,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 
,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,AU?OR'S ,NOTE3 ,?IS IS ALMO/ MY *APT] 9 ! AN?OLOGY ,BLOOD/A9$3 ,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S ( ,L59I/ ,C\NT]RREVOLUTION 7,OAKL&_/,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#g74 ,SOME REVISIONS W]E MADE DUR+ ! $IT+ PROCESS :I* >E NOT 9CLUD$ H]E4 ,9 ADDITION1 REF]5CES TO ! #aiac ,FR5* $ITION ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*Y HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ ) ?OSE FROM ! #bah ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE TRANSLATION4 ,H[EV]1 ! BULK ( ! TEXT IS ! SAME1 AS IS ! MESSAGE & ITS CALL TO LE>N FROM HI/ORY RA!R ?AN REPEAT IT4 ,I W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 URGE Y\ TO BUY ! BOOK4 

,!RE W]E ?REE ,REVOLUTIONS 9 #aiag - ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION :I* />T$ SPONTANE\SLY ) /RIKES ON ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY2 ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION :5 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS VOT$ TO ELECT A ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T2 & :AT ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,VOL9E T]M$ ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION 9 BETWE5 :5 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS />T$ TO PU% ! REVOLUTION FROM A M]E POLITICAL *ANGE 9TO A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,?IS ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION SAW ! RECREATION ( ! SOVIETS FIR/ SE5 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #aie BAS$ ON DELEGATES ELECT$ FROM WORKPLACES SUBJECT TO RECALL1 WORK]S CREAT+ UNIONS & FACTORY COMMITTEES & PEASANTS SEIZ+ L& BACK FROM ! L&LORDS :ILE UNPREC$5T$ POLITICAL FRE$OMS W]E TAK5 = GRANT$ AFT] ! TYRANNY ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,HOPE = A BETT] FUTURE SPREAD >\ND ! GLOBE & ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS WELCOM$ BY MANY ON ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT - AN>*I/S 9CLUD$ - AS ! CULM9ATION ( ?IS PROCESS4 

,YET BY #aiba AN>*I/S HAD BROK5 ) ! REGIME ) ! CRU%+ ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION = SOVIET FRE$OM4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE WAS1 RI<TLY1 D5\NC$ AS BE+ POLITICALLY A P>TY DICTATOR%IP & ECONOMICALLY /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,H[ DID ?IS HAPP58 

,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO COV] ALL ASPECTS ( ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE AS WELL AS ! AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE1 SO H]E WE 9DICATE ! MA9 FACTORS AT WORK 9 ! PROCESS4 ,L59'S ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION.<#a.> IS TAK5 AS ! FOCUS = WRITT5 DUR+ #aiag IT EXPRESSES ! ASPIRATIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 !IR BE/ LI<T - AS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT EV5 TODAY ,L59I/S RECOMM5D WE READ IT 9 ORD] TO SEE :Y WE %\LD JO9 !IR P>TY4 ,WE WILL COMP>E ! RHETORIC ( ,L59'S WORK TO ! REALITY ( ! REGIME ?AT WAS CREAT$1 ! !ORY TO ! PRACTICE4 ,BY DO+ ?AT WE CAN SEE :Y ! REVOLUTION DEG5]AT$ & BETT] UND]/& - TO USE ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN'S EXPRESSION - ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? 9 ORD] TO LE>N FROM HI/ORY RA!R ?AN REPEAT IT4.<#b.> 

,!ORY 

,:5 ,L59 RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g1 HE QUICKLY CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) HIS COLLEAGUES BY TAK+ A RADICAL POSITION4 ,9/EAD ( >GU+ - 9-L9E ) ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY - ?AT ,RUSSIA FAC$ A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & SO REQUIR$ ! CREATION ( A REPUBLIC & CAPITALISM1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION BE 9T5SIFI$ & PU%$ T[>DS SOCIAL TRANS=MATION BY MEANS ( ! CREATION ( A NEW ,/ATE BAS$ ON ! SOVIETS4 ,?IS & CONT9U$ OPPOSITION TO ! ,IMP]IALI/ W> SAW ! ,BOL%EVIKS GA9 MORE & MORE 9FLU5CE1 GO+ FROM A SMALL SECT TO A MASS P>TY 9 ! SPACE ( A FEW MON?S4 

,HE WROTE ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION DUR+ ?IS HEADY P]IOD & IT AIM$ TO !ORETICALLY JU/IFY ?IS *ANGE 9 P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT WAS PRIM>ILY AIM$ AGA9/ ?OSE )9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T :O DISAGRE$ ) ,L59 AS WELL AS1 TO A LESS] DEGREE1 AN>*I/S4 ,! TWO >E RELAT$ = ,L59'S POSITIONS ON ! NE$ = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & OPPOSITION TO BO? SIDES 9 CAPITALI/ CONFLICTS HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY ONLY AN>*I/S4.<#c.> 

,! 0B\RGEOISIE & ! OPPORTUNI/S )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T CONCUR 9 ?IS DOCTOR+ ( ,M>XISM4 ,!Y OMIT1 OBSCURE1 OR DI/ORT ! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( ?IS !ORY1 ITS REVOLUTION>Y S\L0 & SO 0\R PRIME TASK IS TO REE/ABLI% :AT ,M>X REALLY TAU<T ON ! SUBJECT ( ! /ATE04 ,L59 DOES1 AS HE PROMIS$1 PROVIDE 0A NUMB] ( LONG QUOTATIONS FROM ! WORKS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES0 7#c#a#c7 YET HAS TO PROVIDE COMM5T>Y 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT ! READ] 9T]PRETS !M CORRECTLY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ,M>X & ,5GELS DID NOT >GUE QUITE AS ,L59 SUGGE/$ !Y DID4 ,SIMIL>LY1 HIS COMM5TS ON AN>*ISM - AS WELL AS DI/ORT+ IT - FAIL TO ADDRESS ! REAL ISSUES BETWE5 IT & ,M>XISM4.<#d.> 

,L59 >GU$ ?AT 0.<O.>NLY HE IS A ,M>XI/ :O EXT5DS ! RECOGNITION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO ! RECOGNITION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 7#c#c#d7 ,! REVOLUTION REQUIRES 0?AT ! 'SPECIAL CO]CIVE =CE' = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ( MILLIONS ( WORK+ PEOPLE BY H&FULS ( ! RI*1 MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A 'SPECIAL CO]CIVE =CE' = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! B\RGEOISIE BY ! PROLET>IAT 7! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT740 7#c#b#b7 ,! AIM WAS 0TO OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO DE/ROY B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM1 = A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AFT] ! TYPE ( ! .<,P>IS.> ,COMMUNE1 OR A REPUBLIC ( ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES1 = ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 7#c#i#f7 ,= ! 0PROLET>IAT NE$S /ATE P[]1 A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( =CE1 AN ORGANIZATION ( VIOL5CE1 BO? TO CRU% ! RESI/ANCE ( ! EXPLOIT]S & TO LEAD ! 5ORM\S MASS ( ! POPULATION -- ! PEASANTS1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 & SEMI-PROLET>IANS -- 9 ! WORK ( ORGANIZ+ A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY40 7#c#b#h7 

,! CURR5T ,/ATE WAS A B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & HAD TO BE SMA%$ & REPLAC$ BY A NEW K9D ( ,/ATE & 0IT IS PRECISELY ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PO9T :I* HAS BE5 COMPLETELY IGNOR$ BY ! DOM9ANT (FICIAL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES &1 9DE$1 DI/ORT$ .<444.> BY ! =EMO/ !ORETICIAN ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY40 7#c#b#i7 ,! AN>*I/S FAIL TO UND]/& ?AT ?IS NEW ,/ATE IS NE$$ JU/ AS !Y FAIL TO UND]/& ?AT ! 0ORGAN ( SUPPRESSION0 IS 0! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 & NOT A M9ORITY1 AS WAS ALWAYS ! CASE UND] SLAV]Y1 S]FDOM1 & WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,& S9CE ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE ITSELF SUPPRESSES ITS OPPRESSORS1 A 'SPECIAL =CE' = SUPPRESSION IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y6 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! /ATE BEG9S TO WI!R AWAY40 7#c#d7 ,! ,/ATE CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ AS AN>*I/S CLAIM BUT IT CAN & WILL DISAPPE>4 

,! PRACTICE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME DID NOT MAT* ! !ORY BUT FIR/ WE NE$ TO DISCUSS ! !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ( ,L59'S >GUM5T 9 ORD] TO UND]/& :Y ?IS HAPP5$ = BAD !ORY PRODUCES BAD PRACTICE4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

,! CORE ( ,L59'S >GUM5T RE/S ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! LESSONS ,M>X & ,5GELS DREW FROM IT4 ,YET HE FAILS TO M5TION KEY ASPECTS ( ?IS EV5T & LIKE ,M>X & ,5GELS PROVIDES A SUP]FICIAL ANALYSIS ( IT4 ,?IS IS 9 />K CONTRA/ TO AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE ,KROPOTK9 WROTE F> MORE ON ! ,COMMUNE ?AN ,M>X OR ,5GELS DID4 

,! KEY ASPECT ( ! ,COMMUNE = ,L59 IS SUMM>IZ$ BY ?IS QUOTE ( ,M>X3 0,ONE ?+ ESPECIALLY WAS PROV$ BY ! ,COMMUNE1 VIZ41 ?AT '! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT SIMPLY LAY HOLD ( ! READY-MADE /ATE MA*9]Y & WIELD IT = ITS [N PURPOSES'4440 7#c#c#f7 ,M>X IS ALSO QUOT$ ON H[ IT 0WAS TO BE A WORK+1 NOT A P>LIAM5T>Y1 BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME0 7#c#d#a7 ,IT1 ,L59 SUMM>IZ$1 0REPLAC$ ! SMA%$ /ATE MA*9E 'ONLY' BY FULL] DEMOCRACY3 ABOLITION ( ! /&+ >MY2 ALL (FICIALS TO BE ELECT$ & SUBJECT TO RECALL0 7#c#c#i7 & 0WAS CEAS+ TO BE A /ATE S9CE IT HAD TO SUPPRESS1 NOT ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 BUT A M9ORITY 7! EXPLOIT]S74 ,IT HAD SMA%$ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9E4 ,9 PLACE ( A SPECIAL CO]CIVE =CE ! POPULATION ITSELF CAME ON ! SC5E4 ,ALL ?IS WAS A DEP>TURE FROM ! /ATE 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD40 7#c#e#g7 

,YET ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS NOT A NEW ,/ATE /RUCTURE AT ALL BUT RA!R WAS A TRANS=M$ MUNICIPAL C\NCIL4 ,9DE$1 ,L59 QUOTES ,M>X ON H[ ! ,COMMUNE 0WAS =M$ ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS1 *OS5 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ! V>I\S W>DS ( ! T[N1 RESPONSIBLE & REVOCABLE AT ANY TIME40 7#c#c#i7 ,AFT] ! 9ITIAL 7SPONTANE\S7 9SURRECTION ON ,M>* #a#h? ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>IS ,NATIONAL ,GU>D REFUS$ TO TAKE P[] ITSELF & 9/EAD CALL$ ELECTIONS TO ! EXI/+ MUNICIPAL C\NCIL ) ITS MEMB]S ELECT$ FROM ! EXI/+ MUNICIPAL W>DS BY MEANS ( 7MALE7 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,! ,COMMUNE1 !N1 WAS NO SOVIET4.<#e.> 

,! PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS DREW FROM IT WAS - AS BE=E IT - ?AT WORK]S %\LD ORGANIZE 9 POLITICAL P>TIES & TAKE P>T 9 0POLITICAL ACTION0 TO CAPTURE ! ,/ATE ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ,COMMUN>DS HAD LOCALLY4 ,L59 CONFUSES SMA%+ ! ,/ATE MA*9E ) SMA%+ ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 

,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ,M>X'S ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE IS HIS MO/ APPEAL+ WORK BECAUSE IT IS MO/LY REPORT+ :AT HAD HAPP5$ DUR+ A REVOLUTION 9SPIR$ BY AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,:ILE ,M>X FAIL$ TO M5TION IT1 ! DRIV+ =CE BEH9D ! ,COMMUNE'S PROCLAMATIONS W]E ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON4 ,TO SEE ?IS WE NE$ SIMPLY COMP>E ,PR\DHON'S POSITION DUR+ ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION TO ?AT APPLI$ - & PRAIS$ BY ,M>X - 9 #a#h#g#a3 

0,WE DO NOT WANT ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN ANY MORE ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN .<444.> ,IT IS UP TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ?R\< ORGANIZATION ( ITS COMMITTEES1 TO EX]CISE EXECUTIVE P[]1 JU/ ! WAY IT EX]CISES LEGISLATIVE P[] ?R\< ITS JO9T DELIB]ATIONS & VOTES4 .<444.> SOCIALISM IS ! CONTR>Y ( GOV]NM5TALISM4 .<444.> 

0,BESIDES UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & AS A CONSEQU5CE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 WE WANT IMPLEM5TATION ( ! IMP]ATIVE M&ATE .<M&AT IMP]ATIF.>4 ,POLITICIANS BALK AT IT6 ,:I* MEANS ?AT 9 !IR EYES1 ! PEOPLE1 9 ELECT+ REPRES5TATIVES1 DOES NOT APPO9T M&ATORIES BUT RA!R ABJURE !IR SOV]EIGNTY6444 ,?AT IS ASSUR$LY NOT SOCIALISM3 IT IS NOT EV5 DEMOCRACY40.<#f.> 

,L59 - LIKE ,M>X - =GETS TO M5TION ?AT ! ,COMMUN>DS CALL$ !MSELVES ,F$]ES 70,F$]ALS074 ,AS SU*1 HIS COMPLA9T 0?AT ! R5EGADE .<,$U>D.> ,B]N/E90 SUGGE/$ 0AS F> AS ITS POLITICAL CONT5T0 W5T ,M>X'S PROGRAM 0DISPLAYS1 9 ALL ITS ESS5TIAL FEATURES1 ! GREATE/ SIMIL>ITY TO ! F$]ALISM ( ,PR\DHON0#a#g IGNORES ! AWKW>D FACT ?AT 9-SO-F>-AS ,M>X REPORTS ACCURATELY ON ! REVOLT1 HE CANNOT HELP BUT APPE> TO BE A F$]ALI/ 

,L59 SEEMS IGNORANT ( :AT F$]ALISM MEANS4 ,! :OLE PO9T ( F$]ALISM IS TO CO-ORD9ATE ACTIVITY AT ! APPROPRIATE LEVEL7& SO CANNOT BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN BOTTOM-UP74 ,C5TRALISM1 9 CONTRA/1 CO-ORD9ATES EV]Y?+ AT ! C5T] 7& SO CANNOT BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN TOP-D[N74 ,SO :5 ,L59 PROCLAIMS ?AT :5 ,M>X 0PURPOSELY US$0 C]TA9 WORDS 7SU* AS 0,NATIONAL UNITY WAS444 TO BE ORGANIZ$07 TO 0OPPOSE CONSCI\S1 DEMOCRATIC1 PROLET>IAN C5TRALISM TO B\RGEOIS1 MILIT>Y1 BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM0 7#c#d#h7 HE WAS COMPLETELY MISS+ ! PO9T4 

,LIKEWISE1 ,PR\DHON WROTE ( H[ 0TO CREATE NATIONAL UNITY .<444.> FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP1 FROM ! CIRCUMF]5CE TO ! C5T]0 & H[ UND] F$]ALISM 0! ATTRIBUTES ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY BECOME SPECIALIZ$ & LIMIT$0 TO 0CONC]N+ F$]AL S]VICES40.<#g.> ,SO ! ,COMMUN>DS TALK+ ( ORGANIZ+ NATIONAL UNITY & 7TO QUOTE ,M>X7 H[ A 0FEW BUT IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS :I* W\LD /ILL REMA9 = A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T W]E NOT TO BE SUPPRESS$1 AS HAD BE5 DELIB]ATELY MIS-/AT$1 BUT W]E TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO COMMUNAL1 I4E41 /RICTLY RESPONSIBLE1 (FICIALS0 7#c#d#f7 IS AN EXPRESSION ( F$]ALISM & NOT ITS D5IAL4 ,?AT ,M>X CONFUSES ! HI<E/ F$]AL BODY ) 0A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T0 DOES NOT *ANGE ?IS4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,PR\DHON ALSO >GU$ ?AT IT WAS 0NECESS>Y TO DIS>M ! P[]S ?AT BE0 BY 5D+ MILIT>Y CONSCRIPTION & 0ORGANIS.<+.> A CITIZ5S' >MY04 ,IT 0IS ! RI<T ( ! CITIZ5S TO APPO9T ! HI]>*Y ( !IR MILIT>Y *IEFS1 ! SIMPLE SOLDI]S & NATIONAL GU>DS APPO9T+ ! L[] RANKS ( (FIC]S1 ! (FIC]S APPO9T+ !IR SUP]IORS40 ,9 ?IS WAY 0! >MY RETA9S ITS CIVIC FEEL+S0 :ILE ! ,PEOPLE 0ORGANIZE ITS MILIT>Y 9 SU* A WAY AS TO SIMULTANE\SLY GU>ANTEE ITS DEF5SE & ITS LIB]TIES04 ,MOREOV]1 HE PR$AT$ ,L59 ON 0! REPLACEM5T ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY BY PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY0 7#c#h#h7 BY CONTRA/+ 0LABOR DEMOCRACY0 TO EXI/+ =MS4.<#h.> 

,GIV5 ?IS OBVI\S 9FLU5CE1 IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT 0.<T.>O CONFUSE ,M>X'S VIEW ON ! 'DE/RUCTION ( /ATE P[]1 A P>ASITIC EXCRESC5CE'1 ) ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALISM IS POSITIVELY MON/R\S60 7#c#d#g7 ,= ! ,COMMUN>DS W]E F$]ALI/S & :ILE ,L59 PROCLAIM$ ?AT !RE IS 0NOT A TRACE ( F$]ALISM 9 ,M>X'S ABOVE-QUOT$ OBS]VATION ON ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,COMMUNE0 7#c#d#g7 !RE HAD TO BE IF HIS ACC\NT W]E REMOTELY ACCURATE4 ,?AT BE=E & AFT] ! ,COMMUNE ,M>X WAS A C5TRALI/ DOES NOT DI/RACT FROM HIS REPORT+ ON ! ,COMMUN>DS BUT IT DOES MEAN WE CANNOT1 AS ,L59 WI%ES1 TAKE ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE AS ! DEF9ITIVE ACC\NT ( HIS IDEAS ON SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,:ILE = ,L59 ,M>X HAD 0TRI$ TO DRAW PRACTICAL LESSONS0 FROM & SO 0'LE>N$' FROM ! ,COMMUNE01 7#c#d#d7 9 FACT AN>*I/S PROVID$ A DEEP] ANALYSIS ( ! REVOLT4 ,= ,KROPOTK91 BY 0PROCLAIM+ ! FREE ,COMMUNE1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS PROCLAIM$ AN ESS5TIAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE0 BUT 0!Y /OPP$ MID-C\RSE0 & GAVE 0!MSELVES A ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL COPI$ FROM ! OLD MUNICIPAL C\NCILS40 ,?US ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE DID NOT 0BREAK ) ! TRADITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 & IT DID NOT ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE )9 ! ,COMMUNE ?AT ORGANIZATION FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX IT 9AUGURAT$ BY PROCLAIM+ ! 9DEP5D5CE & FREE F$]ATION ( ! ,COMMUNES40 ,! ELECT$ REVOLUTION>IES W]E ISOLAT$ FROM ! MASSES & %UT-UP 9 ! T[N HALL :I* LEAD TO DISA/] AS ! ,COMMUNE C\NCIL BECAME 0IMMOBILIZ$1 9 ! MID/ ( PAP]WORK10 LO/ 0! 9SPIRATION ?AT COMES FROM CONT9UAL CONTACT ) ! MASSES0 & SO 0!Y !MSELVES P>ALYZ$ ! POPUL> 9ITIATIVE40.<#i.> ,?IS IS CONFIRM$ BY ONE ,M>XI/ ACC\NT ( ! ,COMMUNE :I* ADMITT$ 79 PASS+67 ?AT ! COMMUNAL C\NCIL WAS 0OV]:ELM$0 BY SUGGE/IONS FROM O!R BODIES1 ! 0%E] VOLUME0 ( :I* 0CREAT$ DIFFICULTIES0 & IT 0F\ND IT H>D TO COPE ) ! /REAM ( PEOPLE :O CRAMM$ 9TO ! (FICES40.<#a.> 

,REG>DLESS ( ,L59'S ASS]TIONS1 ! AN>*I/S W]E RI<T 0TO CLAIM ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS .<444.> A COLLABORATION ( !IR DOCTR9E0 & IT IS ! ,M>XI/S :O HAVE 0COMPLETELY MISUND]/OOD ITS LESSONS04 7#c#h#e7 

,OPPORTUNISM 

,L59'S WORK WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ TWO MA9 OPPON5TS 9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,OPPORTUNI/S & ! ,KAUTSKYITES4 ,! =M] W]E ! RE=MI/ W+ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES & MO/ ASSOCIAT$ ) ,$U>D ,B]N/E94 ,! LATT] W]E !IR MA9 OPPON5TS 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & MO/ ASSOCIAT$ ) ,K>L ,KAUTSKY4 ,UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE ,L59 CONSID]$ HIMSELF A FOLL[] ( ,KAUTSKY & REPEAT$LY 9VOK$ HIS WRIT+S TO %[ HIS ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY 7MO/ 9FAM\SLY 9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 ON H[ 0SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS IS SOME?+ 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE FROM )\T0 BY 0! B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA0.<#a#a.>74 

,EV5 AS LATE AS #aiac HE PRAIS$ ! 0FUNDAM5TALS ( P>LIAM5T>Y TACTICS0 ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY :I* WAS 0IMPLACABLE ON QUE/IONS ( PR9CIPLE & ALWAYS DIRECT$ TO ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! F9AL AIM04.<#a#b.> ,AS IS WELL-KN[N1 ,L59 ORIG9ALLY DISBELIEV$ NEWS REPORTS ON ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT POLITICIANS VOT+ = W> CR$ITS 9 #aiad SU* WAS HIS FAI? 9 ?AT P>TY4 

,SO :ILE HE WAS SURPRIS$ ?AT IT HAD 0TURN$ \T ?AT 9 REALITY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS MU* MORE MOD]ATE & OPPORTUNI/ ?AN IT APPE>$ TO BE0 7#c#i7 AN>*I/S W]E NOT = WE HAD PR$ICT$ & REPEAT$LY D5\NC$ ! OBVI\S RE=MISM 9 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY = DECADES4.<#a#c.> ,NOR DOES ,L59 DISCUSS :Y 0OPPORTUNISM0 DEVELOP$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 NAMELY ! ,M>XI/ TACTIC ( POLITICAL ACTION BY P>TIES 9 ELECTIONS RA!R ?AN ! AN>*I/ ONE ( DIRECT ACTION BY WORK]S' UNIONS4 ,AS SU*1 IT WAS A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( ,BAKUN9'S W>N+S ?AT :5 0COMMON WORK]S0 >E S5T 0TO ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLIES0 ! RESULT IS ?AT ! 0WORK]-DEPUTIES1 TRANSPLANT$ 9TO A B\RGEOIS 5VIRONM5T1 9TO AN ATMOSPH]E ( PURELY B\RGEOIS IDEAS1 WILL 9 FACT CEASE TO BE WORK]S &1 BECOM+ ,/ATESM51 !Y WILL BECOME B\RGEOIS0 = 0M5 DO NOT MAKE !IR SITUATIONS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 M5 >E MADE BY !M40.<#a#d.> ,9DE$1 0OPPORTUNISM0 EXI/$ 9 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY FROM ! />T - AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,L59'S ADMISSION ?AT ,BAKUN9'S ATTACKS W]E 0JU/IFI$0 AS ! 0PEOPLE'S /ATE0 WAS AS 0AN ABSURDITY0 & 0A DEP>TURE FROM SOCIALISM0 & SO ,5GELS S\<T TO 0RID0 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 0( OPPORTUNI/ PREJUDICES0 7#c#e#g7 CONC]N+ ! ,/ATE444 9 #a#h#g#e6.<#a#e.> 

,SO :ILE MU* ( ,L59'S BOOK IS COMM5T>Y UPON NUM]\S QUOTES FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS & CONTRA/+ HIS 9T]PRETATION TO ! !N OR?ODOX POSITION1 HE FAILS TO M5TION ?AT HE1 LIKE ALL ,M>XI/S BE=E #a#i#a#g1 W]E 0OPPORTUNI/S0 9 ! S5SE ( AFT] HAV+ READ ,M>X & ,5GELS !Y CONCLUD$ ?AT 0POLITICAL ACTION0 W\LD BE US$ TO CAPTURE 0POLITICAL P[]0 :I* W\LD !N1 9 TURN1 BE US$ TO TRANS=M BO? ,/ATE & SOCIETY4.<#a#f.> 

,! REASON = ?IS IS OBVI\S AS ,L59 CONFUSES SMA%+ ! ,/ATE MA*9E ) SMA%+ ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 ,HE IS RI<T ?AT 0IT WAS ,M>X :O TAU<T ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT SIMPLY W9 /ATE P[] 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! OLD /ATE APP>ATUS PASSES 9TO NEW H&S1 BUT MU/ SMA% ?IS APP>ATUS1 MU/ BREAK IT & REPLACE IT BY A NEW ONE40 7#c#i#b7 ,HE IS WRONG 9 ?AT ,M>X ?\<T IT W\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T FIR/ A SECUR+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & !N A MAJORITY 9 ! LEGISLATURE4 ,AS SU*1 :5 ,L59 /ATES ?AT ,KAUTSKY 0SPEAKS ( ! W9N+ ( /ATE P[] - & NO MORE0 & SO 0HAS *OS5 A =MULA :I* MAKES A CONCESSION TO ! OPPORTUNI/S1 9ASMU* AS IT ADMITS ! POSSIBILITY ( SEIZ+ P[] )\T DE/ROY+ ! /ATE MA*9E0 7#c#h#g7 HE MISSES ! PO9T4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 QUOTES BY ,M>X & ,5GELS :I* ,L59 HIMSELF PROVIDES & TO :I* HE FEELS ! NE$ TO ADD COMM5T>Y TO :AT %\LD BE SELF-EVID5T COMM5TS4.<#a#g.> 

,?US1 AFT] PROVID+ A LONG QUOTE BY ,5GELS1 ,L59 HAS TO ADD 0,5GELS SPEAKS H]E ( ! PROLET>IAT REVOLUTION 'ABOLI%+' ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :ILE ! WORDS AB\T ! /ATE WI!R+ AWAY REF] TO ! REMNANTS ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE AFT] ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION0 7#c#b#b7 :5 ,5GELS HIMSELF MAKES NO SU* DI/9CTION & JU/ TALKS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 HE QUOTES ,5GELS ON H[ 0ONE ?+ IS C]TA9 IT IS ?AT \R P>TY & ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ONLY COME TO P[] 9 ! =M ( ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC0 & ?AT ?IS 0IS EV5 ! SPECIFIC =M = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 AS ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAS ALREADY %[N0 BE=E FEEL+ ! NE$ TO ADD - PRESUMABLY HOP+ HIS READ]S W\LD NOT NOTICE ?AT ,5GELS SAID NO SU* ?+ - ?AT 0,5GELS REALIZ$ H]E 9 A P>TICUL>LY /RIK+ =M ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA :I* RUNS ?R\< ALL ( ,M>X'S WORKS1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC IS ! NE>E/ APPROA* TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 7#c#f74 ,?US 0! SPECIFIC =M0 BECOMES 0! NE>E/ APPROA*06.<#a#h.> 

,5GELS REPEAT$LY SUGGE/$ ?AT 0! REPUBLIC0 IS 0! READY-MADE POLITICAL =M = ! FUTURE RULE ( ! PROLET>IAT0 :I* 9 ,FRANCE 0IS ALREADY 9 BE+0.<#a#i.> & DID SO 9 TEXT ,L59 QUOTES3 

0,SO1 !N1 A UNIFI$ REPUBLIC .<444.> ,FROM #agib TO #agih EA* ,FR5* DEP>TM5T1 EA* COMMUNE .<,GEME9DE.>1 5JOY$ COMPLETE SELF-GOV]NM5T ON ! ,AM]ICAN MODEL1 & ?IS IS :AT WE TOO MU/ HAVE4 ,H[ SELF-GOV]NM5T IS TO BE ORGANIZ$ & H[ WE CAN MANAGE1 )\T A BUREAUCRACY HAS BE5 %[N TO US BY ,AM]ICA & ! FIR/ ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 & IS BE+ %[N EV5 TODAY BY ,AU/RALIA1 ,CANADA & ! O!R ,5GLI% COLONIES40 7#c#f#b7 

,!RE IS NO M5TION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AT ALL 9 ,5GELS' CRITIQUE ( ! DRAFT ( ! ,]FURT ,PROGRAM :I* IS SIGNIFICANT GIV5 ,L59 PROCLAIMS ?AT IT 0CANNOT BE IGNOR$2 = IT IS ) ! OPPORTUNI/ VIEWS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS ON QUE/IONS ( /ATEORGANIZATION ?AT ?IS CRITICISM IS MA9LY CONC]N$40 7#c#e#h7 

,?IS POSITION IS CONSI/5T ) ,M>X'S COMM5TS ON 0SMA%+0 ! ,/ATE MA*9E :I* ,L59 ?9KS IS SO IMPORTANT4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE IT IS POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT POLITICAL ACTION CAN BE US$ TO CAPTURE POLITICAL P[] & ?AT ! FIR/ ACTION ( ! VICTORI\S P>TY IS TO SMA% ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY - AS ,5GELS CONFIRM$ 9 AN #ahhd LETT] :5 ASK$ TO CL>IFY ?IS PRECISE PO9T BY ,B]N/E93 

0,IT IS SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( %[+ ?AT ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT MU/ FIR/ REFA%ION ! OLD BUREAUCRATIC1 ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] BE=E IT CAN USE IT = ITS [N PURPOSES3 :]EAS ALL B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANS S9CE #ahdh 9VEI<$ AGA9/ ?IS MA*9]Y SO LONG AS !Y W]E 9 ! OPPOSITION1 BUT ONCE !Y W]E 9 ! GOV]NM5T !Y TOOK IT OV] )\T ALT]+ IT & US$ IT P>TLY AGA9/ ! REACTION BUT /ILL MORE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT40.<#b.> 

,:I* REFLECTS ,M>X'S E>LI] COMM5T 7QUOT$ BY ,L597 ON ! 0EXECUTIVE P[] ) ITS 5ORM\S BUREAUCRATIC & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ) ITS VA/ & +5I\S /ATE MA*9]Y1 ) A HO/ ( (FICIALS NUMB]+ HALF A MILLION1 BESIDES AN >MY ( ANO!R HALF MILLION1 ?IS APPALL+ P>ASITIC BODY .<444.> ,ALL REVOLUTIONS P]FECT$ ?IS MA*9E 9/EAD ( SMA%+ IT40 7#c#b#i7 ,SO UNLIKE AN>*I/S - :O1 FROM ,PR\DHON ONW>DS1 HAD >GU$ ?AT IT WAS 09EVITABLY 5*A9$ TO CAPITAL & DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT0.<#b#a.> - ,M>XI/S HAD VIEW$ ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE AS NOT ONLY ABLE TO BE CAPTUR$ BUT RE=M$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,OPPORTUNI/S & ,KAUTSKYITES WAS ?AT ! =M] SIMPLY WI%$ ! P>TY TO REVISE ! RHETORIC US$ TO BR+ IT 9 L9E ) ! P>TY'S 7RE=MI/7 PRACTICE :ILE ! LATT] 9SI/$ ?AT ! RHETORIC REMA9 REVOLUTION>Y4 ,H[EV]1 BO? UTILIZ$ ! SAME TACTICS & AIM$ = ! SAME ?+ - A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY4 ,! =M] WI%$ TO USE ! EXI/+ ,/ATE MA*9E TO IMPLEM5T RE=MS TO ! SY/EM & SAW NO NE$ TO SMA% ?AT MA*9]Y OR QUICKLY TRANS=M ! SY/EM4 ,! LATT] REMA9$ TRUE TO ,M>X & >GU$ ?AT TO SECURE ! PROLET>IAT AS ! RUL+ CLASS1 P>LIAM5T W\LD HAVE TO SMA% ?AT MA*9E 9 ORD] TO REPLACE CAPITALISM ) SOCIALISM4 

,GIV5 ?AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD UTILIZ$ A P>T ( ! CURR5T ,/ATE - ! ,P>ISIAN MUNICIPAL C\NCIL - TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE MA*9E1 IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y ,L59'S 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS TOOK UNTIL #aiag TO BE =MULAT$1 P>TICUL>LY GIV5 !IR WELL-KN[N SUPPORT = ELECTIONE]+ & OPPOSITION TO AN>*I/ CALLS TO SMA% ! ,/ATE & REPLACE IT ) A NEW =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON F$]ATIONS ( WORK]S' GR\P+S4 

,BE=E TURN+ TO ?IS1 WE MU/ NOTE ?AT :ILE F9D+ ! TIME TO B]ATE ,B]N/E9 = HAV+ 0MORE ?AN ONCE REPEAT$ ! VULG> B\RGEOIS JE]S AT 'PRIMITIVE' DEMOCRACY0 7#c#d7 & H[ HE 0COMBATS ! IDEAS ( 'PRIMITIVE' DEMOCRACY0 - 0B9D+ M&ATES1 UNPAID (FICIALS1 IMPOT5T C5TRAL REPRES5TATIVE BODIES1 ETC40 - TO 0PROVE0 ?AT ?IS 0IS UNS\ND0 & 0REF]S TO ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONS1 AS 9T]PRET$ BY ! ,WEBBS0 7#c#i#d7 HE FAIL$ TO NOTE H[ HE REF]S TO ! SAME BOOK 9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 TO ALSO PROVE 0! ABSURDITY ( SU* A CONCEPTION ( DEMOCRACY04.<#b#b.> 

,AN>*ISM 

,IF ,L59'S ACC\NT ( ,M>XISM LEAVES MU* TO BE DESIR$1 ?IS IS NO?+ COMP>$ TO ! NONS5SE HE 9FLICTS ON AN>*ISM4 ,TO DESCRIBE ,L59'S UND]/&+ ( ,AN>*ISM AS SUP]FICIAL W\LD BE G5]\S4 ,HE SUMM>IZES :AT HE CONSID]S ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S3 

07#a7 ,! =M]1 :ILE AIM+ AT ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS AIM CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ AFT] CLASSES HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$ BY ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 AS ! RESULT ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM1 :I* LEADS TO ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE4 ,! LATT] WANT TO ABOLI% ! /ATE COMPLETELY OV]NI<T1 NOT UND]/&+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! /ATE CAN BE ABOLI%$4 7#b7 ,! =M] RECOGNIZE ?AT AFT] ! PROLET>IAT HAS WON POLITICAL P[] IT MU/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY ! OLD /ATE MA*9E & REPLACE IT BY A NEW ONE CONSI/+ ( AN ORGANIZATION ( ! >M$ WORK]S1 AFT] ! TYPE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! LATT]1 :ILE 9SI/+ ON ! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE MA*9E1 HAVE A V]Y VAGUE IDEA ( :AT ! PROLET>IAT WILL PUT 9 ITS PLACE & H[ IT WILL USE ITS REVOLUTION>Y P[]4 ,! AN>*I/S EV5 D5Y ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT %\LD USE ! /ATE P[]1 !Y REJECT ITS REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP4 7#c7 ,! =M] DEM& ?AT ! PROLET>IAT BE TRA9$ = REVOLUTION BY UTILIZ+ ! PRES5T /ATE4 ,! AN>*I/S REJECT ?IS40 7#c#i#b7 

,FIR/1 REG>DLESS ( ,L59'S SUGGE/IONS ( 0OV]NI<T0 REVOLUTIONS1 AN>*I/S HAD NEV] VIEW$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ?AT WAY4 ,QUITE ! REV]SE1 AS AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS /RESS$ ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E DIFFICULT & TAKE TIME AS WELL AS EXPLICITLY REJECT+ ! NOTION ( 0ONE-DAY0 REVOLUTIONS4 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT :ILE IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO 0TOPPLE & *ANGE A GOV]NM5T 9 ONE DAY01 A REVOLUTION1 0IF IT IS TO A*IEVE A TANGIBLE \TCOME .<444.> TAKES ?REE OR F\R YE>S ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL40.<#b#c.> ,!N WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO F9ALLY SMA% ! ,/ATE & CAPITALISM ITS REVOLT HAD WEAK5$ & SO BE FREE TO />T CON/RUCT+ A NEW SOCIETY4 

,! ELEM5T ( TRU? 9 ,L59'S /ATEM5T IS ?AT AN>*I/S DO REJECT ! ,M>XI/ NOTION ?AT WE NE$ A ,/ATE TO REBUILD & DEF5D SOCIETY AFT] A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ( \R DIFF]+ ANALYZES ( :AT ! ,/ATE IS4 ,BO? AGREE ?AT ! CURR5T & ALL PREVI\S ,/ATES >E 9/RUM5TS ( CLASS RULE1 ?AT CLASS BE+ ! M9ORITY ( OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S :O HAVE MONOPOLIZ$ SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,M>XI/S ?9K ?AT A ,/ATE - :E!R A SUITABLY TRANS=M$ REPUBLIC 7,KAUTSKY1 ,L59 BE=E #a#i#a#g7 OR A NEW SOVIET-,/ATE 7,L59 9 #a#i#a#g7 - CAN BE ! 9/RUM5T ( ! MAJORITY1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 = IT IS SIMPLY 0A SPECIAL =CE = ! SUPPRESSION ( A P>TICUL> CLASS04 7#c#d7 ,AN>*I/S REJECT ?IS ANALYSIS & >GUE ?AT ! ,/ATE 9/ITUTION IS M>K$ BY C]TA9 /RUCTURES :I* ALL[ IT TO DO ITS TASK & ?AT ! ,/ATE DEVELOPS ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD SOON BECOME ! 0DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT40 

,?IS IS BECAUSE ! ,/ATE IS AN 0ORGANIZATION ( HI]>*ICAL C5TRALIZATION0 & IS 0NECESS>ILY HI]>*ICAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN - OR IT CEASES TO BE ! ,/ATE40 ,IT IS 0! ABSORPTION ( ! :OLE NATIONAL LIFE1 CONC5TRAT$ 9TO A PYRAMID ( FUNCTION>IES40.<#b#d.> ,?IS /RUCTURE DID NOT APPE> BY ACCID5T4 ,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T ,L59'S ACC\NT ( ! ,/ATE IS ?AT HE NEV]1 EV] WOND]S :Y ?IS SOCIAL /RUCTURE HAS TAK5 ! =M IT HAS4 ,! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE IS C5TRALIZ$ & ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE WILL LIKEWISE BE - & ANY ATTEMPTS TO SUGGE/ ,M>X WAS A F$]ALI/ >E DISMISS$ 7ALBEIT1 CORRECTLY67 = HE 0UPHELD DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM1 ! REPUBLIC - ONE & 9DIVISIBLE40 7#c#f#a7 

,YET HI]>*ICAL & C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES >E NE$$ = A M9ORITY TO RULE4 ,!Y EXCLUDE ! MASSES FROM P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,AS ,PR\DHON >GU$3 

0,& :O B5EFITS FROM ?IS REGIME ( UNITY8 ,! PEOPLE8 ,NO1 ! UPP] CLASSES .<444.> ,UNITY .<444.> IS QUITE SIMPLY A =M ( B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION UND] ! PROTECTION ( BAYONETS4 ,YES1 POLITICAL UNITY1 9 ! GREAT ,/ATES1 IS B\RGEOIS3 ! POSITIONS :I* IT CREATES1 ! 9TRIGUES :I* IT CAUSES1 ! 9FLU5CES :I* IT *]I%ES1 ALL ?AT IS B\RGEOIS & GOES TO ! B\RGEOIS40.<#b#e.> 

,! C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL1 /ATE IS 0! CORN]/ONE ( B\RGEOIS DESPOTISM & EXPLOITATION04.<#b#f.> ,UND] ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE1 ,KROPOTK9 NOT$1 0! ,/ATE WAS ! SOLE JUDGE0 :I* MEANT ?AT 0ALL ! LOCAL1 9SIGNIFICANT DISPUTES .<444.> PIL$ UP 9 ! =M ( DOCUM5TS 9 ! (FICES0 & 0P>LIAM5T WAS LIT]ALLY 9UNDAT$ BY ?\S&S ( !SE M9OR LOCAL SQUABBLES4 ,IT !N TOOK ?\S&S ( FUNCTION>IES 9 ! CAPITAL - MO/ ( !M CORRUPTIBLE - TO READ1 CLASSIFY1 EVALUATE ALL !SE1 TO PRON\NCE ON ! SMALLE/ DETAIL0 & 0! FLOOD .<( ISSUES.> ALWAYS ROSE60.<#b#g.> ,! SAME PROCESS W\LD BE AT WORK 9 ! NEW SO-CALL$ SEMI-,/ATE AS IT1 TOO1 WAS C5TRALIZ$ & SO HAD 0A :OLE NEW ADM9I/RATIVE NETWORK 9 ORD] TO EXT5D ITS WRIT & 5=CE OB$I5CE04.<#b#h.> ,?IS WAS :Y AN>*I/S S\<T TO DEC5TRALIZE DECISION MAK+ AWAY FROM ONE C5TRAL BODY 9TO F$]ATIONS ( WORKPLACE & COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS & WOND]$ :Y ,M>XI/S HAD 0ADOPT$ ! IDEAL ( ! ,JACOB9 ,/ATE :5 ?IS IDEAL HAD BE5 DESIGN$ FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! B\RGEOIS1 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! EGALIT>IAN & COMMUNI/ T5D5CIES ( ! PEOPLE :I* HAD >IS5 DUR+ ! .<,FR5*.> ,REVOLUTION04.<#b#i.> 

,L59 CONFUSES SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ) ! ,/ATE & MISSES ! PO9T BY SAY+ WE 0CANNOT IMAG9E DEMOCRACY1 EV5 PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY1 )\T REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT WE CAN & MU/ IMAG9E DEMOCRACY )\T P>LIAM5T>ISM0 7#c#d#c-#d7 = :ILE ANY ORGANIZATION REQUIRES DELEGATES TO CO-ORD9ATE DECISIONS IT IS A MI/AKE TO CONFUSE ?IS ) REPRES5TATIVE - & SO C5TRALIZ$ - GOV]NM5T4 ,SO IF 0.<U.>ND] SOCIALISM ALL WILL GOV]N 9 TURN & WILL SOON BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO NO ONE GOV]N+0 7#c#i#e7 UND] ,AN>*ISM1 RA!R ?AN HAV+ A S]IES ( RUL]S1 ALL W\LD P>TICIPATE 9 DECISION MAK+ & ! 0C5TRALI/IC1 BUREAUCRATIC & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION0 ( ! ,/ATE :I* OP]ATES 0FROM ! TOP D[N & FROM C5T] TO P]IPH]Y0 WILL BE REPLAC$ 0) A F$]AL ORGANIZATION0 ( ASSOCIATIONS & COMMUNES 0FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 FROM P]IPH]Y TO C5T]0 ) 0ELECTIVE (FICIALS ANSW]ABLE TO ! PEOPLE1 & ) >M+ ( ! NATION04.<#c.> 

,! QUE/ION IS :E!R !SE ELECT$ BODIES >E FOCUS$ ON SPECIFIC TASKS AT APPROPRIATE LEVELS OR :E!R !Y >E1 LIKE ,P>LIAM5TS1 COV] ALL SOCIAL MATT]S AT ! C5T]4 ,9 BO? CASES 0REPRES5TATIVE0 9/ITUTIONS REMA9 9 ! S5SE ?AT SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALS >E ELECT$ TO SPECIFIC BODIES BUT ,L59 CONFUS$ ! MATT] BY SAY+ ! 0WAY \T ( P>LIAM5T>ISM IS NOT1 ( C\RSE1 ! ABOLITION ( REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS & ! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE1 BUT ! CONV]SION ( ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS FROM TALK+ %OPS 9TO 'WORK+' BODIES40 7#c#d#b7 ,?IS IS ONLY P>T ( :AT IS NE$$ AS ! QUE/ION ( C5TRALIZATION IS KEY = IT VA/LY DECREASES POPUL> P>TICIPATION & VA/LY 9CREASES BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 

,= ,L591 ! 0EXPLOIT+ CLASSES NE$ POLITICAL RULE TO MA9TA9 EXPLOITATION1 I4E41 9 ! SELFI% 9T]E/S ( AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY AGA9/ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ALL PEOPLE0 :ILE ! 0EXPLOIT$ CLASSES NE$ POLITICAL RULE 9 ORD] TO COMPLETELY ABOLI% ALL EXPLOITATION0 7#c#b#g7 AN>*I/S AGREE ) ! FIR/ P>T BUT DISAGREE ) ! SECOND4 ,POLITICAL RULE - A ,/ATE - IS NE$$ = A M9ORITY CLASS TO DOM9ATE SOCIETY & IS /RUCTUR$ APPROPRIATELY 7HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N74 ,IT IS NOT NE$$ - 9DE$1 DEFEATS ! AIM - :5 WE >E TALK+ AB\T =M]LY EXPLOIT$ CLASSES 70! VA/ MAJORITY07 RUNN+ SOCIETY SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS NOT /RUCTUR$ TO ALL[ ?AT4 ,BY CREAT+ A NEW C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 ,M>XI/S CREATE ! CONDITIONS = ! BIR? ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS - ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,?IS IS :Y AN>*I/S REJECT ! NOTION ( US+ A ,/ATE TO BUILD SOCIALISM3 

0! ,/ATE1 ) ITS HI]>*Y ( FUNCTION>IES & ! WEI<T ( ITS HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS1 C\LD ONLY DELAY ! DAWN+ ( A NEW SOCIETY FRE$ FROM MONOPOLIES & EXPLOITATION .<444.> :AT MEANS CAN ! ,/ATE PROVIDE TO ABOLI% ?IS MONOPOLY ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT F9D 9 ITS [N /R5G? & GR\PS8 .<444.> :AT ADVANTAGES C\LD ! ,/ATE PROVIDE = ABOLI%+ !SE SAME .<CLASS.> PRIVILEGES8 ,C\LD ITS GOV]NM5TAL MA*9E1 DEVELOP$ = ! CREATION & UPHOLD+ ( !SE PRIVILEGES1 N[ BE US$ TO ABOLI% !M8 ,W\LD NOT ! NEW FUNCTION REQUIRE NEW ORGANS8 ,& !SE NEW ORGANS W\LD !Y NOT HAVE TO BE CREAT$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 9 !IR UNIONS1 !IR F$]ATIONS1 COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! ,/ATE80.<#c#a.> 

,L59 IS ALSO KE5 TO CONFUSE ! NE$ TO DEF5D A REVOLUTION ) ! ,/ATE & QUOTES FROM A POLEMIC ,M>X ADDRESS$ TO ! RE=MI/ MUTUALI/S1 G5]ALIZ+ IT TO ALL AN>*I/S3 

0,M>X *OOSES ! %>PE/ & CLE>E/ WAY ( /AT+ HIS CASE AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S3 ,AFT] OV]?R[+ ! YOKE ( ! CAPITALI/S1 %\LD ! WORK]S 'LAY D[N !IR >MS'1 OR USE !M AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S 9 ORD] TO CRU% !IR RESI/ANCE8 ,BUT :AT IS ! SY/EMATIC USE ( >MS BY ONE CLASS AGA9/ ANO!R IF NOT A 'TRANSI5T =M' ( /ATE80 7#c#e#c7 

,SO1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! AN>*I/S URG$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO RISE 9 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS ,/ATE &1 ONCE VICTORI\S1 !N SIMPLY PUT D[N ITS >MS8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO TAKE ?IS S]I\SLY - P>TICUL>LY AS IT CONFUSES DEF5SE ( A REVOLUTION 7( FRE$OM7 ) ! ,/ATE4 ,L591 LIKE ,M>X & ,5GELS1 JO9 ?OSE :O 0BELIEVE ?AT AFT] HAV+ BR\<T D[N GOV]NM5T & PRIVATE PROP]TY WE W\LD ALL[ BO? TO BE QUIETLY BUILT UP AGA91 BECAUSE ( A RESPECT = ! FRE$OM ( ?OSE :O MI<T FEEL ! NE$ TO BE RUL]S & PROP]TY [N]S4 ,A TRULY CURI\S WAY ( 9T]PRET+ \R IDEAS60.<#c#b.> 

,L59 SUGGE/S ?AT ! 0>M$ WORK]S :O PROCE$ TO =M A MILITIA 9VOLV+ ! 5TIRE POPULATION0 IS 0A MORE DEMOCRATIC /ATE MA*9E04 7#c#h#c7 ,YET IF ! ,/ATE W]E SIMPLY ?IS !N !RE W\LD BE NO DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM3 

0,IMM$IATELY AFT] E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N1 COMMUNES WILL HAVE TO REORGANIZE !MSELVES ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES .<444.> ,9 ORD] TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION1 !IR VOLUNTE]S WILL AT ! SAME TIME =M A COMMUNAL MILITIA4 ,BUT NO COMMUNE CAN DEF5D ITSELF 9 ISOLATION4 ,SO IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO RADIATE REVOLUTION \TW>D1 TO RAISE ALL ( ITS NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES 9 REVOLT .<444.> & TO F$]ATE ) !M = COMMON DEF5SE40.<#c#c.> 

,L59'S 9NOVATION WAS TO MOVE AWAY FROM ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ POSITION ON ! ,/ATE T[>DS ! AN>*I/ POSITION ?AT SOCIALISM MU/ BE BUILT BY ! WORK]S' !MSELVES US+ ! ORGANIZATIONS !Y !MSELVES CREATE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 HE L9K$ ?IS TO A CONT9U$ ,M>XI/ PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES & SO HIS ASS]TION ?AT ! NEW REGIME 0IS NO LONG] ! /ATE PROP]0 7#c#d7 WAS SIMPLY NOT TRUE = 9 A C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE P[] RE/S AT ! TOP1 9 ! H&S ( A M9ORITY - ) ITS [N 7CLASS7 9T]E/S4.<#c#d.> ,SO :5 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT 0WE %ALL FI<T = ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD /ATE MA*9E1 9 ORD] ?AT ! >M$ PROLET>IAT ITSELF MAY BECOME ! GOV]NM5T 7#c#i#f7 AN>*I/S SIMPLY NOTE ?AT 9 A C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE IT W\LD BE ! ,M>XI/ P>TY LEAD]%IP :O W\LD BECOME ! GOV]NM5T1 NOT ! >M$ PROLET>IAT3 

0,BY POPUL> GOV]NM5T ! M>XIANS MEAN GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE BY MEANS ( A SMALL NUMB] ( REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ ?R\< UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE .<444.> GOV]NM5T ( ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE BY A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4 ,BUT ?IS M9ORITY1 ! M>XIANS >GUE1 WILL BE MADE UP ( WORK]S4 ,YES1 TO BE SURE1 ( =M] WORK]S :O1 AS SOON AS !Y BECOME ! PEOPLE'S GOV]NORS & REPRES5TATIVES1 WILL /OP BE+ WORK]S & WILL BEG9 TO LOOK D[N UPON ! PROLET>IAN WORLD FROM ! HEI<TS ( ! ,/ATE3 !Y WILL !N REPRES5T1 NOT ! PEOPLE1 BUT !MSELVES & !IR AMBITIONS TO GOV]N IT4 ,ANYONE :O QU]IES ?AT DOES NOT KN[ HUMAN NATURE40.<#c#e.> 

,9 A C5TRALIZ$1 0ONE & 9DIVISIBLE0 REPUBLIC ELECT+1 M&AT+ & RECALL+ BECOME 9CREAS+LY MEAN+LESS - IT W\LD REQUIRE MILLIONS ( ELECTORS AT ! BASE ACROSS ! C\NTRY TO SIMULTANE\SLY ACT 9 ! SAME MANN] TO HAVE ANY IMPACT4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !RE IS SUB/ANTIAL SPACE = ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,/ATE TO DIV]GE FROM ! PEOPLE &1 AS ,BAKUN9 W>N$1 0! ,/ATE CANNOT BE SURE ( ITS [N SELF-PRES]VATION )\T AN >M$ =CE TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ITS [N 9T]NAL 5EMIES1 AGA9/ ! DISCONT5T ( ITS [N PEOPLE40.<#c#f.> 

,:I* IS :Y1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+ ! NE$ = 9SURRECTION & DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S SEEK TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE & REPLACE IT ) A SOCIAL /RUCTURE MORE APPROPRIATE = BUILD+ SOCIALISM - = 0:5EV] A NEW ECONOMIC =M EM]GES 9 ! LIFE ( A NATION - :5 S]FDOM1 = EXAMPLE1 CAME TO REPLACE SLAV]Y1 & LAT] ON WAGE-LABOR = S]FDOM - A NEW =M ( POLITICAL GR\P+ ALWAYS HAD TO DEVELOP0 & SO 0ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY SMA%+ ! OLD POLITICAL =MS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,MAN WILL BE =C$ TO F9D NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT ! ,/ATE APPORTION$ BETWE5 ITS FUNCTION>IES40.<#c#g.> 

,SECOND1 ! CLAIM ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE ONLY A 0VAGUE0 NOTION ( :AT TO REPLACE ! ,/ATE ) IS SIMPLY WRONG4 ,PROCLAIM+ ?AT AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT WE 0MU/ ?9K ONLY ( DE/ROY+ ! OLD /ATE MA*9E0 & 0IT IS NO USE PROB+ 9TO ! CONCRETE LESSONS ( E>LI] PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS & ANALYZ+ :AT TO PUT 9 ! PLACE ( :AT HAS BE5 DE/ROY$1 & H[01 7#c#i#e7 FLIES 9 ! FACE ( ! MANY >TICLES & BOOKS 9 :I* AN>*I/S DID PRECISELY ?AT4 ,TO QUOTE ,BAKUN93 

0,WORK]S1 NO LONG] C\NT ON ANYONE BUT Y\RSELVES .<444.> ,AB/A9 FROM ALL P>TICIPATION 9 B\RGEOIS RADICALISM & ORGANIZE \TSIDE ( IT ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! BASIS ( ?AT ORGANIZATION IS 5TIRELY GIV53 ! WORK%OPS & ! F$]ATION ( ! WORK%OPS2 ! CREATION ( FUNDS = RESI/ANCE1 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 & !IR F$]ATION NOT JU/ NATIONALLY1 BUT 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,! CREATION ( ,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR .<444.> ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ,/ATE & ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY .<444.> ,AN>*Y1 ?AT IT TO SAY ! TRUE1 ! OP5 POPUL> REVOLUTION .<444.> ORGANIZATION1 FROM TOP TO BOTTOM & FROM ! CIRCUMF]5CE TO ! C5T]0.<#c#h.> 

,! 0,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR0 W]E F$]ATIONS ( LOCAL UNIONS GR\P$ BY T]RITORY & ,BAKUN9'S VISIONS ( REVOLUTION PR$ICT$ ! WORK]S' C\NCILS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT 09DEP5D5T ,COMMUNES = ! T]RITORIAL GR\P+S1 & VA/ F$]ATIONS ( TRADE UNIONS = GR\P+S BY SOCIAL FUNCTIONS - ! TWO 9T]WOV5 & PROVID+ SUPPORT TO EA* TO MEET ! NE$S ( SOCIETY - ALL[$ ! AN>*I/S TO CONCEPTUALIZE 9 A REAL1 CONCRETE1 WAY ! POSSIBLE ORGANIZATION ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY0.<#c#i.> - BAS$ ON AN ANALYSIS ( BO? ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS WELL AS ! HI/ORY ( ! ,/ATE 

,YET ,L59 CLAIM$ ?AT 0AN>*I/S DISMISS$ ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL =MS ALTOGE!R06 7#c#d#i7 

,SIMIL>LY1 HE WAS WRONG TO PROCLAIM ?AT IF ! WORK]S & PEASANTS 0ORGANIZE !MSELVES QUITE FREELY 9 COMMUNES1 & UNITE ! ACTION ( ALL ! COMMUNES 9 /RIK+ AT CAPITAL1 9 CRU%+ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/S1 & 9 TRANSF]R+ ! PRIVATELY-[N$ RAILWAYS1 FACTORIES1 L& & SO ON TO ! 5TIRE NATION1 TO ! :OLE ( SOCIETY0 !N ?AT W\LD 0BE ! MO/ CONSI/5T DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM04 7#c#d#h7 ,9 FACT IT W\LD BE F$]ALISM3 

0,ALL PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR >E TO BE CONFISCAT$ = ! B5EFIT ( TOIL]S' ASSOCIATIONS .<444.> ! ,ALLIANCE ( ALL LABOR ASSOCIATIONS .<444.> WILL CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE .<444.> !RE WILL BE A /&+ F$]ATION ( ! B>RICADES & A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL .<444 MADE UP (.> DELEGATES .<444.> 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES .<444.> ALL PROV9CES1 COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS .<444 WILL.> DELEGATE DEPUTIES TO AN AGRE$ PLACE ( ASSEMBLY 7ALL .<444.> 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&AT$ & ACC\NTABLE & SUBJECT TO RECALL71 9 ORD] TO F\ND ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES0.<#d.> 

,UNSURPRIS+LY !N1 IT WAS ,KROPOTK9 & NOT ,L59 :O 9 #aie SAW ! SOVIETS AS ! MEANS ( BO? FI<T+ & REPLAC+ ! ,/ATE AS WELL AS COMP>+ !M TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,?US 0! ,C\NCIL ( WORK]S .<444.> W]E APPO9T$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES -- JU/ LIKE ! 9SURRECTIONAL ,COMMUNE ( ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#g#i#b40 ,! C\NCIL 0COMPLETELY RECALLS .<444.> ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE :I* PREC$$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #ahga & IT IS C]TA9 ?AT WORK]S ACROSS ! C\NTRY MU/ ORGANIZE !MSELVES ON ?IS MODEL .<444.> !SE C\NCILS REPRES5T ! REVOLUTION>Y /R5G? ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 .<444.> ,LET NO ONE COME TO PROCLAIM TO US ?AT ! WORK]S ( ! ,LAT9 PEOPLES1 BY PREA*+ ! G5]AL /RIKE & DIRECT ACTION1 W]E GO+ D[N ! WRONG PA?4 .<444.> ,A NEW =CE IS ?US CON/ITUT$ BY ! /RIKE3 ! =CE ( WORK]S ASS]T+ !MSELVES = ! FIR/ TIME & PUTT+ 9 MOTION ! LEV] ( ANY REVOLUTION - DIRECT ACTION40 ,! 0URBAN WORK]S .<444.> IMITAT+ ! REBELLI\S PEASANTS .<444.> WILL LIKELY BE ASK$ TO PUT !IR H&S ON ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO LIVE & PRODUCE4 ,!N !Y CAN LAY 9 ! CITIES ! 9ITIAL F\NDATIONS ( ! COMMUNI/ COMMUNE40.<#d#a.> 

,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #aie C\LD 0F9D NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN TO PRES5T ! ,SOVIET ) AN ULTIMATUM3 IMM$IATELY ADOPT A ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM OR DISB&40 .<#d#b.> ,NOR DID ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEEK TO TRANS=M OR EXT5D ! REVOLUTION FROM B\RGEOIS TO SOCIALI/ AIMS - UNLIKE ! AN>*I/S4 ,GIV5 ?IS1 P]HAPS IT WAS = ! BE/ ?AT ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION MEANT ,L59 NEV] WROTE ! SECOND P>T ( ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION :I* WAS TO DEAL ) ! EV5TS ( #a#i#e4 7#c#i#g7 

,ALL ( :I* MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ,L59'S ASS]TION ?AT 0,AN>*ISM HAS GIV5 NO?+ EV5 APPROXIMAT+ TRUE ANSW]S TO ! CONCRETE POLITICAL QUE/IONS3 ,MU/ ! OLD /ATE MA*9E BE SMA%$8 ,& :AT %\LD BE PUT 9 ITS PLACE80 7#c#h#e7 ,AN>*ISM HAD ADVOCAT$ WORK]S' C\NCILS AS A MEANS ( BO? FI<T+ & REPLAC+ CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE S9CE ,BAKUN9 CLA%$ ) ,M>X 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,?IRD1 ?OSE PAY+ ATT5TION W\LD HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! FATE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ITS DEG5]ATION 9TO 0,OPPORTUNISM0 W\LD HAVE %[N :Y AN>*I/S REJECT TAK+ P>T 9 ! ,/ATE BY CONTE/+ ELECTIONS4 ,?IS ONLY 0TRA9S0 WORK]S 9 LETT+ O!RS ACT = !M & SO 0DISACCU/OM ! PEOPLE TO ! DIRECT C>E ( !IR [N 9T]E/S & S*OOLS ! ONES 9 SLAVI%NESS & ! O!RS 9 9TRIGUES & LIES40.<#d#c.> ,AS ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$3 

0,WE SEE 9 ! 9CAPACITY ( ! /ATI/ SOCIALI/ TO UND]/& ! TRUE HI/ORICAL PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM A GROSS ]ROR ( JUDGM5T .<444.> ,TO TELL ! WORK]S ?AT !Y WILL BE ABLE TO 9TRODUCE ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM :ILE RETA9+ ! MA*9E ( ! ,/ATE & ONLY *ANG+ ! M5 9 P[]2 TO PREV5T1 9/EAD ( AID+1 ! M9D ( ! WORK]S1 PROGRESS+ T[>DS ! SE>* = NEW =MS ( LIFE ?AT W\LD BE !IR [N - ?AT IS 9 \R EYES A HI/ORIC MI/AKE :I* BORD]S ON ! CRIM9AL40.<#d#d.> 

,9/EAD ( ELECTIONE]+1 0AN>*I/S1 S9CE ! BEG9N+S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! PRES5T1 HAVE TAK5 AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS =M$ = ! DIRECT /RUGGLE ( ,LABOR AGA9/ ,CAPITAL4 ,?IS /RUGGLE1 :ILE S]V+ F> MORE P[]FULLY ?AN ANY 9DIRECT ACTION TO SECURE SOME IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! LIFE ( ! WORK] & OP5+ UP ! EYES ( ! WORK]S TO ! EVIL DONE TO SOCIETY BY CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION & BY ! ,/ATE ?AT UPHOLDS IT1 ?IS /RUGGLE ALSO AWAKES 9 ! WORK] ?\<TS CONC]N+ ! =MS ( CONSUMPTION1 PRODUCTION & DIRECT EX*ANGE BETWE5 ?OSE CONC]N$1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! CAPITALI/ & ! ,/ATE40.<#d#e.> 

,F9ALLY1 ,L59'S WORK IS ! S\RCE ( ! COMMON ASS]TION BY ,M>XI/S ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S SUPPORT$ !IR RUL+ CLASS DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,REG>DLESS ( HIS COMM5T AB\T 0! FEW AN>*I/S0 :O 0PRES]V$ A S5SE ( HONOR & A CONSCI5CE0 7#c#h7 BY OPPOS+ ! W>1 9 REALITY PRO-W> AN>*I/S 9 SPITE ( HAV+ 0AMONG !M COMRADES :OM WE LOVE & RESPECT MO/0 W]E 0NOT NUM]\S0 & 0ALMO/ ALL0 ( ! AN>*I/S 0HAVE REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO !IR CONVICTIONS04.<#d#f.> ,NOR DOES ,L59 M5TION ?AT !SE FEW - :I*1 SADLY1 9CLUD$ ,KROPOTK9 - HAD REJECT$ ,BAKUN9'S POSITION 7TURN ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO A REVOLUTION7 9 FAVOR ( ,5GELS' DEF5SE ( ! FA!RL& :ILE1 IRONICALLY1 ,L59 W5T ! OPPOSITE WAY4.<#d#g.> 

,SOCIALISM 

,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION IS PRIM>ILY A WORK ON POLITICAL /RUCTURES & AN IDEOLOGICAL DEF5SE = ,L59'S NEW POSITIONS4 ,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE 9 IT ON SOCIALISM OR1 MORE CORRECTLY1 ! 9ITIAL /EPS ! SOCIALI/ ,/ATE W\LD TAKE ONCE P[] HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BUT ?OSE FEW WORDS >E SIGNIFICANT4 

,! KEY FACTOR = ,L59 IS NOT :O MANAGES PRODUCTION BUT RA!R :O [NS PROP]TY4 0,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E NO LONG] ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( 9DIVIDUALS0 BUT RA!R !Y W\LD 0BELONG TO ! :OLE ( SOCIETY0 7#c#g#f7 & :ILE !RE W\LD1 9ITIALLY1 BE DIFF]5CES 9 WEAL? 0! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN WILL HAVE BECOME IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO SEIZE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION - ! FACTORIES1 MA*9ES1 L&1 ETC4 - & MAKE !M PRIVATE PROP]TY40 7#c#g#g7 

,YET IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE = EXPLOITATION TO EXI/ )\T PRIVATE PROP]TY - IT DEP5DS ON H[ SOCIETY 0[NS0 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,DO WORK]S MANAGE !IR [N LABOR OR DOES SOMEONE ELSE - ! ,/ATE - DO ?AT8 ,L59'S VISION ( SOCIALISM SETS UP ! LATT] POSSIBILITY BY EQUAT+ SOCIALISM ) UNIV]SAL WAGE-LABOR RA!R ?AN ITS ABOLITION3 

0,ALL CITIZ5S >E TRANS=M$ 9TO HIR$ EMPLOYES ( ! /ATE .<444.> ,ALL CITIZ5S BECOMES EMPLOYES & WORK]S ( A S+LE C\NTRYWIDE /ATE 'SYNDICATE' .<444.> ,! :OLE ( SOCIETY WILL HAVE BECOME A S+LE (FICE & A S+LE FACTORY1 ) EQUALITY ( LABOR & PAY40 7#c#h#c7 

,!RE IS SOME TALK ( H[ WE 0MU/ />T ) ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S' CONTROL OV] ! CAPITALI/S0 BUT :Y WORK]S W\LD NE$ TO CONTROL CAPITALI/S :O HAVE HAD !IR PROP]TY EXPROPRIAT$ IS NOT IMM$IATELY OBVI\S4 ,A CLOS] READ %[S ?AT ,L59 HAD NO DESIRE TO IMM$IATELY EXPROPRIATE ! CAPITALI/S & 9TRODUCE WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD ! CAPITALI/S W\LD REMA9 & CONTROL 0MU/ BE EX]CIS$ NOT BY A /ATE ( BUREAUCRATS1 BUT BY A /ATE ( >M$ WORK]S04.<#d#h.> 7#c#h7 

,:ILE ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM HAD TO BE SMA%$1 ! ECONOMIC ONES HAD TO BE US$ AS ! 0ECONOMIC F\NDATION0 7#c#d#f7 = SOCIALISM3 

0,A WITTY ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT .<444.> CALL$ ! PO/AL S]VICE AN EXAMPLE ( ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,?IS IS V]Y TRUE4 ,AT ! PRES5T ! PO/AL S]VICE IS A BUS9ESS ORGANIZ$ ON ! L9ES ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4 ,IMP]IALISM IS GRADUALLY TRANS=M+ ALL TRU/S 9TO ORGANIZATIONS ( A SIMIL> TYPE1 9 :I* .<444.> ONE HAS ! SAME B\RGEOIS BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT ! ME*ANISM ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T IS H]E ALREADY TO H&4 ,ONCE WE HAVE OV]?R[N ! CAPITALI/S .<444.> & SMA%$ ! BUREAUCRATIC MA*9]Y ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 WE %ALL HAVE A SPL5DIDLY-EQUIPP$ ME*ANISM1 FRE$ FROM ! 'P>ASITE'1 A ME*ANISM :I* CAN V]Y WELL BE SET GO+ BY ! UNIT$ WORK]S !MSELVES1 :O WILL HIRE TE*NICIANS1 =EM5 & ACC\NTANTS1 & PAY !M ALL1 AS 9DE$ ALL '/ATE' (FICIALS 9 G5]AL1 WORKM5'S WAGES4 ,H]E IS A CONCRETE1 PRACTICAL TASK :I* CAN IMM$IATELY BE FULFILL$ 9 RELATION TO ALL TRU/S1 A TASK :OSE FULFILLM5T WILL RID ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( EXPLOITATION0 7#c#d#e7 

,! ,BOL%EVIK'S 0IMM$IATE AIM0 WAS TO 0ORGANIZE ! :OLE ECONOMY ON ! L9ES ( ! PO/AL S]VICE0 & 0ON ! BASIS ( :AT CAPITALISM HAS ALREADY CREAT$04 7#c#d#e7 ,SO ! /RUCTURES CREAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S & !IR ,/ATE - FITT+ = !IR PRIORITIES & 9T]E/S - W\LD BE EXT5D$ ) 0! CONV]SION ( ALL CITIZ5S 9TO WORK]S & O!R EMPLOYES ( ONE HUGE 'SYNDICATE' - ! :OLE /ATE - & ! COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION ( ! 5TIRE WORK ( ?IS SYNDICATE TO A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 ! /ATE ( ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES40 7#c#h7 

,CONTROL1 !N1 W\LD BE BY ! ,/ATE - 9ITIALLY OV] ! CAPITALI/S BUT EV5TUALLY ( ,/ATE EMPLOYES4 ,L59 IS WELL AW>E ( ,5GELS' 9FAM\S >TICLE 0,ON ,AU?ORITY0.<#d#i.> 9 :I* HE 0RIDICULES ! MUDDL$ IDEAS ( ! ,PR\DHONI/S1 :O CALL !MSELVES 'ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS'1 I4E41 REPUDIAT$ ALL AU?ORITY1 ALL SUBORD9ATION1 ALL P[]4 ,TAKE A FACTORY1 A RAILWAY1 A %IP ON ! HI< SEAS1 SAID ,5GELS3 IS IT NOT CLE> ?AT NOT ONE ( !SE COMPLEX TE*NICAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 BAS$ ON ! USE ( MA*9]Y & ! SY/EMATIC COOP]ATION ( MANY PEOPLE1 C\LD FUNCTION )\T A C]TA9 AM\NT ( SUBORD9ATION &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 )\T A C]TA9 AM\NT ( AU?ORITY OR P[]80 7#c#e#c7 ,YET ,5GELS >GUES MU* MORE /RONGLY ?AN ?AT3 

0ORGANIZATION .<444.> MEANS ?AT QUE/IONS >E SETTL$ 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN WAY4 ,! AUTOMATIC MA*9]Y ( ! BIG FACTORY IS MU* MORE DESPOTIC ?AN ! SMALL CAPITALI/S :O EMPLOY WORK]S EV] HAVE BE5 .<444.> ,IF MAN1 BY D9T ( HIS KN[L$GE & 9V5TIVE G5IUS1 HAS SUBDU$ ! =CES ( NATURE1 ! LATT] AV5GE !MSELVES UPON HIM BY SUBJECT+ HIM1 9 SO F> AS HE EMPLOYS !M1 TO A V]ITABLE DESPOTISM 9DEP5D5T ( ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION40.<#e.> 

,L59'S AIM WAS TO TURN ! NEW ECONOMY 9TO A S+LE FACTORY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE & YET DID NOT CONCLUDE ?AT ?IS W\LD BE 0MORE DESPOTIC0 ?AN CAPITALISM4 ,HE COMPLETELY FAILS TO REALIZE ?AT )\T WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION :5 0EQUALITY IS A*IEV$ = ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY 9 RELATION TO [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 EQUALITY ( LABOR & WAGES0 7#c#h#a7 IT IS JU/ TURN+ !M 9TO WAGE-SLAVES ( ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,CAPITALISM - 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP BY ! FEW - TURNS 9TO ,/ATE-,CAPITALISM - COLLECTIVE [N]%IP BY ! FEW 9 ! NEW C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES ( ! ,/ATE & ! 9/ITUTIONS 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM4.<#e#a.> 

,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ,L59'S WORK :I* SUGGE/S ANY?+ LIKE ,PR\DHON'S VISION ( SOCIALISM BUILT BY WORK]S !MSELVES US+ !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS3 

0UND] UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION1 [N]%IP ( ! L& & ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR IS SOCIAL [N]%IP .<444.> ,WE DO NOT WANT EXPROPRIATION BY ! ,/ATE .<444.> IT IS /ILL MON>*ICAL1 /ILL WAGE-LABOR4 ,WE WANT .<444.> DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS .<444.> ! PIONE]+ CORE ( ?AT VA/ F$]ATION ( COMPANIES & SOCIETIES WOV5 9TO ! COMMON CLO? ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC40.<#e#b.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 !RE IS NO NOTION ?AT A 0/RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ,GOV]NM5T0 C\LD 0COMM& ?AT A PRESCRIB$ QUANTITY0 ( A GOOD 0BE S5T TO SU* A PLACE ON SU* A DAY0 & BE 0RECEIV$ ON A GIV5 DAY BY A SPECIFI$ (FICIAL & /OR$ 9 P>TICUL> W>EH\SES0 WAS NOT ONLY 0UNDESIRABLE0 BUT ALSO 0WILDLY ,UTOPIAN0 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE IT C\LD NOT UTILIZE 0! COOP]ATION1 ! 5?USIASM1 ! LOCAL KN[L$GE0 ( ! PEOPLE4.<#e#c.> ,H5CE ! AN>*I/ PR$ICTION 0?AT TO H& OV] TO ! ,/ATE ALL ! MA9 S\RCES ( ECONOMIC LIFE0 & 0ALSO ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ! MA9 BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY0 W\LD 0CREATE A NEW 9/RUM5T ( TYRANNY4 ,/ATE CAPITALISM W\LD ONLY 9CREASE ! P[]S ( BUREAUCRACY & CAPITALISM40 ,?IS 0NEW BUREAUCRACY W\LD 5D BY MAK+ EXPROPRIATION HATEFUL 9 ! EYES ( ALL40.<#e#d.> 

,! ,P>TY 

,! MO/ OBVI\S DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! !ORY ( ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION & ! PRACTICE ( ! NEW REGIME IS ?AT ! BOOK MAKES NEXT-TO-NO M5TION ( ! VANGU>D P>TY & ITS ROLE4 ,! MO/ SIGNIFICANT M5TION IS AMBIGU\S3 

0,BY $UCAT+ ! WORK]S' P>TY1 ,M>XISM $UCATES ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CAPABLE ( ASSUM+ P[] & LEAD+ ! :OLE PEOPLE TO SOCIALISM1 ( DIRECT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! NEW SY/EM1 ( BE+ ! TEA*]1 ! GUIDE1 ! LEAD] ( ALL ! WORK+ & EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE 9 ORGANIZ+ !IR SOCIAL LIFE )\T ! B\RGEOISIE & AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE40 7#c#b#h7 

,IS IT ! PROLET>IAT OR ITS VANGU>D :I* ASSUMES P[]8 ,L59'S O!R WRIT+S DUR+ #aiag MAKE IT CLE> - IT IS ! VANGU>D1 ! P>TY1 :I* ASSUMES P[]4.<#e#e.> ,GIV5 ?IS1 WE NE$ TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ! P>TY ,L59 SP5T HIS LIFE BUILD+ & :OSE IDEOLOGY W\LD NECESS>ILY %APE ! DECISIONS BE+ MADE & /RUCTURES BE+ BUILT4 

,! FIR/ ?+ TO NOTE AB\T ! VANGU>D IS H[ IMPORTANT IT IS = SOCIALISM4 ,)\T ! RI<T K9D ( P>TY1 SOCIALISM W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AS ,L59 /RESS$ 9 #aib 0!RE C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! WORK]S0 AS IT MU/ 0BE BR\<T TO !M FROM )\T4 ,! HI/ORY ( ALL C\NTRIES %[S ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 EXCLUSIVELY BY ITS [N EF=T1 IS ABLE TO DEVELOP ONLY TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS0 :ILE ! 0!ORY ( SOCIALISM1 H[EV]1 GREW \T ( ! PHILOSOPHIC1 HI/ORICAL1 & ECONOMIC !ORIES ELABORAT$ BY $UCAT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 BY 9TELLECTUALS40.<#e#f.> ,! P>TY WAS NE$$ TO $UCATE A CLASS :I* C\LD NEV] DEVELOP SOCIALI/ IDEAS BY ITSELF3 

0!RE CAN BE NO TALK ( AN 9DEP5D5T IDEOLOGY =MULAT$ BY ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES 9 ! PROCESS ( !IR MOVEM5T1 ! ONLY *OICE IS -- EI!R B\RGEOIS OR SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,!RE IS NO MIDDLE C\RSE .<444.> ,H5CE1 TO BELITTLE ! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY 9 ANY WAY1 TO TURN ASIDE FROM IT 9 ! SLI<TE/ DEGREE MEANS TO /R5G!N B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,!RE IS MU* TALK ( SPONTANEITY4 ,BUT ! SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T LEADS TO ITS SUBORD9ATION TO B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY .<444.> ,H5CE1 \R TASK1 ! TASK ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 IS TO COMBAT SPONTANEITY1 TO DIV]T ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T FROM ?IS SPONTANE\S1 TRADE-UNIONI/ /RIV+ TO COME UND] ! W+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & TO BR+ IT UND] ! W+ ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY40.<#e#g.> 

,IGNOR+ ! OBVI\S PO9T ?AT 0HI/ORY0 %[S NO SU* ?+ - AS AN OBVI\S C\NT]-EXAMPLE1 9 #aiag 0! MASSES W]E 9COMP>ABLY MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! ,P>TY1 :I* 9 TURN WAS MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ITS COMMITTEEM50.<#e#h.> - ?IS P]SPECTIVE CANNOT HELP GIVE ! P>TY & MORE P>TICUL>LY ITS LEAD]%IP A PRIVILEG$ POSITION4 ,! OBVI\S CONCLUSION IS ?AT TO DISAGREE ) ! P>TY & ITS LEAD]%IP WAS TO %[ ! ABS5CE ( SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! P>TY1 !N1 SUB/ITUTES ITSELF = ! WORK+ CLASS4.<#e#i.> ,?IS P]SPECTIVE HELPS EXPLA9 ONE ( ,L59'S /RANG] COMM5TS 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION3 

0,WE >E NOT UTOPIANS1 WE DO NOT 'DREAM' ( DISP5S+ AT ONCE ) ALL ADM9I/RATION1 ) ALL SUBORD9ATION4 ,!SE AN>*I/ DREAMS1 BAS$ UPON 9COMPREH5SION ( ! TASKS ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 >E TOTALLY ALI5 TO ,M>XISM1 &1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 S]VE ONLY TO PO/PONE ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION UNTIL PEOPLE >E DIFF]5T4 ,NO1 WE WANT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ) PEOPLE AS !Y >E N[1 ) PEOPLE :O CANNOT DISP5SE ) SUBORD9ATION1 CONTROL1 & '=EM5 & ACC\NTANTS'40 7#c#d#d7 

,IGNOR+ ! AWKW>D FACT ADM9I/RATION NO MORE EQUATES TO SUBORD9ATION ?AN ORGANIZATION EQUATES TO AU?ORITY & SO !SE 0AN>*I/ DREAMS0 EXI/$ ONLY 9 ,L59'S HEAD1 ?IS /ATEM5T FL[S NATURALLY FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE CANNOT BY !IR [N /RUGGLES *ANGE !MSELVES4.<#f.> ,AT BE/ ! MAJORITY CAN RECOGNIZE ?AT ! P>TY EMBODIES ITS 9T]E/S & VOTE = IT 7& EV5 JO9 IT1 IF ! P>TY CONSID]S !M SUITABLE74 ,P]HAPS IT WILL BE OBJECT$ ?AT ,L59 DOES ADD ?AT ?IS 0SUBORD9ATION1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE TO ! >M$ VANGU>D ( ALL ! EXPLOIT$ & WORK+ PEOPLE1 I4E41 TO ! PROLET>IAT0 7#c#d#e7 BUT ?IS IS QUE/ION BEGG+ - = SURELY ! PROLET>IAT >E PEOPLE TOO8 ,H[ CAN ?AT CLASS ALSO DISP5SE 0AT ONCE ) ALL ADM9I/RATION1 ) ALL SUBORD9ATION08 ,BUT !N HE TALKS AB\T 0E/ABLI%+ /RICT1 IRON DISCIPL9E BACK$ BY ! /ATE P[] ( ! >M$ WORK]S04 7#c#d#e7 

,?IS IS SIGNIFICANT = DUR+ ! #aie REVOLUTION HE MOCK$ ! ,M5%EVIKS = ONLY WANT+ 0PRESSURE FROM BEL[0 :I* WAS 0PRESSURE BY ! CITIZ5S ON ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T40 ,9/EAD1 HE >GU$ = PRESSURE 0FROM ABOVE AS WELL AS FROM BEL[10 :]E 0PRESSURE FROM ABOVE0 WAS 0PRESSURE BY ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ON ! CITIZ5S40 ,HE NOTES ?AT ,5GELS 0APPRECIAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ACTION FROM ABOVE0 & ?AT HE SAW ! NE$ = 0! UTILIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TAL P[]0 = 0.<L.>IMITATION1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION TO PRESSURE FROM BEL[ & R5UNCIATION ( PRESSURE ALSO FROM ABOVE IS AN>*ISM40.<#f#a.> 

,! #aie REVOLUTION ALSO SAW ?IS DEEP-R\T$ SUSPICION ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ACTIVITY SURFACE 9 ! POSITION ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,BOL%EVIKS :O W]E CONV9C$ ?AT 0ONLY A /RONG P>TY ALONG CLASS L9ES CAN GUIDE ! PROLET>IAN POLITICAL MOVEM5T & PRES]VE ! 9TEGRITY ( ITS PROGRAM1 RA!R ?AN A POLITICAL MIXTURE ( ?IS K9D1 AN 9DET]M9ATE & VACILLAT+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SU* AS ! WORK]S C\NCIL REPRES5TS & CANNOT HELP BUT REPRES5T40.<#f#b.> ,SO ! SOVIETS C\LD NOT REFLECT WORK]S' 9T]E/S BECAUSE !Y W]E ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,L591 TO HIS CR$IT1 F\<T AGA9/ ?IS POSITION :5 HE TURN$ FROM EXILE BUT SUPPORT = ! SOVIETS WAS SIMPLY SE51 AS HE PUT IT 9 #a#i#g1 0= ! PURPOSE ( DEVELOP+ & /R5G!N+ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY0 & 0IF ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ACTIVITIES AMONG ! PROLET>IAN MASSES >E PROP]LY1 EFFECTIVELY & WIDELY ORGANIZ$1 SU* 9/ITUTIONS MAY ACTUALLY BECOME SUP]FLU\S40.<#f#c.> ,BUILD+ ! P>TY REMA9S ! 5D & WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION M]ELY A MEANS4 

,AS WELL AS PRIVILEG+ ! P>TY OV] ! CLASS1 )9 ! P>TY IT PRIVILEGES ! LEAD]%IP OV] ! MEMB]%IP4 ,! LEAD]%IP NATURALLY SUB/ITUTES ITSELF = ! MEMB]%IP AS REQUIR$ BY 0! TRANS=MATION ( ! P[] ( IDEAS 9TO ! P[] ( AU?ORITY1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( L[] ,P>TY BODIES TO HI<] ONES04.<#f#d.> ,A C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N P]SPECTIVE BECOMES A NECESSITY3 

0IT IS ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY AS OPPOS$ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( OPPORTUNI/ ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,! LATT] /RIVES TO PROCE$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D .<444.> ,! =M] /RIVES TO PROCE$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D40.<#f#e.> 

,! NE$ = C5TRALIZATION FL[S FROM ! ASSUMPTIONS ( VANGU>DISM = IF SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS COMES FROM \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASS !N ?AT ALSO APPLIES )9 ! P>TY4 ,H5CE ! NE$ = C5TRAL CONTROL BEYOND ! PREJUDICES ?AT IT IS MORE EFFICI5T & EFFECTIVE ?AN F$]ALISM4.<#f#f.> ,SO ! VANGU>D P>TY IS C5TRALIZ$ LIKE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IT CLAIMS TO OPPOSE4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE LONG >GU$ ?AT ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,/ATE /RUCTURE PRODUC$ >\ND IT A BUREAUCRACY &1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY LIKEWISE PRODUC$ A CA/E ( (FICIALS4 ,DISCUSS+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #aie ,TROTSKY PO9TS \T ?IS T5D5CY EXI/$ FROM ! />T3 

0,! HABITS PECULI> TO A POLITICAL MA*9E W]E ALREADY =M+ 9 ! UND]GR\ND4 ,! Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRAT WAS ALREADY EM]G+ AS A TYPE4 ,! CONDITIONS ( CONSPIRACY1 TRUE 5\<1 (F]$ RA!R MEAG] SCOPE = SU* =MALITIES ( DEMOCRACY AS ELECTIV5ESS1 ACC\NTABILITY & CONTROL4 ,YET1 UND\BT$LY ! COMMITTEEM5 N>R[$ !SE LIMITATIONS CONSID]ABLY MORE ?AN NECESSITY DEM&$ & W]E F> MORE 9TRANSIG5T & SEV]E ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+M5 ?AN ) !MSELVES1 PREF]R+ TO DOM9E] EV5 ON OCCASIONS ?AT CALL$ = L5D+ AN ATT5TIVE E> TO ! VOICE ( ! MASSES40.<#f#g.> 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,L59 ALSO SP5T A LOT ( 5]GY FI<T+ ! BUREAUCRACY ( HIS [N P>TY 9 #aiag TO PU% ! REVOLUTION =W>D4 ,AS ,TROTSKY REPORT$3 

0,AS (T5 HAPP5S1 A %>P CLEAVAGE DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! CLASSES 9 MOTION & ! 9T]E/S ( ! P>TY MA*9ES4 ,EV5 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY CADRES1 :O 5JOY$ ! B5EFIT ( EXCEPTIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TRA9+1 W]E DEF9ITELY 9CL9$ TO DISREG>D ! MASSES & TO ID5TIFY !IR [N SPECIAL 9T]E/S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! MA*9E ON ! V]Y DAY AFT] ! MON>*Y WAS OV]?R[N4 ,:AT1 !N1 C\LD BE EXPECT$ ( !SE CADRES :5 !Y BECAME AN ALL-P[]FUL /ATE BUREAUCRACY80.<#f#h.> 

,& IT IS N[ TO ?AT QUE/ION1 ! REALITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME ?AT WE TURN4 

,PRACTICE 

,( C\RSE1 ! AN>*I/ POSITION MAY BE WRONG & ,L59'S RI<T4 ,WE DISCOV] ?IS ?R\< PRACTICE SO WE NE$ TO LOOK AT :AT HAPP5$ AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY SEIZ$ P[] & />T$ TO IMPLEM5T !IR VISION ( SOCIALISM4.<#f#i.> 

,:ILE (T5 PORTRAY$ AS A C\P D'ETAT1 9 REALITY ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID HAVE SIGNIFICANT POPUL> SUPPORT 9 ! MA9 9DU/RIAL C5T]S & ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE ONLY ONCE ! P>TY HAD A MAJORITY 9 ! ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[ SOVIETS4 ,!Y !N GA9$ A MAJORITY ( VOTES 9 ! ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS = RATIFY+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T & ITS REPLACEM5T BY SOME-K9D ( SOVIET SY/EM4 ,! QUE/ION IS1 :AT HAPP5$ NEXT8 

,WE CONC5TRATE ON ! ,BOL%EVIK'S RELATIONS ) ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS AS ?IS WAS !IR FAVOR$ CLASS & ! CLASS ! NEW ,/ATE WAS MEANT TO 5SURE WAS ! RUL+ CLASS4.<#g.> ,WE CANNOT COV] EV]Y?+ & WILL BY NECESSITY FOCUS ON C]TA9 KEY DEVELOPM5TS :I* HI/ORIAN ,S4,A4 ,SMI? SUMM>IZES WELL3 

0,! ,BOL%EVIKS E/ABLI%$ !IR P[] 9 ! LOCALITIES ?R\< SOVIETS1 SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 & ,R$ ,GU>DS4 ,NUMB]+ LESS ?AN #c#e1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 ! P>TY HAD LITTLE OPTION BUT TO ALL[ SU* 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS EXT5SIVE LEEWAY4 ,YET ! SAME DESP]ATE PROBLEMS ( UNEMPLOYM5T & LACK ( FOOD & FUEL ?AT HELP$ TURN ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T SOON BEGAN TO TURN WORK]S AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( #a#i#a#h1 SOME #a1 TO #a#e1 WORK]S ACROSS ,RUSSIA TOOK P>T 9 /RIKES1 FOOD RIOTS & O!R PROTE/S1 R\<LY ON A P> ) LABOR UNRE/ ON ! EVE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS /RUGGL$ TO CONC5TRATE AU?ORITY 9 ! H&S ( ! P>TY & /ATE ORGANS4 .<444.> ,9 SPR+ #a#i#a#h1 WORK] DISCONT5T TRANSLAT$ 9TO A R5EWAL ( SUPPORT = ! ,M5%EVIKS &1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 ! ,S,RS1 CAUS+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO CANCEL SOVIET ELECTIONS & CLOSE D[N SOVIETS ?AT PROV$ UNCOOP]ATIVE1 ?US 9ITIAT+ ! PROCESS :]EBY SOVIETS & TRADE UNIONS W]E TURN$ 9TO ADJUNCTS TO A ONE-P>TY /ATE4 ,:5 ! ,:ITES SEIZ$ LEAD]%IP ( ! ANTI-,BOL%EVIK MOVEM5T 9 ! LATT] MON?S ( #a#i#a#h1 H[EV]1 MO/ WORK]S SWUNG BACK 9 SUPPORT ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,DUR+ ! CIVIL W>1 LABOR UNRE/ CONT9U$ .<444.> ! ,BOL%EVIKS G5]ALLY REACT$ BY RU%+ 9 EM]G5CY SUPPLIES & BY >RE/+ ! LEAD]S ( ! PROTE/1 :O W]E (T5 ,M5%EVIKS OR ,LEFT ,S,RS .<444.> !Y DID NOT SCRUPLE :5 !Y DEEM$ IT NECESS>Y TO DEPLOY >M$ =CE TO SUPPRESS /RIKES1 TO CONFISCATE RATION C>DS OR EV5 TO DISMISS /RIK]S 5 MASSE & !N REHIRE !M SELECTIVELY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS EXPECT$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO SPEAK ) ONE VOICE - 9 FAVOR ( ! REGIME - & :5 !Y DIDN'T !Y1 :O HAD ONCE EXCORIAT$ ! ,M5%EVIKS = !IR REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ?AT A TRUE PROLET>IAT EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 *>G$ ! WORK+ CLASS ) BE+ NO MORE ?AN A MASS ( UPROOT$ PEASANTS ) A ?OR\<LY PETTY-B\RGEOIS PSY*OLOGY40.<#g#a.> 

,!SE DEVELOPM5TS DID NOT COME \T ( ! BLUE4 ,!Y REFLECT$ ! CLA% ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PREJUDICES ) REALITY1 A CLA% 9 :I* ! =M] MADE ! LATT] WORSE4 ,!Y ALSO REFLECT$ ! *ANG$ P]SPECTIVES ( ?OSE :O F\ND !MSELVES 9 POSITIONS ( P[] )9 A C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL1 TOP-D[N SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - ! ,/ATE4 

,:ILE SU* FACTORS AS ECONOMIC CRISIS1 CIVIL W>1 IMP]IALI/ 9V5TION1 A 0DECLASS$0 OR 0DISAPPE>$0 WORK+ CLASS W]E LAT] 9VOK$ BY ,L59I/S 7/>T+ ) ,TROTSKY 9 ! #a#i#cS7 TO RATIONALIZE & JU/IFY ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ DECISIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS :I* SO OBVI\SLY PA!D ! WAY = ,/AL9ISM1 AS WE WILL %[ IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! COMB9ATION ( IDEOLOGY & ! REALITIES ( ! C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ! ,BOL%EVIK FAVOR$ :I* PROV$ ! AN>*I/ POSITION CORRECT & %[$ ! NATIVITY ( ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,/ATE & ! ,SOVIETS 

,L59 HAD /RESS$ ! NE$ = 0WORK+ BODIES0 & ! FUSION ( LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE BODIES YET ! ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS ELECT$ A NEW ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE 7,V,TS,I,K1 ) #aa MEMB]S7 & CREAT$ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S 7,SOVN>KOM1 ) #af MEMB]S74 ,AS ! LATT] ACT$ AS ! EXECUTIVE ( ! SOVIET EXECUTIVE1 ,L59'S PROMISES 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION DID NOT LA/ ! NI<T4 ,WORSE1 A M]E F\R DAYS LAT] ! ,SOVN>KOM UNILAT]ALLY GIVE ITSELF LEGISLATIVE P[] SIMPLY BY ISSU+ A DECREE TO ?IS EFFECT4 ,?IS WAS NOT ONLY ! OPPOSITE ( ! EXAMPLE GIV5 BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE BUT ALSO MADE CLE> ! P>TY'S PREEM95CE OV] ! SOVIETS4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS W\LD ONLY COME AS A SURPRISE IF ONLY ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION W]E READ = ,L59 HAD ?R\<\T #aiag >GU$ ?AT ! 0,BOL%EVIKS MU/ ASSUME P[]0 & 0CAN & MU/ TAKE /ATE P[] 9TO !IR [N H&S40.<#g#b.> ,?IS !Y DID AS ! ,BOL%EVIK ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ADMITT$ JU/ AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION3 0IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REFUSE A PURELY ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T )\T TREASON TO ! SLOGAN ( ! P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS1 S9CE A MAJORITY AT ! ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS .<444.> H&$ P[] OV] TO ?IS GOV]NM5T40.<#g#c.> ,SO 9 ! 0NEW0 ,/ATE1 IT WAS NOT ! PEOPLE NOR ! SOVIETS :I* GOV]N$ BUT RA!R ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,?US ! ,V,TS,I,K1 9 !ORY ! HI<E/ ORGAN ( SOVIET P[]1 WAS TURN$ 9TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A RUBB] /AMP = A ,BOL%EVIK EXECUTIVE4 ,?IS WAS AID$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( ITS ,BOL%EVIK DOM9AT$ PRESIDIUM :I* CIRCUMV5T$ G5]AL MEET+S1 PO/PON$ REGUL> SESSIONS & PRES5T$ IT ) POLICIES :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,SOVN>KOM4.<#g#d.> ,9 ADDITION1 0.<E.>FFECTIVE P[] 9 ! LOCAL SOVIETS REL5TLESSLY GRAVITAT$ TO ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES1 & ESPECIALLY !IR PRESIDIUMS4 ,PL5>Y SESSIONS BECAME 9CREAS+LY SYMBOLIC & 9EFFECTUAL04.<#g#e.> 

,COMB9$ ) ! RISE ( EXECUTIVE P[]1 ! 0NEW0 ,/ATE ALSO SAW AN 9CREASE 9 BUREAUCRACY :I* />T$ IMM$IATELY ) ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS3 

0,! OLD /ATE'S POLITICAL APP>ATUS WAS 'SMA%$1' BUT 9 ITS PLACE A NEW BUREAUCRATIC & C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM EM]G$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY4 ,AFT] ! TRANSF] ( GOV]NM5T TO ,MOSC[ 9 ,M>* #aiah IT CONT9U$ TO EXP& .<4444.> ,AS ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE EXP&$ SO DID ! BUREAUCRACY1 & BY ,AUGU/ #aiah NE>LY A ?IRD ( ,MOSC['S WORK+ POPULATION W]E EMPLOY$ 9 (FICES4 ,! GREAT 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( EMPLOYES .<444.> TOOK PLACE 9 E>LY TO MID-#a#i#a#h &1 !REAFT]1 DESPITE MANY CAMPAIGNS TO R$UCE !IR NUMB]1 !Y REMA9$ A /EADY PROPORTION ( ! FALL+ POPULATION0.<#g#f.> 

,BUREAUCRACY 0GREW BY LEAPS & B\NDS4 ,CONTROL OV] ! NEW BUREAUCRACY CON/ANTLY DIM9I%$0 :ILE 0ALI5ATION BETWE5 'PEOPLE' & '(FICIALS1' :I* ! SOVIET SY/EM WAS SUPPOS$ TO REMOVE1 WAS BACK AGA94 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#a#h1 COMPLA9TS AB\T 'BUREAUCRATIC EXCESSES1' LACK ( CONTACT ) VOT]S1 & NEW PROLET>IAN BUREAUCRATS GREW L\D] & L\D]40.<#g#g.> ,9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! PROMISE TO 0TAKE IMM$IATE /EPS TO CUT BUREAUCRACY D[N TO ! ROOTS0 7#c#h#i7 IT SWIFTLY & DRAMATICALLY 9CREAS$4 ,P]HAPS ,L59 WAS RI<T TO ASS]T ?AT ! NOTION ( 0.<A.>BOLI%+ ! BUREAUCRACY AT ONCE1 EV]Y:]E & COMPLETELY1 IS \T ( ! QUE/ION0 & 0A UTOPIA0 7#c#d#d7 BUT TO MASSIVELY 9CREASE ?AT BUREAUCRACY IS SOME?+ ELSE - P>TICUL>LY :5 ! OPPOSITE HAD BE5 SO CONFID5TLY PROCLAIM$4.<#g#h.> 

,AS WELL AS AN EV]-9CREAS+ BUREAUCRACY1 ! NEW 0SEMI-,/ATE0 ALSO GA9$ 0SPECIAL BODIES0 ( >M$ =CES4 ,ON #b? ( ,DECEMB] #aiag ! ,SOVN>KOM DECRE$ ! =MATION ( A POLITICAL POLICE =CE1 ! ,*EKA4 ,= ALL ! TALK ( 0SMA%+0 ! OLD ,/ATE MA*9E1 ! ,*EKA'S FIR/ HEADQU>T]S WAS AT ,GOROKHOVAIA #b :I* HAD H\S$ ! ,CZ>'S NOTORI\S SECURITY S]VICE ! ,OKHRANA4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 ,TROTSKY REPLAC$ ! MILITIA ) A REGUL> >MY BY ELIM9AT+ ! SOLDI]'S COMMITTEES & ELECT$ (FIC]S3 0! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION IS POLITICALLY PURPOSELESS & TE*NICALLY 9EXP$I5T1 & IT HAS BE51 9 PRACTICE1 ABOLI%$ BY DECREE40.<#g#i.> 

,?IS %IFT+ ( P[] T]RITORIALLY TO ! C5T] & FUNCTIONALLY TO EXECUTIVES1 ! RISE ( A 0NEW0 BUREAUCRACY & SPECIALIZ$ >M$ =CES - :ILE ALL EXPECT$ BY AN>*I/S - DID NOT AUTOMATICALLY MEAN DICTATOR%IP AS O!R P>TIES C\LD1 9 !ORY1 W9 ELECTIONS TO SOVIETS1 BECOME ! MAJORITY & REPLACE ! EXECUTIVES4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ! ,M5%EVIKS DECID$ TO DO & !Y A*IEV$ SIGNIFICANT SUCCESS BY ! SPR+ ( #aiah AS ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 0BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DISILLUSION$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 MANY PLACES ! ,BOL%EVIKS FELT CON/RA9$ TO DISSOLVE ,SOVIETS OR PREV5T REELECTIONS :]E ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES HAD GA9$ MAJORITIES40.<#h.> 

,AS WELL AS DELAY+ ELECTIONS & DISB&+ BY =CE SOVIETS ELECT$ ) NON-,BOL%EVIK MAJORITIES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALSO TOOK TO PACK+ SOVIETS ) REPRES5TATIVES ( ORGANIZATIONS !Y CONTROLL$4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,PETROGRAD ! ,BOL%EVIK ,SOVIET CONFIRM$ NEW REGULATIONS 0TO HELP (FSET POSSIBLE WEAKNESSES0 9 !IR 0ELECTORAL /R5G? 9 FACTORIES40 ,! 0MO/ SIGNIFICANT *ANGE0 WAS ! 0NUM]ICALLY DECISIVE REPRES5TATION0 GIV5 0TO AG5CIES 9 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD OV]:ELM+ /R5G?1 AMONG !M ! ,PETROGRAD ,TRADE ,UNION ,C\NCIL1 9DIVIDUAL TRADE UNIONS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 CLOS$ 5T]PRISES1 DI/RICT SOVIETS1 & DI/RICT NONP>TY WORK]S' CONF]5CES40 ,?IS 5SUR$ ?AT 0.<O.>NLY #bf ( R\<LY #g DEPUTIES 9 ! NEW SOVIET W]E TO BE ELECT$ 9 FACTORIES1 :I* GU>ANTE$ A L>GE ,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY 9 ADVANCE0 & SO ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0CONTRIV$ A MAJORITY0 9 ! NEW ,SOVIET LONG BE=E GA9+ #abg ( ! #bf FACTORY DELEGATES4 ,?IS1 MOREOV]1 IGNORES ! REPRESSION ( OPPOSITION P>TIES & PRESS ON ! RESULTS4 ,OV]ALL1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ELECTION VICTORY 0WAS HI<LY SUSPECT1 EV5 ON ! %OP FLOOR40.<#h#a.> 

,SO MU* = ,L59'S PROMISE ( 0SOV]EIGN1 ALL-P[]FUL ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES04 7#c#i#c7 

,SU* ACTIVITIES W\LD HAVE BE5 H>D ) A ,/ATE DEP5D5T ON ! >M$ PEOPLE - BUT BY !N ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD A REGUL> >MY & POLITICAL POLICE =CE TO DO !IR BIDD+4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME CONFIRM$ ,5GELS DESCRIPTION ( ! ,/ATE AS QUOT$ BY ,L593 

0! E/ABLI%M5T ( A PUBLIC P[] :I* NO LONG] DIRECTLY CO9CIDES ) ! POPULATION ORGANIZ+ ITSELF AS AN >M$ =CE4 ,?IS SPECIAL1 PUBLIC P[] IS NECESS>Y BECAUSE A SELF-ACT+ >M$ ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE S9CE ! SPLIT 9TO CLASSES4444 ,?IS PUBLIC P[] EXI/S 9 EV]Y /ATE2 IT CONSI/S NOT M]ELY ( >M$ M5 BUT ALSO ( MAT]IAL ADJUNCTS1 PRISONS1 & 9/ITUTIONS ( CO]CION ( ALL K9DS0 7#c#a#f7 

,! IRONY IS ?AT IT WAS ,5GELS' [N IDEOLOGY :I* PRODUC$ ?IS AS ! CLASSES 9TO :I* SOCIETY HAD SPLIT WAS ! WORK+ CLASS & ! NEW P>TY-BUREAUCRATIC RUL+ CLASS4 ,AS AN>*I/S PR$ICT$1 FUNCTION & ORGAN >E 9SEP>ABLE & ! C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE PRODUC$ >\ND IT A NEW M9ORITY CLASS4 ,! ,/ATE DID NOT BEG9 TO 0WI!R AWAY0 BUT RA!R 5L>G$ & /R5G!N$4 ,IF1 0ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! PROLET>IAT NE$S ONLY A /ATE :I* IS WI!R+ AWAY1 I4E41 A /ATE SO CON/ITUT$ ?AT IT BEG9S TO WI!R AWAY IMM$IATELY1 & CANNOT BUT WI!R AWAY40 7#c#b#f7 !N ,L59'S REGIME FAIL$ TO PROVIDE IT4.<#h#b.> 

,! ,/ATE & ,SOCIALISM 

,?R\<\T #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD >GU$ ?AT ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FAC+ ,RUSSIA W]E ! FAULT ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T AS IT WAS B\RGEOIS 9 ORIG9 & SO UNWILL+ TO TAKE ! MEASURES NE$$ AGA9/ 7B\RGEOIS7 SPECULATORS & VE/$ 9T]E/S4 ,! CREATION ( A NEW 0SOVIET0 P[] W\LD QUICKLY 5D ! PROBLEMS4 ,?IS PROV$ TO BE OPTIMI/IC 9 ! EXTREME4 ,! ECONOMIC CRISIS CONT9U$ ONCE ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ$ P[] & GOT WORSE AS ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY />T$ TO PLAY ITS ROLE4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID :AT ,L59 HAD 9DICAT$ 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION - BUILD 0SOCIALISM0 ON ! /RUCTURES CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#g1 ! ,V,TS,I,K DECRE$ ! CREATION ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY 7,VES5KA74 ,?IS 0WAS AN EXPRESSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( C5TRALIZATION & CONTROL FROM ABOVE :I* WAS PECULI> TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY40 ,?IS BODY UTILIZ$ ! 0*IEF COMMITTEES0 7GLAVKI7 =M$ DUR+ ! W> BY ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME & W]E VIEW$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0TO PROVIDE GOOD GR\NDS & PR]EQUISITES = NATIONALIZATION & PRICE CONTROL0 & SO 0W]E KEPT ON & ASSIGN$ 9CREAS+ FUNCTIONS40 ,MORE W]E CREAT$ & !SE 0BECAME ! F\NDATION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION0 BAS$ ON 0A READY-MADE 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK = FUR!R POLICIES ( COORD9ATION & CONTROL40.<#h#c.> ,ALT]NATIVES BAS$ ON WORK]S' [N ORGANIZATIONS W]E REJECT$3 

0,ON ?REE OCCASIONS 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ,SOVIET P[]1 ! .<FACTORY.> COMMITTEE LEAD]S S\<T TO BR+ !IR MODEL 9TO BE+4 ,AT EA* PO9T ! P>TY LEAD]%IP OV]RUL$ !M4 ,! RESULT WAS TO VE/ BO? MANAG]IAL & CONTROL P[]S 9 ORGANS ( ! /ATE :I* W]E SUBORD9ATE TO ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES1 & =M$ BY !M40.<#h#d.> 

,9DE$1 IT IS 0LIKELY ?AT ! >GUM5TS = C5TRALIZATION 9 ECONOMIC POLICY1 :I* W]E PREVAL5T AMONG ,M>XI/S1 DET]M9$ ! %ORT LIFE ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL40.<#h#e.> ,MOREOV]1 ATTEMPTS BY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES W]E SY/EMATICALLY H9D]$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS US+ !IR CONTROLL$ UNIONS TO PREV5T1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 A PLANN$ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS4 

,L59 9ITIALLY REJECT$ CALLS = NATIONALIZATION & LEFT ! CAPITALI/S 9 PLACE1 SUBJECT TO 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 7OR RA!R SUP]VISION7 BY ! WORK]S' ,/ATE4 ,DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION WAS NOT SE5 AS ESS5TIAL &1 9DE$1 WAS REJECT$4 ,BY ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 FAC$ ) ! GR[+ ECONOMIC CRISIS :I* ,BOL%EVIK P[] HAD NOT IMPROV$1 ,L59 TURN$ ON ! FACTORY COMMITTEES BY *ANNEL+ ,5GELS >TICLE 0,ON ,AU?ORITY0 - ) ITS CONFUSION ( AGREEM5T ) AU?ORIT>IANISM1 COOP]ATION ) CO]CION - & DEM&$ 0.<O.>B$I5CE1 & UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE AT ?AT1 DUR+ WORK TO ! ONE-MAN DECISIONS ( ,SOVIET DIRECTORS1 ( ! DICTATORS ELECT$ OR APPO9T$ BY ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]S40.<#h#f.> ,9 %ORT1 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION 9 :I* WORK]S W]E ONCE AGA9 M]E ORD]-TAK]S3 

0,FIR/LY1 ! QUE/ION ( PR9CIPLE1 NAMELY1 IS ! APPO9TM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS1 DICTATORS ) UNLIMIT$ P[]S1 9 G5]AL COMPATIBLE ) ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T8 .<444.> CONC]N+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( 9DIVIDUAL DICTATORIAL P[]S FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SPECIFIC TASKS ( ! PRES5T MOM5T1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY - :I* IS PRECISELY ! MAT]IAL S\RCE1 ! PRODUCTIVE S\RCE1 ! F\NDATION ( SOCIALISM - CALLS = ABSOLUTE & /RICT UNITY ( WILL1 :I* DIRECTS ! JO9T LABORS ( HUNDR$S1 ?\S&S & T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE .<444.> ,BUT H[ CAN /RICT UNITY ( WILL BE 5SUR$8 ,BY ?\S&S SUBORD9AT+ !IR WILL TO ! WILL ( ONE .<444.> UNQUE/ION+ SUBORD9ATION TO A S+LE WILL IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( PROCESSES ORGANIZ$ ON ! PATT]N ( L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY4 .<444.> REVOLUTION DEM&S - PRECISELY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ITS DEVELOPM5T & CONSOLIDATION1 PRECISELY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM - ?AT ! PEOPLE UNQUE/ION+LY OBEY ! S+LE WILL ( ! LEAD]S ( LABOR40.<#h#g.> 

,?IS WAS P>T ( 0\R TASK0 :I* WAS 0TO /UDY ! /ATE CAPITALISM ( ! ,G]MANS1 TO SP>E NO EF=T 9 COPY+ IT & NOT TO %R9K FROM ADOPT+ DICTATORIAL ME?ODS TO HA/5 ! COPY+ ( IT0 & PREFIGUR$ 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 7AS ,L59 HIMSELF LATT] /RESS$ AGA9/ OPPON5TS )9 ! ,P>TY74.<#h#h.> 

,! ,/ATE & ,CIVIL ,W> 

,A /&>D RESPONSE TO ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME BY MOD]N-DAY ,L59I/S IS ?AT IT FAILS TO M5TION ! T]RIBLE ,CIVIL ,W> & IMP]IALI/ 9VASION4 ,?IS1 IT WILL BE >GU$1 CAUS$ ! DEG5]ATION ( REGIME FROM ! IDEALS ( ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 

,YET !RE IS A GOOD REASON = ?IS3 ! USURPATION ( SOVIET P[] BY EXECUTIVES1 ABOLITION ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! >M$ =CES1 0DICTATORIAL0 ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T1 CREATION ( A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC /RUCTURE BAS$ ON ! 9/ITUTIONS 9H]IT$ FROM ,CZ>ISM1 PACK+ & DISB&+ ( SOVIETS1 EXP&+ BUREAUCRACY1 & SO ON - ALL !SE OCCURR$ BE=E ,CIVIL ,W> BROKE-\T 9 LATE ,MAY #a#i#a#h4 

,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION MADE CLE> ?AT ,L59 - UNLIKE AN>*I/S - EXPECT$ ! ,REVOLUTION TO BE AN EASY AFFAIR1 ) M9IMAL RESI/ANCE4 ,HIS HOPES SEEM$ JU/IFI$ 9ITIALLY4 ,AS HE NOT$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 0VICTORY WAS A*IEV$0 ) 0EXTRAORD9>Y EASE0 & ! 0REVOLUTION WAS A CONT9U\S TRIUMPHAL M>* 9 ! FIR/ MON?S40.<#h#i.> ,YET SIGNS ( AU?ORIT>IANISM - SOME CONSI/5T ) ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 SOME NOT - W]E PRES5T FROM ! FIR/ DAY & 9CREAS$ DUR+ ! NEXT SIX MON?S4 ,! \TBREAK ( CIVIL W> 9 LATE ,MAY #aiah M]ELY ACCEL]AT$ !M4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ALREADY PACK$ & DISB&$ SOVIETS AT ! LOCAL LEVEL = SOME MON?S BE=E ACT+ ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL AT ! ,FIF? ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#h4 ,) ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,RI<T-,S,RS BANN$ FROM ! SOVIETS1 POPUL> DIS5*ANTM5T ) ,BOL%EVIK RULE WAS EXPRESS$ BY VOT+ = ! ,LEFT-,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES 7,S,RS74 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 5SUR$ !IR MAJORITY 9 ! CONGRESS & SO A ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T BY 0ELECTORAL FRAUD .<:I*.> GAVE ! ,BOL%EVIKS A HUGE MAJORITY ( CONGRESS DELEGATES0 BY MEANS ( 0R\<LY #cii ,BOL%EVIKS DELEGATES :OSE RI<T TO BE SEAT$ WAS *ALL5G$ BY ! ,LEFT ,S,R M9ORITY 9 ! CONGRESS'S CR$5TIALS COMMISSION40 ,)\T !SE DUBI\S DELEGATES1 ! ,LEFT ,S,RS & ,S,R ,MAXIMALI/S W\LD HAVE \TNUMB]$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS BY >\ND #c DELEGATES & ?IS 5SUR$ 0! ,BOL%EVIK'S SUCCESSFUL FABRICATION ( A L>GE MAJORITY04.<#i.> ,DEPRIV$ ( !IR DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY ! ,LEFT ,S,RS ASSASS9AT$ ! ,G]MAN AMBASSADOR TO PROVOKE A REVOLUTION>Y W> ) ,G]MANY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS LABEL$ ?IS AN UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! SOVIETS & ! ,LEFT-,S,RS JO9$ ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,RI<T-,S,RS 9 BE+ MADE ILLEGAL4 

,SO BY ,JULY #a#i#a#h1 ! REGIME WAS A DE FACTO ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT TOOK SOME MON?S = ?IS REALITY TO BE REFLECT$ 9 ! RHETORIC4 ,! EX-AN>*I/ ,VICTOR ,S]GE RECALL$ 9 ! #a#i#cS ?AT 0! DEG5]ATION ( ,BOL%EVISM0 WAS APP>5T 0AT ! />T ( #a#i#a#i0 = HE 0WAS HORRIFI$ TO READ AN >TICLE0 BY ,Z9OVIEV 0ON ! MONOPOLY ( ! P>TY 9 P[]40.<#i#a.> ,BY #aib ,Z9OVIEV WAS PROCLAIM+ ?IS CONCLUSION TO ! ASSEMBL$ REVOLUTION>IES ( ! WORLD AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL3 

0,TODAY1 PEOPLE LIKE ,KAUTSKY COME ALONG & SAY ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA Y\ DO NOT HAVE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,!Y ?9K ?IS IS A REPROA* AGA9/ US4 ,NOT 9 ! LEA/6 ,WE HAVE A DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ?AT IS PRECISELY :Y WE ALSO HAVE A DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ONLY A FUNCTION1 AN ATTRIBUTE1 AN EXPRESSION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS .<444.> ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40.<#i#b.> 

,IT IS )9 ! CONTEXT ( SECURE ONE-P>TY RULE ?AT WE MU/ VIEW ! FATE ( ! OPPOSITION P>TIES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS BANN$ ! ,M5%EVIKS FROM ! SOVIETS 9 ,JUNE #aiah & RESC9D$ IT 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiah & !Y1 LIKE O!R LEFT-W+ P>TIES1 EXP]I5C$ P]IODS ( TOL]ANCE & REPRESSION4.<#i#c.> ,?IS REFLECT$ A G5]AL PATT]N - :5 ! CIVIL W> WAS AT ITS MO/ 9T5SE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS LEGALIZ$ OPPOSITION P>TIES = !Y KNEW !Y C\LD BE C\NT$ UPON TO WORK ) ! REGIME AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ?REAT4 ,ONCE ! DANG] HAD REC$$1 !Y W]E ONCE AGA9 BANN$ - SO !Y C\LD NOT 9FLU5CE NOR B5EFIT FROM ! 9EVITABLE RETURN ( POPUL> DISCONT5T & PROTE/ :I* ACCOMPANI$ !SE VICTORIES AGA9/ ! ,:ITES4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 !N1 OPPOSITIONAL P>TIES - LIKE FACTIONS )9 ! P>TY - W]E F9ALLY BANN$ AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,ECONOMICALLY1 ! SAME BUILD+ UPON ! AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES ALREADY PRES5T BE=E ! CIVIL W> CONT9U$4 ,FAC$ ) ! PR$ICTABLE RESI/ANCE BY ! CAPITALI/S1 AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE #aiah WIDE-SCALE NATIONALIZATION WAS DECRE$ - AL?\< MANY LOCAL SOVIETS HAD ALREADY DECID$ TO DO ?IS UND] WORK=CE PRESSURE4 ,?IS SIMPLY H&$ ! ECONOMY TO ! EV]-GR[+ BUREAUCRACY - ! APP>ATUS ( ! ,VES5KA GREW FROM #f1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiah TO #b#d1 BY ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 ) OV] HALF ITS BUDGET CONSUM$ BY P]SONNEL CO/S BY ! 5D ( #a#i#a#i4.<#i#d.> 

,APRIL #aib SAW :AT APPE>$ TO BE VICTORY AGA9/ ! ,:ITES & ) PEACE ! ,BOL%EVIKS />T$ TO CONC5TRATE ON BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 ,:ATEV] LIMIT$ =MS ( WORK]S' CONTROL OR MANAGEM5T REMA9$ W]E REPLAC$ BY ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & SO ! P]SPECTIVE ( #aiah CONT9U$ ) ,L59 9 #aib /RESS+ ?AT 0DOM9ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! L&[N]S & CAPITALI/S HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( !IR PROP]TY0 ,! 0VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT HAS ABOLI%$ PROP]TY0 & 0!RE9 LIES ITS DOM9ATION AS A CLASS4 ,! PRIME ?+ IS ! QUE/ION ( PROP]TY40.<#i#e.> ,WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION - 9 O!R WORDS1 BASIC ECONOMIC P[] - WAS CONSID]$ AS IRRELEVANT4 

,LOOK+ BACK AT ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 REIT]AT$ HIS POSITION 70,DICTATORIAL P[]S & ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T >E NOT CONTRADICTORY TO SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY407 :ILE ALSO /RESS+ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT =C$ UPON ! ,BOL%EVIKS BY CIVIL W>4 ,DISCUSS+ H[1 AGA91 ! CIVIL W> HAD 5D$ & IT WAS TIME TO BUILD SOCIALISM HE >GU$ ?AT ! 0:OLE ATT5TION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T IS C5T]$ ON PEACEFUL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 ON PROBLEMS ( ! DICTATOR%IP & ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T .<444.> ,:5 WE TACKL$ !M = ! FIR/ TIME 9 #a#i#a#h1 !RE WAS NO CIVIL W> & NO EXP]I5CE TO SPEAK (40 ,SO IT WAS 0NOT ONLY EXP]I5CE0 ( CIVIL W>1 >GU$ ,L59 0BUT SOME?+ MORE PR(\ND0 ?AT HAS 09DUC$ US N[1 AS IT DID TWO YE>S AGO1 TO CONC5TRATE ALL \R ATT5TION ON LABOR DISCIPL9E40.<#i#f.> ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 0TOOK VICTORY AS A SIGN ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ITS IDEOLOGICAL APPROA* & SET AB\T ! TASK ( ECONOMIC CON/RUCTION ON ! BASIS ( AN 9T5SIFICATION ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM POLICIES40.<#i#g.> 

,EV5 SU* ABOM9ATIONS AS ! 0MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR0 W]E DEF5D$ NOT AS DESP]ATE MEASURES PROVOK$ BY NECESSITY - :I*1 :ILE WRONG1 W\LD AT LEA/ 9DICATE SOME AW>5ESS ( :AT SOCIALISM MEANT - BUT IDEOLOGICALLY 9 T]MS ( APPROPRIATE TOOLS = BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 ,?US ,TROTSKY AS WELL AS DEF5D+ ! 0SUB/ITUTION0 ( 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,SOVIETS0 BY 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY0 ALSO DEF5D$ ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T 70,I CONSID] IF ! CIVIL W> HAD NOT PLUND]$ \R ECONOMIC ORGANS ( ALL ?AT WAS /RONGE/1 MO/ 9DEP5D5T1 MO/ 5D[$ ) 9ITIATIVE1 WE %\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE 5T]$ ! PA? ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION MU* SOON] & MU* LESS PA9FULLY07 & ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR 70! ONLY SOLUTION TO ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( BO? PR9CIPLE & ( PRACTICE IS TO TREAT ! POPULATION ( ! :OLE C\NTRY AS ! RES]VOIR ( ! NECESS>Y LABOR P[] .<444.> & TO 9TRODUCE /RICT ORD] 9TO ! WORK ( ITS REGI/RATION1 MOBILIZATION & UTILIZATION4074.<#i#h.> ,SU* P]SPECTIVES W]E HELP$ BY ,5GELS' 0,ON ,AU?ORITY0 & ! REF]5CE TO 09DU/RIAL >MIES0 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,!Y FAIL$4.<#i#i.> 

,SO RA!R ?AN BE+ DRIV5 BY CIVIL W>1 0= ! LEAD]%IP1 ! PR9CIPLE ( MAXIMUM C5TRALIZATION ( AU?ORITY S]V$ MORE ?AN EXP$I5CE4 ,IT CONSI/5TLY RESURFAC$ AS ! IMAGE ( A PEACETIME POLITICAL SY/EM AS WELL40.<#a.> ,?IS WAS TO BE EXPECT$ = ,L59 HAD LONG >GU$ ?AT C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION W]E ! MODEL = ! REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE &1 ONCE 9 P[]1 HE DID NOT DISAPPO9T4 

,H[EV]1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE C5TRALISM1 CANNOT HELP BUT PRODUCE BUREAUCRACY - H[ ELSE WILL ! C5TRAL BODIES GA!R & PROCESS ! NE$$ 9=MATION & IMPLEM5T ITS DECISIONS8 ,?US 0R$ TAPE & VA/ ADM9I/RATIVE (FICES TYPIFI$ ,SOVIET REALITY0 = AS ! 0FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE EXP&$1 SO DID ! BUREAUCRACY0 & SO 0FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION ! PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONAL PROLIF]ATION REA*$ UNPREC$5T$ HEI<TS40.<#a#a.> 

,IF ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD BE5 0OV]:ELM$0 BY ! DEM&S PLAC$ ON IT1 ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS COV]+ A F> GREAT] T]RITORIAL & FUNCTIONAL >EAS EXP]I5C$ = WORSE4 ,?US ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,F9ANCE WAS 0NOT ONLY BUREAUCRATICALLY CUMB]SOME1 BUT .<IT.> 9VOLV$ M\NTA9\S ACC\NT+ PROBLEMS0 & 0! V>I\S (FICES ( ! ,SOVN>KHOZ & COMMISS>IAT /RUCTURE .<W]E.> LIT]ALLY SWAMP$ ) 'URG5T' DELEGATIONS & SUBM]G$ 9 PAP]WORK04.<#a#b.> ,! ,VES5KA 0WAS DELUG$ ) WORK ( AN AD HOC *>ACT]01 DEM&S 0= FUEL & SUPPLIES PIL$ UP0 & FACTORIES 0DEM&$ 9/RUCTIONS04 ,ITS PRESIDIUM 0SC>CELY KNEW :AT ITS TASKS W]E04.<#a#c.> ,9 %ORT3 

0,! MO/ EVID5T %ORTCOM+ .<444.> WAS ?AT IT DID NOT 5SURE C5TRAL ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES & C5TRAL DI/RIBUTION ( \TPUT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ANY PRIORITY RANK+ .<444.> MAT]IALS W]E PROVID$ TO FACTORIES 9 >BITR>Y PROPORTIONS3 9 SOME PLACES !Y ACCUMULAT$1 :]EAS 9 O!RS !RE WAS A %ORTAGE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! L5G? ( ! PROC$URE NE$$ TO RELEASE ! PRODUCTS 9CREAS$ SC>CITY AT GIV5 MOM5TS1 S9CE PRODUCTS REMA9$ /OR$ UNTIL ! C5T] ISSU$ A PUR*ASE ORD] ON BEHALF ( A C5TRALLY DEF9$ CU/OM]4 ,UNUS$ /OCK COEXI/$ ) ACUTE SC>CITY4 ,! C5T] WAS UNABLE TO DET]M9E ! CORRECT PROPORTIONS AMONG NECESS>Y MAT]IALS & EV5TUALLY TO 5=CE IMPLEM5TATION ( ! ORD]S = !IR TOTAL QUANTITY4 ,! GAP BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE WAS SIGNIFICANT40.<#a#d.> 

,TO 5SURE C5TRALISM1 CU/OM]S HAD TO GO VIA A C5TRAL ORD]S COMMITTEE1 :I* W\LD !N PA/ ! DETAILS TO ! APPROPRIATE GLAVKI &1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 IT WAS 0UNABLE TO COPE ) !SE 5ORM\S TASKS0 & ! 0%ORTCOM+S ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIONS & GLAVKI 9CREAS$ TOGE!R ) ! NUMB] ( 5T]PRISES UND] !IR CONTROL04.<#a#e.> ,! 0C5T] LACK$ BASIC 9=MATION AB\T ! P]=MANCE ( ! ECONOMY0 & 0LACK$ ! KN[L$GE ON :I* TO JUDGE ! CO/S OR EFFECTS ( ! POLICIES IT PROPOS$40 ,ELEM5T>Y 9=MATION AB\T ! /ATE ( PRODUCTION 0C\LD NOT BE GA!R$0 & 0.<L.>ACK+ 9=MATION AB\T ! AVAILABILITY ( FUEL1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & LABOR & AB\T ! /ATE ( REPAIR ( EQUIPM5T1 ! GLAVKI ISSU$ BL9D PRODUCTION ORD]S40.<#a#f.> 

,FAC$ ) ! REALITIES RA!R ?AN RHETORIC ( C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N /RUCTURES EV5 ! MO/ COMMITT$ ,BOL%EVIK 5D$ UP ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! =MAL /RUCTURES JU/ TO GET ?+S DONE4.<#a#g.>,SU* LOCAL 9ITIATIVE CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ORD]S FROM ABOVE BUT REPEAT$ DEM&S = *ANGE W]E IGNOR$ = !Y 0*ALL5G$0 ! 0C5TRAL DIRECTIVES ( ! P>TY0 :I* 0APPROV$ ! PR9CIPLES ON :I* ! GLAVKI SY/EM WAS BAS$0 & 0! MAXIMUM C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION40 ,SO 0! FAILURE ( GLAVKISM DID NOT BR+ AB\T A RECONSID]ATION ( ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION .<444.> ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! IDEOLOGY ( C5TRALIZATION WAS RE9=C$40.<#a#h.> 

,:ILE ! SITUATION WAS PRETTY *AOTIC 9 E>LY #a#i#a#h1 ?IS DOES NOT PROVE ?AT ! FACTORY COMMITTEES' SOCIALISM WAS NOT ! MO/ EFFICI5T WAY ( RUNN+ ?+S UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#a#i.> ,UNLESS1 LIKE ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 Y\ HAVE A DOGMATIC BELIEF ?AT C5TRALIZATION IS ALWAYS MORE EFFICI5T &1 MOREOV]1 A PR9CIPLE ( SOCIALISM4 

,L59'S VISION ( SOCIALISM WAS IMPOV]I%$ BUT V]Y MU* 9 ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 ,SO RA!R ?AN BE+ UNCLE> ON :AT SOCIALISM WAS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD V]Y /RONG OP9IONS ON ! SUBJECT & S\<T TO IMPLEM5T !M4 ,! NET EFFECT ( ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION'S VISION ( SOCIALISM WAS TO BUILD /ATE-CAPITALISM & MAKE ! ECONOMIC CRISIS WORSE4 

,9 %ORT1 0.<F.>ROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,BOL%EVIK P[] !RE WAS ONLY A WEAK CORRELATION BETWE5 ! EXT5T ( 'PEACE' & ! MILDNESS OR SEV]ITY ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 BETWE5 ! 9T5SITY ( ! W> & ! 9T5SITY ( PROTO-W> COMMUNI/ MEASURES0 :ILE 0.<C.>ONSID]$ 9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS !RE WAS LITTLE TO DI/+UI% ! 'BREA?+ SPACE' 7,APRIL-,MAY #a#i#a#h7 FROM ! W> COMMUNISM ?AT FOLL[$40 ,! 0BREA?+ SPACE ( ! FIR/ MON?S ( #aib AFT] ! VICTORIES OV] ,KOL*AK & ,D5IK90 SAW !IR 09T5SIFICATION & ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR0 & 0NO S]I\S ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO REVIEW ! APTNESS ( W> COMMUNI/ POLICIES40 ,IDEOLOGY 0CON/ANTLY IMP+$ ON ! *OICES MADE AT V>I\S PO9TS ( ! CIVIL W>0 & SO 0,BOL%EVIK AU?ORIT>IANISM CANNOT BE ASCRIB$ SIMPLY TO ! ,CZ>I/ LEGACY OR TO ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,9DE$1 09 ! SOVIETS & 9 ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T ! EMBRYO ( C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC /ATE =MS HAD ALREADY EM]G$ BY MID-#a#i#a#h40.<#a#a.> 

,F9ALLY1 !RE IS A MAJOR IRONY 9 ?IS /&>D DEF5SE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS = ,L59I/S USUALLY 7& FALSELY7 ATTACK AN>*I/S = NOT RECOGNIZ+ ! NE$ TO DEF5D A REVOLUTION4 ,YET H]E WE HAVE !M RATIONALIZ+ ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORIT>IANISM BY REF]R+ TO SOME?+ - ,CIVIL ,W> - :I* !Y PROCLAIM IS AN 9EVITABLE ASPECT ( ANY REVOLUTION4 ,SO EV5 IF WE IGNORE ! AWKW>D FACT ?AT BE=E ,MAY #aiah ! REGIME WAS WELL ON ITS WAY TO A ONE-P>TY /ATE-CAPITALI/ DICTATOR%IP1 WE CAN ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT IF ,L59ISM CANNOT EXP]I5CE :AT IT 7RI<TLY7 PROCLAIMS IS 9EVITABLE )\T DEG5]AT+ !N IT IS BE/ AVOID$4 

,! ,/ATE & ! ,MASSES 

,! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( ! P>TY UNSPOK5 ( 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION - BO? 9 T]MS ( IDEOLOGY & 9 T]MS ( HOLD+ & EX]CIS+ P[] - PLAY$ ITS ROLE 9 ,BOL%EVIK ATTITUDES TO ! MASSES 9 :OSE NAME !IR RUL$4 ,L59 QUOTES ,5GELS3 

0,AS ! /ATE IS ONLY A TRANSITIONAL 9/ITUTION :I* IS US$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 9 ! REVOLUTION1 TO HOLD D[N ONE'S ADV]S>IES BY =CE1 IT IS %E] NONS5SE TO TALK ( A 'FREE PEOPLE'S /ATE'2 SO LONG AS ! PROLET>IAT /ILL NE$S ! /ATE1 IT DOES NOT NE$ IT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( FRE$OM BUT 9 ORD] TO HOLD D[N ITS ADV]S>IES0 7#c#e#f7 

,! PROBLEM IS ?AT 9 A ,/ATE IT IS NOT ! PEOPLE :O RULE BUT RA!R ?OSE :O MAKE UP ! GOV]NM5T & !SE1 9 TURN1 NE$ BODIES TO IMPLEM5T !IR DECISIONS4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & ! CREATION ( ! ,*EKA CONFIRM AN>*I/ PR$ICTIONS ?AT ! RUL+ P>TY W\LD NE$ AN >M$ =CE TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4 ,SO ,5GELS CONFUS$ ! NE$ TO DEF5D A REVOLUTION ) ! RUL+ P>TY SUPRESS+ ?OSE :O OPPOSE IT - 9CLUD+ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AS ,L59 EXPLA9$ 9 #a#i#b3 

0,)\T REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AV[$ 5EMIES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK D[N ! RESI/ANCE ( !SE EXPLOIT]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION IS B\ND TO BE EMPLOY$ T[>DS ! WAV]+ & UN/ABLE ELEM5TS AMONG ! MASSES !MSELVES40.<#a#a#a.> 

,:O DET]M9ES :AT !SE 0ELEM5TS0 >E8 ,! P>TY1 ( C\RSE4 ,! P>TY :I* WAS BUILT ON ! ASS]TION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT REA* SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS BY ITS [N EF=TS & :I* PL$G$ TO COMBAT SPONTANEITY AS ?IS REFLECT$ B\RGEOIS 9FLU5CES4 ,?US 0! ,P>TY1 %ALL WE SAY1 ABSORBS ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ?IS VANGU>D EX]CISES ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 = 09 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES0 ! PROLET>IAT 0IS /ILL SO DIVID$1 SO DEGRAD$1 & SO CORRUPT$ 9 P>TS0 ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP 0CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A VANGU>D04 ,! LESSON ( ! REVOLUTION WAS CLE>3 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ BY A MASS PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION40.<#a#a#b.> 

,YET1 AS ,L59 >GU$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 0IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE IS NO FRE$OM & NO DEMOCRACY :]E !RE IS SUPPRESSION & :]E !RE IS VIOL5CE40 ,HE WAS TALK+ ( ! 0FRE$OM ( ! OPPRESSORS1 ! EXPLOIT]S1 ! CAPITALI/S0 BUT IT EQUALLY APPLIES TO ! WORK+ CLASS - IF ! SO-CALL$ 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 I4E41 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! VANGU>D ( ! OPPRESS$ AS ! RUL+ CLASS0 7#c#g#c7 IS SUPPRESS+ ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF !N ?AT CLASS CANNOT BE ! RUL+ CLASS1 !N ITS SELF-PROCLAIM$ 0VANGU>D0 IS 9 FACT ! RUL+ CLASS & JU/ LIKE 0UND] CAPITALISM WE HAVE ! /ATE 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD1 ?AT IS1 A SPECIAL MA*9E = ! SUPPRESSION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R1 &1 :AT IS MORE1 ( ! MAJORITY BY ! M9ORITY40 7#c#g#d7 

,L59 DID1 9 PASS+1 M5TION ?IS 9 #aiag = HE TALKS ( ! 0ORGANIZ$ CONTROL OV] ! 9SIGNIFICANT CAPITALI/ M9ORITY0 & 0OV] ! WORK]S :O HAVE BE5 ?OR\<LY CORRUPT$ BY CAPITALISM0 7#c#h#c7 BUT HE FAIL$ TO 9DICATE ?AT ?IS LATT] CATEGORY WAS DEF9$ BY H[ MU* !Y AGRE$ ) ! P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,SOON IT AM\NT$ TO ! BULK ( ! WORK+ CLASS - & PRESSURE 0FROM ABOVE0 BY ! 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 UNSURPRIS+LY WAS /RONG] ?AN ?AT 0FROM BEL[0 BY ! CITIZ5S4 ,?AT ?IS M9ORITY WAS ! CLASS ( ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY - >M$ ) POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[] - DID NOT MAKE IT ANY LESS EXPLOITATIVE OR OPPRESSIVE4 

,?IS IS ! GRIM REALITY ( ,5GELS COMM5T ?AT A 0REVOLUTION IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN ?+ !RE IS2 IT IS AN ACT :]EBY ONE P>T ( ! POPULATION IMPOSES ITS WILL UPON ! O!R P>T BY MEANS ( RIFLES1 BAYONETS & CANNON1 ALL ( :I* >E HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS4 ,& ! VICTORI\S P>TY MU/ MA9TA9 ITS RULE BY MEANS ( ! T]ROR :I* ITS >MS 9SPIRE 9 ! REACTION>IES40 7#c#e#d7 ,IGNOR+ ! OBVI\S PO9T ?AT IT IS H>DLY AU?ORIT>IAN TO DE/ROY AN AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM 9 :I* A M9ORITY ( CONT9U\SLY IMPOSES IT WILL ON ! MAJORITY1 ,5GELS FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT 9 A ,/ATE ! 0VICTORI\S P>TY0 WILL NE$ TO MA9TA9 ITS RULE AGA9/ ! MANY AS WELL AS ! FEW4 

,SPACE PRECLUDES A COMPREH5SIVE ACC\NT ( LABOR PROTE/ UND] - & ,/ATE REPRESSION BY - ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 FROM ! SPR+ ( #aiah BO? W]E A REGUL> FEATURE ( LIFE 9 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ,RUSSIA4 ,WORK]S' PROTE/S & /RIKES REGUL>LY BECAME G5]AL 9 NATURE & ! ,BOL%EVIKS S5T 9 TROOPS & ! ,*EKA1 )HELD RATIONS1 MADE MASS FIR+S & SELECTIVE REHIR+S - ALL ?R\<\T ! CIVIL W> P]IOD :51 ACCORD+ TO ,L59I/S1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAD BECOME 0DECLASS$10 0ATOMIZ$0 OR HAD 0DISAPPE>$40.<#a#a#c.> ,9DE$1 ?IS >GUM5T WAS FIR/ RAIS$ BY ,L59 HIMSELF 0TO JU/IFY A POLITICAL CLAMP-D[N0 & AS 0DISCONT5T AMONG WORK]S BECAME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO IGNORE10 ,L59 BEGAN TO >GUE ?AT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD DET]IORAT$0 & ?AT 0WORK]S HAD BECOME 'DECLASS$4'0.<#a#a#d.> ,:ILE SELF-S]V+1 ?IS >GUM5T REFLECT$ ! NOTIONS RAIS$ 9 ,:AT IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 & ! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ! P>TY HOLDS 9 ,L59ISM - AS ! WORK]S DISAGRE$ ) ! P>TY BY DEF9ITION !Y W]E LACK+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & 0DECLASS$40 

,9 %ORT1 ,L59 WAS RI<T :5 HE >GU$ ?AT ! 0ESS5CE ( ! MATT]0 WAS HAS 0! OPPRESS$ CLASS >MS80 7#c#f#d7 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ) NEW ,/ATE & ITS V>I\S ACTIONS TO DISPOSSESS ! WORK+ CLASS ( ITS >MS1 TO REPLACE DEMOCRATIC MILITIAS ) A REGUL>-/YLE /&+ >MIES1 TO CREATE A POLITICAL-POLICE =CE4 ,:5 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 PROTE/S & /RIKES >E BE+ REPEAT$LY & SY/EMATICALLY REPRESS$1 IT IS A NONS5SE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS ! RUL+ CLASS - P>TICUL>LY :5 ?IS REPRESSION BEGAN SO SOON 9TO ! NEW REGIME4 

,ALT]NATIVES 

,IT MAY BE OBJECT$ ?AT WE >E 9DULG+ 9 >M-*AIR !ORIZ+ & ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIKS & NOT ! AN>*I/S :O W]E FAC+ CIVIL W> & IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TION %[S ?AT AN>*ISM %\LD1 AS ,TROTSKY PROCLAIM$1 BE CONSIGN$ 9TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY4 ,EXCEPT = TWO FACTS4 ,FIR/1 ! ,BOL%EVIK DESC5T 9TO AU?ORIT>IANISM PREC$$ ! CIVIL W> &1 SECOND1 AN>*I/S DID FACE ?OSE *ALL5GES & DID NOT SUCCUMB AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID4 

,WE HAVE %[N ! =M] & SPACE PRECLUDES A DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! LATT] BEYOND 9DICAT+ ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E FAC$ ! SAME 7>GUABLY WORSE7 PRESSURES & 5C\RAG$ SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T1 & SO ON :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS REPRESS$ !M4 ,AFT] HELP+ TO DEFEAT ! ,:ITES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BETRAY$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & CRU%$ !M AFT] YET MORE MON?S ( FI<T+4.<#a#a#e.> 

,?IS C\NT]-EXAMPLE - FLAW$ AS ANY REAL MOVEM5T W\LD BE COMP>$ TO ! IDEAL1 UND\BT$LY - %[S ?AT IDEAS & /RUCTURES MATT]4 ,?US PREJUDICES 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALIZATION1 NOTIONS ?AT 0TOP-D[N0 /RUCTURES REFLECT 0REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY01 IMPOV]I%$ VISIONS ( SOCIALISM1 ! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( ! P>TY1 ! CONFUSION ( DEF5D+ FRE$OM ) 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 ME?ODS1 ALL PLAY$ !IR P>T 9 ! FAILURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 

,REG>DLESS ( ,L59'S CLAIMS1 AN>*I/S DO NOT 5VISION 0OV]NI<T0 REVOLUTIONS4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 = EXAMPLE1 DID NOT COME TO ,RUSSIA 0EXPECT+ TO F9D ,AN>*ISM REALIZ$0 NOR DID %E 0EXPECT ,AN>*ISM TO FOLL[ 9 ! IMM$IATE FOOT/EPS ( C5TURIES ( DESPOTISM & SUBMISSION40 ,RA!R1 %E 0HOPE.<D.> TO F9D 9 ,RUSSIA AT LEA/ ! BEG9N+S ( ! SOCIAL *ANGES = :I* ! ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 F\<T0 & ?AT 0! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS AS A :OLE HAD D]IV$ ESS5TIAL SOCIAL BETT]M5T AS A RESULT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME40.<#a#a#f.> ,BO? HOPES W]E DA%$4 

,SO AN>*I/S DID NOT & DO NOT CONTRA/ ! REALITY ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA ) AN IMPOSSIBLE IDEAL ( A SWIFTLY CREAT$ UTOPIA4 ,RA!R1 ! ISSUE IS :E!R ! MASSES W]E BUILD+ A BETT] WORLD OR :E!R !Y SUBJECT TO A NEW M9ORITY REGIME4 ,REG>DLESS ( ,L59'S CLAIMS 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! LATT] WAS ! CASE 9 ! NEW 0SOVIET0 SY/EM ) ITS RUL+ P>TY1 M>G9ALIZ$ SOVIETS1 C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRACY1 APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE DICTATORIAL MANAG]S1 NATIONALIZATION1 & SO =?4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS MAY HAVE WON ! ,CIVIL ,W> BUT !Y LO/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! CONT9U$ MASS WORK+ CLASS PROTE/S FROM ! SPR+ ( #aiah ONW>D 7?AT IS1 DUR+ & AFT] ! CIVIL W>7 9DICATE ?AT !RE WAS A SOCIAL BASE UPON :I* AN ALT]NATIVE C\LD BE BAS$4 ,?IS W\LD 9VOLVE - AS AN>*I/S >GU$ AT ! TIME - KEEP+ ! SOVIETS AS DELEGATES FROM WORKPLACES & ACTUALLY ELIM9AT+ EXECUTIVE BODIES2 SUPPORT+ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES & !IR F$]ATIONS2 SUPPORT+ CU/OM] CO-OP]ATIVES2 KEEP+ DEMOCRATIC >M$ =CES2 PROTECT+ FRE$OM ( PRESS1 ASSEMBLY & ORGANIZATION2 IMPLEM5T+ SOCIALIZATION RA!R ?AN NATIONALIZATION4 ,9 %ORT1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT FRE$OM IS NOT AN OPTIONAL EXTRA DUR+ A REVOLUTION BUT ITS ONLY GU>ANTEE1 BY RECOGNIZ+ ! VALIDITY ( AN>*ISM - = IT DID NOT CORRECTLY PR$ICT ! FAILURES ( ,M>XISM BY ACCID5T4 

,F9ALLY1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[S ! BANKRUPTCY ( VANGU>DISM1 IT ALSO %[S ! PRESS+ NE$ = AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE AS AN>*I/S TO 9FLU5CE ! CLASS /RUGGLE4.<#a#a#g.> ,! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S - UNLIKE !IR ,UKRA9IAN COMRADES - DID NOT ORGANIZE SUFFICI5TLY & PAID ! PRICE4 ,RIS+ AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 #aiag C\LD NOT MAKE-UP = ! PREVI\S LACK ( SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATION & ACTIVITY )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ONLY AN>*I/S HAV+ A FIRM SOCIAL BASIS W\LD HAVE MEANT ! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION BECOM+ VICTORI\S AGA9/ BO? ,R$ & ,:ITE AU?ORITY4 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,IF1 AS ,L59 >GU$1 ! ,/ATE IS 0A P[] :I* >OSE FROM SOCIETY BUT PLACES ITSELF ABOVE IT & ALI5ATES ITSELF MORE & MORE FROM IT0 & 0CONSI/S ( SPECIAL BODIES ( >M$ M5 HAV+ PRISONS1 ETC41 AT !IR COMM&0 7#c#a#f7 !N ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS MO/ DEF9ITELY A ,/ATE444 9 ! NORMAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! NOTION ?AT IT WAS A SEMI-,/ATE OR SOME-SU* CANNOT BE SU/A9$ = FROM ! MOM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ+ P[] ! SOVIETS W]E M>G9ALIZ$ FROM DECISION MAK+ & TRANS=M$ FROM 0WORK+ BODIES0 9TO TALK+ %OPS :ILE ALL >\ND !M A 0NEW0 BUREAUCRACY GREW AT A /AGG]+ RATE & ! REGIME CREAT$ REGUL> >M$ =CES1 A SPECIALIZ$ >M$ POLITICAL POLICE =CE ) ITS [N PRISONS1 ETC4 

,! KEY DIFF]5CE IS ?AT RA!R ?AN BE+ AN 9/RUM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR FEUDAL >I/OCRACY AS HAD ! ,CZ>I/ ,/ATE IT REPLAC$1 IT WAS ! 9/RUM5T ( A NEW M9ORITY - ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,?IS RUL+ CLASS COMB9$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[] 9 ITS [N H&S & ! LATT] SL[LY BUT SURELY REPLAC+ ! =M] AS ! REAL P[] )9 ! NEW SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 

,:ILE MANY AN>*I/S CONC5TRATE ON ! ,KRON/ADT ,REBELLION ( E>LY #aiba 7PRESUMABLY BECAUSE NOT$ AN>*I/S LIKE ,GOLDMAN & ,B]KMAN >RIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#b71 ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS MADE MU* E>LI]4 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 FI<T+ = ITS LIFE FROM ! />T AS ! ANTI-,SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES ( ! REGIME EXPRESS$ !MSELVES RAPIDLY - )9 SIX MON?S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ! SO-CALL$ 0SEMI-,/ATE0 HAD ALL ! FEATURES ( ! ,/ATE 9 ! 0PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD0 & WELL ON ITS WAY TO ONE-P>TY DICTATOR%IP & /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS BO? WELL )9 A YE> & BY E>LY #aiai ! REALITY (1 & NECESSITY1 = P>TY DICTATOR%IP BECAME (FICIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,Z9OVIEV PROCLAIM$ IT AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL :ILE ,TROTSKY WAS /ILL >GU+ = ! 0OBJECTIVE NECESSITY0 ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY0.<#a#a#h.> 9TO ! LATE #a#i#cS4 ,! SO-CALL$ WORK]S' ,/ATE WAS NE$$ TO REPRESS ! WORK]S3 

0,! V]Y SAME MASSES >E AT DIFF]5T TIMES 9SPIR$ BY DIFF]5T MOODS & OBJECTIVES4 ,IT IS JU/ = ?IS REASON ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( ! VANGU>D IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,ONLY A P>TY1 WIELD+ ! AU?ORITY IT HAS WON1 IS CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ ! VACILLATION ( ! MASSES !MSELVES .<444.> IF ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MEANS ANY?+ AT ALL1 !N IT MEANS ?AT ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT IS >M$ ) ! RES\RCES ( ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO REPEL DANG]S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE EMANAT+ FROM ! BACKW>D LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF40.<#a#a#i.> 

,AS EV]YONE IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 0BACKW>D0 COMP>$ TO ! VANGU>D & 0VACILLATIONS0 GET EXPRESS$ BY ELECTIONS1 M&ATES & RECALL WE HAVE ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( ! VANGU>DISM ( ,L59'S ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 9 ,TROTSKY'S IMPLICIT ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT ! P>TY NE$S A ,/ATE 9 0! PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD10 ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT ! 0RUL+ CLASS0 9 ! 0NEW0 ,/ATE4 

,! REALITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION DID NOT REFLECT ! PROMISES MADE 9 #aiag YET WE >E /ILL REF]R$ TO ! LATT] BY MOD]N-DAY ,L59I/S4 ,YET LOOK+ CLOSELY AT !SE PROMISES1 AT ,L59'S ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 WE CAN SEE ! ROLE IDEOLOGY PLAY$ 9 ! DEG5]ATION4 ,IDEAS MATT] - P>TICUL>LY ! IDEAS ( ?OSE AT ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,/RUCTURES MATT] - P>TICUL> AS !SE >E NOT NEUTRAL BUT REFLECT CLASS 9T]E/S & NE$S AS WELL AS %AP+ ! DECISIONS MADE BY ?OSE 9 P[] & BY EI!R FO/]+ OR H9D]+ MEAN+FUL MASS P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIETY4 ,BO? ! IDEAS & /RUCTURES ADVOCAT$ BY ,L59 9 #aiag HAD !IR 7NEGATIVE7 IMPACT4 

,?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 9ITIALLY ELECT$ DID NOT UND]M9E ! DYNAMICS 9H]5T 9 ! C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES !Y FAVOR$ & BUILT4 ,A BLOAT$ BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE & A /ATE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY W]E 9EVITABLE GIV5 ! SIMPLI/IC ,M>XI/ =MULAS BELIEV$ 9 & ! /RUCTURES !Y FAVOR$4 ,RA!R ?AN ! PRESSURES ( CIVIL W> PRODUC+ ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORIT>IANISM1 ! REALITY IS ?AT ! COMB9ATION ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & ITS FAVOR$ 7C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N7 /RUCTURES :I* PRODUC$ ?IS \TCOME - & CONFIRM$ AN>*I/ !ORY4 

,9 A WAY1 !N1 ,L59 WAS RI<T WAS >GUE ?AT 0.<S.>O LONG AS ! /ATE EXI/S !RE IS NO FRE$OM4 ,:5 !RE IS FRE$OM1 !RE WILL BE NO /ATE40 7#c#g#i7 ,HIS ]ROR WAS ?9K+ ?AT A ,/ATE - A C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE DEVELOP$ BY ! FEW TO SECURE !IR RULE - C\LD BE UTILIZ$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY BY ! MANY4 ,EV5 :5 BAS$ ON WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS IT QUICKLY REV]T$ TO ITS ROLE - ( SECUR+ M9ORITY RULE1 9 ?IS CASE ?AT ( ! P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! BUREAUCRACY :I* ANY C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE G5]ATES4 ,AN>*I/ W>N+S W]E PROV5 RI<T & ONLY AN>*ISM (F]S A SOLUTION3 9 ! =M ( A F$]ALI/1 SELF-MANAG$1 BOTTOM-UP SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[S ?AT IT WAS NOT A CASE ( ! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION BUT RA!R ! ,/ATE OR ,REVOLUTION4 

.<#a.> 0,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION3 ,! ,M>XI/ ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,TASKS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,REVOLUTION01 ,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#g#e71 #c#a#a-#c#i#h4 

.<#b.> ,EXCELL5T AN>*I/ ANALYZES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9CLUDE3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,?OMAS ,Y4 ,CR[ELL ,COMPANY1 #a#i#g72 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? 7,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i72 ,VOL9E1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION 7,DETROIT_/,*ICAGO3 ,BLACK @& ,R$_/,SOLID>ITY1 #a#i#g#d72 ,G,P ,MAXIM(F1 ,! ,GUILLOT9E ,AT ,WORK3 ,! ,L59I/ ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION7,S&AY3 ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i72 ,IDA ,METT1 ,! ,KRON/ADT ,UPRIS+ 7,LONDON3 ,SOLID>ITY1 #a#i#f#g72 ,GOLDMAN & ,B]KMAN1 ,TO ,REMA9 ,SIL5T IS ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 9 ,RUSSIA 7,ATLANTA3 ,ON ,\R ,[N ,AU?ORITY61 #b#a#c74 

.<#c.> ,= ! #aie REVOLUTION1 SEE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S >TICLES 0,! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA01 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ,AN>*ISM0 & 0,5\< ( ,ILLUSIONS0 7,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL3 ,A ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,AN?OLOGY .<,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&_/,BALTIMORE3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#d.>74 ,= HIS REFUSAL TO TAKE SIDES 9 ! IMP]IALI/ ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE ,W>1 SEE 0,LA ,GU]RE RUSSO-JAPONAISE01 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #e ,M>* #a#i#d4 

.<#d.> ,SPACE PRECLUDES DISCUSS+ EV]Y ASPECT ( ?IS1 = FUR!R DISCUSSION SEE SECTION ,H ( ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q 7,A,F,A,Q7 VOLUME #b 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#b74 

.<#e.> ,M>X LAT] SUGGE/$ 79 #a#h#h#a7 ?AT IT WAS 0M]ELY ! RIS+ ( A CITY UND] EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,COMMUNE WAS 9 NO WISE SOCIALI/1 NOR C\LD IT BE40 ,K>L ,MAX & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,M>X-,5GELS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 7,M,E,C,W7 ,VOL4 #df 7,LONDON3 ,LAWR5CE @& ,WI%>T1 #a#i#i#b71 #ff 

.<#f.> ,PROP]TY IS ,!FT6 ,A ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON ,AN?OLOGY 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&_/,BALTIMORE3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#a71 #c#g#h-#i2 HE HAD >GU$ ?IS FROM ! V]Y FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION3 0WE >E ALL VOT]S .<444.> ,WE CAN DO MORE2 WE CAN FOLL[ !M /EP-BY-/EP 9 .<444.> !IR VOTES2 WE WILL MAKE !M TRANSMIT \R >GUM5TS .<444.>2 WE WILL SUGGE/ \R WILL TO !M1 & :5 WE >E DISCONT5T$1 WE WILL RECALL & DISMISS !M40 7#b#g#c7 

.<#g.> ,PR\DHON1 #d#d#g1 #f#i#h4 

.<#h.> ,PR\DHON1 #d#g1 #d#d#c-#d1 #g#b#d1 #g#e1 #g#f#c4 

.<#i.> ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #d#d#f4 

.<#a.> ,DONNY ,GLUCK/E91 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE3 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DEMOCRACY 7,LONDON3 ,BOOKM>KS1 #b#f71 #d#g-#h4 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY1 #b#h4 

.<#a#b.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 7,C,W7 #a#i3 #b#i#h4 

.<#a#c.> ,SEE ,KROPOTK9'S 0,SOCIALISM & ,POLITICS0 & O!R TEXTS 9CLUD$ 9 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL4 

.<#a#d.> ,! ,BASIC ,BAKUN93 ,WRIT+S #a#h#f#i-#g#a 7,BUFFALO3 ,PROME?US ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#d47 #a#h4 ,?AT !RE WAS NO REAL POSSIBILITY ( ELECTIONE]+ 9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA ALL[$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO AVOID ! FATE ( !IR SI/] P>TIES 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

.<#a#e.> ,IT MAY BE ! CASE ?AT 0EV]Y /ATE IS NOT 'FREE' & NOT A 'PEOPLE'S /ATE'0 BUT 0,M>X & ,5GELS EXPLA9$ ?IS REPEAT$LY TO !IR P>TY COMRADES 9 ! SEV5TIES0 7#c#b#c7 ONLY 9 PRIVATE LETT]S4 ,PUBLICLY1 ,D] ,VOLKS/AAT 7,! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE7 WAS ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY BETWE5 #ahfi & #ahgf & ,M>X & ,5GELS REGUL>LY CONTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,SO ! 0OPPORTUNI/0 NOTION ( A ,VOLK/AAT WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! P>TY MO/ 9FLU5C$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,MOREOV]1 0,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE0 WAS US$ 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT MOD]N-DAY ,L59I/S USE ! T]M 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE0 TO DESCRIBE !IR NEW REGIME4 ,OPPORTUNISM DOES NOT LIE1 SURELY1 9 ! WORDS US$8 

.<#a#f.> ,AS ,KAUTSKY NOT$ 9 #aiai 7,! ,ROAD TO ,P[]3 POLITICAL REFLECTIONS ON GR[+ 9TO ! REVOLUTION .<,ATLANTIC ,HI<L&S3 ,HUMANITIES ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f.> #c#d1 XLVIII74 

.<#a#g.> ,?IS1 BY NECESSITY1 IS JU/ A SELECTION ( ! EVID5CE4 ,SEE SECTION ,H4#c4#a ( ,AN ,A,F,A,Q = FUR!R ANALYSIS4 ,= A SIMIL> ACC\NT BUT FROM A MORE-OR-LESS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE1 SEE ,B9AY ,S>K] & ,ADAM ,BUICK1 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM - ,POLES ,AP>T 7,MEM>I3 ,AV5EL ,PRESS1 #b#a#b74 

.<#a#h.> ,JULIUS ,M>TOV1 LEAD] ( ! ,M5%EVIK-,9T]NATIONALI/S1 NOT$ ?IS 9 HIS IMPORTANT CRITIQUE ( ,L59 70,DECOMPOSITION OR ,CONQUE/ ( ! ,/ATE01 ,! ,/ATE & ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW1 #a#i#c#h.>1 #d-#a74 

.<#a#i.> ,M,E,C,W #e3 #b#g#f4 

.<#b.> ,M,E,C,W #d#g3 #g#d2 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE IS REFLECT$ A PASSAGE 9 A DRAFT ( ,M>X'S ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 7,M,E,C,W #b#b3 #e#c#c74 

.<#b#a.> ,PR\DHON1 #b#b#f4 

.<#b#b.> ,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY1 #i4 

.<#b#c.> ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #e#e#c2 ALSO SEE SECTIONS ,H4#c4#e & ,I4#b4#b ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#b#d.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*Y 7,OAKL&_/,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#h71 #a#i#i1 #b#b#g1 #c#f#e4 

.<#b#e.> ,LA F$]ATION ET L'UNITE 5 ,ITALIE 7,P>IS3 ,E4 ,D5TU1 #a#h#f#b71 #b#g-#h4 

.<#b#f.> ,PR\DHON1 #c#c4 

.<#b#g.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #b#f#i4 

.<#b#h.> ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #e#i4 

.<#b#i.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #c#f#f3 0,ATTACKS UPON ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES1 /RIPP+ !SE ( !IR PR]OGATIVES1 DE-C5TRALIZATION1 DISP]S+ AU?ORITY W\LD HAVE AM\NT$ TO AB&ON+ ITS AFFAIRS TO ! PEOPLE & W\LD HAVE RUN ! RISK ( A G5U9ELY POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,:I* IS :Y ! B\RGEOISIE IS \T TO /R5G!N ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T /ILL FUR!R0 & :Y ! WORK+ CLASS1 0NOT AB\T TO ABDICATE !IR RI<TS TO ! C>E ( ! FEW1 WILL SEEK SOME NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT ALL[S !M TO MANAGE !IR AFFAIRS = !MSELVES04 7,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #b#c#b1 #b#b#h7 

.<#c.> ,BAKUN91 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S3 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,$9BUR<_/,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS #b#e71 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 7$471 #a#f#b4 

.<#c#a.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #a#f#d4 

.<#c#b.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,AN>*Y 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b#a7 #d#b-#c4 

.<#c#c.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 #a#f#d2 ALSO SEE SECTION ,H4#b4#a ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#c#d.> ,SEE SECTION ,H4#c4#i ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#c#e.> ,BAKUN91 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 #a#i#e4 

.<#c#f.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S 7,LONDON3 ,JONA?AN ,CAPE1 #a#i#g#c7 #b#f#e4 

.<#c#g.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #a#f#i4 

.<#c#h.> 0,LETT] TO ,ALB]T ,RI*>D01 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,NO4 #f#b1 #a#h4 

.<#c#i.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #a#f#d4 

.<#d.> ,BAKUN91 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 #a#h#a4 

.<#d#a.> 0,L',ACTION DIRECTE ET LA ,GREVE G5]ALE 5 ,RUSSIE10 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #b ,DECEMB] #a#i#e4 

.<#d#b.> ,TROTSKY1 ,/AL93 ,AN ,APPRAISAL ( ! MAN & HIS 9FLU5CE 7,LONDON3 ,PAN!R ,HI/ORY1 #a#i#f#i7 #a3 #a#f2 ,ANWEIL]1 ,! ,SOVIETS3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S1 ,PEASANTS1 & ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS #a#i#e-#a#i#b#a 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE1 #a#i#g#d7 #g#g-#i4 

.<#d#c.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,! ,ME?OD ( ,FRE$OM3 ,AN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A ,READ] 7,OAKL&_/,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#d71 #b#a2 ALSO SEE SECTION ,J4#b ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#d#d.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #a#h#i-#a#i4 

.<#d#e.> ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N1 #a#f#i4 

.<#d#f.> ,MALATE/A1 #c#g#i1 #c#h#e4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ( ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS ONLY ! ,C,G,T 9 ,FRANCE SUPPORT$ ! W> - UNLIKE ! VA/ ! MAJORITY ( ,M>XI/ P>TIES & UNIONS 7SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ,C,G,T WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,M>XI/ ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL74 

.<#d#g.> ,AS REG>DS ,L59'S REJECTION ( ,5GELS POSITION1 SEE 0,:AT ,L59 ,MADE ( ! ,TE/AM5T ( ,5GELS0 BY ! EX-COMMUNI/ ,B]TRAM ,D4 ,WOLFE 7,M>XISM3 ,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S 9 ! ,LIFE ( A ,DOCTR9E .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,DIAL ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e.>74 

.<#d#h.> ,ALSO SEE SECTION ,H4#c4#a#d ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#d#i.> ,= A CRITIQUE ( ,5GELS' >TICLE1 SEE SECTION ,H4#d ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#e.> ,M,E,C,W #b#c3 #d#b#c4 

.<#e#a.> ,SEE SECTION ,H4#c4#a#c ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#e#b.> ,PR\DHON1 ,PROP]TY1 #c#g#g-#h4 

.<#e#c.> ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #c#b4 

.<#e#d.> ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #a#f#e1 #e#b#g4 

.<#e#e.> ,SEE SECTION ,H4#c4#a#a ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#e#f.> ,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY1 #b#d4 

.<#e#g.> ,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY1 #b#h-#i4 

.<#e#h.> ,TROTSKY1 ,/AL9 #a3 #c#e4 

.<#e#i.> ,= A CRITIQUE ( VANGU>DISM1 SEE SECTION ,H4#e ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#f.> ,:ILE RECOGNIZ+ ! NE$ = AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE TO 9FLU5CE ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ,BAKUN9 ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT PEOPLE LE>N ?R\< /RUGGLE & DRAW SOCIALI/ CONCLUSIONS1 SEE ,BASIC ,BAKUN91 #a#a-#c 

.<#f#a.> ,C,W #h3 #d#g#d1 #d#g#h1 #d#h1 #d#h#a4 

.<#f#b.> QUOT$ BY ,ANWEIL]1 #g#g4 

.<#f#c.> ,C,W #a#b3 #d#c-#d4 

.<#f#d.> ,C,W #g3 #c#f#g4 

.<#f#e.> ,C,W #g3 #c#i#f-#g4 

.<#f#f.> ,SPACE EXCLUDES A DISCUSSION ( ! FALSE NATURE ( SU* NOTIONS AS %[N BY LIMITATIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#g1 SEE SECTION ,H4#e4#a#b ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#f#g.> ,TROTSKY1 #a#a4 

.<#f#h.> ,TROTSKY1 #b#i#h4 

.<#f#i.> ,WE QUOTE EXCLUSIVELY FROM ACADEMIC ACC\NTS ( ! NEW REGIME AS !SE CONFIRM ! ANALYSIS PRES5T$ BY AN>*I/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 COMP>E ! ACC\NTS ( BUREAUCRATIC P>ALYZES PRES5T$ BEL[ TO ! SUMM>IES BY ,GOLDMAN 9 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ON PAGES #ii & #bec & ,KROPOTK9 9 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL ON #di & #e#h#d4 

.<#g.> ,GIV5 ! SIZE ( ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY )9 ! POPULATION1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO GA9 A MAJORITY 9 ! REPUBLIC !Y HAD SUPPORT$ PREVI\SLY 7&1 9DE$1 !Y RECEIV$ #b#e.0 ( ! VOTE TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY :ILE ! PEASANT P>TY1 ! ,S,RS1 RECEIV$ #e#g.074 ,GA9+ A MAJORITY 9 ! URBAN SOVIETS ELECT$ BY WORK]S & SOLDI]S WAS FEASIBLE & MAY EXPLA9 ,L59'S NEW P]SPECTIVE 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! NEW REGIME GAVE PRIORITY TO URBAN WORK]S & BUILT 9 AN 9/ITUTIONAL BIAS 9 VOT+ ( APPROXIMATELY FIVE-TO-ONE AGA9/ ! PEASANTS44 ,:ILE FITT+ = A ,M>XI/ P>TY & ITS PREJUDICES AGA9/ ! PEASANTRY1 ?IS HELP$ TO ALI5ATE ! BULK ( ! POPULATION AGA9/ ! NEW REGIME - AN ALI5ATION RE9=C$ BY NUM]\S O!R ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES SU* AS ! CREATION ( 0POOR PEASANTS' COMMITTEES0 & ! =C$ REQUISITION ( FOOD 7DRIV51 9 P>T1 DUE TO LACK ( GOODS TO TRADE ) ! PEASANTS1 A LACK ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMIC POLICIES MADE WORSE74 ,BOL%EVIK ATTITUDES TO ! PEASANTS UND\BT$LY MADE ! SITUATION WORSE4 

.<#g#a.> ,S4,A4 ,SMI?1 ,REVOLUTION & ! ,PEOPLE 9 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A3 ,A ,COMP>ATIVE ,HI/ORY 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#h71 #b#a4 ,ALSO SEE SECTION ,H4#f ( ,A,F,A,Q = A FULL] DISCUSSION ( !SE EV5TS4 

.<#g#b.> ,C,W #b#f3 #a#i4 

.<#g#c.> ,ROB]T ,V4 ,DANIELS 7$471 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,COMMUNISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f7 #a3 #a#b#h-#i4 

.<#g#d.> ,*>LES ,DUVAL1 0,YAKOV ,M4 ,SV]DLOV & ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ,SOVIETS 7,V,TS,I,K701 ,SOVIET ,/UDIES1 ,X,X,X,I1 #a4 

.<#g#e.> ,C>M5 ,SIRIANNI1 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL & ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY 7,LONDON3 ,V]SO_/,N,L,B1 #a#i#h#b71 #b#d4 

.<#g#f.> ,RI*>D ,SAKWA1 0,! ,COMMUNE ,/ATE 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#a#h10 ,SLAVIC ,REVIEW #d#f1 #c_/#d3 #d#c#g-#h4 

.<#g#g.> ,ANWEIL]1 #b#d#b4 

.<#g#h.> ,AS ,KROPOTK9 NOT$1 0,IT IS (T5 ?\<T ?AT IT W\LD BE EASY = A REVOLUTION TO ECONOMIZE 9 ! ADM9I/RATION BY R$UC+ ! NUMB] ( (FICIALS4 ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY NOT ! CASE DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#c1 :I* ) EA* YE> EXT5D$ ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 OV] 9/RUCTION1 JUDGES PAID BY ! ,/ATE1 ! ADM9I/RATION PAID \T ( ! TAXES1 AN IMM5SE >MY1 & SO =?40 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7,MONTREAL_/,NEW ,YORK3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i7 #dd 

.<#g#i.> ,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION ,>M$ 7,LONDON3 ,NEW ,P>K ,PUBLICATIONS1 #a#i#g#i7 #a3 #d#g4 

.<#h.> ,ISRAEL ,GETZL]1 ,M>TOV3 ,A ,POLITICAL ,BIOGRAPHY ( A ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT 7,C>LTON3 ,MELB\RNE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g7 #a#g#i2 2 ,VLADIMIR ,BROVK91 0,! ,M5%EVIKS' ,POLITICAL ,COMEBACK3 ,! ,ELECTIONS TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CITY ,SOVIETS 9 ,SPR+ #a#i#a#h10 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVIEW #d#b1 #a2 ,LEON>D ,S*APIRO1 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,AUTOCRACY 3 ,POLITICAL ,OPPOSITION 9 ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE3 ,! ,FIR/ ,PHASE1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#b 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FR$]ICK ,A4 ,PRAEG]1 #a#i#f#e71 #a#i#a2 ,SILVANA ,MALLE1 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a7.<,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#b71 #c#f#f-#g2 ,DUVAL1 #a#c-#a#d4 

.<#h#a.> ,ALEX&] ,RAB9[IT*1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,P[]3 ,! FIR/ YE> ( ,SOVIET RULE 9 ,PETROGRAD 7,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#g7 #b#d#h-#b#e#b2 ALSO SEE ,VLADIMIR ,N4 ,BROVK91 ,! ,M5%EVIKS ,AFT] ,OCTOB]3 ,SOCIALI/ ,OPPOSITION & ! ,RISE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,DICTATOR%IP 7,I?ACA3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g71 #b#c#h-#d#c4 

.<#h#b.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E HAPPY ) ! BUREAUCRACY !Y FAIL$ TO ANTICIPATE4 ,QUITE ! REV]SE AS !Y D5\NC$ IT REPEAT$LY :ILE FLAIL+ >\ND = SOME K9D ( SOLUTION4 ,YET BL9D$ BY SIMPLI/IC ,M>XI/ NOTIONS1 !Y C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ BETT] ?AN ORGANIZATIONAL & POLICE ME?ODS - NEW BODIES >E ORGANIZ$ TO OV]SEE ! EXI/+ BUREAUCRATIC ONES1 ONLY TO BECOME BUREAUCRATIC !MSELVES2 O!R BODIES >E 5L>G$ OR WORK]S ADD$ TO !M1 ONLY = ! PROBLEMS TO WORS52 MORE C5TRALIZATION IS IMPLEM5T$1 RESULT+ 9 MORE BUREAUCRACY4 ,! CONFLICT ) ! BUREAUCRACY IS F9ALLY RESOLV$ AFT] ,L59'S DEA? - ) ! COMPLETE VICTORY ( ! BUREAUCRATS UND] ,/AL9 :O !N USES ! REPRESSIVE TE*NIQUES P]FECT$ UND] ,L59 AGA9/ ! LEFT-W+ OPPOSITION & ! WORK+ CLASS )9 ! P>TY ITSELF4 

.<#h#c.> ,MALLE1 #i#e1 #d#e-#f1 #b#a#h4 

.<#h#d.> ,?OMAS ,F4 ,REM+TON1 ,BUILD+ ,SOCIALISM 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA3 ,IDEOLOGY & ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a 7,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR< ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d7 #c#h4 

.<#h#e.> ,MALLE1 #i#d4 

.<#h#f.> ,C,W #b#g3 #c#a#f4 

.<#h#g.> ,C,W #b#g3 #b#f#g-#i4 

.<#h#h.> ,C,W #b#g3 #c#d1 #c#d#a1 #c#e#d2 ,ALSO SEE ,MAURICE ,BR9TON'S CLASSIC ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL = AN EXCELL5T DISCUSSION ( ?IS SUBJECT 7,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]3 ,! ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,MAURICE ,BR9TON .<,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#d.>74 

.<#h#i.> ,C,W #b#g3 #h#h-#i4 

.<#i.> ,RAB9[IT*1 #c#i#f1 #b#h#h1 #d#d#b1 #c#h2 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 0ALL[$ SO-CALL$ COMMITTEES ( POOR PEASANTS TO BE REPRES5T$ AT ! CONGRESS0 & ?IS 0BLATANT G]RYM&]+ 5SUR$ A ,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY40 7,GE(FREY ,SWA91 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>.<,LONDON_/,NEW ,YORK3 ,LONGMAN1 #a#i#i#f.>1 #a#g#f74 

.<#i#a.> ,! ,S]GE-,TROTSKY ,PAP]S 7,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d71 #a#h#h2 IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ,S]GE KEPT HIS HORROR WELL-HIDD5 ?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD - & WELL 9TO ! #a#i#cS 7SEE MY 0,! ,WOR/ ( ! ,AN>*I/S01 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,NO4 #f#a74 

.<#i#b.> ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD & ,OPPRESS$ ,PEOPLES1 ,UNITE6 ,PROCE$+S & ,DOCUM5TS ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 #aib 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PA?F9D]1 #a#i#i#a7 #a3 #a#e#a-#b2 ,L59 MADE SIMIL> COMM5TS 9 ! WORK ,LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISMWRITT5 = ?AT ,CONGRESS 7,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY1 #e#f#g-#h1 #e#g#a-#c7 

.<#i#c.> ,SPACE EXCLUDES A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ,M5%EVIK & O!R OPPOSITION TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEYOND NOT+ ?AT ! ,M5%EVIK'S (FICIAL POSITION WAS TO OPPOSE >M$ REBELLIONS 9 FAVOR ( W9N+ A MAJORITY 9 ! SOVIETS 7ANY P>TY MEMB]S :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 SU* REVOLTS W]E SWIFTLY EXPELL$73 0,! *>GE ?AT ! ,M5%EVIKS W]E NOT PREP>$ TO REMA9 )9 LEGAL LIMITS IS P>T ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS' CASE2 IT DOES NOT SURVIVE AN EXAM9ATION ( ! FACTS40 7,S*APIRO1 #c#e#e7 

.<#i#d.> ,REM+TON1 #a#e#c-#d4 

.<#i#e.> ,C,W #c3 #d#e#f4 

.<#i#f.> ,C,W #c3 #e#c-#d4 

.<#i#g.> ,JONA?AN ,AVES1 ,WORK]S ,AGA9/ ,L593 ,LABOR ,PROTE/ & ! ,BOL%EVIK ,DICTATOR%IP 7,LONDON3 ,TAURIS ,ACADEMIC ,/UDIES1 #a#i#i#f7 #c#g4 

.<#i#h.> ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM3 ,A ,REPLY TO ,K>L ,KAUTSKY 7,ANN ,>BOR1 ,M,I3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a71 #a#i1 #a#f#b-#c1 #a#c#e4 

.<#i#i.> ,TROTSKY APPLI$ HIS IDEAS ON ! RAILWAY WORK]S :I* L$ TO ! 0IGNORANCE ( DI/ANCE & ! 9ABILITY TO RESPOND PROP]LY TO LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES .<444.> ',I HAVE NO 9/RUCTIONS' BECAME ALL ! MORE EFFECTIVE AS A DEF5SIVE & SELF-PROTECTIVE RATIONALIZATION AS P>TY (FICIALS VE/$ ) UNILAT]AL P[] 9SI/$ ALL !IR ORD]S BE /RICTLY OBEY$4 ,*EKA RU?LESSNESS 9/ILL$ FE>1 BUT REPRESSION .<444.> ONLY IMPAIR$ ! EX]CISE ( 9ITIATIVE ?AT DAILY OP]ATIONS REQUIR$40 ,WILLIAM ,G4 ,ROS5B]G1 0,! ,SOCIAL ,BACKGR\ND TO ,TSEKTRAN10 ,P>TY1 ,/ATE1 & ,SOCIETY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> 7,9DIANA3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i71 ,DIANE ,P4 ,KO5K]1 ,WILLIAM ,G4 ,ROS5B]G & ,RONALD ,GRIGOR ,SUNY 7$S471 #c#f#i4 ,MILIT>IZATION WAS IMPOS$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aib :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY A DISA/R\S COLLAPSE ( ! RAILWAY NETWORK 9 ! W9T]4 0,! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL & ! GUILLOT9E C\LD NOT MAKE UP = ! LACK ( A CON/RUCTIVE COMMUNI/ !ORY10 ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 #d#i#i4 

.<#a.> ,REM+TON1 #i#a4 

.<#a#a.> ,RI*>D ,SAKWA1 ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,P[]3 A /UDY ( ,MOSC[ DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 #a#i#a#h-#b#a 7,BAS+/OKE3 ,MACMILLAN1 #a#i#h#g71 #a#i-#a4 

.<#a#b.> ,WILLIAM ,G4 ,ROS5B]G1 0,! ,SOCIAL ,BACKGR\ND TO ,TSEKTRAN10 #c#e#g4 

.<#a#c.> ,REM+TON1 #f#a-#b4 

.<#a#d.> ,MALLE1 #b#c#c4 

.<#a#e.> ,MALLE1 #b#c#b1 #b#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,REM+TON1 #a#e#d4 

.<#a#g.> ,IRONICALLY1 ! 0RUN-D[N ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & ! BUREAUCRATIC ME?ODS APPLI$ TO PRODUCTION ORD]S & F9ANCIAL E/IMATES0 MADE ! SUPPLY SY/EM BAS$ ON GLAVKI 0UNRELIABLE0 & 9/EAD ! ,R$ ,>MY 0/>T$ RELY+ DIRECTLY0 ON CRAFT CO-OP]ATIVES1 A SECTOR :I* 0DEVELOP$ TO A L>GE EXT5T BECAUSE IT 9VOLV$ A SMALL] AM\NT ( BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URE40 7,MALLE1 #d#g#g-#h7 

.<#a#h.> ,MALLE ,! ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a1 #b#g#a1 #b#g#e4 

.<#a#i.> ,RATES ( 0\TPUT & PRODUCTIVITY BEGAN TO CLIMB /EADILY AFT]0 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 0.<I.>N SOME FACTORIES1 PRODUCTION D\BL$ OR TRIPL$ 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #a#i#a#h0 & 0.<M.>ANY ( ! REPORTS EXPLICITLY CR$IT$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES = !SE 9CREASES40 7,SIRIANNI1 #a#i7 ,!RE IS 0EVID5CE ?AT UNTIL LATE #a#i#a#i1 SOME FACTORY COMMITTEES P]=M$ MANAG]IAL TASKS SUCCESSFULLY4 ,9 SOME REGIONS FACTORIES W]E /ILL ACTIVE ?ANKS TO !IR WORK]S' 9ITIATIVES 9 SECUR+ RAW MAT]IALS40 7,MALLE1 #a#a7 ,:ILE ?IS MAY BE DISMISS$ AS SPECULATION BAS$ ON A FEW EXAMPLES1 WE CANNOT AVOID RECOGNIZ+ ?AT TURN+ ! ECONOMY OV] TO ! BUREAUCRACY CO9CID$ ) ! DEEP5+ ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS4 

.<#a#a.> ,SAKWA1 #b#d1 #b#g1 #c1 #i#f-#g4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,C,W #d#b3 #a#g4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,C,W #c#b3 #b-#a4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,SEE SECTION ,H4#f4#c ( ,A,F,A,Q = AN ACC\NT ( ! MASSIVE & FREQU5T LABOR PROTE/S - & SUBSEQU5T REPRESSION - UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ALSO CLAMP$ D[N EV5 ADVISORY BODIES !Y !MSELVES SET UP4 ,9 HIS #aib DIATRIBE AGA9/ ,LEFT-W+ ,COMMUNISM1 ,L59 PO9T$ TO 0NON-,P>TY WORK]S' & PEASANTS' CONF]5CES0 & ,SOVIET ,CONGRESSES AS MEANS BY :I* ! P>TY SECUR$ ITS RULE4 ,YET1 IF ! CONGRESSES ( SOVIETS W]E 0DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ! LIKE ( :I* EV5 ! BE/ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICS ( ! B\RGEOIS HAVE NEV] KN[N01 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD HAVE NO NE$ TO 0SUPPORT1 DEVELOP & EXT5D0 NON-,P>TY CONF]5CES 0TO BE ABLE TO OBS]VE ! TEMP] ( ! MASSES1 COME CLOS] TO !M1 MEET !IR REQUIREM5TS1 PROMOTE ! BE/ AMONG !M TO /ATE PO/S04 7,! ,L59 ,AN?OLOGY1 #e#g#c7 ,YET EV5 !SE W]E TOO MU* = ! ,BOL%EVIKS = DUR+ ! LABOR PROTE/S & /RIKES ( LATE #aib 0!Y PROVID$ AN EFFECTIVE PLAT=M = CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES0 & !Y 0W]E DISCONT9U$ SOON AFT]W>DS40 7,SAKWA1 #b#c7 

.<#a#a#d.> ,AVES1 #a#h1 #i4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,PET] ,>%9OV1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g72 ,MI*AEL ,MALET1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 ! ,RUSSIAN CIVIL W> 7,LONDON3 ,MAC,MILLAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#b472 ,ALEX&RE ,SKIRDA1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO3 ,AN>*Y'S ,COSSACK -- ,! ,/RUGGLE = ,FREE ,SOVIETS 9 ! ,UKRA9E #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#d74 

.<#a#a#f.> ,GOLDMAN1 XLVII4 

.<#a#a#g.> ,SEE SECTION ,J4#c ( ,A,F,A,Q4 

.<#a#a#h.> ,WRIT+S ( ,LEON ,TROTSKY #a#i#c#f-#c#g 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PA?F9D] ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h71 #e#a#c-#d4 

.<#a#a#i.> 0,! ,MORALI/S & ,SYCOPHANTS AGA9/ ,M>XISM10 ,!IR ,MORALS & ,\RS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PA?F9D]1 #a#i#g#c71 #e#i4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bba 3 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/