLIC >5A = ! REMA9D] ( ! DECADE4 

,YET ! MIDDLE & LATE #a#i#bS W]E NOT A P]IOD ( TOTAL QUIESC5CE4 ,MANY C5ETI/AS SIMPLY DRIFT$ 9TO ! S9DICATOS LIBRES 7:I* ,PRIMO P]PETUAT$ DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP71 :]E !Y =M$ UND]GR\ND ANTIDICTATORIAL SYNDICALI/ NUCLEI4 ,DESPITE ! >RE/S ( ,MAY #g1 :I* NETT$ MANY LEAD+ C5ETI/AS1 A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T MANAG$ = A TIME TO C>RY ON A CL&E/9E EXI/5CE 9 ,S>AGOSSA1 :ILE A ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE SURVIV$ 9 ,MAT>O4 ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS1 TURN+ TO MORE SPECTACUL> ACTIONS1 ATTEMPT$ SEV]AL H]OIC1 IF FOOLH>DY1 >M$ ASSAULTS ON ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,!SE ACTIONS1 ALMO/ =$OOM$ TO FAILURE1 W]E L>GELY SYMBOLIC4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #f1 #a#i#b#d1 SMALT GR\PS ( MILITANTS ATTACK$ ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS 9 ,B>CELONA1 APP>ANTLY ASSUR$ ?AT ! =TRESS GATES W\LD BE OP5$ BY SUPPORT]S )94 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A SMALL >M$ B& ( ,AN>*I/ EXILES 9 ,FRANCE1 L$ BY ,DURRUTI1 CROSS$ ! FRONTI] & 9VAD$ ,V]A DE ,BIDASOA1 CLA%+ ) ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,BO? ATTEMPTS MISC>RI$ COMPLETELY4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 TWO CAPTUR$ ,AN>*I/S1 ,JUAN ,MONTIJO ,>ANZ & ,JOSE ,LLAC] ,B]TRAN1 W]E EXECUT$ BY ORD] ( A SUMM>Y C\RT M>TIAL4 ,! ,V]A DE ,BIDASOA EPISODE CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( ?REE3 ,JUAN ,SANTILLAN & ,5RIQUE ,GIL1 :O W]E EXECUT$1 & ANO!R CONDEMN$ P>TICIPANT1 ,PABLO ,M>T91 :O LEAP$ TO HIS DEA? FROM ! PRISON GALL]Y4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ R5[N$ ( ! ,AN>*I/ CONSPIRACIES DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP WAS AN AUDACI\S PLOT HAT*$ BY ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO1 & ,GRIGORIO ,JOV] TO KIDNAP ! K+'DUR+ A /ATE VISIT TO ,P>IS 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b#d4 ,>RE/$ BY ! ,FR5* POLICE1 ! ?REE 0,SOLID>IOS0 MADE NO ATTEMPT TO D5Y !IR PLOT2 YES1 !Y DECL>$ EMPHATICALLY1 !Y PLANN$ TO HOLD ,ALFONSO 9 RETURN = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO1 :O HAD BE5 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA BE=E >RIV+ 9 ,FRANCE1 W]E ALSO *>G$ ) HOLD+ UP ! ,BANCA ,SAN ,M>T9 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,! ,>G5T9E GOV]NM5T DEM&$ ?AT !Y BE EXTRADIT$1 :ILE ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T PLAC$ ITS [N BID = !IR EXTRADITION1 CIT+ ! ,GIJON HOLDUP & ADDITIONALLY S+L+ \T ,ASCASO = HIS ROLE 9 ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,C>D9AL ,SOLDEVILA4 ,! CASE BECAME A CAUSE CELEBRE4 ,A WAVE ( PROTE/S FROM ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS & WORK]S F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 QUA%+ ! EXTRADITION PROCE$+S4 ,FRE$ A YE> LAT]1 ! ,AN>*I/S W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! C\NTRY1 LAT] TO BE EXPELL$ FROM ,G]MANY AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC M9I/] ( 9T]IOR ( ,PRUSSIA4 ,!IR ATTEMPTS TO F9D REFUGE 9 ,RUSSIA BECAME UNT5ABLE :5 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T IMPOS$ IDEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS UPON !M :I*1 AS ,AN>*I/S1 !Y C\LD NOT ACCEPT4 ,!REAFT]1 ! EXILES RETURN$ TO ,FRANCE UND] ALIASES1 W]E RE>RE/$ & HELD 9 PRISON = SIX MON?S1 & EV5TUALLY MADE !IR WAY BACK TO ,G]MANY UND] FALSE ID5TITIES4 

,IT %\LD NOT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES DUR+ ?IS P]IOD W]E LIMIT$ ONLY TO DESP]ATE ACTS BY A FEW BOLD MILITANTS4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#b#e1 ,PRIMO LIFT$ ! /ATE ( M>TIAL LAW1 & SOCIAL LIFE 9 ,SPA9 BEGAN TO EASE CONSID]ABLY4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ?AT FOLL[$1 ,AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ P]IODICALS BEGAN TO APPE> 9 A NUMB] ( CITIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NOR?4 ,! MO/ NOTABLE ( !SE1 6,DESP]TAD61 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,VIGO & $IT$ BY ! ,GALICIAN ,JOSE ,VILLAV]DE4 ,! PAP]1 S]V+ AS A MAJOR L9K = C5ETI/AS 9 ! NOR?1 5JOY$ A CONSID]ABLE REPUTATION = ITS VIGOR\S WRIT+ & HI< !ORETICAL LEVEL4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! ,C,N,T PUBLI%$ ,ACTION ,SOCIAL ,OBR]A 9 ,GIRONA1 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR 9 ,BLANES1 ,R$5CION 9 ,ALCOY1 & ,HORIZONTES 9 ,ELDA4 ,EV5 ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA1 :I* HAD 5JOY$ SU* A DI/+UI%$ REPUTATION 9 ! PREVI\S C5TURY1 WAS REVIV$4 ,9 ,VAL5CIA1 :]E ,AN>*ISM WAS KN[N = ITS >TI/IC 9T]E/S1 ,E/UDIOS DEVOT$ ITSELF1 9 ,JOSE ,PEIRATS' WORDS1 TO 0!MES ON PHYSICAL & HUMAN REG5]ATION40 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*I/S1 9 COLLABORATION ) VEGET>IANS1 NATURALI/S1 H$ONI/S1 & AN>*O-MY/ICS1 PUBLI%$ ,9ICIALES4 ,9 A DELI<TFUL PASSAGE1 ,PEIRATS TELLS US ?AT !SE 

EXTREME T5D5CIES FL\RI%$ 9 ! AN>*ISM ( ?OSE TIMES--/ORMY = SOME & TIMES ( HIB]NATION = ! MAJORITY4 ,SECRET MEET+S 9 ! M\NTA9S W]E DISGUIS$ AS ! EXCURSIONS ( +5U\S NUDI/S1 DEVOTEES ( PURE AIR1 & SUNBA!RS4 ,ALL ( ?IS =MS A PICTURESQUE CONTRA/ IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT A S9C]E RETURN TO NATURE WAS P]FECTLY COMPATIBLE ) CONSPIRATORIAL PLANN+1 ! *EMI/RY ( EXPLOSIVES1 PI/OL PRACTICE1 ! 9T]*ANGE OR P]IODICALS & UND]GR\ND LEAFLETS1 & CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ TOBACCO & ALCOHOL4 

,!SE PREOCCUPATIONS ASIDE1 ! CLOS+ P]IOD ( ,PRIMO'S REGIME WAS M>K$ BY M\NT+ CONFLICTS )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,BY ?R[+ ! UNION BACK UPON ITSELF1 ! DICTATOR%IP COMPELL$ MOD]ATES & MILITANTS TO FACE ! DIFF]5CES ?AT HAD LONG DIVID$ !M-- DIFF]5CES ?AT HAD (T5 BE5 OBSCUR$ 9 ! PA/ BY /RIKES & MASS ACTIONS4 ,EXILE & LIFE 9 ! UND]GR\ND BR\<T !SE DIFF]5CES 9CREAS+LY TO ! =E4 ,!ORETICALLY1 VIRTUALLY EV]Y T5D5CY 9 ! ,C,N,T PR(ESS$ TO ACCEPT ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,SEGUI1 DESPITE HIS OBVI\S RE=MI/ PROCLIVITIES1 HAD CONSI/5TLY DECL>$ HIS COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN IDEALS2 SO1 TOO1 DID ,PE/ANA1 ! MAJOR SPOKESMAN = ! MOD]ATE T5D5CY AFT] ,SEGUI'S DEA?4 ,! MOD]ATES1 H[EV]1 REG>D$ ! REALIZATION ( !SE IDEALS AS A PROBLEM ( ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,TO ,PE/ANA & HIS SUPPORT]S1 ,SPA9 WAS NOT READY = AN ,AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,R>ELY 9VOK+ ,M>XI/ >GUM5TS1 :I* W\LD HAVE /RESS$ ,SPA9'S ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS1 ! MOD]ATES %REWDLY ?REW BASIC LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES 9 ! TEE? ( !IR MILITANT OPPON5TS4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! ,C,N,T LACK ! SUPPORT ( A MAJORITY ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 !Y >GU$1 BUT IT LACK$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S W]E A M9ORITY )9 A M9ORITY4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP1 A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S & PEASANTS %>$ ONLY A NOM9AL ALLEGIANCE TO LIB]T>IAN IDEALS4 ,!Y W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE ! UNION WAS /RONG 9 !IR LOCALITIES & WORK PLACES4 ,IF !SE PEOPLE1 & ,SPANI>DS G5]ALLY1 W]E NOT $UCAT$ 9 ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 W>N$ ! MOD]ATES1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD SIMPLY DEG5]ATE 9TO AN ABHORR5T DICTATOR%IP ( IDEOLOGUES4 ,LAT]1 9 A MANIFE/O ?AT WAS TO SPLIT ! ,C,N,T 9TO TWO SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS1 ! MOD]ATES DECL>$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION MU/ NOT RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON ! 0AUDACITY ( M9ORITIES1 MORE OR LESS BRAVE2 WE WANT TO SEE A MASS MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE UNFOLD1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS TRAVEL+ T[>D DEF9ITIVE LIB]ATION40 ,AS ,JOSE ,VILLAV]DE DECL>$3 0,A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ECONOMY CAN BE E/ABLI%$ TODAY4 ,BUT 9 ! POLITICAL & MORAL SPH]E ! ,CONF$]ATION WILL HAVE TO E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP ?AT IS 9 CONTRA/ ) ITS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES BECAUSE ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT 9 ! ,C,N,T40 

,?IS >GUM5T W\LD HAVE BE5 9CONTROV]TIBLE HAD IT REMA9$ A /RATEGY = REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION4 ,BUT ! MOD]ATES US$ IT AS A SPR+BO>D = OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICS4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#b#d1 ! MOD]ATE-DOM9AT$ ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T HAD FLIRT$ ) A ,CATALAN SEP>ATI/ CONSPIRACY BY ,COLONEL ,FRANCISCO ,MACIA1 F\ND] ( ! ,LIB]AL ,E/AT ,CATALA4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#f1 IT HAD BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 AN ABORTIVE CONSPIRACY KN[N AS ! 0,NI<T ( ,/4 ,JOHN10 A PLOT :I* MAY HAVE BE5 CONCEIV$ BY ! MON>*Y ITSELF 9 ORD] TO RESCUE ITS WAN+ REPUTATION BY UNSEAT+ ,PRIMO & REE/ABLI%+ A CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,ONCE REVEAL$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP1 ! PLOT F\ND SU* REACTION>Y G5]ALS AS ,WEVL] & ,AGUIL]A1 DEMAGOGUES LIKE ,L]R\X1 & V5AL SYCOPHANTS LIKE ,B>RIOB]A 9 ! SAME CONSPIRATORIAL B$ ) ,AN>*I/S LIKE ,AMALIO ,QUILEZ4 

,! YE>S #aibh & #aibi M>K ! P]IOD ( ,PRIMO'S DECL9E & REMOVAL FROM (FICE4 ,AL?\< ! DICTATOR%IP1 %>+ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC BOOM ( ! #a#i#bS1 HAD MAT]IALLY IMPROV$ LIV+ /&>DS & PR(ITS1 IT HAD ANTAGONIZ$ VIRTUALLY ALL SECTORS ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,PROPOS$ /RUCTURAL RE=MS1 SU* AS ! ,MUNICIPAL ,/ATUTE ( ,M>* #a#i#b#d1 :I* PROMIS$ TO GIVE EXT5SIVE AUTONOMY TO ! MUNICIPALITIES1 W]E /ILLBORN1 LEAV+ ! RE/IVE T[NS 9 ! H&S ( GOV]NM5T APPO9TEES4 ,! PLAN ( ,CALVO ,SOTELO1 ,PRIMO'S F9ANCE M9I/]1 TO 9TRODUCE AN EFFECTIVE 9COME TAX ANTAGONIZ$ ! F9ANCIALLY IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,! DICTATOR%IP'S RURAL POLICY WAS CONF9$ L>GELY TO ROAD-BUILD+1 IRRIGATION1 & ELECTRIFICATION PROJECTS1 LEAV+ ! VITAL ISSUE ( L& RE=M UNT\*$2 & DESPITE ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/S ) ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS DID NOT HAVE TO BE TOLD ?AT ITS LEGAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E ! SUP9E TOOLS ( ! REGIME4 ,BUT ,PRIMO MADE HIS GREATE/ MISCALCULATION :5 HE ALI5AT$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT PILL> ( HIS REGIME--! >MY--BY *ALL5G+ ! S5IORITY PR]OGATIVES ( ! >TILL]Y CORPS4 ,EV5 ,ALFONSO BECAME A VICTIM ( ?IS ]ROR4 ,BY FAIL+ TO BACK ! PROTE/+ (FIC]S1 ! K+ TURN$ ! >TILL]Y COMM&]S 9TO A CORPS ( ,REPUBLICANS4 

,HAV+ ANTAGONIZ$ LEAD+ F9ANCI]S AS WELL AS PEASANTS1 (FIC]S AS WELL AS WORK]S1 LOCAL T[N (FICIALS1 AS WELL AS ,MADRID CON/ITUTIONALI/S1 ,PRIMO PROCE$$ TO LOSE :ATEV] POLITICAL SUPPORT HE MI<T HAVE GA!R$ FROM ! CONS]VATIVE MIDDLE CLASSES & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,A RESPECTABLE OPPOSITION )9 ! T[NS & UNIV]SITIES BEGAN TO EM]GE1 OP5LY RAIS+ ! CRY = CON/ITUTIONAL LEGALITY4 ,PRIMO'S ATTEMPT TO CREATE A CON/ITUTION1 BAS$ ON A %>P SEP>ATION BETWE5 ELECTIVE & CORPORATIVE P[]S1 M]ELY WID5$ ?IS OPPOSITION TO 9CLUDE ! ,MON>*I/S1 = ! CON/ITUTION B>R$ ! K+ FROM APPO9T+ & DISMISS+ M9I/RIES4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#h1 WIDESPREAD /UD5T PROTE/S PRES5T$ ! DICTATOR%IP ) ITS FIR/ OV]T OPPOSITION S9CE #a#i#b#d4 ,UND] ! RELAXATION ( C5SOR%IP 9TRODUC$ BY ! REGIME1 ! ,LIB]AL ,MADRID J\RNAL ,EL ,SOL1 COMM5T+ ON ! CON/ITUTION1 BLUNTLY 0ADVIS$0 ,PRIMO 0TO AB&ON HIS PO/40 ,NOT TO BE D5I$ A CLAIM TO ! 0EXALT$ DEF5D]S 444 ( ,P>LIAM5T & ( PUBLIC LIB]TIES10 ,SAN*EZ ,GU]RA1 ! SEV5TY-YE>-OLD LEAD] ( ! ,CONS]VATIVE ,P>TY1 CROSS$ ! FRONTI] 9TO ,SPA9 & (F]$ HIS P]SON AS AN UMBRELLA ( RESPECTABILITY = A PRE>RANG$ PRONUNCIATNI5IO BY ,G5]AL ,CA/RO ,GIRONA1 ! CAPTA9 G5]AL ( ,VAL5CIA4 ,BUT ! G5]AL R5EG$ ON ! OLD MAN & >RE/$ HIM4 ,! PLOT 5D$ 9 A FIASCO2 ONLY ! >TILL]Y (FIC]S AT ,CIUDAD ,REAL REVOLT$4 

,DESPITE ! FAILURE ( ! 0,VAL5CIA ,CONSPIRACY10 AS ?IS N>R[-BAS$ ABORTION BY OLD ,CONS]VATIVE POLITICIANS WAS CALL$1 ! DICTATOR%IP WAS ON ITS LA/ LEGS4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b#f1 ,PRIMO1 AGONIZ$ BY GR[+ 9T]NAL OPPOSITION & FISCAL DIFFICULTIES1 4CIRCULAT$ A QU]Y TO ! CAPTA9 G5]ALS1 ASK+ IF ! >MY SUPPORT$ HIM4 ,IF IT DID NOT1 AV]R$ ! DICTATOR1 HE W\LD RESIGN IMM$IATELY4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ! REPLIES LESS ?AN 5?USIA/IC1 BUT IT WAS EVID5T TO ,PRIMO ?AT ! K+ WAS DET]M9$ TO REMOVE HIM FROM (FICE4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#b#i1 TWO DAYS AFT] HIS QU]Y1 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A RESIGN$ & DEP>T$ = ! FLE%POTS ( ,P>IS1 :]E HE DI$ A FEW MON?S LAT]4 ,HIS PLACE WAS TAK5 BY ,G5]AL ,DAMASO ,B]5GU]1 A HI<LY RESPECT$ BUT AIL+ (FIC] :O C\LD H>DLY BE REG>D$ AS A P]MAN5T FIXTURE 9 ,SPANI% POLITICS4 ,B]5GU] WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! IMPOSSIBLE TASK ( RE/OR+ A CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T )\T JEOP>DIZ+ ! FUTURE ( ! MON>*Y4 

,! ,C,N,T DID NOT REMA9 ALO( FROM ! ANTIDICTATORIAL CONSPIRACIES ?AT M>K$ ! CLOS+ P]IOD ( ,PRIMO'S REGIME4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ,ORGANIZ+ ! 0,VAL5CIA ,CONSPIRACY10 ,SAN*EZ ,GU]RA HAD APPROA*$ A ,C,N,T CONTACT COMMITTEE 9 ,P>IS1 SOLICIT+ ! UNION'S COOP]ATION4 ,! MOD]ATES W]E DET]M9$ NOT TO BE F\ND LAGG+ 9 ! ANTIDICTATORIAL MOVEM5T1 DESPITE A DECISION BY A PREVI\S PL5UM =BIDD+ ! ,C,N,T'S ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE FROM NEGOTIAT+ ) POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,ON ,JULY #b#h1 #a#i#b#h1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE CONVOK$ A CL&E/9E PL5UM 9 ,B>CELONA1 9CLUD+ DELEGATES FRON ALL ! REGIONS EXCEPT = ! VOLATILE ,LEVANT1 ) ! PURPOSE O4 AU?ORIZ+ NEGOTIATIONS ) ANTIDICTATORIAL POLITICIANS & MILIT>Y LEAD]S4 ,HAV+ POCKET$ ! PL5UM'S AU?ORITY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE JO9$ 9 ! 0,VAL5CIA ,CONSPIRACY40 ,IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ,COM9 ,COLOM]1 A POLICE (FICIAL TURN$ HI/ORIAN1 :OSE RA!R UNRELIABLE HI/ORIOGRAPHY DRAWS LAVI%LY ON POLICE FILES1 SEV]AL SYNDICATES SUPPORT$ ! CONSPIRACY ) /RIKES4 ,BY & L>GE1 H[EV]1 ! ,C,N,T'S ROLE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AS /ILLBORN AS ! CONSPIRACY ITSELF4 

,ACTUALLY1 ! ,C,N,T CONTRIBUT$ V]Y LITTLE TO ,PRIMO'S D[NFALL4 ,ITS ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE A CONSI/5T POLICY 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP >E 9T]E/+ PRIM>ILY AS EVID5CE ( A BITT] TUG-(-W> BETWE5 MILITANT ,AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>IES & CAUTI\S SYNDICALI/ MOD]ATES4 ,CU%ION+ ?IS CONFLICT WAS A C5TRI/ T5D5CY1 P]HAPS BE/ REPRES5T$ BY ,MANUEL ,BU5ACASA1 :I* TRI$ GU>D$LY TO A*IEVE A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TWO W+S4 ,BY CONTROLL+ ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 ! MOD]ATES HAD ONLY TO WORK ?R\< ! ,C,N,T'S /RUCTURE TO A*IEVE A S5SE ( UNITY4 ,! UNION'S APP>ATUS HELD !M TOGE!R4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,AN>*I/S W]E DISP]S$ 9 SMALL GR\PS4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS 7,F,N,G,A71 F\ND$ 9 ! /ORMY PO/W> YE>S1 WAS VIRTUALLY DEFUNCT4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/ GR\PS & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS ( ! ,SPANI% ,LANGUAGE1 A ,M>SEILLES-BAS$ ORGANIZATION ( EXILES1 S]I\S ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO REVIVE A NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,ON ,JULY #bd & #b#e1 #a#i#b#g1 A CL&E/9E CONF]5CE ( ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE ,AN>*I/S WAS HELD AT ,VAL5CIA4 ,TO GU>D ! DELEGATES FROM ,PRIMO'S WAT*FUL POLICE AG5TS1 ! DATES = ! CONF]5CE W]E SELECT$ TO CO9CIDE ) A FIE/A ?AT BR\<T ?\S&S ( VISITORS 9TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN CITY4 ,PEIRATS GIVES US AN AMUS+ PICTURE ( ! DELEGATES DISPORT+ !MSELVES AT ! SEA%ORE AS VACATION]S3 

,A GR\P ( WELL-BRONZ$ BA!RS1 /RET*+ \T ON ! GOLD5 BEA* BY ! SURFACE ( ! ,LAT9 SEA UND] ! B5EVOL5T & W>M C>ESS ( ! SUN--M51 WOM51 Y\NG1 OLD1 & *ILDR51 SOME ( !M GA!R$ 9 >MS1 O!RS OCCUPI$ ) DIV]SIONS & GAMES1 ! CLASSIC 0PAELLA0 BUBBL+ & BOIL+ 444 --?IS GA!R+ =M$ ! BIR? ( ONE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS :I* V]Y SOON WAS TO EXPRESS ITS ROMANTIC DREAMS1 ITS VIRILITY & ITS H]OISM3 ! ,F,A,I4 

,! ,F,A,I1 OR ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA 7,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION71 OCCUPIES A UNIQUE & FASC9AT+ PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( CLASSICAL WORK]S' & PEASANTS' MOVEM5TS4 ,ORGANIZ$ PRIM>ILY TO ASSURE ! ,C,N,T'S COMMITM5T TO ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 ! ,F,A,I ACQUIR$ TS4 REPUTATION AS ONE ( ! MO/ DREAD$ & ADMIR$ ORGANIZATIONS ( .0VOLUTION>IES TO EM]GE 9 ,SPA94 ,! T]M 0,IB]IAN0 HAD BE5 *OS5 TO EXPRESS ! ORGANIZATION'S P59SUL> SCOPE2 ! ,F,A,I ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ TO 9CLUDE ,PORTUGUESE AS WELL AS ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 7,9 REALITY1 IT REMA9$ ,SPANI%1 ACQUIR+ ITS [N DI/9CTIVE =MS & AMBIANCE4 ,! NEW ORGANIZATION BAS$ ITSELF ON ! TRADITIONAL NUCLE> GR\PS SO >D5TLY FAVOR$ BY ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! 0AFF9ITY GR\P0 7GRUPO DE AF9IDAD71 A T]M (FICIALLY ADOPT$ BY ! ,F,A,I1 ACCURATELY D5OTES ! E>LY ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ CONCEPT ?AT TRUE REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS MU/ BE KEPT SMALL 9 ORD] TO FO/] A S5SE ( DEEP 9TIMACY BETWE5 MEMB]S4 ,AN AFF9ITY GR\P R>ELY NUMB]$ MORE ?AN A DOZ5 PEOPLE4 ,EA* MEMB] WAS DRAWN TO O!RS NOT ONLY BY COMMON SOCIAL PR9CIPLES BUT ALSO BY COMMON P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES1 OR 0AFF9ITIES40 ,! GR\P1 9 EFFECT1 WAS AN EXT5D$ FAMILY--) ! ADD$ FEATURE ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S PLAC$ AN IMM5SELY HI< PREMIUM ON P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT4 ,[+ TO ?IS 9TIMACY1 A FAI/A AFF9ITY GR\P WAS NOT EASILY P5ETRAT$ BY POLICE AG5TS4 ,! ,F,A,I CONT9U$ TO BE A1 SECRET ORGANIZATION1 HI<LY SELECTIVE 9 ITS *OICE ( MEMB]S1 UP TO ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 AL?\< IT EASILY C\LD HAVE ACQUIR$ LEGAL /ATUS AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ! REPUBLIC4 

,LIKE ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,F,A,I WAS /RUCTUR$ ALONG CONF$]AL L9ES3 ! AFF9ITY GR\PS 9 A LOCALITY W]E L9K$ TOGE!R 9 A ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION & ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATIONS 9 ,DI/RICT & ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS4 ,A ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION WAS ADM9I/]$ BY AN ONGO+ SECRET>IAT1 USUALLY ( ?REE P]SONS1 & A COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( ONE M&AT$ DELEGATE FROM EA* AFF9ITY GR\P4 ,?IS BODY COMPRIS$ A SORT ( LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE4 ,TO ALL[ = A FULL EXPRESSION ( RANK-&-FILE VIEWS1 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION WAS OBLIG$ TO CONV5E ASSEMBLIES ( ALL ! FAI/AS 9 ITS >EA4 ,! ,DI/RICT & ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS1 9 TURN W]E SIMPLY ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION WRIT L>GE1 REPLICAT+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! L[] BODY4 ,ALL ! ,LOCAL ,DI/RICTS & ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS W]E L9K$ TOGE!R BY A ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE :OSE TASKS1 AT LEA/ !ORETICALLY1 W]E ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE WAS RESPONSIBLE = H&L+ CORRESPOND5CE1 = DEAL+ ) PRACTICAL ORGANIZATIONAL DETAILS1 & 79 ! WORDS ( ,ILDEFONSO ,GONZALEZ1 AN ,F,A,I SECRET>Y7 = 0EXECUT+ ANY G5]AL AGREEM5TS ( ! ORGANIZATION40 

,GONZALEZ FRANKLY ADMITS ?AT ! ,F,A,I 0EXHIBIT$ A T5D5CY T[>D C5TRALISM40 ,?AT A ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ) AGGRESSIVE MEMB]S WALK$ A V]Y ?9 L9E BETWE5 A ,BOL%EVIK-TYPE ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & A M]E ADM9I/RATIVE BODY IS NOT H>D TO BELIEVE4 ,& ! ,F,A,I CONTA9$ V]Y AGGRESSIVE1 9DE$ *>ISMATIC LEAD]S1 SU* AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS2 & ,DURRUTI4 ,! MAJOR POLICY DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,F,A,I W]E MORE COMMONLY PRES5T$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ?AN ( FAI/A PL5UMS4 ,?IS ACCU/OM$ READ]S ( ,F,A,I DOCUM5TS TO REG>D ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE AS AN ORACUL> BODY4 ,%IELD$ BY SECRECY1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE MI<T WELL HAVE 5JOY$ A WID] LATITUDE 9 ! =MULATION ( POLICY ?AN W\LD HAVE BE5 CONSI/5T ) ITS EXPRESS$ LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,YET IT MU/ ALSO BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E F> MORE 9DEP5D5T ?AN ANY COMP>ABLE BODIES 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 MU* LESS ! ,COMMUNI/4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO READ ,RAMON ,S5D]'S ,SEV5 ,R$ ,SUNDAYS1 A NOVEL BAS$ ON A DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! ,MADRID ,F,A,I ORGANIZATION1 TO GA9 A FEEL+ = -! HI< DEGREE ( 9ITIATIVE ?AT M>K$ ! TYPICAL FAI/A'S BEHAVIOR4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 ALL ! NON-,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,SPANI% LEFT W]E TO DECLAIM AGA9/ ,AN>*I/ 09CONTROLADOS0 OR 0UNCONTROLLABLES0 :O P]SI/5TLY ACT$ ON !IR [N 9 T]RORI/ ACTS1 DEFY+ GOV]NM5TAL & EV5 ,F,A,I POLICIES4 ,! V]Y ATMOSPH]E ( ! ORGANIZATION SPAWN$ SU* PEOPLE4 ,WE %ALL ALSO SEE ?AT ! ,F,A,I WAS NOT AN 9T]NALLY REPRESSIVE ORGANIZATION1 EV5 AFT] IT BEGAN TO DECAY AS A LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,ALMO/ AS A MATT] ( SECOND NATURE1 DISSID5TS W]E P]MITT$ A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( FRE$OM 9 VOIC+ & PUBLI%+ MAT]IAL AGA9/ ! LEAD]%IP & E/ABLI%$ POLICIES4 

,EV]Y MEMB] ( ! ,F,A,I WAS EXPECT$ TO JO9 A ,C,N,T SYNDICATE4 ,?AT ! ,F,A,I TRI$ TO BYPASS ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP1 AS ,COM9 ,COLOM] ASS]TS1 & TAKE OV] ! UNION 9DIRECTLY BY IMPLANT+ NUCLEI ( ,AN>*I/S 9 EV]Y ,LOCAL & ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 IS NOT CLE> FROM ! AVAILABLE FACTS4 ,IT WAS NO SECRET1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S HOP$ TO GUIDE ,C,N,T POLICY4 ,EV5 C5TRI/S SU* AS ,BU5ACASA1 :O BECAME ONE ( ! E>LIE/ SECRET>IES ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE1 MAY HAVE JO9$ ! ,F,A,I MA9LY TO DISLODGE ! ,C,N,T'S MOD]ATE LEAD]%IP4 ,IF SO1 HIS MOTIVES W]E NOT EXCEPTIONAL2 QUITE A FEW C5TRI/S1 :O LIKE ,BU5ACASA ABHORR$ VIOL5T TACTICS1 SEEM TO HAVE OCCUPI$ KEY POSITIONS 9 ! ,F,A,I AT V>I\S TIMES1 PROBABLY ) ! SAME GOALS 9 M9D4 ,BUT ?IS MU* IS EVID5T3 BY F> ! GREAT] NUMB] ( FAI/AS W]E Y\NG1 HI<LY VOLATILE M5 & WOM5 :OSE REAL PREOCCUPATION WAS NOT ) ! ,C,N,T APP>ATUS BUT RA!R ) DIRECT1 (T5 VIOL5T ACTION AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,!SE 0Y\NG EAGLES ( ! ,F,A,I0 & !IR MORE 0TE*NICAL0 AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! RECURR5T 9SURRECTIONS1 ! 0=C$ APPROPRIATIONS0 ( BANKS & JEWELRY /ORES & ! T]RORI/ ACTIONS ?AT M>K$ FAI/A ACTIVITY 9 ! /ORMY ,REPUBLICAN P]IOD BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,[+ TO ! ,F,A,I'S PASSION = SECRECY1 WE KN[ V]Y LITTLE AB\T ITS MEMB]%IP FIGURES4 ,JUDG+ BY DATA PUBLI%$ BY ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 A LEAD+ FAI/A1 ! FIGURE ON ! EVE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> MAY HAVE BE5 CLOSE TO #c#i14 ,9 ANY CASE1 SO C>EFULLY DID ! ORGANIZATION GU>D ITS CL&E/9ITY ?AT IT MADE NO ATTEMPT TO REVEAL ITS EXI/5CE PUBLICLY UNTIL #a#i#b#i1 MORE ?AN TWO YE>S AFT] IT HAD BE5 F\ND$4 ,9 ,DECEMB] ( ?AT YE>1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ISSU$ ITS FIR/ PUBLIC /ATEM5T AS AN ORGANIZATION--A MANIFE/O ?AT %>PLY D5\NC$ ! MOD]ATE T5D5CY 9 ! ,C,N,T4 

,! EV5TS LEAD+ UP TO ! ,F,A,I'S MANIFE/O REVEAL ! %>P DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E R5D+ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,F,AL WAS CREAT$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #aibg IS PROBABLY NOT ACCID5TAL2 IT WAS >\ND ?IS ?AT ,PE/ANA1 ADDRESS+ MEMB]S ( ! ,B>CELONA TEXTILE SYNDICATE1 SUGGE/$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP'S COMITES P>IT>IOS W]E COMPATIBLE ) ! ,C,N,T'S PR9CIPLES4 ,PE/ANA WAS PRUD5T 5\< NOT TO CALL = ! 5TRY ( ,C,N,T DELEGATES 9TO ! COMITES1 BUT HIS VIEWS RAIS$ A FUROR AMONG MILITANT & C5TRI/ ,AN>*I/S4 ,YET !SE VIEWS W]E MILD COMP>$ ) ,PE/ANA'S FRONTAL DEM&S TWO YE>S LAT]4 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES TITL$ 0,SITUEMONOS10 PUBLI%$ 9 6,DESP]TAD61 ,PE/ANA CALL$ = 5TIRELY NEW PR9CIPLES = ! ,C,N,T &1 9 A P>TICUL>LY CUTT+ PLAY ON WORDS1 DESCRIB$ ! ORGANIZATION AS 0MOD]ATE0 7CONT5IDO71 NOT AS 0AB/95T0 7CONT95TE74 ,?IS WORD PLAY C\LD BE TAK5 AS A SNIDE ATTACK ON ,AN>*I/ PURITANISM AS WELL AS PURISM4 ,PEIRO1 REPLY+ ON BEHALF ( ! C5TRI/S1 ACKN[L$G$ ?AT :ILE 0CONF$]AL CONGRESSES C\LD MODIFY ALL ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C,N,T10 !Y C\LD NOT *ALL5GE ! ORGANIZATION'S 0REASON = BE+3 ANTIP>LIAM5T>ISM & DIRECT ACTION40 ,PEIRO'S VIEWS HAD ! SUPPORT ( O!R LEAD+ C5TRI/S1 NOTABLY ,BU5ACASA & ,EUSEBIO ,C>BO1 BO? ( :OM 5JOY$ IMM5SE PRE/IGE AMONG ALL SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES4 ,EVID5TLY1 A GREAT DEAL ( C\NT]PRESSURE FROM LEFT & C5TRI/ ,AN>*I/S BEGAN TO BUILD UP AGA9/ ! MOD]ATES1 = 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aibi ! MOD]ATE-CONTROLL$ ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE SUDD5LY SUBMITT$ ITS RESIGNATION 9 6,DESP]TAD6 & 9TON$ ! 0ORGANIC DEMISE0 7,PEIRATS7 ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,IT IS )9 ?IS CONTEXT ( GR[+ CONFLICT ?AT WE MU/ EXAM9E ! ,F,A,I'S FIR/ PUBLIC /ATEM5T4 ,! MANIFE/O READS MORE LIKE AN ULTIMATUM ?AN AN >GUM5T4 ,9 A BRIEF1 ALMO/ POND]\SLY LEGALI/IC DOCUM5T1 ! SECRET>IAT ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE DECL>ES ?AT TO BELIEVE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T CAN BE IDEOLOGICALLY NEUTRAL IS AN ]ROR4 ,AL?\< MAT]IAL GA9S & IMPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS >E WOR?:ILE GOALS1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T MU/ SEEK ! 0ABSOLUTE CAUT]IZATION ( ALL ! PREVAL5T W\NDS & ! COMPLETE DISAPPE>ANCE ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRIVILEGES40 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ! ,C,N,T MU/ E/ABLI% A 0CONNECTION0 ) ! ORGANISM ?AT ADH]ES TO !SE REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS & PO/ULATES--NAMELY1 ! ,F,A,I4 0,IF ! ,C,N,T1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DOES NOT ACCEPT ! PROPOSITIONS MADE BY ! ,F,A,I'S SECRET>IAT10 ! /ATEM5T CONCLUDES1 0IT V]Y POSSIBLY RISKS A V]Y P]NICI\S DEVIATION FROM ! CAUSE ( 9TEGRAL DEM&S & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! MORAL & REVOLUTION>Y VALUES :I* ALONE DI/+UI%ES IT44440 

,IT IS PLA9 ?AT ,PE/ANA & ! MOD]ATES HAD AT LEA/ ONE /RATEGIC GOAL 9 M9D--! LEGALIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,& !Y S\<T ?IS GOAL EV5 IF IT MEANT MAJOR CONCESSIONS TO ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,BY (F]+ TO RESIGN1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 TRY+1 9 DRAMATIC FA%ION1 TO =CE ! ISSUE4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( LEGALITY SOON BECAME ACADEMIC4 ,! REPLACEM5T ( ,PRIMO BY ,B]5GU] 9 ,JANU>Y #aic COMPLETELY ALT]$ ! DE FACTO /ATUS ( ! ,C,N,T & MANY SYNDICATES BEGAN TO FUNCTION OP5LY EV5 BE=E !Y ACQUIR$ (FICIAL LEGALITY4 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! MOD]ATES & ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 H[EV]1 DID NOT DISAPPE>4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT N[ SETTL$ D[N TO BASIC DIFF]5CES 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY--DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E TO REA* TRULY S*ISMATIC PROPORTIONS 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( A BROAD /ATEM5T ON ,C,N,T GOALS1 ! MOD]ATE-CONTROLL$ ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE HAD MANAG$ TO NOTE ITS 0CONC]N OV] NATIONAL PROBLEMS0 & MORE SPECIFICALLY ITS WILL+NESS 0TO 9T]V5E US+ ITS [N ME?ODS ) !IR IDEOLOGY & HI/ORY 9 ! PROCESS ( CON/ITUTIONAL REVION44440 ,) ?IS =MULATION AS AN AN*OR1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE PROCE$$ TO DECL>E1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT IT WELCOM$ A REPUBLIC AS ! MO/ CONG5IAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* TO WORK = LIB]T>IAN GOALS4 ,! /ATEM5T ?US VISUALIZ$ A ,SPANI% REVOLUTION AS DIVID$ 9TO TWO /AGES3 ! FIR/ 7& MORE IMM$IATE ONE71 A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY2 ! SECOND 7& MORE VISION>Y ONE71 A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,IF ONE REMOVES ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S USUAL OBEISANCES TO BROAD ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEALS1 ITS P]SPECTIVE C\LD H>DLY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ?AT ( ! MU*-DESPIS$ ,U,G,T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S 0SC&AL\S0 /ATEM5T 7AS ,PEIRATS CALLS IT7 PRODUC$ ANO!R UPRO> AMONG ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS & FUR!R POL>IZE'D !',C,N,T4 

,CONVOLUT$ AS !SE DETAILS MAY SEEM1 !Y >E VITALLY IMPORTANT TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! ,C,N,T'S LAT] DEVELOPM5T4 ,! MOD]ATES W]E NOT M]ELY WILL+ TO COLLABORATE ) B\RGEOIS GR\PS 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% A REPUBLIC2 !Y W]E ALSO WILL+ TO FOLL[ A PRUD5T & ACCOMMODAT+ /RATEGY )9 A REPUBLICAN FRAMEWORK4 ,! ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E ADVOCAT+ A POLICY ( UNREL5T+ OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE1 BE IT DICTATORIAL1 MON>*ICAL1 OR REPUBLICAN4 ,MU* ( ! ,C,N,T'S HI/ORY 9 ! YE>S TO FOLL[ WAS TO TURN >\ND CONFLICTS & COMPROMISES BETWE5 !SE POSITIONS4 

,EV5 UND] ! ,B]5GU] REGIME1 EV5TS W]E TO %[ ?AT ! TWO POLICIES W]E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 ,MOD]ATES W]E TO TAKE SEEM+LY 9TRANSIG5T /&S :5 IT SUIT$ !IR PURPOSES & ! ,F,A,I TO MAKE CONCESSIONS ( ITS [N :5 !Y FUR!R$ ITS %ORTT]M 5DS4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT 9 ! SUB ROSA NEGOTIATIONS ?AT L$ TO ! ,C,N,T'S LEGALIZATION1 ,PE/ANA1 REPRES5T+ ! UNION1 ASSUM$ AN UNREL5T+ ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ POSITION EV5 TO ! PO9T ( DISMISS+ ! COMITES P>IT>IOS AS A 0MON/ROSITY40 ,:E!R ?IS FIRMNESS WAS ! RESULT ( NEWLY ACQUIR$ CONVICTIONS UND] *ANG$ POLITICAL CONDITIONS OR M]ELY A %REWD ACCOMMODATION TO RANK-&-FILE MILITANCY IS DIFFICULT TO JUDGE4 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA WAS NOT A DEMAGOGUE2 9DE$1 IT IS ONLY FAIR TO SAY ?AT HE WAS A MAN ( GREAT 9TEGRITY & EXCEPTIONAL C\RAGE4 ,G5]AL ,MOLA1 :O REPRES5T$ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ! NEGOTIATIONS1 WAS OBVI\SLY IMPRESS$ BY ! DIGNITY ( ?IS 9T5SELY MORAL LABOR1 LEAD]--TALL1 LEAN1 DRESS$ 9 R\< CLO?+1 ) AN 09QUISITIVE0 DEMEANOR4 ,AL?\< ,PE/ANA MAY HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO 5T] ! COMITAS P>IT>IOS ?REE YE>S E>LI]1 :5 H>% CONDITIONS SEEM$ TO W>RANT ?IS APPROA*1 ,MOLA NOTES ?AT HE EXPRESS$ G5U9E \TRAGE OV] ! FACT ?AT ! LABOR DELEGATES TO ! COMITES RECEIV$ SAL>IES & W]E ?US SEP>AT$ FROM !IR FELL[ WAGE-E>N]S4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ,F,A,I DID NOT ALWAYS BEHAVE AS A PURE FLAME ( ,AN>*I/ CONSI/5CY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS READY TO B5D ITS ANTIP>LIAM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ALMO/ TO ! BREAK+ PO9T :5 CRUCIAL SITUATIONS >OSE4 ,?US1 9 ! MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ( #a#i#c#a1 FAI/A DELEGATES JO9$ !IR MOD]ATE OPPON5TS 9 SUPPORT+ A ,REPUBLICAN-,SOCIALI/ COALITION ?AT PACK$ ! K+ (F TO EXILE4 ,& AL?\< ! ,F,A,I DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! ELECTORAL COALITIONS ( #a#i#c#f1 IT 0RELEAS$0 ,AN>*I/ WORK]S FROM !IR NO-VOT+ SCRUPLES & CONTRIBUT$ DECISIVELY TO BR++ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO P[]4 

,! MO/ S]I\S 9CONSI/5CIES ( ! ,F,A,I W]E TO BECOME PA9FULLY EVID5T LAT]--& 9 A MORE CRUCIAL CONTEXT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,= ! PRES5T1 ,PRIMO'S DEP>TURE HAD OP5$ A P]IOD ( REBUILD+ = ! SCATT]$ =CES ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,ON ,APRIL #c1 #a#i#c1 ! ,C,N,T WAS GRANT$ A =M ( 0CONDITIONAL0 LEGALITY BY ! GOV]NOR ( ,B>CELONA1 FOLL[$ BY LEGALIZATION 9 O!R PROV9CES4.<#c#d.> ,AL?\< MANY SYNDICATES W]E /ILL ILLEGAL ELSE:]E 9 ! C\NTRY & ?\S&S ( C5ETI/AS FILL$ ! JAILS ( ! ,B]5GU] REGIME1 ,SPANI% ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM BEGAN TO PICK UP ! ?READS ?AT HAD BE5 BROK5 BY ! DICTATOR%IP 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,9 LITTLE MORE ?AN A YE>1 ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP NUMB]$ CLOSE TO A HALF MILLION4 ,?IS FIGURE1 TO BE SURE1 IS MU* L[] ?AN ! ,C,N,T'S PEAK MEMB]%IP ( #g1 9 #a#i#a#i1 BUT IT IS QUITE SUB/ANTIAL IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT ! ORGANIZATION WAS VIRTUALLY NONEXI/5T DUR+ ! SEV5 YE>S ( ,PRIMO'S RULE4 ,9 A S]IES ( CONF]5CES1 PL5UMS1 & ORGANIZ+ DRIVES1 ! ,C,N,T REC\P$ ! GREAT] P>T ( ITS LOSSES & SUCE$$ RAPIDLY 9 RE/OR+ MO/ ( ITS CONTACTS ) O!R >EAS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 9 ,B>CELONA BEGAN TO APPE> AS A DAILY %ORTLY AFT] IT WAS LEGALIZ$ ON ,AUGU/ #c &1 FOLL[+ ! CU/OM ( ! PR$ICTATORIAL YE>S1 SI/] PUBLICATIONS ) ! SAME NAME BEGAN TO SPR+ UP 9 O!R CITIES ( ,SPA94 

,BUT ! ,C,N,T ( #aic WAS NO LONG] ! SAME ORGANIZATION ,PRIMO HAD SUPPRESS$ 9 #a#i#b#d1 NOR WAS ! ,F,A,I ! SAME AS ! ,F,N,G,A4 ,! BLOODY PI/OL]O P]IOD ( #a#i#a#i-#b#c1 ! ACRIMONI\S YE>S ( 9TROV]SION :I* BR\<T LAT5T DIFF]5CES TO ! SURFACE1 & ! H>% EXP]I5CES ( REPRESSION BY ! DICTATOR%IP HAD ALT]$ GREATLY ! ATMOSPH]E 9 ! ,C,N,T & 9 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,! MOD]ATE1 ALMO/ ECUM5ICAL \TLOOK ?AT HAD PREVAIL$ 9 ! OLD ,C,N,T & EV5 9 ! ,F,N,G,A1 HAD BE5 9VAD$ BY AN 9CREAS+LY 9TRACTABLE SPIRIT4 ,! PI/OL]O CONFLICTS HAD PRODUC$ A NEW K9D ( ,AN>*I/--Y\NG1 GRIM1 PRONE TO VIOL5CE1 & IMPATI5T ) TEMPORIZ+ MEASURES & COMPROMISES4 ,!SE Y\NG ,AN>*I/S1 TYPIFI$ BY ,DURRUTI1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ASCASO1 & ,SANZ1 W]E ACCU/OM$ TO BOLD ESCAPADES4 ,!Y W]E ILEGALES 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,EV5 ! 0PURE-&-SIMPLE0 UNIONI/S W]E %AK5 9 !IR MOD]ATE VIEWS P>TICUL>LY AFT] #a#i#b#i1 :5 ! WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS BEGAN TO N\RI% A NEW SPIRIT ( MILITANCY 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,SL[LY1 ! BULK ( RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S 9 ! ,C,N,T CAME TO FAVOR ! ,F,A,I OV] ! MOD]ATES1 ! MILITANTS OV] ! TEMPORIZ]S1 ! HI<-SPIRIT$ Y\NG ,AN>*I/S OV] ! OLD]1 MORE PRUD5T1 UNION-ORI5T$ LEAD]%IP ( AN E>LI] G5]ATION4 

,9 #aic & #a#i#c#a1 H[EV]1 ! MOD]ATES /ILL CONTROLL$ ! ,C,N,T & C5TRI/S LIKE ,BU5ACASA APP>5TLY CONT9U$ TO HOLD ! Y\NG FAI/AS 9 RE94 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! $ITORIAL /AIFF ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A W]E 9 ! H&S ( MOD]ATES & C5TRI/S4 ,NOR WAS ?IS CONTROL LIKELY TO BE %AK5 )\T *ANGES 9 ! \TLOOK ( ! ,CATALAN C5ETI/AS4 ,FOLL[+ ! TRADITION ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,C,N,T GAVE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( SELECT+ ! 5TIRE ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! REGION :I* CONGRESSES HAD ASSIGN$ AS ! NATIONAL C5T] ( ! UNION4 ,UNTIL ! #a#i#cS1 ! REPEAT$ *OICE ( ,CATALONIA & SPECIFICALLY ,B>CELONA AS ! ,C,N,T'S NATIONAL (FICE ALMO/ GU>ANTE$ MOD]ATE CONTROL OV] ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 

,! WEI<T ( ,CATALONIAN 9FLU5CE REVEALS /ILL ANO!R *ANGE ?AT HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! =TUNES ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM-- ! ECLIPSE ( ,&ALUSIA AS A DECISIVE >EA ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! USUAL ACC\NTS ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM1 ! ,C,N,T WAS L>GELY COMPOS$ ( WORK]S RA!R ?AN PEASANTS & ITS FOCUS WAS PRIM>ILY ON ! CULTURALLY ADVANC$ NOR? RA!R ?AN ! BACKW>D S\?4 ,! MY? ?AT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM REMA9$ LITTLE MORE ?AN AN 9*OATE1 VILLAGE-BAS$ MOVEM5T ) P]IPH]AL WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT HAS BE5 REFUT$ TELL+LY BY ,MALEFAKIS'S REC5T /UDY ( PEASANT UNRE/ 9 ,SPA94 ,9 #a#h#g#c1 :5 ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM EX]CIS$ A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ,&ALUSIA 7BO? URBAN & RURAL7 PROVID$ NE>LY TWO ?IRDS ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL'S MEMB]%IP4 ,BY #a#i#c#f1 ?IS PROPORTION HAD DECL9$ TO AB\T A FIF?4 ,AS ,MALEFAKIS OBS]VES3 

,! PR$OM9ANCE ( ,&ALUSIA 9 ! ,AN>*I/ F$]ATIONS ('! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS HAD DISAPPE>$ AFT] ! TURN ( ! C5TURY & WAS BUT A DI/ANT MEMORY4 ,! TWO ANCI5T C5T]S ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA W]E NO LONG] 9 ANY S5SE EQUAL4 ,URBAN AN>*OSYNDICALISM HAD F> \TDI/ANC$ RURAL2 ,CATALONIA F> OV]%AD[$ ,&ALUSIA4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE BECAUSE ,CATALONIA WAS N[ FLANK$ BY A NEW ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ /RON<OLD 9 ,S>AGOSSA4 ,! TIES BETWE5 !SE TWO REGIONS W]E SO MU* MORE 9TIMATE ?AN ?OSE MA9TA9$ BY EI!R ) ANY O!R P>T ( ,SPA9 ?AT ONE MAY SAFELY SPEAK ( A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL BLOC )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ,F,A,I LEAD]S-- ,DURRUTI1 ! ,ASCASOS1 & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]--W]E ALL FROM ,B>CELONA & ,S>AGOSSA4 ,! MAJOR 9SURRECTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ORIG9AT$ & F\ND MO/ ( !IR RESPONSE )9 !SE TWO REGIONS4 ,& IT WAS ?IS BLOC1 ) SOME ASSI/ANCE FROM ! NEI<BOR+ ,LEVANTE1 ?AT WAS TO C>RY ON ! ,CIVIL ,W> = ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AFT] ,&ALUSIA HAD FALL5 TO ! ,NATIONALI/S4 

,ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO REVIVE ! PEASANT MOVEM5T1 BUT !Y W]E HALF-HE>T$4 ,! OLD ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,F,N,A,E 7,F$]ATION ,NATIONAL DE ,AGRICULTORES DE ,ESPANIA7 HAD BE5 SWALL[$ UP BY ! REPRESSIVE DICTATOR%IP2 ITS NEWSPAP]1 ,LA ,VOZ DEL ,CAMPES9O1 WAS REVIV$ 9 #aicb 9 ,J]EZ DE LA ,FRONT]A1 ONLY TO DISAPPE> LAT] ! SAME YE>4 ,9 #a#i#c#a1 AT ! ,C,N,T ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,CONGRESS ( ,MADRID1 A PROPOSAL WAS ADOPT$ TO CALL A PEASANT CONGRESS & CREATE A RURAL F$]ATION4 ,! CONGRESS NEV] CAME (F4 ,! ,C,N,T1 TO BE SURE1 /ILL HAD CONSID]ABLE /R5G? 9 ! CITIES ( ! S\?--ESPECIALLY 9 ,CADIZ1 ,MALAGA1 ,CORDOBA1 & ,SEVILLE--& 9 A NUMB] ( ,&ALUSIAN VILLAGES4 ,BUT TIES BETWE5 ! CITIES & VILLAGES W]E EXTREMELY WEAK4 0,LITTLE EFFECTIVE COOP]ATION10 OBS]VES ,MALEFAKIS1 0EXI/$ BETWE5 ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNIONS ( ! MAJOR ,&ALUSIAN CITIES & !IR RURAL C\NT]P>TS40 

,! AU!NTIC PEASANT BASE ( ! ,C,N,T1 N[ LAY 9 ,>AGON4 ,! CONV]SION ( ,S>AGOSSA DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#bS TO A BR& ( ,AN>*ISM MORE 0BLACK0 & RESOLUTE ?AN ?AT ( ,B>CELONA PROVID$ A SPR+BO>D = A HI<LY EFFECTIVE LIB]T>IAN AGITATION 9 L[] ,>AGON1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! IMPOV]I%$ LABOR]S & DEBT-RIDD5 PEASANTRY ( ! DRY /EPPE REGION4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES 9 ! V9E-GR[+ REGION1 ! ,CATALAN C\NTRYSIDE TOO HAD BE5 9FECT$ BY ,AN>*I/ AGITATION EMANAT+ FROM ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,C,N,T /ILL PRES]V$ ITS /R5G? 9 ! M\NTA9 VILLAGES ( ! ,LEVANT & ! ,GALICIAN C\NTRYSIDE >\ND ,CORUNA4 ,MO/ ( !SE RURAL >EAS W]E QUIESC5T DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,NOT UNTIL ! PROCLAMATION ( ! REPUBLIC1 ) ITS PROMISE ( L& RE=M & ITS NEW POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES1 DID ! ,SPANI% C\NTRYSIDE SPR+ TO LIFE AGA9 AS A SOCIAL =CE4 

,) ,PRIMO'S DEP>TURE1 ,SPA9 BEGAN TO SETTLE ITS ACC\NTS ) ! MON>*Y4 ,ALFONSO1 TA9T$ BY HIS ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ ! DICTATOR%IP1 TRI$ DESP]ATELY TO RETA9 ! ?RONE AS A QUASICON/ITUTIONAL MON>*4 ,BUT ! MON>*Y--BO? 9 !1 P]SON ( ,ALFONSO & AS AN 9/ITUTION--HAD DISCR$IT$ ITSELF COMPLETELY4 ,B]5GU]'S DELAYS 9 ASSEMBL+ ! ,CORTES & ,ALFONSO'S OBVI\S MANEUV]S TO RETA9 HIS ROYAL PR]OGATIVES ]OD$ ! CONFID5CE EV5 ( CONS]VATIVE POLITICIANS4 0,I AM NOT A ,REPUBLICAN10 DECL>$ ! OLD CONS]VATIVE :EELHORSE ,SAN*EZ ,GU]RA1 0BUT ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT ,SPA9 HAS A RI<T TO BE A ,REPUBLIC40 ,CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP W]E N[ REPLAC$ BY CONSPIRACIES1 AGA9/ ! MON>*Y1 & !Y 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY ,REPUBLICANS & ,SOCIALI/S1 BUT ,LIB]AL CACIQUES LIKE ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA & >MY (FIC]S SU* AS ,QUEIPO DE ,LLANO & ,RAMON ,FRANCO1 ! BRO!R ( ! FUTURE CAUDILLO4 ,! GNAW+ CONFLICTS OV] ,CATALAN AUTONOMY1 :I* DIVID$ ,REPUBLICAN RANKS BETWE5 ,CATALANS & ,SPANI>DS1 W]E RESOLV$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c1 :5 BO? W+S SIGN$ ! FAM\S ,PACT ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN4 ,CATALONIA WAS PROMIS$ F>-REA*+ AUTONOMY 9 H] 9T]NAL AFFAIRS4 ,! ,PACT WAS SIGN$ BY A WIDELY DISP>ATE GR\P ( POLITICIANS 9CLUD+ ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA1 ,MANUEL ,AZANA 7A ,REPUBLICAN LITT]ATEUR :OSE ROOTS LAY 9 ! FA%IONABLE ,AT5EO1 A ,LIB]AL ,MADRID LIT]>Y & POLITICAL CLUB71 & ! 9EVITABLE ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X4 ,! ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN CR[D1 FROM :I* ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 WAS TO RECRUIT SEV]AL ( ITS PRESID5TS & PRIME M9I/]S1 WAS PL$G$ TO 0REVOLUTION>Y ACTION0 AGA9/ ! MON>*Y--AN EXCURSION 9TO MILITANT RHETORIC ?AT ! ,PACT'S SIGN]S W]E TO MODIFY CONSID]ABLY ) MEA CULPAS & APPEALS TO NONVIOL5CE4 

,TWO UNC]TA9TIES CONFRONT$ ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE :I* HAD EM]G$ FROM ! ,PACT3 ! ROLE ( ! >MY & ! WORK]S 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ! K+4-,! >MY1 TO BE SURE1 W\LD NOT %OOT D[N ,REPUBLICANS1 BUT W\LD IT JO9 ACTIVELY 9 A ,REPUBLICAN RIS+8 ,! ONLY RELIABLE MASS FOLL[+ ! ,REPUBLICANS C\LD RELY ON W]E ! WORK]S BUT ! ,COMMITTEE BALK$ AT GIV+ !M >MS4 ,HATEFUL AS ! MON>*Y WAS TO ! ,AT5EO ,LIB]ALS1 ! SPECT] ( AN >M$ WORK+ CLASS T]RIFI$ !M4 ,TO KEEP ! ,C,N,T FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN CABAL )\T (F5D+ ITS S5SIBILITIES1 ! ,REPUBLICANS TACTFULLY 9VIT$ NEI!R ( ! TWO LABOR ORGANIZATIONS TO ! SIGN+ ( ! ,PACT4 

,H[1 !N1 C\LD ! ,C,N,T'S AID BE DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! MON>*Y )\T RISK+ AN AU!NTIC SOCIAL REVOLUTION8 ,TAK+ ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ BIT 9 ITS TEE?1 ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE DISPAT*$ ,MIGUEL ,MAURA & ,ANGEL ,GAL>ZA TO ,B>CELONA TO 5LI/ ! ,C,N,T'S P>TICIPATION 9 A 0PEACEFUL0 G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ! MON>*Y4 ,! /RIKE1 TO BE IGNIT$ BY ! ,U,G,T'S RAILWAY WORK]S1 WAS TO CLIMAX 9 A G5]AL RIS+ ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD ANY SECOND ?\<TS AB\T ?IS PLAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MOD]ATE C5ETI/A1 ,JUAN ,PEIRO1 ! ,C,N,T AT A NATIONAL PL5UM ( ITS REGIONAL DELEGATES 0AGRE$ TO E/ABLI% AN EX*ANGE ( 9=MATION AMONG ! POLITICAL ELEM5TS ) ! OBJECT ( =M+ A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE40 ,/AT$ MORE BLUNTLY1 ! ,C,N,T GAVE ITS ASS5T TO ! PLAN4 ,! PL5UM'S DELEGATES1 TO ASSURE !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 DECID$ TO PREP>E A MANIFE/O ?AT AFFIRM$ ! ,C,N,T'S COMMITM5T TO APOLITICAL PR9CIPLES & ITS ADH]5CE TO LIB]T>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE TURN$ \T TO BE A %ABBY FAILURE1 SN>L$ BY *ANGES 9 DATES1 POOR COMMUNICATIONS1 & A GROSS MISCALCULATION ( ! >MY'S ATTITUDE4 ,! UPRIS+ WAS' S*$UL$ = ,DECEMB] #a#e4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,REPUBLICAN V]SION1 IT WAS UNEXPECT$LY PU%$ BACK TO ,DECEMB] #ab BY A PREMATURE REVOLT ( ! ,JACA G>RISON 9 ,>AGON4 ,! REBELLI\S TROOPS W]E QUICKLY SUBDU$ & !IR TWO COMM&]S1 ,CAPTA9S ,F]M9 ,GALAN & ,G>CIA ,H]N&EZ1 EXECUT$ BY FIR+ SQUADS4 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA1 ,MIGUEL ,MAURA1 & !IR ,SOCIALI/ COLLABORATORS1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ,F]N&O DE LOS ,RIOS1 W]E >RE/$ )\T DIFFICULTY 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ,C,N,T ISSU$ A CALL = A G5]AL /RIKE & ATTEMPT$ >M$ ATTACKS ON /RATEGIC 9/ALLATIONS1 BUT ALL ITS EF=TS CAME TO GRIEF4 

,PEIRATS1 TAK+ ISSUE ) ! ,REPUBLICAN V]SION ( ! ,JACA REBELLION1 GIVES US AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ACC\NT4 ,APP>5TLY ?IS REBELLION HAD 9DE$ BE5 PLANN$ = ! #a#b?1 BUT ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE HAD DECID$ UPON A DELAY4 ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA WAS S5T (F AS AN EMISS>Y TO =E/ALL ! RIS+1 BUT 0ON >RIV+ 9 ,JACA AT NI<T10 NOTES ,PEIRATS1 0HE HAD PREF]R$ TO SLEEP 9/EAD ( COMPLY+ 9/ANTLY ) HIS URG5T MISSION40 ,IF ,PEIRATS'S V]SION IS TRUE1 ,GALAN & ,G>CIA ,H]N&EZ W]E ! NE$LESS VICTIMS ( ,REPUBILCAN SLOV5L9ESS4 ,S9CE EV]YONE 9 ,SPA9 KNEW ?AT ! DECL>ATION ( A REPUBLIC WAS M]ELY A MATT] ( TIME 7EV]YONE1 ?AT IS1 EXCEPT ! MON>*Y71 ! >RE/$ ,MADRID CONSPIRATORS W]E TREAT$ L5I5TLY-- 9DE$ ) DEF]5CE1 AS ! FUTURE LEAD]S ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y SP5T ONLY A FEW MON?S 9 PRISON & RECEIV$ PROVISIONAL LIB]TIES4 0,ONE C\LD HOPE = NO MORE FROM ?AT SO-CALL$ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE10 CONCLUDES ,PEIRATS ACIDLY1 0:I* HAD ITS SOCIAL SEAT 9 ! ,MADRID ,AT5EO & :I* LAT]1 :5 IT WAS PUT 9 PRISON1 WAS EQUIPP$ ) TELEPHONE S]VICE & SILK PAJAMAS40 

,! ,C,N,T CAN H>DLY BE REPROA*$ = ITS ROLE 9 !SE EV5TS4 ,LEFT TO ITS [N DEVICES1 ! UNION HAD FUNCTION$ MORE CR$ITABLY ?AN ALL ( ITS ,REPUBLICAN & ,SOCIALI/ 0ALLIES40 ,C,N,T /RIKES1 BO? BE=E & AFT] ! 0RIS+0 ( ,DECEMB] #a#b1 W]E ALMO/ UNI=MLY IMPRESSIVE & ! UNION'S EF=TS TO REKNIT ITS =CES G5]ALLY MET ) SUCCESS4 ,! FIR/ PL5UM ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION1 HELD ON ,MAY #a#g1 #a#i#c1 9ITIAT$ A DRIVE TO PUBLI% ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A AS A DAILY4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A PUBLIC PL5>Y MEET+ ON ,JULY #f4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! SECOND ,CATALAN REGIONAL PL5UM1 ON ,OCTOB] #e & #f1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE SUGGE/$ ?AT A ,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SYNDICATES BE CONV5$ TWO WEEKS LAT]1 BUT ! CONF]5CE WAS SUSP5D$ [+ TO ! HEAT$ POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ,SPA94 ,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,MADRID ?AT HAD BROK5 \T 9 REACTION TO POLICE BRUTALITY1 ! ,C,N,T DECID$ TO PRES5T A %[ ( =CE ( ITS [N4 ,! UNION'S PURPOSE1 EXPLA9S ,PEIRATS1 

WAS TO %[ ?AT A G5]AL /RIKE WAS POSSIBLE 9 ,B>CELONA EV5 ?\< ! TRANSPORT SYNDICATE HAD BE5 CLOS$ D[N BY ! GOV]NOR4 ,! GOV]NOR1 ,DESPUJOLS1 WAS OBLIG$ TO ADMIT ! OBVI\S--?AT HIS REFUSAL TO ACC$E TO ! LEGALIZATION ( ?IS SYNDICATE HAD S]V$ = NO?+4 ,! WORK /OPPAGE WAS TOTAL4444 ,! 5D ( ! /RIKE WAS FIX$ = ,NOVEMB] #b 7IT HAD />T$ ON ! #a#g?7 BUT ! WORK]S HAD CONT9U$ IT TO ! #b#d?4 ,IT HAD SPREAD TO V>I\S IMPORTANT T[N%IPS 9 ! REGION & ! JAILS W]E SO FULL ?AT A NUMB] ( %IPS AN*OR$ 9 ! H>BOR HAD TO BE US$ TO SUPPLEM5T !M4 

,! ,REPUBLICAN FIASCO ( ,DECEMB] #a#b1 #a#i#c1 HAD NOT RESOLV$ ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,C,N,T'S RELATION%IP TO B\RGEOIS POLITICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,9 !ORY1 AT LEA/1 ! ,C,N,T ADH]$ TO ANTI/ATI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,REJECT+ POLITICAL ME?ODS = SOCIAL *ANGE1 IT ADVOCAT$ DIRECT ACTION BY ! OPPRESS$ AGA9/ ANY SY/EM ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,! MORE 9TRANSIG5T ,AN>*I/S 9 ! UNION C>RI$ !SE PR9CIPLES ONE /EP FUR!R & >GU$ ?AT EV]Y /ATE WAS BAD1 BE IT MON>*IAL1 DICTATORIAL1 OR REPUBLICAN1 & C\LD NOT BE SUPPORT$4 ,BUT W]E !SE DIFF]5T /ATE =MS EQUALLY BAD8 ,W]E NO DI/9CTIONS TO BE DRAWN BETWE5 !M 9 T]MS ( ,AN>*I/ TACTICS8 ,! ,C,N,T C\LD H>DLY IGNORE ! FACT ?AT SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES EXI/$ BETWE5 A DICTATOR%IP & A REPUBLIC1 9DE$1 BETWE5 A MON>*Y & A REPUBLIC4 ,PRIMO'S REGIME HAD VIRTUALLY SMA%$ ANY =M ( OV]T SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA91 :]EAS A REPUBLIC W\LD CLE>LY OP5 NEW OPPORTUNITIES = SYNDICALI/ GR[?4 ,9DE$1 H[EV] MU* ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S HAD D5I$ ! IMPORTANCE ( DI/9CTIONS 9 /ATE =MS1 9 PRACTICE !Y HAD REACT$ TO !SE DIFF]5CES FROM ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( !IR MOVEM5T4 ,!Y HAD JO9$ ) RADICAL ,F$]ALI/S 9 ! E>LY #a#h#gS TO CREATE A CANTONAL REPUBLIC4 ,DUR+ ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#a#g1 ! ,C,N,T HAD PROCLAIM$ A M9IMUM PROGRAM :I* DECL>$ = A REPUBLIC1 ! SEP>ATION ( *UR* & /ATE1 DIVORCE LAWS1 & ! RI<T ( UNIONS TO VETO LEGISLATION PASS$ BY ! ,CORTES4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#c1 ,PEIRO & ?REE ( HIS C5TRI/ COMRADES HAD ADD$ !IR NAMES TO A ,REPUBLICAN MANIFE/O ?AT RAIS$ EV5 MILD] DEM&S ?AN ! ,C,N,T'S E>LI] M9IMUM PROGRAM4 ,WRIT+ 9 ,ACCION ,SOCIAL ,OBR]A1 ,PEIRO1 DESPITE MU* BREA/-BEAT+ AB\T ! 9VIOLABILITY ( HIS CONSCI5CE1 FRANKLY ADMITT$ ?AT HIS GE/URE /OOD 9 0CONTRADICTION0 ) HIS LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,! ,F,A,I1 AL?\< IT HAD BE5 L$ BY ITS C5TRI/ MEMB]S 9TO %AD[Y VIOLATIONS ( ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 DECRI$ !SE CONTRADICTIONS VIGOR\SLY4 ,FAI/AS LIKE ,BU5ACASA HAD MUT$ ! VOICES ( ! Y\NG MILITANTS BUT HAD NOT SIL5C$ !M4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN 0RIS+0 9 ,DECEMB] M]ELY RE9=C$ ! 9TRANSIG5T POSITION ( ! 0Y\NG EAGLES ( ! ,F,A,I0 T[>D ! ,REPUBLICANS2 9DE$1 EV5 ! C5TRI/S HAD BEGUN TO WAV]1 SOME TURN+ TO A H>D1 NONCOLLABORATIVE /& & O!RS TO A MOD]ATE ONE4 

,H[ W\LD ! ,C,N,T DEAL ) ! REPUBLIC ONCE IT EM]G$8 ,?IS ANNOY+ QUE/ION CAME 9CREAS+LY TO ! =E AS ! MON>*Y BEGAN TO TOTT]4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#a1 ,B]5GU]1 FAC$ BY MASSIVE PUBLIC HO/ILITY1 RESIGN$ HIS (FICE4 ,! K+1 =C$ TO MAKE MEAN+FUL CONCESSIONS1 HAD F9ALLY DECID$ TO REMOVE ! GOV]NM5T-APPO9T$ MUNICIPALITIES ?AT EXI/$ UND] ,PRIMO & TO ALL[ UNFETT]$ MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS4 ,A NONPOLITICAL GOV]NM5T1 HEAD$ BY ,ADMIFAL ,AZN>1 TOOK OV] ,B]5GU]'S VACANT PLACE4 ,EV5 ! K+ RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! DE/9Y ( ! MON>*Y N[ DEP5D$ UPON ! \TCOME ( ! MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS4 ,ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#c#a1 ,SPA9 W5T TO ! POLLS4 ,BY EV5+1 ! E>LIE/ RETURNS LEFT NO D\BT ?AT ! ,REPUBLICAN-,SOCIALI/ COALITION HAD WON A /UNN+ VICTORY4 ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ,ALFONSO DEP>T$ HA/ILY = ,M>SEILLES :ILE ! AV5UES ( ,SPA9'S MAJOR CITIES W]E SWOLL5 ) JUBILANT CR[DS WAV+ ,REPUBLICAN FLAGS4 

,! ,AZANA ,COALITION 

,! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC BEGAN ITS C>E] 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( PUBLIC ELATION4 ,SPA91 SWEPT UP AS BY A NATIONAL FE/IVAL1 FLOCK$ 9TO ! /REETS1 HAIL$ ! NEW REGIME1 & DECORAT$ ITSELF 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN @5TRICOLOR4 ,SELF-DISCIPL9E BECAME ! MAXIM ( ! DAY4 ,TO PROTECT ! QUE5 MO!R & H] *ILDR5 FROM UNRULY CR[DS1 ,SOCIALI/S FROM ! ,CASA DEL ,PUEBLO ( ,MADRID PROVID$ !M ) A GU>D ( Y\NG WORK]S 9 R$ >MB&S4 ,A HA/ILY IMPROVIS$ CITIZ5S' POLICE =CE GU>D$ ! DOORS ( BANKS TO PREV5T LOOT+4 ,EV]Y EF=T WAS MADE TO AVOID DI%ONOR+ ! NEW REGIME ) ACTS ( V&ALISM & DE/RUCTION4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,RAMOS ,OLIVEIRA1 0,BO? ,SPANI>DS & =EIGN]S COMM5T$ ON ! MAGNANIMITY & DISCIPL9E ( ! PEOPLE :O1 ON RECOGNIZ+ LIB]TY & P[]1 MADE NO USE ( !IR CONQUE/ TO DE/ROY OR HUMILIATE !IR ]/:ILE OPPRESSORS40 

,YET )9 A YE> ( ?IS G5]\S \TBUR/ ( POPUL> GOODWILL1 ! REPUBLIC WAS TO BE TORN BY BITT] POLITICAL CONFLICTS & BLOODY /RIKE WAVES--& TWO YE>S LAT] IT WAS TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( RABID POLITICAL' OPPON5TS4 ,! /EADY DECL9E 9 ! REPUBLIC'S PRE/IGE WAS VIRTUALLY 9EVITABLE4 ,! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS GOODWILL1 HAD BR\<T TO P[] ! MO/ DISP>ATE GR\P ( POLITICIANS & LABOR LEAD]S EV] TO ADORN A ,SPANI% CAB9ET4 ,! NEW PRIME M9I/]1 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA1 PRESID$ OV] A GOV]NM5T ?AT 9CLUD$ ,MIGUEL ,MAURA1 AN EX-,MON>*I/ & >D5T ,CA?OLIC2 ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 A WEAL?Y ,GALICIAN ,LIB]AL :O1 ) ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 LAT] =M$ ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS2 ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO & ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X1 BO? LUM9>IES ( ! V5AL ,RADICAL ,P>TY2 & ?REE ,SOCIALI/S3 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ,F]N&O DE LOS ,RIOS1 & ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 ! LATT] A SPOKESMAN = ! P>TY'S RI<T W+4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! NEW CAB9ET CONSI/$ ( ! M5 ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN4 ,& ONCE ,ALFONSO HAD BE5 REMOV$1 NE>LY ALL ( !M--S+LY OR 9 PAIRS--W]E POIS$ TO DES]T EA* O!R ) ALACRITY4 

,ALCALA ,ZAMORA & ,MAURA HAD 5T]$ ! CAB9ET TO MAKE SURE ?AT ! REPUBLIC DID NOT BECOME TOO REPUBLICAN1 I4E41 ?AT IT LEFT ! L&$ E/ATES1 ! *UR*1 & ! >MY L>GELY 9TACT4 ,AZANA & ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 AS SPOKESMAN = ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES & 9TELLECTUALS1 RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = RE=MS2 BUT H[ MU* RE=M WAS POSSIBLE 9 ! FACE ( AN ANTI-REPUBLICAN OLIG>*Y1 A COV]TLY REACTION>Y >MY1 AN OV]TLY REACTION>Y *UR*1 & A REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS REMA9$ AN IMPOND]ABLE4 ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO & ,L]R\X MADE A C>E] ( VACILLATION BETWE5 ! ANTI-REPUBLICAN OLIG>*Y & ! ,AT5EO ,LIB]ALS4 ,LAT]1 !Y P>T$ WAYS :5 ,M>T9EZ BROKE FROM ,L]R\X & DRIFT$ T[>D ! ,LIB]ALS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 COMMITT$ TO A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC1 PROVID$ ,AZANA & ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA ) A 0RESPONSIBLE0 LEFT W+4 ,DEPLOY$ BY ! ,REPUBLICANS TO KEEP ! PROLET>IAT 9 RE91 !Y REMA9$ ! BEGG>S ( ,LIB]ALISM1 PRESS+ = RE=MS ?AT 9V>IABLY 5D$ 9 %ABBY COMPROMISES4 

,! PRIM>Y TASKS ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T W]E /]NLY ,JACOB93 TO EXPROPRIATE ! GREAT L&$ MAGNATES1 ADOPT EFFECTIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ! DEEP5+ ECONOMIC CRISIS1 CURB ! >MY'S ROLE 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 & WEAK5 ! *UR*'S HOLD ON ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,HAD SU* A PROGRAM BE5 RESOLUTELY C>RI$ \T 9 ! OP5+ MON?S ( ! REPUBLIC1 :5 POPUL> 5?USIASM WAS /ILL RUNN+ HI<1 ! ,LIB]ALS MI<T HAVE RAIS$ ,SPA9 TO ! LEVEL ( A ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOIS NATION4 ,BUT ! GOV]NM5T DELAY$1 FE>FUL ( ALI5AT+ ! V]Y CLASSES IT WAS OBLIG$ TO OPPOSE1 :ILE A ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES OCCUPI$ ITSELF ) WRIT+ A CON/ITUTION4 ,AL?\< HUMANE & BRI<TLY LIB]AL 9 SPIRIT1 ! CON/ITUTION BECAME A ME*ANISM = PLAC+ LEGAL =MALITIES BE=E SOCIAL ACTIVISM4 ,9 ! 5D1 NOBODY TOOK ?IS DOCUM5T V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,! CON/ITUTION1 H[EV]1 S]V$ TO REVEAL ! PAT*WORK NATURE ( ! NEW CAB9ET4 ,:5 ! ,CORTES ADOPT$ ,>TICLE #b#f--A CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISION AIM$ AT ! 5ORM\S P[] ( ! ,SPANI% *UR*--,ALCALA ,ZAMORA & ,MAURA RESIGN$1 ! =M] TO BE RE9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! REPUBLIC AS ITS PRESID5T4 ,AZANA1 :OSE WELL-REASON$ DEF5SE ( ,>TICLE #bf PLAC$ HIM 9 ! LIMELI<T1 BECAME ! PRIME M9I/] & ! SPOKESMAN = ,REPUBLICAN VIRTUE4 ,!SE OP5+ MON?S1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT 5TIRELY WA/$4 ,L>GELY ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ! NEW M9I/] ( LABOR1 ! GOV]NM5T RAPIDLY PASS$ A S]IES ( LAWS ?AT PROTECT$ SMALL T5ANTS FROM >BITR>Y EXPULSION FROM !IR L& & EXT5D$ ! EI<T-H\R WORK+ DAY TO ! AGR>IAN PROLET>IAT4 ,PRIORITY WAS GRANT$ TO RURAL WORK]S' SOCIETIES 9 SUBLEAS+ L>GE TRACTS ( L&4 ,TO PREV5T MIGRANT WORK]S FROM CLAIM+ ! JOBS ( LOCALS1 ! ,CORTES1 9 A ,SOCIALI/-SPONSOR$ ,LAW ( ,MUNICIPAL ,B\ND>IES1 E/ABLI%$ RURAL FRONTI]S >\ND SOME #i1 MUNICIPALITIES4 ,NO \TSID] C\LD BE HIR$ BY A L&[N] )9 !SE MUNICIPALITIES UNTIL ! LOCAL LABOR =CE HAD F\ND EMPLOYM5T4 ,ANO!R LAW D5I$ L&[N]S ! RI<T TO )DRAW FROM CULTIVATION L& ?AT HAD HI!RTO BE5 F>M$ ACCORD+ TO ! 0USES & CU/OMS0 ( ! REGION2 O!RWISE1 ! UNCULTIVAT$ L& C\LD BE TAK5 OV] = CULTIVATION BY LOCAL WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,NONE ( !SE MEASURES WAS P>TICUL>LY RADICAL4 ,AL?\< ,MALEFAKIS DESCRIBES ! LAWS AS 0A REVOLUTION )\T PREC$5T 9 ,SPANI% RURAL LIFE10 ! REASONS HE ADDUCES = ?IS CONCLUSION >E ESS5TIALLY JURIDICAL4 ,! LAWS %IFT$ 0! BALANCE ( LEGAL RI<TS0 FROM ! L&[N]S TO ! RURAL MASSES4 ,BUT !Y PROVID$ NO SOLUTION TO ! 5DEMIC UNEMPLOYM5T ?AT P>ALYZ$ ! ,SPANI% C\NTRYSIDE & !Y LEFT ! KEY PROBLEM ( L& [N]%IP UNSOLV$4 ,! REPUBLIC'S FAM\S ,AGR>IAN ,/ATUTE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#b1 O/5SIBLY DESIGN$ TO 9ITIATE A SWEEP+ L& R$I/RIBUTION PROGRAM1 H>DLY RATES S]I\S ATT5TION4 ,LACK+ ADEQUATE FUNDS1 H$G$ BY LEGAL /IPULATIONS1 & BURD5$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE PROCRA/9ATION1 ! /ATUTE HOBBL$ ALONG )\T *ANG+ ! /ATUS ( ! RURAL POOR & LAWLESS4 ,BY LATE #a#i#c#d1 TWO YE>S AFT] ! /ATUTE'S PASSAGE1 LITTLE MORE ?AN #a#b1 FAMILIES HAD RECEIV$ L&4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE1 ITS HOPES DEFLAT$ BY BITT] DISAPPO9TM5T1 BECAME MORE SURLY & F9ALLY MORE REBELLI\S ?AN IT HAD BE5 9 ! /ORMY YE>S AFT] ! W>4 

,NIGG>DLY 9 ITS TREATM5T ( RURAL RE=M1 ! GOV]NM5T SWELL$ ) G5]OSITY 9 ITS DEAL+S ) ! >MY4 ,9 #aica ! ,SPANI% >MY C\LD CLAIM ! UNIQUE DI/9CTION ( CONTA9+ MORE MAJORS & CAPTA9S ?AN S]GEANTS2 ITS #af SKELETAL DIVISIONS1 :I* NORMALLY REQUIR$ #h G5]AL (FIC]S1 W]E S]VIC$ BY NE>LY #h4 ,! REPUBLIC'S LAW ON MILIT>Y RE=M WAS MODE/4 ,! MEASURE R$UC$ ! #af EXI/+ DIVISIONS TO #h1 LIMIT$ COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE TO ONE YE>1 & ABOLI%$ ! RANK ( CAPTA9 G5]AL1 A POSITION ?AT HAD GIV5 ! >MY JURISDICTION OV] ! CIVIL GOV]NM5T 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL UNRE/4 ,TO MOLLIFY ! (FIC] CORPS1 ! GOV]NM5T (F]$ FULL PAY TO (FIC]S :O ELECT$ TO RETIRE1 BAS$ ON ! HI<E/ RANK !Y W\LD HAVE A*IEV$ 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,! >MY REACT$ TO ?IS DECREE 0) MIX$ EMOTIONS10 OBS]VES ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON4 0,ALMO/ EV]YONE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! ,>MY WAS TOP HEAVY ) BRASS1 BUT MANY A PR\D C>E] (FIC] FELT ?AT ,AZANA SIMPLY WI%$ TO DE/ROY ! (FIC] CORPS BY BUY+ IT (F40 ,AS IF TO FE$ ?IS SUSPICION1 ! GOV]NM5T CLOS$ D[N ! G5]AL MILIT>Y ACADEMY AT ,S>AGOSSA1 AN ACT :I* MANY (FIC]S VIEW$ AS A 0BL[ TO ! ESPRIT DE CORPS ( ! ,>MY1 S9CE ?IS WAS ! ONLY 9/ITUTION 9 :I* (FIC]S ( DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( S]VICE TRA9$ TOGE!R40 

,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! GOV]NM5T'S RE=MS LEFT ! C\NTRY PR(\NDLY DISSATISFI$4 ,! REPUBLIC HAD AWAK5$ SUSPICION AMONG ! CONS]VATIVE CLASSES )\T DIM9I%+ !IR P[]2 IT HAD ALSO >\S$ HOPE AMONG ! OPPRESS$ )\T SATISFY+ !IR NE$S4 ,! REPUBLIC1 9 FACT1 HAD H>DLY BE5 9 P[] MORE ?AN A MON? BE=E IT SUFF]$ ITS FIR/ S]I\S BL[4 ,E>LY 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#a1 ,C>D9AL ,SEGURA1 ! PRIMATE ( ,SPA91 ISSU$ A PA/ORAL LETT] %>PLY D5\NC+ ! 0AN>*Y0 & 0GRAVE COMMOTION0 ?AT ! NEW REGIME HAD 9TRODUC$4 ,PROVOCATIVELY1 ! LETT] ?ANK$ ! K+ = HAV+ PRES]V$ ! PIETY & *]I%$ TRADITIONS ( ,SPA94 ,AS LUCK W\LD HAVE IT1 ?REE DAYS LAT] SCUFFLES BROKE \T BETWE5 ,MON>*I/S & ANTI-,MON>*I/S 9 ,MADRID2 A CR[D1 ANG]$ BY ANTI-,MON>*I/ RUMORS1 GA!R$ BE=E ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR & 9 ! MORN+ H\RS SIX CONV5TS 9 ! CAPITAL W]E SET AFLAME4 ,! CONV5T BURN+S SPREAD FROM ,MADRID TO ,MALAGA1 ,SEVILLE1 ,ALICANTE1 & O!R CITIES4 ,! CAB9ET1 FE>FUL ( /A9+ ! NEW REGIME ) 0,REPUBLICAN BLOOD10 DELAY$ TAK+ ACTION = TWO DAYS BE=E CALL+ \T ! >MY4 ,AL?\< ! BURN+S W]E RAPIDLY QUELL$1 ! DAMAGE HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE2 REACTION F\ND ITS ISSUE 9 ! /ATUS ( ! *UR*1 & ! REPUBLIC HAD T>NI%$ ITS VIRTUE ) VIOL5CE4 

,! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E DULY %OCK$ BY !SE EV5TS4 ,!REAFT]1 RI<T-W+ HO!ADS W]E TO MAKE REPEAT$ ASSAULTS ON ! REGIME1 RID+ ON A GR[+ WAVE ( POPUL> DISILLUSIONM5T4 ,BY #a#i#c#b1 MON>*I/ & REACTION>Y CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ ! REPUBLIC HAD GRADUAT$ TO ! LEVEL ( A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a1 ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO1 ! ]/:ILE COMM&] ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 DECL>$ AGA9/ ! 0ILLEGITIMATE ,CORTES0 9 A POORLY PLANN$1 9DECISIVE RIS+ 9 ,SEVILLE4 ,SANJURJO WAS EASILY DEFEAT$ & ! ,AZANA REGIME EM]G$ FROM ! EV5T ) CONSID]ABLE PRE/IGE4 ,BUT ITS VICTORY WAS %ORTLIV$4 ,?IS GOV]NM5T ( MIDDLE-CLASS ,LIB]ALS & ,SOCIALI/S HAD LITTLE MORE ?AN A YE> ( LIFE BE=E IT WAS BR\<T D[N--& IRONICALLY1 ITS FALL CAME NOT FROM AN ASSAULT BY ! RI<T BUT RA!R BY ! LEFT4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ TELL+ BL[ CAME FROM ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD ACTUALLY WELCOM$ ! REPUBLIC4 ,9 ,APRIL #aica MANY SYNDICALI/ WORK]S JO9$ ) ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S 9 VOT+ = ! ,REPUBLICAN BLOC4 0,! VOTE ( ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DIVID$10 NOTES ,MAD>IAGA4 

,! WORK]S AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,U,G,T 7,SOCIALI/S7 VOT$ = !IR M52 BUT ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 :OSE NUMB]S W]E AB\T AS NUM]\S1 VOT$ = ! MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]ALS4 ,!RE W]E TWO REASONS = ?IS3 ! FIR/ WAS ! UNBRIDGEABLE 5MITY :I* SEP>ATES SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S1 DUE TO !IR RIVAL BID = ! LEAD]%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASSES2 ! SECOND WAS ?AT AS ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S HAD ALWAYS PREA*$ CONTEMPT = ! SUFFRAGE1 !Y HAD NO POLITICAL MA*9]Y ( !IR [N2 SO ?AT1 :5 IT CAME TO VOT+1 :I* !Y DID ?IS TIME TO HELP \/ ! ,MON>*Y1 !Y PREF]R$ TO VOTE = ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS :OSE LIB]AL VIEWS W]E MORE 9 H>MONY ) ! ANTI-,M>XI/ IDEAS ( ! ,SPANI% ,SYNDICALI/S ?AN ) ! OR?ODOX & DOGMATIC T5ETS ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4.<#c#e.> 

,! DAY AFT] ! REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A V5TUR$ A VIEW ?AT WAS H>DLY A CL>ION CALL TO BATTLE AGA9/ ! NEW /ATE3 0,WE HAVE NO 5?USIASM = A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC BUT WE %ALL NOT GIVE \R CONS5T TO A NEW ,DICTATOR%IP44440 ,! NEWSPAP] W5T ON TO REM9D ITS READ]S ?AT MANY ,C,N,T MEMB]S /ILL LANGUI%$ 9 JAIL & DEM&$ !IR IMM$IATE RELEASE4 ,TO GIVE MUSCLE TO ?IS DEM&1 ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION CALL$ A ONE-DAY G5]AL /RIKE1 :]EUPON ! ,G5]ALITAT 7! ,CATALAN PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T7 %REWDLY DECL>$ ! DAY A NATIONAL HOLIDAY4 

,HAV+ MADE !SE TOK5 GE/URES1 ! UNION SETTL$ D[N TO A P]IOD ( WAT*FUL WAIT+4 ,AP>T FROM SPORADIC VIOL5CE 9 :I* ,C,N,T MILITANTS SETTL$ LONG-/&+ ACC\NTS ) *IEFS ( ! HAT$ LIBRES1 ,B>CELONA WAS COMP>ATIVELY PEACEFUL4.<#c#f.> ,! CITY WAS /ILL 9 A FE/IVE MOOD4 ,CATALONIA1 IGNOR+ ! OLD & DISCR$IT$ ,LLIGA1 HAD CALF ITS VOTE OV]:ELM+LY = ! ,ESQU]RA 7,CATALAN ,LEFT71 A NEW MIDDLE-CLASS P>TY HEAD$ BY ! AG+ ,COLONEL ,M>IA & A CLEV] Y\NG LAWY]1 ,LUIS ,COMPANYS4 ,COMPANYS1 IT WILL BE RECALL$1 HAD DEF5D$ C5ETI/AS 9 ! POLITICAL TRIALS ( ! #a#i#bS2 HE KNEW ! UNION'S MOD]ATE LEAD]S P]SONALLY & WAS REG>D$ BY SOME ( !M AS A 0FRI5D40 ,PL$G$ TO ,CATALAN AUTONOMY1 ! ,ESQU]RA WAS L9K$ CLOSELY1 BY BO? P]SONAL TIES & COMMON \TLOOK1 TO ! ,AZANA ,REPUBLICANS4 ,BUOY$ BY ! C]TA9TY ?AT AUTONOMY WAS N[ )9 ITS REA*1 ! PUBLIC WAS 9 NO MOOD TO *ALL5GE ! NEW REPUBLIC4 

,! ,C,N,T WAS W>Y ( ! NEW REGIME 9 ,MADRID4 ,9DE$1 IT IS HI<LY D\BTFUL ?AT ANY PROLONG$ TRUCE C\LD HAVE EXI/$ BETWE5 ! RESPECTABLE ,LIB]ALS :O HEAD$ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & ! ,AN>*I/ ILEGALES :O W]E COM+ TO ! =E 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! ,AZANA COALITION DID V]Y LITTLE TO ALLAY ! ,C,N,T'S SUSPICIONS2 ! ,AN>*I/S1 /OK+ ! DISAPPO9TM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO ANG]1 RAIS$ DEM&S = A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! REPUBLIC4 ,EV5TS W]E SOON TO UNFOLD ?AT JU/IFI$ ! MUTUAL SUSPICIONS & HATR$S ( BO? SIDES1 ESCALAT+ GOV]NM5T REPRESSION & ,AN>*I/ ASSAULTS 9TO A CONDITION ( VIRTUAL CIVIL W>4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 IT MU/ BE ADD$ H]E1 PLAY$ A CRITICAL ROLE 9 EXAC]BAT+ ?IS CONFLICT4 ,?AT ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T W]E BITT] RIVALS HAS ALREADY BE5 EMPHASIZ$ BY ,MAD>IAGA & O!R WRIT]S2 = DECADES ! TWO LABOR ORGANIZATIONS HAD CONTE/$ EA* O!R = EV]Y JURISDICTION :]E !Y OV]LAPP$4 ,R>ELY DID !Y COOP]ATE1 & ! FEW PACTS !Y SIGN$ = COMMON ACTION USUALLY DEG5]AT$ 9TO A WELT] ( MUTUAL RECRIM9ATIONS4 ,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! REPUBLIC1 ,SOCIALI/ ATTITUDES T[>D ! ,C,N,T BECAME UNCONSCIONABLY V5OM\S4 0,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( CONFUSION 9 ! M9DS ( MANY COMRADES10 W>N$ A ,SOCIALI/ LEAD] 9 #a#i#c#b4 0,!Y CONSID] ,AN>*I/ ,SYNDICALISM AS AN IDEAL :I* RUNS P>ALLEL ) \R [N1 :5 IT IS ITS ABSOLUTE ANTI!SIS1 & ?AT ! ,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S >E COMRADES :5 !Y >E \R GREATE/ 5EMIES40 

,?IS /ATEM5T %\LD NOT BE DISMISS$ AS M]E RHETORIC4 ,IT BLUNTLY EXPRESSES :AT MANY ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S PRACTIC$ DAILY 9 !IR RELATIONS ) ! RIVAL UNION4 ,U,G,T BUREAUCRATS (T5 PROVID$ SCABS TO BREAK UP ,C,N,T /RIKES 7& REPLACE ! /RIK+ SYNDICATES BY !IR [N UNIONS7--ONLY TO ACCUSE ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ( PI/OL]ISMO :5 !Y DEF5D$ !MSELVES4.<#c#g.> ,RU?LESS 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS P[]S1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O US$ ! IMM5SE APP>ATUS ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR TO UND]M9E ,C,N,T 9FLU5CE :]EV] HE C\LD4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT1 9 FACT1 TO CLE>LY UND]/& ! LABOR LEGISLATION ( ! E>LY REPUBLIC )\T BE>+ 9 M9D ?IS AIM ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,AS IF TO CONFIRM ! H>%E/ ANTI-REPUBLICAN V]DICT ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 ! NEW GOV]NM5T PASS$ A LAW TO E/ABLI% A SY/EM ( 0MIX$ JURIES0 = DEAL+ ) LABOR DISPUTES4 ,! LAW MADE IT ILLEGAL TO /RIKE )\T FIR/ BR++ GRIEVANCES BE=E A 0JURY0 COMPOS$ EQUALLY ( LABOR & EMPLOY] REPRES5TATIVES1 ) A GOV]NM5T REPRES5TATIVE TO BREAK VOT+ DEADLOCKS4 ,AL?\< ! JURY'S DECISION WAS NOT M&ATORY1 !RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT IT /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ ! \TCOME ( MANY LABOR DISPUTES BY ITS MORAL AU?ORITY4 ,IT NE$ H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! MIX$ JURY SY/EM MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,L>GO ,CABALL]O TO GIVE ,U,G,T REPRES5TATIVES EASY MAJORITIES BY APPO9T+ ,SOCIALI/S AS GOV]NM5T REPRES5TATIVES4 ,O!R LEGISLATION SPECIFI$ ! CONDITIONS LABOR-MANAGEM5T CONTRACTS HAD TO FULFILL 9 ORD] TO BE VALID & E/ABLI%$ A M&ATORY EI<T-DAY 0COOL+-(F0 P]IOD BE=E WORK]S C\LD GO ON /RIKE4 

,TO ! ,C,N,T ?IS CORPUS ( LABOR LEGISLATION WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN A DAGG] AIM$ AT ITS MO/ TREASUR$ ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,AS ,BR5AN OBS]VES1 

,AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT !SE LAWS RAN CONTR>Y TO ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ PR9CIPLES ( NEGOTIAT+ DIRECTLY ) ! EMPLOY]S & 9T]F]$ ) ! PRACTICE ( LI<TN+ /RIKES1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT !Y REPRES5T$ AN IMM5SE 9CREASE 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE 9 9DU/RIAL MATT]S4 ,A :OLE >MY ( ,GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 MO/LY ,SOCIALI/S1 MADE !IR APPE>ANCE TO 5=CE ! NEW LAWS & SAW TO IT ?AT1 :5EV] POSSIBLE1 !Y %\LD BE US$ TO EXT5D ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,U,G,T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,?IS HAD ( C\RSE BE5 ! 9T5TION ( ?OSE :O DREW !M UP4 ,9 FACT ! ,U,G,T WAS RAPIDLY BECOM+ AN ORGAN ( ! /ATE ITSELF & US+ ITS NEW P[]S TO R$UCE ITS RIVAL4 ,! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S C\LD HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AS TO :AT W\LD HAPP5 TO !M IF A PURELY ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T %\LD COME 9TO P[]4 

,?AT ! ,U,G,T REAP$ 5ORM\S ADVANTAGES FROM ,SOCIALI/ COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T 7PA/ AS WELL AS PRES5T7 CAN BE DEMON/RAT$ ) /ATI/ICAL PRECISION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR F$]ATION1 ?ANKS TO ITS 0COOP]ATIVE0 ATTITUDE T[>D ! DICTATOR%IP1 HAD RETA9$ ITS APP>ATUS 9TACT ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS1 EV5 9CREAS+ ITS MEMB]%IP SLI<TLY4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#i1 %ORTLY BE=E ,PRIMO'S FALL1 IT C\LD CLAIM #a1#e#a#a LOCAL SECTIONS ) AB\T #b#c1 MEMB]S4 ,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! REPUBLIC1 ! ,U,G,T 5JOY$ A PH5OM5AL GR[?4 ,BY ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#a1 EI<T MON?S AFT] ! REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$1 ! UNION C\LD BOA/ ( #d1#d#a LOCAL SECTIONS & NE>LY #i#f1 MEMB]S1 A TRIPL+ ( MEMB]%IP 9 ONLY TWO YE>S4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#b1 !SE FIGURES HAD SO>$ TO ALMO/ #e1#a#g & #a1#e1 RESPECTIVELY4 

,MO/ ( ?IS EXPANSION OCCURR$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 ! HECTIC P]IOD DIRECTLY FOLL[+ ! W>1 ! ,U,G,T1 %AK5 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ,AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,&ALUSIA1 BEGAN TO DISC>D SOME ( ITS ,M>XIAN %IBBOLE?S & DIRECT_/ITS 5]GIES T[>D W9N+ ! RURAL POOR4 ,L$ BY ,LUIS ,M>T9EZ ,GIL1 A FOLL[] ( ,JULIAN ,BE/EIRO1 ,SOCIALI/S TRI$ TO USE ,PRIMO'S COMITES P>IT>IOS TO EXT5D ! ,U,G,T'S RA!R LIMIT$ ROOTS 9 S\!RN ,SPA94 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#c1 ! ,U,G,T E/ABLI%$ A SEP>ATE RURAL F$]ATION1 ! ,F,N,T,T OR ,F$]ATION ,NATIONAL DE ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,TI]RA 7,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S74 ,IT BEGAN ) A MEMB]%IP ( ONLY #b#g11 BUT BY ,JUNE #aicc ?IS FIGURE HAD SO>$ TO #d#e#a11 ACC\NT+ = #d P]C5T ( ! ,U,G,T'S TOTAL MEMB]%IP4 

,! ,C,N,T WAT*$ ?IS 9CREASE ) AL>M4 ,TO ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 ! GR[? ( ,SOCIALI/-CONTROLL$ UNIONS MEANT NO?+ LESS ?AN ! BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION ( ! ,SPANI% MASSES4 ,!Y E>NE/LY BELIEV$ ?AT A ,U,G,T WORK] OR PEASANT WAS VIRTUALLY LO/ TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WAS EV5 MORE APPALL+1 ! ,U,G,T1 AID$ BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR & ! MIX$ JURIES1 BEGAN TO MAKE S]I\S 9ROADS 9TO TRADITIONALLY ,AN>*I/ >EAS4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ,E/REMADURA & ,LA ,MAN*A ,SOCIALI/ /RON<OLDS1 BUT SIZABLE ,F,N,T,T UNIONS N[ EXI/$ 9 ,MALAGA1 ,SEVILLE1 & ,VAL5CIA4 

,IRONICALLY1 BO? LABOR ORGANIZATIONS FAIL$ TO ANTICIPATE ! RADICALIZ+ IMPACT ?IS MASSIVE 9FLUX ( RURAL POOR W\LD HAVE ON ,SPANI% ,SOCIALISM4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE WAS 9 ! MID/ ( REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T4 ,! NEW ,REPUBLICAN AGR>IAN LAWS HAD OP5$ ! SLUICE GATES ( RURAL DISCONT5T )\T SATISFY+ ! PEASANT'S HUNG] = L&4 ,?\S&S ( T5ANTS FLOCK$ TO ! C\RTS & TO !IR UNIONS TO DEM& ! SETTLEM5T ( GRIEVANCES UND] ! NEW LAWS2 /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS SWEPT ! C\NTRYSIDE1 LOCK+ ! NEW ,F,N,T,T 9 BITT] /RUGGLES ) ! CIVIL AU?ORITIES4 ,! PRESSURE ( ! IMPETU\S ,SPANI% PEASANTRY & RURAL PROLET>IAT ON ! ,U,G,T BUREAUCRACY BEGAN TO PRODUCE MAJOR FISSURES 9 ! ONCE-SOLID $IFICE ( ,SOCIALI/ RE=MISM4 ,AL?\< ! ,F,N,T,T'S MILITANCY FELL F> %ORT ( ! ,C,N,T'S1 IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,M>T9EZ ,GIL & ,BE/EIRO W]E /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO ! 5TRY ( ,SOCIALI/S 9TO ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ LEFT W+1 SO HOPELESSLY ISOLAT$ AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BEGAN TO 9CREASE ITS 9FLU5CE 9 P>TY RANKS4 ,)9 A FEW YE>S1 IT W\LD BECOME ! MO/ IMPORTANT T5D5CY 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 

,AL?\< ! ,U,G,T REMA9$ ! ,C,N,T'S MA9 RIVAL1 ! SMALL ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BEGAN TO TAKE UP ITS [N CUDGELS & 5T] ! BATTLE BETWE5 ! TWO UNIONS4 ,UNTIL ! E>LY ,REPUBLICAN P]IOD1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN AN 9T]LOP] 9 ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,FROM A SIZABLE ORGANIZATION AT ITS F\ND+1 ! P>TY 9 #aica HAD DW9DL$ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A ?\S& RFTEMB]S4 ,PRIMO HAD ALL BUT IGNOR$ ITS EXI/5CE4 ,! DICTATOR%IP DID NOT EV5 BO!R TO SUPPRESS ! P>TY'S NEWSPAP]1 ,MUNDO ,OBR]O4 ,! SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ SYNDICALI/S LIKE ,N9 & ,MAUR9 & ! TRADITIONAL ,L59I/S HAD LEFT ! P>TY 9 ! H&S ( DOCILE M$IOCRITIES :OSE PR9CIPAL QUALIFICATION = LEAD]%IP SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 !IR SUBS]VI5CE TO ! ,/AL9I/ ,COM9T]N4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 VIRTUALLY ALL ,CATALAN ,COMMUNI/S1 FOLL[+ ! T5D5CY REPRES5T$ BY ,MAUR91 HAD =M$ ! ,B,O,C1 ! ,BLOC ,OBR] I ,CAMP]OL 7,WORK]-,PEASANT ,BLOC71 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION :I* /RESS$ ! NE$ = COOP]ATION BETWE5 WORK+-CLASS & LEFT MIDDLE-CLASS GR\PS4 ,O!RS1 MA9LY 9TELLECTUALS1 COLLECT$ >\ND ,N9 & E/ABLI%$ ! ,IZQUI]DA ,COM9UNI/A OR ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 AN AV[$LY ,TROTSKYI/ ORGANIZATION1 ALSO ROOT$ PRIM>ILY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,TOGE!R1 ! ,B,O,C & ,IZQUI]DA ,COM9UNI/A VIRTUALLY SUPPLANT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,CATALONIA & = MANY YE>S MAY HAVE \TNUMB]$ IT 9 ,SPA9 AS A :OLE4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS M]G$ TO =M ! ,P,\,M--! ,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICATION ,M>XI/A 7,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION7--A SIZABLE ORGANIZATION :I* BECAME ! PR9CIPAL T>GET ( ,/AL9I/ ABUSE & REPRESSION DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> YE>S4 

,G5]ALLY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY EX]CIS$ V]Y LITTLE 9FLU5CE ON ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,AP>T FROM SOME NUCLEI 9 ,A/URIAS & ,MADRID1 ! P>TY C\LD BOA/ ( ONLY ONE MAJOR A*IEVEM5T3 9 #aibg IT HAD MANAG$ TO W9 CONTROL OV] A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( UND]GR\ND ,C,N,T SYNDICATES'9 ,SEVILLE--PR9CIPALLY 9 ! DOCK >EA-- :I* IT BEGAN TO USE AS A BASE = DUELS ) RIVAL ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ & ,SOCIALI/ UNIONS4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 ! ,&ALUSIAN CAPITAL BECAME ! >5A = A ?REE-WAY CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,U,G,T1 & ! ,/AL9I/-MANIPULAT$ 0,COMMITTEE ( ,RECON/RUCTION10.<#c#h.> SO NAM$ BECAUSE ( A CONF]5CE ON ,SYNDICALI/ ,RECON/RUCTION :I* ! P>TY HAD CONV5$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON1 :O MADE A REC5T ON-SITE /UDY ( ! CONFLICT3 

,MO/ ( ! URBAN WORK]S BELONG$ TO ,C,N,T UNIONS4 ,! COMMUNI/S W]E /RONGE/ AMONG ! PORT WORK]S4 ,! ,U,G,T ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S HAD BE5 GR[+ 9 ! VILLAGES1 & ! ,U,G,T WAS *ALL5G+ ! COMMUNI/S = CONTROL ( ! /EV$ORES4 ,EA* ( !SE GR\PS1 PLUS ! EMPLOY] ORGANIZATION1 ! ,ECONOMIC ,F$]ATION ( ,&ALUSIA1 HIR$ PI/OL]OS ON OCCASION4 ,!RE W]E P]HAPS A DOZ5 CLA%ES LEAD+ TO DEA? OR S]I\S 9JURY DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! YE> #a#i#c#c4444 ,! PI/OL]OS W]E HIR$ AT A RATE ( T5 PESETAS P] DAY1 AT A TIME :5 ! AV]AGE DAILY WAGE 9 UNIONIZ$ FACTORIES WAS AB\T TWELVE4 ,EA* ORGANIZATION R$UC$ ! 9DIVIDUAL RISK TO ITS /RONG->M M5 BY MA9TA9+ HIDE\TS1 SUPPLY+ FALSE PAP]S1 & =M+ PRISON] WELF>E COMMITTEES TO AID ?OSE UN=TUNATE 5\< TO SEE ! 9SIDE ( A JAIL4 ,! OCCASIONAL VIOL5CE WAS LOCALIZ$ 9 ! PORT >EA1 & IF CASES CAME TO C\RT1 !Y USUALLY L$ TO ACQUITTAL1 S9CE NONE ( ! WITNESSES C\LD REMEMB] ANY?+4 

,SU* /RUGGLES W]E TO BE WAG$ ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY AS ,SPA9 BEGAN TO SLIP 9TO CIVIL W>4 ,! ,AN>*I/S W]E NOT ! ONLY S\RCE ( SOCIAL VIOL5CE2 EMPLOY]S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 & ,COMMUNI/S HIR$ PI/OL]OS AGA9/ EA* O!R :5 ! NE$ >OSE--ONLY TO UNITE 9 ACCUS+ ! ,AN>*I/S ( !IR [N CRIMES4 ,( C\RSE ) ! ,F,A,I AT ITS DISPOSAL1 ! ,C,N,T HAD V]Y LITTLE NE$ = PR(ESSIONAL GUNM54 ,?AT FAI/AS W]E PREP>$ TO USE WEAPONS MORE READILY ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S AT ?IS TIME IS QUITE TRUE2 BUT !Y W]E NOT CYNICAL PAID KILL]S :O ?REAT5$ TO CORRUPT ! ORGANIZATIONS = :I* !Y WORK$4 ,REACTION>Y NEWSPAP]S1 LIKE ! MON>*I/ ,A,B,C1 PICK$ UP ! MO/ TRIFL+ ALT]CATIONS 9 ,SEVILLE & MAGNIFI$ !M 5ORM\SLY 9 ORD] TO T]RIFY ! MIDDLE-CLASSES4 0,IF A ,C,N,T WORK] PUN*$ A COMMUNI/ 9 A WAT]FRONT B>10 NOTES ,JACKSON1 0! ,SEVILLE $ITION ,( ,A,B,C REPORT$ AN \TBREAK ( LAWLESSNESS4 ,IF ONE ( ! SYNDICATES CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 & A FEW PRUD5T %OPKEEP]S PULL$ D[N !IR %UTT]S 9 CASE ANYONE MI<T ?R[ A ROCK1 ,A,B,C HAD ! CITY P>ALYZ$4 ,ACTUALLY1 LIFE WAS NORMAL \TSIDE ! PORT >EA1 & ! H>BOR DI/RICTS ( ALL ! WORLD'S SEAPORTS W]E ! SC5ES ( UNION RIVALRY & SPORADIC VIOL5CE 9 ! #a#i#cS40 

,BUT ! P]IOD ( GREATE/ VIOL5CE /ILL LAY AHEAD2 9 #aica ! ,C,N,T WAS L>GELY OCCUPI$ ) 9T]NAL ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS & ) DEF9+ ITS /RATEGY T[>D ! REPUBLIC4 ,AN ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS WAS PLANN$ = MID-,JUNE 9 :I* !SE PROBLEMS W]E TO BE ?RA%$ \T4 ,?IS WAS TO BE ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T S9CE #a#i#a#i4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 IT WAS TO BE ! LA/ ONE ! ,CONF$]ATION W\LD HOLD UNTIL ! EVE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4.<#c#i.> ,:5 ! #dah DELEGATES TO ! CONGRESS CONV5$ AT ! ,MADRID ,CONS]VATORY ON ,JUNE #a#a1 ! ,C,N,T C\LD CLAIM A MEMB]%IP ( OV] A HALF MILLION1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO #eaa SYNDICATES4 ,IF ?IS SEEMS LIKE AN 9FLAT$ FIGURE1 AS SOME WRIT]S HAVE SUGGE/$1 IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT MANY SYNDICATES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! S\?1 W]E TOO POOR TO S5D DELEGATES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! CONGRESS'S /ATI/ICS1 ! KEY ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION HAD NO MORE ?AN #b#d1 AFFILIATES1 MO/ ( :OM WORK$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 A MEMB]%IP DECL9E 9 ,CATALONIA ( NE>LY #d P]C5T S9CE #a#i#a#i4 

,! AG5DA = ! CONGRESS HAD BE5 PREP>$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & APPROV$ BY A PL5UM ( REGIONAL DELEGATES4 ,?US1 IT WAS POSSIBLE = A NUMB] ( ! SYNDICATES TO DEBATE ! AG5DA 9 ADVANCE & ADOPT POSITIONS ON ! ISSUES TO BE DISCUSS$4 ,ALL ?IS WAS NORMATIVE ,C,N,T PROC$URE1 AL?\< 9 ! PA/1 [+ TO REPRESSION & ! NE$ = HA/E1 ! ,CONF$]ATION HAD NOT ALWAYS ADH]$ TO IT4 ,AT ! CONGRESS1 DISCUSSION C5T]$ >\ND F\R ISSUES3 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S POLICIES DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP1 ! ALL-IMPORTANT QUE/ION ( ! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ,SPA91 ! NE$ = *ANGES 9 ! ,C,N,T'S ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 &1 P]MEAT+ ALL ! ISSUES DISCUSS$1 ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! ,F,A,I & ! MOD]ATES4 ,?IS CONGRESS WAS A CRUCIAL ONE = ! ,C,N,T1 = IT PAV$ ! WAY = ! DEFEAT ( ! MOD]ATES BY ! MORE RADICAL T5D5CIES 9SIDE ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,9DE$1 ! GR[? ( ! ,F,A,I'S 9FLU5CE ON ! SYNDICATES WAS TO AFFECT ! FUTURE NOT ONLY ( ! ,C,N,T BUT ALSO ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 

,! #a#d-MAN ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( ,CATALANS1 FELL UND] ATTACK FROM ! \TSET ( ! CONGRESS & ITS MEMB]S RESPOND$ ) VIGOR4 ,! GIVE-&-TAKE BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! DELEGATES WAS A TEMPOR>Y DEP>TURE FROM ! PRACTICE FOLL[$ BY PREVI\S ,C,N,T CONGRESSES4 ,ORD9>ILY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS EXPECT$ TO /& AP>T FROM DEBATES BETWE5 DELEGATES 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! LATT] ! WIDE/ LATITUDE 9 DISCUSSION4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S VIEWS W]E USUALLY VOIC$ 9 ITS REPORTS4 ,TO C5ETI/AS1 EV]Y LABOR LEAD] 7EV5 AN UNPAID ONE :O PR(ESS$ TO HOLD ,AN>*I/ VIEWS7 WAS A POT5TIAL BUREAUCRAT :O REQUIR$ CONT9UAL WAT*+4 ,AS AN >GUM5T = REMOV+ ,PE/ANA FROM ! $ITOR%IP ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ,BU5ACASA1 = EXAMPLE1 NOT$ ?AT ! MOD]ATE SPOKESMAN HAD NOT 5GAG$ 9 HIS PR(ESSION AS A WAT*MAK] = MORE ?AN FIVE YE>S--A CLE> SIGN ?AT HE HAD BECOME TOO 5TR5*$ 9 ! ,C,N,T APP>ATUS4 ,IT MI<T ALSO BE RECALL$ ?AT ,PE/ANA1 9 HIS TALK ) ,MOLA1 VOIC$ HIS \TRAGE ?AT ! LABOR DELEGATES TO ! COMITES P>IT>IOS W]E PAID (FICIALS4 

,! RULES ( ! CONGRESS CAUS$ GREAT CON/]NATION AMONG DELEGATES4 ,RADICALS COMPLA9$ ?AT ! RULES W]E VISIBLY BIAS$ AGA9/ ! ,F,A,I2 ! MORE MOD]ATE DELEGATES1 9 TURN1 W]E \TRAG$ ?AT (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,F,A,I 7AN 0\TSIDE ORGANIZATION07 HAD BE5 ADMITT$ TO ! CONGRESS AT ALL4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 A ,F,A,I SPOKESMAN ROSE TO EXPRESS HIS ORGANIZATION'S VIEW ON AN ISSUE1 MAYHEM BROKE LOOSE4 ,! ,F,A,I C\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ ITS VIEWS ?R\< SYMPA!TIC DELEGATES 7,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS AN AU?ORIZ$ DELEGATE FROM ,REUS71 BUT ITS RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CONGRESS 9 AN (FICIAL CAPACITY WAS A MATT] ( PRE/IGE4 ,AL?\< MO/ ( ! DELEGATES W\LD NOT HAVE D5I$ ! ,F,A,I A VOICE 9 ! CONGRESS1 ITS SPOKESMAN )DREW HIS REQUE/ TO SPEAK1 LEAV+ ! ONUS ( SUPPRESSION ON ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! MOD]ATES4 

,?IS SP>R+ =M$ ! BACKDROP TO S]I\S DISCUSSIONS ON ! PA/ & FUTURE POLICIES ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ BREA?TAK+ SESSION OCCURR$ :5 ,JUAN ,PEIRO ROSE TO GIVE AN ACC\NT ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S L9KS ) ! ANTIDICTATORIAL CONSPIRACIES ( ! LATE #a#i#bS4 ,V]Y FEW ( ! DETAILS HAD BE5 KN[N BE=E1 & MANY DELEGATES1 HE>+ ( PA/ NEGOTIATIONS ) ,LIB]ALS :O W]E N[ AMONG !IR MO/ BITT] 5EMIES1 W]E OBVI\SLY %OCK$4 ,PEIRO'S REPORT1 MOREOV]1 WAS NOT A MEA CULPA4 ,HE HAD SUPPORT$ ! NEGOTIATIONS !N & HE SUPPORT$ ,PE/ANA'S ATTEMPTS TO ACCOMMODATE ! ,C,N,T TO ! REPUBLIC N[4 ,A NUMB] ( SPEAK]S ROSE TO D5\NCE ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! DELEGATES PASS$ A RESOLUTION ?AT REJECT$ ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ITS PA/ ACTIONS4 

,! CONGRESS DECID$ ?AT ! NEXT REGION TO SELECT ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE %\LD BE ,MADRID1 !REBY BREAK+ ,CATALONIA'S LONGTIME GRIP ON ! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! W9D1 CLE>LY1 WAS BL[+ AGA9/ ! MOD]ATES4 

,! C5TRI/ T5D5CY 9 ! CONGRESS1 :I* PROBABLY 9CLUD$ MO/ ( ! DELEGATES1 WAS MOV+ T[>D ! LEFT4 ,BUT ?IS %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT ! ,F,A,I HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ! CONGRESS4 ,TRUE1 ! ,F,A,I WAS MAK+ 9ROADS 9TO ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 TO :I* IT [$ ITS 9VITATION TO ATT5D ! CONGRESS4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ! ,F,A,I HAD PLANT$ FIRM ROOTS 9 ! CON/RUCTION SYNDICATE & PROBABLY 9 ! B>B]S' SYNDICATE AS WELL4 ,& :5 ! MOD]ATES PRES5T$ A M9IMUM PROGRAM = ! ,C,N,T NOT UNLIKE ! RE=MI/ DEM&S E>LI] CONGRESS HAD ADOPT$1 ! ,BADALONA *EMICAL SYNDICATE & ! ,B>CELONA LI<T & P[]1 *EMICAL1 & AUTOMOBILE SYNDICATES JO9$ ! CON/RUCTION & B>B]S' DELEGATES 9 PROTE/4 ,BUT ! M9IMUM PROGRAM WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! CONGRESS NONE!LESS4 ,MOREOV]1 DESPITE VIGOR\S ,F,A,I OPPOSITION1 ! CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! MOD]ATES' REORGANIZATION PLAN4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ! PLAN RE/OR$ ! NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CRAFT F$]ATIONS :I* HAD EXI/$ 9 ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! COMMITTEE REPORT :I* PROPOS$ ! PLAN AGRE$ ?AT ! GREAT] CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL REQUIR$ A CONCOMITANT /RUCTURAL CONC5TRATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! =M ( NATIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,:ILE ! REPORT1 PREP>$ PRIM>ILY BY ,JUAN ,PEIRO1 DID NOT URGE ANY DIM9UTION 9 ! ROLE & AU?ORITY ( ! LOCAL GEOGRAPHIC F$]ATIONS1 IT DI/9CTLY SUP]IMPOS$ A QUASI-C5TRALI/IC 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE ON ! ,C,N,T4 ,5SU+ EV5TS W]E TO L>GELY NULLIFY ! DECISION TO E/ABLI% ! NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CRAFT F$]ATIONS--9DE$1 !Y W]E NOT FULLY E/ABLI%$ UNTIL ! CIVIL W> WAS WELL UND]WAY--BUT ! HEAT$ DEBATE :I* FOLL[$ ! PRES5TATION ( ! PLAN %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS REORGANIZATION PLAN1 & ( ! DEBATE :I* FOLL[$ ITS PRES5TATION1 CAN H>DLY BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,! PLAN WAS CLASSICAL SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9E & ! ,F,A,I1 9 OBJECT+ TO IT1 ,UNKN[+LY RECAPITULAT$ ! HI/ORIC BATTLE ?AT HAD DIVID$ ,AN>*I/S FROM SYNDICALI/S AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 SPEAK+ = ! ,F,A,I1 W>N$ ?AT ! PLAN W\LD RESULT 9 ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T & D5\NC$ IT AS A CORRUPT+ 0,G]MAN 9V5TION0 ?AT REEK$ ( BE]4 7,! D\BLE MEAN+ ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S METAPHOR %\LD BE NOT$4 ,! ,F,A,I LEAD] WAS ALLUD+ NOT ONLY TO ! 0,M>XI/0 ?RU/ ( ! PROPOSAL BUT ALSO TO ! SUPPORT IT HAD RECEIV$ BY ,G]MAN SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,I,W,M,A47 ,ANO!R DELEGATE ROSE TO W>N ! CONGRESS ?AT ! PLAN W\LD LEAD TO A SAL>I$ ,C,N,T (FICIALDOM4 ,A G5]ATION E>LI]1 ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A HAD VOIC$ SIMIL> OBJECTIONS 9 MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ & ELEGANT T]MS4 ,! OBJECTIONS HAD LO/ NONE ( !IR VALIDITY OV] ! PASS+ YE>S4 

,AL?\< ! PLAN WAS NOT REALLY APPLI$ UNTIL ! ,CIVIL ,W> IT ALMO/ C]TA9LY RE9=C$ ! T5D5CY T[>D C5TRALIZATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION ?AT HAD EXI/$ 9 ! ,C,N,T BY ID5TIFY+ COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO ) A POT5TIALLY C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,DEP5D+ UPON H[ DECISIONS FL[$ BETWE5 ! C5T] & BASE ( ! ECONOMY1 A FRAGILE B>RI] SEP>AT$ ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ADVOCAT$ 9 ! PLAN FROM ! NATIONALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC ECONOMIC ORD] ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,)\T COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS BY ASSEMBLIES ( ! FACTORY WORK]S1 ! TWO 0VISIONS0 W\LD BE VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 ,TRAGICALLY1 ! ,CONF$]ATION DID NOT OCCUPY ITSELF ) ?IS CRUCIAL PROBLEM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MOD]ATES' >GUM5T ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD TO ADAPT ITSELF TO ! C5TRALI/ ECONOMY CREAT$ BY MOD]N CAPITALISM SEEM$ HI<LY PLAUSIBLE4 ,IT WAS TO BE E*O$ FIVE YE>S ALT] BY ,DIEGO DE ,SANTILLAN1 A V]Y 9FLU5TIAL FAI/A !ORETICIAN :OSE WRIT+S 9 ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION PROVID$ ! ,C,N,T ) A RATIONALE = ACCEPT+ A C5TRALIZ$1 HI<LY BUREAUCRATIC ECONOMY DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,:Y1 AFT] VOT+ = ! MOD]ATES' REORGANIZATION PLAN & M9IMUM PROGRAM1 DID ! CONGRESS SELECT ,MADRID AS ! NEXT C5T] ( ! ,C,N,T8 ,?IS PAT5T DEFEAT = ! MOD]ATES W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 M]ELY 9 T]MS ( FACTIONAL VOT+ PATT]NS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR WAS WELL+ UP 9 ! ,C,N,T RANKS4 ,! RAPID COLLAPSE ( ! DICTATOR%IP & MON>*Y1 ! DEEP5+ ECONOMIC CRISIS1 & ! RE/LESSNESS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE AFT] A LONG] P]IOD ( TORPOR COMB9$ TO CREATE ! BELIEF AMONG ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ?AT A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS DRAW+ NE>4 ,APP>5TLY1 MANY DELEGATES TO ! CONGRESS SAW NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PREP>+ = A REVOLUTION & VOT+ = A M9IMUM PROGRAM ?AT PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = DEMOCRATIC RI<TS1 SECUL> S*OOLS1 & ! RI<T TO /RIKE4 ,! REORGANIZATION PLAN ( ! MOD]ATES MU/ HAVE SEEM$ ALL ! MORE VALUABLE AS A CONCRETE1 PRACTICAL1 & EM95TLY CON/RUCTIVE ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM :I* ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S C\LD ADVANCE 9 ! EV5T ( A REVOLUTION4 

,! ,F,A,I SPOKE TO ?IS VISION )\T SUPPORT+ ! MOD]ATES' PLANS & PROGRAMS4 ,IT FAVOR$ IMM$IATE REVOLUTION4 ,! MOD]ATES1 :ILE (F]+ A CONCRETE ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM1 D5I$ ?AT ,SPA9 WAS FAC$ ) REVOLUTION AS AN IMM95T PROSPECT4 ,VILLAV]DE1 A C5TRI/ TURN$ MOD]ATE1 PO9T$LY W>N$ ! DELEGATES3 0,! ,CONF$]ATION IS 9 NO CONDITION TO REVOLT 9 ! HI/ORIC MOM5T 9 :I* WE >E LIV+40 ,LIKE ALL ! MOD]ATES HE REM9D$ ! CONGRESS ?AT ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM HAD 9FLU5CE ONLY OV] A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! DELEGATES1 H[EV]1 SEEM TO HAVE US$ ! MOD]ATES' PROPOSALS TO GIVE REALITY TO ! ,F,A,I'S REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 ,AL?\< ! ,F,A,I'S SPECIFIC PROPOSALS W]E DEFEAT$ BY ! CONGRESS1 ITS REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9FECT$ ! MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES4 

,! GOV]NM5T DID NOT HAVE TO WAIT LONG TO FEEL ! IMPACT ( ?IS GR[+ REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! DELEGATES DISP]S$1 ! ,C,N,T ?REW D[N ! GANTLET4 ,ON ,JULY #d1 ?\S&S ( ,C,N,T TELEPHONE WORK]S WALK$ (F !IR JOBS1 CONFRONT+ ! GOV]NM5T ) :AT ,PEIRATS CALLS 0UN 'TE/'0 ( ! REPUBLIC'S 9T5TIONS4 ,! /RIKE A*IEV$ ITS GREATE/ SUCCESSES 9 ,B>CELONA & ,SEVILLE1 :]E TELEPHONE S]VICE WAS CUT (F COMPLETELY1 BUT IT ALSO AFFECT$ ,MADRID1 ,VAL5CIA1 & O!R KEY COMMUNICATIONS C5T] 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,AL?\< ! LEAD]S ( ! TELEPHONE SYNDICATE TRI$ TO CONDUCT ! /RIKE PEACEFULLY1 S]I\S FI<T+ BROKE \T :5 >M$ WORK]S1 PROBABLY SPE>HEAD$ BY FAI/AS1 TRI$ TO ATTACK ! TELEPHONE BUILD+S4 ,! /RIKE QUICKLY 0DEG5]AT$ 9TO GU]RILLA ACTIONS0 7TO USE ,PEIRATS'S WORDS7 BETWE5 COMM&O SQUADS ( ,C,N,T SABOTEURS & GOV]NM5T =CES4 ,BE=E IT TAP]$ (F1 SOME #b1 /RIK]S HAD BE5 >RE/$4 

,?IS WAS NO ORD9>Y /RIKE4 ,PEIRATS CORRECTLY DESCRIBES IT AS A 0'HUELGA DE LA ,CANADI5SE' 5 M9IATURA40 ,TO CLE>LY UND]/& ITS IMPLICATIONS1 ! /RIKE MU/ BE PLAC$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! P]IOD4 ,! ,COMPANIA ,TELEFONICA ,NATIONAL DE ,ESPANA WAS NOT M]ELY A /RATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK BUT A HUGE MONOPOLY [N$ BY ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL4 ,UND] ! DICTATOR%IP A SUBSIDI>Y ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,TELEPHONE & ,TELEGRAPH ,CORPORATION1 ! ,COMPANIA ,TELEFONICA1 HAD BE5 GRANT$ A TW5TY-YE> MONOPOLY OV] ALL TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATIONS 9 ,SPA94 ,AFT] ?IS P]IOD1 ! 9/ALLATIONS [N$ BY ! COMPANY C\LD REV]T TO ! GOV]NM5T1 PROVID$ ?AT ! ,I,T,T,C WAS COMP5SAT$ = ALL ! CAPITAL IT HAD EXP5D$ PLUS #ae P]C5T 9T]E/4 ,?IS /AGG]+ COMP5SATION HAD TO BE PAID 9 GOLD4 ,TO MO/ ,SPANI>DS1 ! ,COMPANIA ,TELEFONICA WAS A MON/R\S SYMBOL ( =EIGN IMP]IALISM4 ,AS REC5TLY AS #aic ! RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/ ,9DAL$O ,PRIETO HAD PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ! CONTRACT BETWE5 ! COMPANY & ! GOV]NM5T1 CALL+ IT SY/EMATIC ROBB]Y & PROMIS+ ?AT ! FUTURE REPUBLIC W\LD CANCEL ITS T]MS4 ,N[ ,PRIETO WAS ! REPUBLIC'S M9I/] ( F9ANCE & ,SOCIALI/S DOM9AT$ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR4 ,IF ! ,C,N,T WAS SEEK+ TO EMB>RASS ! REPUBLIC1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,SOCIALI/S1 IT HAD *OS5 ITS T>GET WELL4 

,?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD SP>E NO EF=T TO RESI/ ! /RIKE WAS A C]TA9TY4 ,SPA9 HAD JU/ GONE TO ! POLLS TO ELECT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES1 & ,AZANA WAS EAG] TO %[ ?AT ! REPUBLIC WAS A MATURE1 ORD]LY DEMOCRACY4 ,PRIETO1 :O WAS 0B5D+ EV]Y EF=T TO ASSURE ,SPA9'S .<=EIGN.> CR$ITORS1 /EM ! EXPORT ( WEAL?1 & >RE/ ! D[NW>D TR5D ( ! PESETA0 7,GABRIEL ,JACKSON71 WAS MORE ?AN DISPOS$ TO =GET HIS MILITANT PL$GES ( A YE> E>LI]4 ,?US ! /RIKE WAS AN ACUTE EMB>RASSM5T TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,U,G,T1 MEAN:ILE1 HAD ITS [N BONE TO PICK ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,! TELEPHONE SYNDICATE1 :I* ! ,C,N,T HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#h1 WAS A CON/ANT *ALL5GE TO ! ,SOCIALI/S' GRIP ( ! ,MADRID LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,LIKE ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S' SYNDICATE1 IT WAS A ,C,N,T 5CLAVE 9 A SOLIDLY ,U,G,T C5T]4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,SODALI/ ,P>TY F\ND NO DIFFICULTY 9 =M+ A COMMON FRONT TO BREAK ! /RIKE & WEAK5 ,C,N,T 9FLU5CE4 

,! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR DECL>$ ! /RIKE ILLEGAL & ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR CALL$ \T ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D TO 9TIMIDATE ! /RIK]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E WOM5 TELEPHONE OP]ATORS4 ,%$D+ ALL PRET5SE ( LABOR SOLID>ITY1 ! ,U,G,T PROVID$ ! ,COMPANIA ,TELEFONICA ) SCABS :ILE ,EL ,SOCIALI/A1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ORGAN1 ACCUS$ ! ,C,N,T ( BE+ RUN BY PI/OL]OS4 ,?OSE TACTICS W]E SUCCESSFUL 9 ,MADRID1 :]E ! DEFEAT$ /RIK]S W]E OBLIG$ TO 5ROLL 9 ! ,U,G,T 9 ORD] TO RETA9 !IR JOBS4 ,SO F> AS ! ,SOCIALI/S W]E CONC]N$1 ! ,C,N,T'S APPEALS = SOLID>ITY HAD FALL5 ON DEAF E>S1 AL?\< ELSE:]E WORK]S RESPOND$ ) FUNDS & SYMPA!TIC1 IF 9EFFECTIVE1 /RIKES4 

,9 ,SEVILLE1 H[EV]1 ! /RIKE BEGAN TO TAKE ON V]Y S]I\S DIM5SIONS4 ,LATE 9 ,JUNE1 EV5 BE=E ! TELEPHONE WORK]S WALK$ \T1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD GOTT5 W9D ( AN 9SURRECTION>Y PLOT BY ,AN>*I/S & DISAFFECT$ AIR =CE P]SONNEL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! GOV]NM5T'S ACC\NT1 ! PURPOSE ( ! 9SURRECTION WAS TO PREV5T ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES4 ,?IS 9CR$IBLE CONSPIRACY APP>5TLY 9CLUD$ ! FUTURE CAUDILLO'S VOLATILE BRO!R1 ,MAJOR ,RAMON ,FRANCO1 :O HAD MOV$ /EADILY TO ! LEFT S9CE HIS ,REPUBLICAN DAYS4 ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO & 0LOYAL AVIATORS0 W]E DISPAT*$ TO ,SEVILLE TO ABORT ! CONSPIRACY4 ,FRANCO WAS >RE/$ & ! LOCAL COMM&] ( ! AIRDROME RELIEV$ ( HIS DUTIES4 ,9 NE>BY VILLAGES ! GOV]NM5T CLAIM$ TO HAVE F\ND >MS ?AT ,AN>*I/S HAD DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS4 

,SC>CELY HAD ?IS CONSPIRACY FAD$ FROM PUBLIC ATT5TION :51 ON ,JULY #b1 A G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T 9 ,SEVILLE & S]I\S FI<T+ ]UPT$ 9 ! /REETS4 ,?IS /RIKE1 :I* ALSO HAD ,COMMUNI/ SUPPORT1 /EMM$ FROM ! WALK\T ( ! TELEPHONE WORK]S4 ,IT IS H>D TO JUDGE :E!R ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,F,A,I1 OR ! ,COMMUNI/S 7:O W]E FOLL[+ AN ULTR>EVOLUTION>Y L9E 9 #a#i#c#a7 HOP$ TO TURN ! /RIKE 9TO AN 9SURRECTION4 ,!RE >E V]Y FEW ACC\NTS ( ! ,SEVILLE /RIKE TO BE F\ND 9 ,AN>*I/ S\RCES4 ,AGA91 ! GOV]NM5T PR(ESS$ TO F9D 0EVID5CE0 ?AT >MS HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ TO ! PEASANTS &1 9DE$1 PIT*$ BATTLES TOOK PLACE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE >\ND ! CITY BETWE5 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S4 ,MAURA1 AS M9I/] ( 9T]IOR1 DECID$ TO CRU% ! 09SURRECTION0 RU?LESSLY4 ,M>TIAL LAW WAS DECL>$ & ! ,C,N,T'S HEADQU>T]S WAS R$UC$ TO %AMBLES BY >TILL]Y FIRE4 ,AFT] N9E DAYS1 DUR+ :I* HEAVILY >M$ POLICE DETA*M5TS PATROLL$ ! /REETS1 ! ,SEVILLE G5]AL /RIKE CAME TO AN 5D4 ,! /RUGGLE 9 ! ,&ALUSIAN CAPITAL LEFT #d DEAD & SOME #b W\ND$4 

,!SE EV5TS POL>IZ$ ! ,C,N,T AS NEV] BE=E4 ,TO ! MOD]ATES1 ! VIOL5T TACTICS ( ! PREVI\S WEEKS HAD PRODUC$ A NE$LESS CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! REPUBLIC--A POLITICAL SY/EM :I* 9 !IR VIEW HAD OP5$ NEW POSSIBIHTES = ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A & ! ,CONF$]ATION'S GR[?4 ,TO ! ,F,A,I1 & P]HAPS ! MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS1 ! GOV]NM5T'S RU?LESSNESS 9 DEAL+ ) ! TELEPHONE /RIK]S & ! ,SEVILLE WORK]S WAS PRO( ?AT ! REPUBLIC WAS NO BETT] ?AN ! MON>*Y & ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,F,A,I CALL$ = ALL-\T SOCIAL W> AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! MOD]ATES' EF=TS TO W9 ! ,C,N,T AWAY FROM ! ,F,A,I 9FLU5CE BECAME 9CREAS+LY DESP]ATE4 ,! T5SIONS )9 ! ORGANIZATION F9ALLY CAME TO A HEAD :5 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#a1 ?IRTY MOD]ATES SIGN$ A VIGOR\S /ATEM5T D5\NC+ ! CONSPIRATORIAL1 ULTR>EVOLUTION>Y POLICIES ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,AL?\< ! ,F,A,I WAS NOT M5TION$ BY NAME1 0,EL ,MANIFIE/O DE LOS ',TRE9TA'0 70,MANIFE/O ( ! ',?IRTY'071 AS ! DOCUM5T CAME TO BE KN[N1 D5\NC$ ! ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION'S 0SIMPLI/IC0 CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION1 W>N+ ?AT IT W\LD LEAD TO 0A ,REPUBLICAN FASCISM40 ,! REPUBLIC1 SAID ! ,TRE9TI/AS1 /ILL 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE MORAL AU?ORITY AS WELL AS >M$ P[]1 & UNTIL ?AT MORAL AU?ORITY WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! GOV]NM5T'S [N CORRUPT & REPRESSIVE PRACTICES1 ANY ATTEMPT$ REVOLUTION IF IT SUCCE$$1 W\LD LEAD TO A DICTATOR%IP BY IDEOLOGUES4 0,YES1 WE >E REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT NOT CULTIVATORS ( ! MY? ( REVOLUTION10 DECLAIM$ ! /ATEM5T4 

,WE WANT CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE1 BE IT R$1 :ITE OR BLACK1 TO DISAPPE>2 BUT WE DO NOT WANT IT TO BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R4444 ,WE WANT A REVOLUTION ?AT IS BORN ( ! PR(\ND S5TIM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 NOT A REVOLUTION ?AT IS (F]$ TO US4444 ,! ,CONF$]ATION IS A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & NOT AN ORGANIZATION :I* PROPAGATES ABUSE & RIOTS1 :I* PROPAGATES ! CULT ( VIOL5CE = ! SAKE ( VIOL5CE1 REVOLUTION = ! SAKE ( REVOLUTION4444 

,! /ATEM5T DID NOT ALT] ! C\RSE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT PRODUC$ WIDESPREAD ANG] :I* ! ,F,A,I SKILLFULLY US$ TO ISOLATE ! MOD]ATE W+4 ,! /ATEM5T1 9 FACT1 WAS ! MO/ CRUCIAL FACTOR 9 ! D[NFALL ( ,PE/ANA1 ,PEIRO1 & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,= YE>S ! MOD]ATES HAD OBSCUR$ !IR SKEPTICISM T[>D DEM&S = IMM$IATE REVOLUTION 9 VAGUE G5]ALITIES ON !IR ADH]5CE TO ,AN>*I/ IDEALS1 !REBY LEAV+ ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP UNCLE> AB\T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! MOD]ATE W+ ( ! UNION & ! ,F,A,I4 ,! ,MANIFE/O DISPELL$ ?IS OBSCURITY COMPLETELY4 ,! ,TRE9TI/AS1 IT WAS CLE>1 W]E OPPOS$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS PROMOT$ BY ! ,F,A,I1 9DE$1 TO ANY ,C,N,T POLICY ?AT FAVORABLY ACKN[L$G$ SU* TACTICS4 ,! CAM>AD]IE ( COMMON MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,CONF$]ATION HAD BE5 TOTALLY SUBORD9AT$ TO VISIBLE POLICY DIFF]5CES--ONE MOD]ATE ! O!R EXTREMI/4 ,M]E MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,C,N,T C\LD NO LONG] BLANKET SU* PR(\ND DISP>ITIES 9 PROGRAM & APPROA* &1 AS ,BU5ACASA WAS TO PO9T \T BY ! #a#i#c'S1 IT WAS ! ,F,A,I'S ADH]5CE TO A POLICY ( IMM$IATE REVOLUTION ?AT ACC\NT$ = ITS POPUL>ITY AMONG MO/ ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ WORK]S4 

,AN \TRI<T PHYSICAL SPLIT )9 ! ,C,N,T WAS N[ M]ELY A MATT] ( TIME4 ,BY ,SEPTEMB] #aica ! ,F,A,I1 RID+ ON A#a RANK-&-FILE WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM1 HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ,B>CELONA'S KEY SYNDICATES2 A MON? LAT]1 9 ,OCTOB]1 FAI/AS & H>D-L9E ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S UNSEAT$ ! MOD]ATE $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & ASSUM$ CONTROL ( ! NEWSPAP]4 ,! TWO W+S BEGAN TO TRADE VITUP]ATIVE 9SULTS--! MOD]ATES DECRY+ 0LA DICTATURA DE LA ,F,A,I10 & ! FAI/AS SNE]+ AT ! MOD]ATES AS 0TRAIDORES0 & 0R5EGADOS40 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 ,PE/ANA WAS TO BE EXPELL$ BY HIS [N SYNDICATE = ATTACK+ A ,C,N,T UPRIS+ 9 ! ,LLOBREGAT VALLEY4 ,HE WAS TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS ,TRE9TI/A COMRADES & BY SEV]AL SYNDICATES--A M9]S' SYNDICATE 9 ,A/URIAS1 VIRTUALLY ALL ! SYNDICATES ( ,T>ASSA & ,SABADELL1 & AB\T HALF ( ! SYNDICATES 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,L$ BY MOD]ATES1 !SE SYNDICATES W]E TO GR\P TOGE!R TO =M A SEP>ATE F$]ATION ( !IR [N--,LOS ,S9DICATOS DE ,OPOSICION 7,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES7--:OSE MEMB]%IP PROBABLY R>ELY EXCE$$ #f14 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#b1 ,PE/ANA1 P>T+ EV5 FROM HIS MOD]ATE COMRADES1 WAS TO F\ND HIS [N ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY1 :I* ACTUALLY S5T TWO DEPUTIES TO ! ,CORTES 9 ! ELECTIONS ( #a#i#c#f4.<#d.> 

,MO/ WRIT]S ON ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T SEEM TO CONCUR 9 ! VIEW ?AT1 ) ! DEP>TURE ( ! MOD]ATES1 ! ,C,N,T WAS TO FALL UND] ! COMPLETE DOM9ATION ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 9 A HI<LY 9=MATIVE WORK ON ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM1 SPEAKS ( ! ,F,A,I AS ! 0MA/]S0 ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,BUT IS ?IS APPRAISAL REALLY CORRECT8 ,! ,F,A,I1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 WAS MORE LOOSELY JO9T$ AS AN ORGANIZATION ?AN MANY ( ITS ADMIR]S & CRITICS SEEM TO RECOGNIZE4 ,IT HAD NO BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS1 NO MEMB]%IP C>DS OR DUES1 & NO HEADQU>T]S ) PAID (FICIALS1 SECRET>IES1 & CL]KS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BR5AN1 MO/ ( ITS UPRIS+S AT ?IS TIME W]E HAT*$49 ! ,CAFE ,TRANQUILIDAD ON ,B>CELONA'S MA9 WORK+-CLASS ?OR\<F>E1 AL?\< IT SEEMS MORE LIKELY ?AT FAI/AS PREF]R$ TO USE !IR AP>TM5TS = S]I\S CONSPIRACIES4 ,?IS 9=MALITY IS SIGNIFICANT AS A REFLECTIONS ( ! FAI/AS' /ATE ( M9D4 ,H[EV] MU* !Y BEHAV$ AS AN ELITE 9 ! ,C,N,T1 !Y G5U9ELY DREAD$ BUREAUCRACY4 ,!Y JEAL\SLY GU>D$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR AFF9ITY GR\PS FROM ! AU?ORITY ( HI<] ORGANIZATIONAL BODIES--A /ATE ( M9D H>DLY CONDUCIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( TI<TLY KNIT1 VANGU>D ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,F,A,I1 MOREOV]1 WAS NOT A POLITICALLY HOMOG5E\S ORGANIZATION :I* FOLL[$ A FIX$ 0L9E0 LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/S & MANY ,SOCIALI/S4 ,IT HAD NO (FICIAL PROGRAM BY :I* ALL FAI/AS C\LD ME*ANICALLY GUIDE !IR ACTIONS4 ,ITS VIEWS W]E USUALLY EXPRESS$ 9 /ATEM5TS BY ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE4 ,!SE 0COMMUNIQUES0 W]E HI<LY RESPECT$ BY MO/ FAI/AS1 BUT AT LEA/ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 !Y MADE V]Y LIMIT$ DEM&S UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ,DESPITE !IR HORTATORY ACCOLADES TO ,AN>*I/ IDEALS & PR9CIPLES1 !Y W]E USUALLY CALLS TO ACTION4 ,! ,F,A,I WAS NOT ORI5T$ T[>D !ORY2 9 FACT1 IT PRODUC$ FEW !ORETICIANS ( ANY ABILITY4 ,OV]:ELM+LY WORK+ CLASS 9 COMPOSITION & Y\?FUL 9 AGE1 ! ORGANIZATION HAD ITS FAIR %>E ( ! %ORTCOM+S AS WELL AS ! ADMIRABLE QUALITIES ( ! PROLET>IAT EV]Y:]E4 ,IT PLAC$ ACTION ABOVE IDEAS1 C\RAGE ABOVE CIRCUMSPECTION1 IMPULSE ABOVE REASON & EXP]I5CE4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL HAS DESCRIB$ ! ,F,A,I AS ! 0PASSION ( ! ,C,N,T10 & ,PEIRATS1 9 E>?I] T]MS1 AS ITS 0TE/ICLES10 BUT NO ONE1 TO ! KN[L$GE ( ?IS WRIT]1 HAS CALL$ IT ! 0BRA90 ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,& 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 AS ,SPA9 DRIFT$ T[>D CIVIL W>1 :AT ! ,F,A,I NE$$ DESP]ATELY WAS !ORETICAL 9SI<T & UND]/&+ 9TO ITS SITUATION4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ! ,F,A,I !RE WAS NO CONS5SUS AB\T H[ TO PROCE$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,ON ?IS CRITICAL ISSUE IT CONTA9$ %>PLY DIVID$ T5D5CIES :OSE BASIC DISAGREEM5TS W]E NEV] FULLY RESOLV$4 ,ADDRESS+ H]SELF TO ! MAJOR T5D5CIES )9 ,SPANI% ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5EY1 ONE ( ! ,F,A,I'S LUM9>IES DUR+ ! ,REPUBLICAN P]IOD & A SCION ( ! ,URALES1 A FAM\S ,AN>*I/ FAMILY1 NOTES ?REE CURR5TS3 0,?OSE KN[N AS ,TRE9TI/AS1 :O =M$ ! RI<T-W+1 ! AN>*I/S :O =M$ ! LEFT-W+1 & A ?IRD CURR5T1 ! 'AN>*O-,BOL%EVIKS1' EMBODI$ BY ! GR\P ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ! PLAYFUL P>TISANS ( 'ONE = ALL1' :O MADE GLANC+ CONTACT ) ! !ORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES40 ,HIS /ATEM5T2 9 FACT1 IS RA!R RE/RA9$4 ,! 0P>TISANS ( 'ONE = ALL' 0 W]E ! ,SOLID>IOS ( ! #a#i#bS :O HAD R5AM$ !MSELVES ,NOSOTROS 7LIT]ALLY1 0WE07 9 ! #a#i#cS & 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY ,G>CIA ,OLIV] BUT ,DURRUTI1 ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS1 & ,RIC>DO ,SANZ4 ,IF WE >E TO ACCEPT ,PEIRATS'S ACC\NT ( !IR VIEWS1 !IR 0CONTACT0 ) ,BOL%EVISM WAS MORE ?AN 0GLANC+40 0,IT WAS ,G>CIA ,OLIV] :O DECL>$ HIMSELF = ! TAK+ ( P[] 7PRIZE DE P\VOIR7 9 A PUBLIC LECTURE :I* HE GAVE TO ! WOODWORK]S' SYNDICATE ( ,B>CELONA 9 ,JANU>Y OR4 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#c#f4 ,HE HAD ALSO MADE ?IS AFFIRMATION BE=EH& AT ! V]Y RE/RA9$ MEET+ ( NOTABLES 9 ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A40.<#d#a.> 

,?IS TR5D1 TO BE SURE1 DID NOT GO UN*ALL5G$4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ !ORETICALLY GIFT$ & HI<LY RESPECT$ FIGURES ( ! ,F,A,I %>PLY OPPOS$ ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S APPROA*4 ,! 0,A0 AFF9ITY GR\P1 :I* 9CLUD$ SU* PROM95T FAI/AS AS ,JAC9TE ,TORYHO1 ,ALB]DO ,IGLESIAS1 & ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE1 CALL$ = ! EXPULSION ( ! ,NOSOTROS GR\P4 ,! ,N]VO GR\P1 L$ BY ,P$RO ,H]R>A & ! ,AN>*I/ !ORI/ ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 %>$ ?IS HO/ILITY4 ,IT WAS JO9$ BY ! 0,Z0 GR\P1 A P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT AFF9ITY GR\P BECAUSE ( ITS CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE OV] ! LIB]T>IAN Y\? MOVEM5T ( ,CATALONIA4 

,YET IF ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S !ORY ( 0SEIZ+ P[]0 WAS NOT ACCEPTABLE TO ! ,F,A,I AS A :OLE1 !RE SEEMS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! PUTS*ISM IMPLICIT 9 ?IS APPROA* PREVAIL$ 9 PRACTICE FROM ! E>LY #a#i#c'S ONW>D4 ,IT IS NOT UNFAIR TO SAY ?AT FROM ,JANU>Y #aicb TO ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#c#c1 V>I\S ,F,A,I GR\PS & EV5TUALLY ! ,F,A,I AS A :OLE LAUN*$ A 0CYCLE ( 9SURRECTIONS0 ?AT1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R S+LE FACTOR1 BR\<T D[N ! ,AZANA COALITION4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE 9SURRECTIONS BEGAN ON ,JANU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#c#b1 9 ! ,CATALAN M9+ COM>CAL ( ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT4 ,9 ,FIGOLS1 ,MANRESA1 ,B]GA1 ,SALI5T1 & O!R T[NS1 M9]S & O!R WORK]S SEIZ$ T[N HALLS1 RAIS$ ! BLACK-&-R$ FLAGS ( ! ,C,N,T1 & DECL>$ COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO4 ,AFT] FIVE DAYS1 ! REVOLT HAD BE5 ALL BUT CRU%$1 ) SURPRIS+LY LITTLE BLOOD%$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PEIRATS1 ,AZANA1 9 A R>E SPASM ( DET]M9ATON1 GAVE ! COMM&+ G5]AL 0FIFTE5 M9UTES TO ELIM9ATE !M .<! C5ETI/A WORK]S.> AFT] ! TROOPS >RIV$40 ,=TUNATELY = ! WORK]S1 ! GOV]NM5T =CES 9 ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT W]E COMM&$ BY ONE ,HUMB]TO ,GIL ,CABR]A1 :O DID NOT %>E ,AZANA'S BLOOD?IR/Y AV]SION = ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 ?IS REGION1 AT LEA/1 ! >MY'S REPRESSION WAS NOT NOTABLE = ITS SEV@5FITY4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 H[EV]1 ! AU?ORITIES US$ A SYMPA?Y /RIKE AS AN EXCUSE TO R\ND UP HUNDR$S ( MILITANTS4 ,! REPRESSION C>RI$ \T BY ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T EXT5D$ WELL BEYOND ,CATALONIA TO 9CLUDE ! ,LEVANT1 ,>AGON1 & ,&ALUSIA4 ,?\S&S ( WORK]S W]E ?R[N 9TO JAILS & PRISON %IPS 9 ! COA/AL CITIES4 ,A MON? LAT]1 OV] A HUNDR$ MILITANTS1 9CLUD+ ,DURRULI & ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 W]E DEPORT$ TO ,SPANI% ,WE/ ,AFRICA & ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S4 ,DURRUTI WAS NOT TO BE RELEAS$ UNTIL ! FOLL[+ AUTUMN4 

,! DEPORTATIONS W]E FOLL[$ BY AN EXPLOSION ( PROTE/ /RIKES1 SOME ( :I* LA/$ WELL 9TO ! SPR+ & ESCALAT$ ! SEV]ITY ( ! GOV]NM5T'S REPRESSION4 ,9 ,T>ASSA1 ! WORK]S /AG$ A SMALL-SCALE REPLAY ( ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT UPRIS+S1 SEIZ+ ! T[N HALL & RAIS+ ! ,C,N,T'S BLACK-&-R$ FLAGS4 ,! T[N WAS SWEPT BY /REET FI<T+ & 9EVITABLY BY SEV]E REPRESSION4 ,! ,JANU>Y UPRIS+ 9 ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT WAS NOT QUITE ! MONUM5TALLY REVOLUTION>Y ACTION IT SEEMS TO BE 9 ! DESCRIPTIVE RHETORIC ( ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5EY4 ,AL?\< HI<LY LOCALIZ$ & POORLY PLANN$1 IT WAS P>TLY A CALCULAT$ EF=T BY ! ,F,A,I TO 5HANCE ITS REVOLUTION>Y REPUTATION AMONG ,SPANI% WORK]S G5]ALLY & C5ETI/A WORK]S 9 P>TICUL>4 ,PEIRATS LEAVES US ) V]Y LITTLE D\BT ON ?IS SCORE--& NOT ONLY 9 ! CASE ( ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT 9SURRECTIONS BUT ALSO 9 ?OSE' :I* W]E TO FOLL[4 0,! EXTREMI/S .<ONE %\LD READ FAI/AS H]E-- ,M4,B4.> :O EXPELL$ ! MOD]ATES FELT AN OBLIGATION TO BE REVOLUTION>Y10 ,PEIRATS OBS]VES4 

,9 ! DEBATES PREC$+ ! EXPULSIONS1 A POL>IZATION TOOK PLACE3 ! REVOLUTION WAS CONSID]$ TO BE EI!R NE> OR DI/ANT4 ,! PESSIMISM ( SOME L$ TO A K9D ( OPTIMISM 9 O!RS1 JU/ AS ! C[>DICE ( ONE :O FLEES 9CREASES ! BRAV]Y ( ONE :O PURSUES4 ,TO PROVE ! VALIDITY ( !IR ,ACCUSATIONS ( IMPOT5CE1 DEFEATISM OR TREASON ON ! P>T ( ! MOD]ATES1 ! EXTREMI/S HAD TO PROVE !IR [N VIRILITY4 ,9 ! BIG MEET+S1 :]E UP TO #a1 PEOPLE GA!R$1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS DECL>$ TO BE )9 EV]YONE'S GRASP4 ,NOT TO BELIEVE 9 ! IMM95CE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS GR\NDS = SUSPICION4 

,9 ! H>% LI<T ( ! ,JANU>Y EV5TS1 ,PE/ANA'S FAILURE TO SUPPORT ! ,F,A,I'S TACTICS1 9DE$ HIS UNEQUIVOCAL OPPOSITION TO !M1 WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS NO?+ LESS ?AN TREA*]Y4 ,IT WAS 9 ! AFT]MA? ( !SE EV5TS ?AT HE WAS REPLAC$ BY ! FAI/A ,MANUEL ,RIVAS AS SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & F9ALLY EXPELL$ FROM HIS' [N UNION4 ,AT ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL PL5UM ( ,SABADELL 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#b1 ! WALK\T ( TM,VIFI/A-9FLU5C$ SYNDICATES 9ITIAT$ AN \TRI<T SPLIT ?AT EXT5D$ FROM ,CATALONIA1 ?R\< ! ,LEVANT1 TO ,&ALUSIA & ,A/URIAS4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ! TRE9TISLA - 9FLU5C$ SYNDICATES !REUPON =M$ !IR [N CONF$]ATION1 ,LOS ,S9DICATOS DE ,OPOSICION1 ) C5T]S 9 ,SABADELL1 ,VAL5CIA1 & ,A/URIAS4 ,DESPITE !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,F,A,I1 ! ,S9DICATOS DE ,OPOSICION DID NOT FOLL[ ,PE/ANA'S TRAJECTORY 9TO 0SYNDICALI/0 POLITICS4 ,9 ! YE>S AHEAD !Y FUNCTION$ PRIM>ILY AS AN OPPOSITIONAL T5D5CY ON ! P]IPH]Y ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,F> FROM COOL+ ! ,F,A,I'S 9SURRECTION>Y FEV]1 ! SPLIT ?AT BEGAN AT ,SABADELL SEEM$ TO HEI<T5 IT BY REMOV+ ! RE/RA9+ H&S ( ! MOD]ATES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c1 ALMO/ A YE> TO ! DAY AFT] ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT EV5TS1 ! ,F,A,I DRAGG$ ! ,C,N,T 9TO ANO!R 9SURRECTION>Y ADV5TURE4 ,?IS 9SURRECTION WAS TO BE 9ITIAT$ BY A RAILWAY /RIKE ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,F$]ATION ,NATIONAL DE LA ,9DU/RIA ,F]ROVI>IA 7,F,N,I,F74 ,BUT ! ,F,N,I,F1 RIDDL$ ) UNC]TA9TY & ORGANIZATIONALLY UNCOORD9AT$1 KEPT DELAY+ ITS DECISION ON A /RIKE DATE4 ,! ,F,A,I1 EAG] TO 9ITIATE AN 9SURRECTION1 BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMPATI5T4 ,AS = ! ,C,N,T'S LEAD]%IP1 IT SIMPLY DRIFT$ ALONG ) EV5TS4 ,VIRTUALLY ALL 9SURRECTION>Y 9ITIATIVES W]E LEFT TO ! ,F,A,I-CONTROLL$ ,COMMITTEES ( ,DEF5SE1 A EUPHEMISM = ! ELABORATE COMMITTEE /RUCTURE COMPOS$ ( ,CADRES ( ,DEF5SE AT LOCAL1 COM>CAL1 & NATIONAL LEVELS :I* ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS HAD CREAT$ UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I TO CONDUCT MILT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,9DE$1 SO CLOSELY W$D$ HAD ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I BECOME AFT] ! SPLIT )9 ! ,CONF$]ATION ?AT ,MANUEL ,RIVAS1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 WAS ALSO SECRET>Y ( ! FAI/A-CONTROLL$ ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,DEF5SE4 

,?R\<\T1 ! POLICE W]E COMPLETELY 9=M$ AB\T ! ,F,A,I'S PLANS & PREP>$ METICUL\SLY TO C\NT] !M4 ,! 9SURRECTION BEGAN ON ,JANU>Y #h ) ASSAULTS BY ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS & ,CADRES ( ,DEF5SE ON ,B>CELONA'S MILIT>Y B>RACKS4 ,! ,AN>*I/S HAD EXPECT$ SUPPORT FROM SEGM5TS ( ! >MY RANK & FILE1 BUT ! ATTACKS HAD BE5 ANTICIPAT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES & !Y W]E REPELL$ )'BLOOD%$ & >RE/S4 ,S]I\S FI<T+ OCCURR$ 9 WORK+-CLASS B>RIOS & \TLY+ >EAS ( ,B>CELONA1 BUT ! /RUGGLE WAS DOOM$ TO DEFEAT4 ,UPRIS+S OCCURR$ 9 ,T>ASSA1 ,S>DANOLA1 ,RIPOLLET1 ,LLEIDA1 9 SEV]AL PUEBLOS 9 ,VAL5CIA PROV9CE1 & 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,!Y TOO W]E CRU%$ )\T DIFFICULTY4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 VIRTUALLY EV]Y LEAD+_/AISFFL1 9CLUD+ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & MO/ MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I'S ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE1 W]E >RE/$4 ,! EV5T WAS A TOTAL CALAMITY4 ,) A C]TA9 MEASURE ( JU/ICE1 ! ,C,N,T D5I$ ANY P>T 9 ! 9SURRECTION1 IMPLICITLY BLAM+ ! ,F,A,I = ! DISA/]4 ,EV5 ! OLD ,AN>*I/ ,BU5ACASA BLUNTLY DISSOCIAT$ ,AN>*ISM ITSELF FROM ! ,F,A,I'S TACTICS BY ANGRILY DECL>+3 0,EL FAISMO & NOT AN>*ISM PROVOK$ ! HAPP5+S ( LA/ ,JANU>Y #h 9 ,B>CELONA44440 ,9 ANY CASE1 :E!R OR NOT ONE REG>DS ! ,F,A,I'-S 9SURRECTION>Y FEV] AS CR$ITABLE1 ! ORGANIZATION MADE NO ATTEMPT TO D5Y ITS RESPONSIBILITY = ! ,JANU>Y EV5TS4 

,DESPITE ! DEFEAT1 ! ,F,A,I'S 9SURRECTION>Y MOOD HAD SL[LY P]COLAT$ 9TO SOME ( ! MO/ REMOTE PUEBLOS ( ,&ALUSIA :]E A MILL5>IAN AMBIANCE1 DAT+ BACK TO A BYGONE AGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM1 /ILL EXI/$ AMONG A NUMB] ( ! PEASANTS4 ,H]E1 ANO!R UPRIS+ 9ADV]T5TLY HAD A PR(\ND IMPACT ON ! DE/9Y ( ! ,AZANA COALITION4 ,9 ,CASAS ,VIEJAS1 A SMALL1 IMPOV]I%$ PUEBLO NOT F> FROM ,J]EZ DE LA ,FRONT]A1 !RE /ILL EXI/$ AN ,AN>*I/ 0DYNA/Y0 HEAD$ BY A V5]ABLE OLD MAN 9 HIS SIXTIES NICKNAM$ ,SEISD$OS1 OR 0,SIX ,F+]S10 :O HAD HE>D ( ! UPRIS+S ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA94 ,9SPIR$ BY !SE EV5TS1 ,SEISD$OS DECID$ ?AT ! TIME HAD F9ALLY >RIV$ TO PROCLAIM COMUTIISMO LIB]T>IO4 ,! OLD MAN1 HIS FRI5DS1 & HIS RELATIVES--9 ALL A P>TY ( LITTLE MORE ?AN ?IRTY-- PROCE$$ TO >M !MSELVES ) CUDGELS & %OTGUNS & TAKE OV] ! VILLAGE4 ,ACC\NTS V>Y FROM ?IS PO9T ONW>D4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BR5AN1 ,SEISD$OS & HIS P>TY NAIVELY M>*$ TO ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D B>RACKS TO PROCLAIM ! GLAD TID+S4 ,! ,GU>DIA1 MORE AL>M$ ?AN ELAT$ BY ?IS P>TY ( >M$ PEASANTS1 PROCE$$ TO EX*ANGE %OTS ) ,SEISD$OS1 :O ACCORD+LY BESIEG$ !M4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ,SEISD$OS & HIS GR\P W]E TURN$ FROM BESIEG]S 9TO BESIEG$ :5 TROOPS & EV5 AIRPLANES ATTACK$ ! PUEBLO1 BRUTALLY EXT]M9AT+ MO/ ( !M4 

,PEIRATS PRES5TS A DIFF]5T ACC\NT4 ,AFT] ,SEISD$OS & HIS P>TY HAD PROCLAIM$ COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO 7PRESUMABLY TO ! VILLAGE AT L>GE7 ALL 0WAS PEACE & ORD] UNTIL ! POLICE >RIV$40 

,!Y CAME 9TO ! VILLAGE %OOT+4 ,SEV]AL W]E LEFT DEAD 9 ! /REETS4 ,!N !Y W5T 9TO ! H\SES & BEGAN TO L9E UP PRISON]S4 ,9 ! PROCESS !Y CAME TO A HUT ) A RO( ( /RAW & DRY BRAN*ES4 ,!Y BREAK 94 ,A %OT IS HE>D1 & A SOLDI] SP9S4 ,ANO!R %OT & ANO!R SOLDI] FALLS4 ,ANO!R IS W\ND$ AS HE ATTEMPTS TO SNEAK 9 ?R\< ! Y>D4 ,! RE/ RETREAT4 ,:O IS 9SIDE8 ,OLD ',SIXF+]S1' A SIXTY YE> OLD ) A TRIBE ( *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR54 ,! OLD MAN WILL NOT GIVE UP4 ,! O!RS CANNOT LEAVE )\T GETT+ HURT4 ,! GU>DS TAKE !IR POSITIONS & RECEIVE RE9=CEM5TS4 ,!Y USE !IR MA*9E GUNS & H& GR5ADES4 ,SIXF+]S DOES NOT GIVE 94 ,HE SAVES HIS %OTS & USES !M WELL4 ,TWO MORE GU>DS FALL4 ,! /RUGGLE LA/S ALL NI<T4 ,TWO ( ! *ILDR5 ESCAPE1 COV]$ 9 !IR RETREAT BY SOMEONE :O DIES RIDDL$ ) BULLETS4 ,DAWN IS COM+ & !Y WANT TO 5D IT ONCE & = ALL4 ,! H& GR5ADES B\NCE BACK1 OR !IR IMPACT IS CU%ION$ BY ! ?AT*$ RO(4 ,! BULLETS >E BLOCK$ BY ! /ONES4 ,SOMEBODY HAS AN IDEA4 ,!Y GA!R RAGS1 H&FULS ( COTTON1 & MAKE BALLS ) !M1 :I* !Y DIP 9 GASOL9E4 ,R$ FLA%ES BREAK ! D>KNESS LIKE METEORS4 ,! RO( CRACKLES & TURNS 9TO A TOR*4 ,SOON FLAMES 5VELOP ! HUT4 ,! MA*9E GUNS SMELL BLOOD4 ,SOMEONE COMES \T1 A BURN+ GIRL4 ,! MA*9E GUNS LEAP & LEAVE LITTLE FIRES BURN+ ON ! GR\ND ?AT SMELL ( BURNT FLE%4 ,! HUT1 LIKE AN 5ORM\S PYRE1 SOON COLLAPSES4 ,A S9I/] CRY1 A MIXTURE ( PA91 ANG]1 & S>CASM1 E*OS ?R\< ! NI<T4 ,& AFT]W>DS ! QUIET SIL5CE ( ! COALS4 ,IT WAS OV]4 

,! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS AFFAIR /IRR$ ! C\NTRY TO ITS DEP?S4.<#d#b.> ,! IMAGE ( HEAVILY >M$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & CONT+5TS ( ! NEWLY =M$ ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS--! LATT] O/5SIBLY P>AGONS ( ,REPUBLICAN LEGALITY--WANTONLY MURD]+ SIMPLE1 IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTS 9 A GROSSLY UNEQUAL /RUGGLE >\S$ 9DIGNATION 9 ALMO/ EV]Y SECTOR ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,9ITIALLY ! GOV]NM5T HAD TRI$ TO PALM (F ! EV5T AS A M]E EPISODE 9 ITS *RONIC W> AGA9/ ! LAWLESS ,AN>*I/S1 BUT WORD HAD SPREAD ?AT NO QU>T] WAS GIV5 TO PRISON]S CAPTUR$ BY ! ,GU>DS4 ,SOME F\RTE5 SU* PRISON]S HAD BE5 %OT 9 COLD BLOOD BY A PLATOON ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS UND] ! COMM& ( A ,CAPTA9 ,ROJAS4 ,! RI<T GLEEFULLY JO9$ ! LEFT 9 CONDEMN+ ! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS EV5T & ! GOV]NM5T1 ITS BACK TO ! WALL1 WAS OBLIG$ TO 9VE/IGATE ! AFFAIR4 ,CAPTA9 ,ROJAS WAS TRI$ & HIS /ATEM5TS IMPLICAT$ ! DIRECTOR G5]AL ( SECURITY 9 A S]IES-( UNSAVORY ORD]S ?AT W]E DIRECTLY TRACEABLE TO ,AZANA4 ,! ORD]S 0FROM ABOVE10 A SUBJECT ?AT WAS TREAT$ RA!R EVASIVELY1 CALL$ UPON ,ROJAS TO TAKE NO W\ND$ & NO PRISON]S4 ,! ,GU>DS W]E ORD]$ TO 0%OOT = ! BELLY40 

,AL?\< ! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS AFFAIR DID NOT 9 ITSELF BR+ D[N ! ,AZANA COALITION1 IT CRY/ALLIZ$ ALL ! FRU/RATIONS1 RES5TM5TS1 & B>B>ITIES ?AT F9ALLY CAUS$ ! GOV]NM5T TO RESIGN N9E MON?S LAT]4 ,! ,LIB]AL REPUBLIC :I* HAD BEGUN SO BRI<TLY & 5?USIA/ICALLY A FEW YE>S E>LI]1 HAD SATISFI$ NOBODY PRECISELY BECAUSE IT FOLL[$ ! PA? ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE--A PA? :I*1 AS ,BR5AN A/UTELY OBS]VES1 PROV$ TO BE ! PA? ( GREATE/ RESI/ANCE4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S DILEMMA WAS OBVI\S ALMO/ FROM ! />T ( ITS C>E]3 IT DEP5D$ ON ! MIDDLE CLASSES & WORK+ CLASSES TO MA9TA9 ! FACADE ( ,REPUBLICAN VIRTUE1 BUT IT C\LD GA9 ! SUPPORT ( ONE CLASS ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R4 ,9 TIME1 ! REPUBLIC LO/ ! SUPPORT ( BO? CLASSES SIMPLY BY TRY+ TO /E] A C\RSE BETWE5 !M4 

,LACK+ SATISFACTION 9 ! ,AZANA COALITION1 ! ,SPANI% MIDDLE CLASSES MOV$ 9CREAS+LY TO ! RI<T 9 ! HOPE ?AT ,>I>*I/ VIOL5CE & LABOR DISORD]S G5]ALLY W\LD BE DEF9ITELY REPRESS$4 ,TRANSLAT$ 9TO CRASS ECONOMIC T]MS1 ?IS MEANT ?AT ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE & PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 VICTIMIZ$ BY ! WORLD DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS1 SAW ITS ONLY HOPE = ECONOMIC RESPITE 9 A DISCIPL9$1 WELL-MANN]$1 & OB$I5T PROLET>IAT :OSE ECONOMIC NE$S W\LD NOT BE TOO DEM&+1 OR IMPOSE TOO GRAVE A /RA9 UPFFN PR(IT4 ,AZANA TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT WORK+-CLASS COLLABORATION C\LD BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 & TRIFL+ ECONOMIC RE=MS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 DESPITE ,SOCIALI/ SUPPORT1 HIS 0,NEW ,DEAL0 = ,SPA9 FAIL$ MIS]ABLY & ! MIDDLE CLASSES VE]$ RI<TW>D T[>D P>TIES ?AT PROMIS$ A /]N GOV]NM5T ?AT C\LD SAFEGU>D PROP]TY & PROVIDE SAFETY TO ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 

,IT MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ?AT ,AZANA HIMSELF 5T]TA9$ PRECISELY SU* A /]N P]SPECTIVE 9 ! CLOS+ MON?S ( HIS /EW>D%IP4 ,AS ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON PO9TS \T1 0HE CONFID$ TO HIS DI>Y ?AT DEPUTIES ( ?REE DIFF]5T P>TIES W]E PROPOS+ A DICTATOR%IP AS ! ONLY SOLUTION TO CONT9U$ AN>*I/ RIS+S1 & ?AT FRI5DS AS WELL AS 5EMIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC W]E SAY+ ?AT ?+S C\LD NOT GO ON ?IS WAY 9DEF9ITELY40 ,ONE MI<T EV5 SUSPECT ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ BUREAUCRATS ON :OM ,AZANA RELI$ AS P]HAPS ! FIRME/ PILL> ( ! LIB]AL REPUBLIC W\LD LE>N TO ADAPT !MSELVES TO SU* A DICTATOR%IP1 = !Y HAD PROV$ !MSELVES REM>KABLY SUPPLE UND] ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,BUT ! SAME ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =CES ?AT W]E PU%+ ! ,SPANI% MIDDLE CLASSES TO ! RI<T W]E ALSO PU%+ ! ,SOCIALI/ RANK & FILE TO ! LEFT4 ,?IS S+LE FACT WAS CRUCIAL4 ,PRESSUR$ BY ,AN>*I/ MILITANCY1 BY ! NEWLY RECRUIT$ RURAL MASSES1 & BY ! UND]LY+ 9/ABILITY ( ! ECONOMY1 EV5 SU* TRI$ RE=MI/S AS ,L>GO ,CABALL]O BEGAN TO VE] TO ! LEFT1 IF ONLY TO RETA9 !IR 9FLU5CE OV] !IR [N P>TIES4 ,TO ?IS GR[+ RADICAL CON/ITU5CY1 ! ,AZANA COALITION WAS A PA!TIC ANA*RONISM1 A RU9 FROM A MORE ROMANTIC ]A :5 SOCIAL0 H>MONY SEEM$ TO BE A GREAT] DESID]ATUM ?AN CLASS W>4 

,F9ALLY1 ! MO/ CONSPICU\S WEAKNESS ( ! ,AZANA COALITION WAS ITS 9ABILITY TO RESOLVE ,SPA9'S HI/ORIC AGR>IAN PROBLEM4 ,OBSESS$ ) LEGALITY & PRUD5CE1 ! REP>TO HAD BE5 SL[$ TO A SNAIL'S PACE4 ,CASAS ,VIEJAS SUMM$ UP :AT EV]Y ,REPUBLICAN KNEW ) A*+ 9T5SITY3 ! P59SULA WAS ON ! BR9K ( A PEASANT W>4 ,:AT MU/ HAVE /RUCK HOME ALMO/ AS POIGNANTLY AS ! B>B>ITIES ( ! ,GU>DS WAS ! DESP]ATION ( ! PEASANTS4 ,NO LESS S5SATIONAL ?AN NEWSPAP] PHOTOGRAPHS ( /REWN BODIES WAS ! EVID5CE ( ! MIS]Y ?AT HAD DRIV5 !SE PEASANTS TO SACRIFICE !IR LIVES 9 SO UNEV5 & HOPELESS A /RUGGLE4 ,AT ,CASAS ,VIEJAS1 ! ,AZANA COALITION HAD %[N ?AT IT C\LD NEI!R PRODUCE ORD] )\T B>B>ITY NOR ACCEPT B>B>ITY AS A MEANS ( PRODUC+ ORD]4 ,EXTRAVAGANT 9 REPRESS+ REBELLI\S VILLAGES1 IT F\ND]$ BE=E A C\NTRY ?AT WAS SWELL+ ) REVOLUTION4 

,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S = !IR P>T NOT ONLY DRAMATICALLY EXPOS$ ! ,AZANA COALITION'S VULN]ABILITIES AT ,CASAS ,VIEJAS2 !Y CONT9U$ !IR PRESSURE AGA9/ ! REPUBLIC ?R\< MORE CONV5TIONAL ME?ODS4 ,AL?\< ! ,C,N,T HAD BE5 DECL>$ AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION AFT] ! EV5TS ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#b1 ! ,CONF$]ATION REGA9$ SUFFICI5T /R5G? 9 ! SPR+ ( #aicc TO LAUN* ON ! MO/ MASSIVE /RIKE WAVES 9 ITS HI/ORY4 ,A PL5UM ( REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATIONS AT ,MADRID 9 LATE ,JANU>Y & E>LY ,FEBRU>Y RESOLV$ TO LAUN* A G5]AL /RIKE ON BEHALF ( AMNE/Y = PRISON]S & FRE$OM = CLOS$-D[N & \TLAW$ SYNDICATES & P]IODICALS1 & AGA9/ COMPULSORY >BITRATION ( LABOR DISPUTES4 ,IT CAN H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T1 :AT HAS SO FACILELY BE5 DESCRIB$ AS ,F,A,I & ,C,N,T 0ADV5TURISM0 WAS A /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL AGA9/ ! REPUBLIC'S FAVOR$ TREATM5T ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4 

,! ,U,G,T1 OP5LY ABETT$ BY ,SOCIALI/ M9I/]S1 CIVIL S]VANTS1 & !IR >BITRATION JURIES1 HAD MADE S]I\S 9ROADS 9TO TRADITIONAL ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ >EAS4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD NO *OICE BUT TO REVEAL ! ,SOCIALI/S1 NOT ONLY ! ,TRE9TI/AS1 AS RE=MI/S1 A 0TASK :I* WAS L>GELY SPE>HEAD$' BY ! MU*-MALIGN$ ,F,A,I4 ,! POPUL>ITY ! ,F,A,I 5JOY$ AMONG ! MORE MILITANT C5ETI/AS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS WAS NOT M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9/ABILITY 9 ,SPA91 BUT /EMM$ 9 NO SMALL MEASURE FROM ! ,F,A,I'S WILL+NESS TO DO MANY ( ! RISKY & ?ANKLESS TASKS :I* ! /AID ,C,N,T LEAD]S W]E RELUCTANT TO UND]TAKE ON BEHALF ( !IR [N SYNDICATES4 ,MI/AK5 AS IT SURELY WAS 9 SO MANY ( ITS TACTICS1 ! ,F,A,I WAS (T5 MORE ILL-S]V$ BY ,C,N,T LEAD]S 7& BY REC5T HI/ORIANS ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM7 ?AN WAS ! ,C,N,T BY_/AI'/A4 0ADV5TURISM40 

,C,N,T /RIKES N[ SWEPT ?R\< ,CATALONIA4 ,9 MID-,APRIL ! POTA% M9]S WALK$ \T 9 ,C>DCJNA1 FOLL[$ A FE'W DAYS LAT] BY ! BUILD+ WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ! DOCK WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE4 ,BE=E ! SPR+ WAS \T1 ! CITY & EV5TUALLY ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 ROCK$ BY A G5]AL /RIKE ( NE>LY ALL ,C,N,T SYNDICATES4 ,TOGE!R ) !SE /RIKES1 ! ,C,N,T LAUN*$ A MASSIVE CAMPAIGN TO RELEASE IMPRISON$ ,C,N,T-,F,A,I MILITANTS :OSE NUMB]S HAD N[ SO>$ TO AB\T #i14 ,! CAMPAIGN WAS M>K$ BY IMM5SE DEMON/RATIONS & RALLIES4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 ?IS MOVEM5T REA*$ ITS PEAK ) A MON/] RALLY ( #f1 C5ETI/AS 9 ,B>CELONA'S HUGE BULL R+4 ,! WORD 0AMNE/Y0 APPE>$ EV]Y:]E--ON PO/]S1 AS HEADL9ES 9 ,C,N,T-,F,A,I P]IODICALS1 & ON BANN]S 9 ! H&S ( DEMON/RATORS1 AL?\< NO AMNE/Y WAS DECL>$ UP TO ! LA/ DAYS ( ! ,AZANA COALITION4 ,AL?\< !RE WAS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! RI<T W\LD W9 ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS1 ,AZANA WAS V9DICTIVE 5\< TO TURN !SE IMM5SE NUMB]S ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PRISON]S OV] TO HIS REACTION>Y OPPON5TS4 

,ULTIMATELY1 F> MORE TELL+ 9 ITS EFFECT ?AN ! /RIKES WAS ! 0,NO ,VOTAD0 CAMPAIGN ?AT ! ,CONF$]ATION LAUN*$ AS ! ,NOVEMB] ELECTIONS DREW NE>4 ,FROM ITS PR9T+ PRESSES1 C5TROS OBR]OS1 & SYNDICATE (FICES1 ! ,C,N,T1 EAG]LY ASSI/$ BY ! ,F,A,I1 9ITIAT$ AN ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( BO? ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #e1 AT AN IMM5SE ANTI-ELECTORAL RALLY ( #g#e1 WORK]S 9 ! ,B>CELONA BULL R+1 ,DURRUTI %\T$3 0,WORK]S1 Y\ :O VOT$ YE/]DAY )\T CONSID]+ ! CONSEQU5CES3 IF !Y TOLD Y\ ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC WAS GO+ TO JAIL #i1 WORK+ M51 W\LD Y\ HAVE VOT$80 ,! QUE/ION1 BY ?IS TIME1 WAS ALMO/ RHETORICAL2 ! CR[D RO>$ BACK A VIGOR\S 0,NO60 

,?IS MEET+ WAS M]ELY ! CULM9ATION ( MON?S ( SMALL] RALLIES 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CITY1 T[N1 & PUEBLO )9 ! REA* ( ! ,C,N,T2 IT REPRES5T$ ! HI< PO9T ( A PO/] & PRESS CAMPAIGN :OSE ESS5TIAL MESSAGE1 BESIDES 0AMNE/Y10 WAS 0,NO ,VOTAD40 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 :O HAD TURN$ AGA9/ ,AZANA BY N[ & DECID$ TO LAUN* !IR [N 9DEP5D5T ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN1 W]E BLUNTLY REBUFF$ 9 !IR EF=TS TO GA9 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ VOTES4 ,W>N+S ?AT A RI<TI/ VICTORY W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY A FASCI/ REGIME EVOK$ A FAIRLY *>ACT]I/IC 7&1 TO ?IS DAY1 ALLUR+LY SIMPLI/IC7 REPLY3 FASCISM W\LD AT LEA/ COMPEL ! PROLET>IAT TO RISE 9 REVOLUTION1 :]EAS A RE=MI/ VICTORY W\LD SIMPLY LEAD TO A PIECEMEAL BUT ULTIMATELY MORE DEBILITAT+ REPRESSION4 ,A VICTORY BY ! RI<T WAS1 9 FACT1 N[ GU>ANTE$ NOT ONLY BY ,AZANA'S UNPOPUL>ITY BUT BY ! /ORMY ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,AT A ,F,A,I PL5UM HELD 9 ,MADRID DUR+ ! LA/ DAYS ( ,OCTOB]1 ! DELEGATES PRESS$ ! NE$ TO PREP>E = AN UPRIS+ AFT] ! ELECTIONS4 ,! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE W>N$ ?AT 0,IF ! .<ANTI-ELECTORAL.> CAMPAIGN YIELDS PRACTICAL RESULTS1 ! ,F,A,I MU/ ?R[ ITSELF 9TO ! /RUGGLE ?AT W\LD FOLL[ A RI<TI/ VICTORY40 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! DELEGATES AT ! PL5UM RESOLV$ ?AT 0! UPSURGE ( ALL \R EFFECTIVES 9TO ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE \R ANSW] TO ANY POSSIBLE REACTION>Y \TBREAK40 ,>\ND ! SAME TIME1 A ,C,N,T PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATIONS1 ALSO HELD 9 ,MADRID1 ADOPT$ A SIMIL> RESOLUTION3 0,?AT IF ! FASCI/ T5D5CIES W9 9 ! ELECTIONS1 & = ?IS OR SOME O!R REASON1 ! PEOPLE BECOME IMPASSION$1 ! ,C,N,T HAS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( PU%+ ON ?IS POPUL> DESIRE 9 ORD] TO =GE ITS GOAL ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM40 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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