,SECTION #f 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,?OMAS ,HAWK1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ! MOD]N B>B>IANS W]E TO DE/ROY ALL ?AT CIVILIZATION ( ! CITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,!SE B>B>IANS DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 ANNIHILAT+ IT1 BUT 9 HALT+ ITS PROGRESS AT LEA/ TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES4 ,!Y LAUN*$ IT 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION1 9 :I* HUMANITY IS /RUGGL+ AT ?IS MOM5T )\T KN[+ H[ TO ESCAPE4 

,!Y SUBJECT$ ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!Y DEPRIV$ HIM ( ALL HIS LIB]TIES1 !Y EXPECT$ HIM TO =GET ALL HIS UNIONS BAS$ ON FREE >GUM5T & FREE 9ITIATIVE4 ,!IR AIM WAS TO LEVEL ! :OLE ( SOCIETY TO A COMMON SUBMISSION TO ! MA/]4 ,!Y DE/ROY$ ALL TIES BETWE5 M51 DECL>+ ?AT ! ,/ATE & ! ,*UR* ALONE1 MU/ H5CE=? CREATE UNION BETWE5 !IR SUBJECTS2 ?AT ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE ALONE HAVE ! TASK ( WAT*+ OV] ! 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 JUDICIAL1 >TI/IC1 EMOTIONAL 9T]E/S1 = :I* M5 ( ! TWELF? C5TURY W]E ACCU/OM$ TO UNITE DIRECTLY4 

,& :O >E !SE B>B>IANS8 ,IT IS ! ,/ATE3 ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE1 F9ALLY CON/ITUT$1 ( ! MILIT>Y *IEF1 ! ,ROMAN JUDGE & ! PRIE/ - ! ?REE CON/ITUT+ A MUTUAL ASSURANCE = DOM9ATION - ! ?REE1 UNIT$ 9 ONE P[] :I* WILL COMM& 9 ! NAME ( ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY - & WILL CRU% ?AT SAME SOCIETY4 

,ONE NATURALLY ASKS ONESELF1 H[ W]E !SE NEW B>B>IANS ABLE TO OV]COME ! COMMUNES1 HI!RTO SO P[]FUL8 ,:]E DID !Y F9D ! /R5G? = CONQUE/8 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE !Y F\ND IT 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,JU/ AS ! COMMUNES ( ,ANCI5T ,GREECE PROV$ UNABLE TO ABOLI% SLAV]Y1 & = ?AT REASON P]I%$ - SO ! COMMUNES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES FAIL$ TO FREE ! PEASANT FROM S]FDOM AT ! SAME TIME AS ! T[NSMAN4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 AT ! TIME ( HIS EMANCIPATION1 ! T[NSMAN - HIMSELF A F>M+ CRAFTSMAN - HAD S\<T TO C>RY ! C\NTRY FOLK ) HIM TO HELP HIM ?R[ (F ! YOKE4 ,= TWO C5TURIES1 ! T[NSM5 9 ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 & ,G]MANY W]E 5GAG$ 9 A BITT] W> AGA9/ ! FEUDAL LORDS4 ,FEATS ( H]OISM & P]SEV]ANCE W]E DISPLAY$ BY ! BUR<]S 9 ?AT W> ON ! CA/LES4 ,!Y BL$ !MSELVES :ITE TO BECOME MA/]S ( ! CA/LES ( FEUDALISM & TO CUT D[N ! FEUDAL =E/ ?AT SURR\ND$ !M4 

,BUT !Y ONLY P>TIALLY SUCCE$$4 ,W>-WE>Y1 !Y F9ALLY MADE PEACE OV] ! HEADS ( ! PEASANTS4 ,TO BUY PEACE1 !Y H&$ OV] ! PEASANTS TO ! LORD AS LONG AS HE LIV$ \TSIDE ! T]RITORY CONQU]$ BY ! COMMUNE4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY !Y 5D$ BY ACCEPT+ ! LORD AS BUR<]1 ON CONDITION ?AT HE CAME TO LIVE 9 ! COMMUNE4 ,ELSE:]E !Y F9I%$ BY %>+ HIS DOM9ION OV] ! PEASANT4 ,& ! LORD TOOK HIS REV5GE ON ?IS 'L[ RABBLE' ( ! T[NS1 :OM HE HAT$ & DESPIS$1 MAK+ BLOOD FL[ ON ! /REETS BY /RUGGLES & ! PRACTICE ( RETALIATION AMONG NOBLE FAMILIES1 :I* DID NOT BR+ !IR DIFF]5CES BE=E ! SYNDICS & ! COMMUNAL JUDGES BUT SETTL$ !M ) ! SWORD1 9 ! /REET1 DRIV+ ONE SECTION ( T[N-DWELL]S AGA9/ ANO!R4 

,! LORD ALSO DEMORALIZ$ ! COMMUNE ) HIS FAVORS1 BY 9TRIGUES1 HIS LORDLY WAY ( LIFE & BY HIS $UCATION RECEIV$ AT ! ,C\RT ( ! BI%OP OR ! K+4 ,HE 9DUC$ IT TO %>E HIS AMBITIONS4 ,& ! BUR<] 5D$ BY IMITAT+ ! LORD4 ,HE BECAME 9 HIS TURN A LORD1 HE TOO GETT+ RI* FROM DI/ANT COMM]CE OR FROM ! LABOR ( ! S]FS P5N$ UP 9 ! VILLAGES4 

,AFT] :I*1 ! PEASANT ?REW 9 HIS LOT ) ! K+S1 ! EMP]ORS1 BUDD+ CZ>S & ! POPES :5 !Y SET AB\T BUILD+ !IR K+DOMS & SUBJECT+ ! T[NS4 ,:]E ! PEASANT DID NOT M>* UND] !IR ORD]S NEI!R DID HE OPPOSE !M4 

,IT IS 9 ! C\NTRY1 9 A =TIFI$ CA/LE1 SITUAT$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( RURAL COMMUNITIES ?AT MON>*Y SL[LY CAME TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 IT EXI/$ 9 NAME ONLY1 & WE KN[ TODAY :AT TO ?9K ( ! ROGUES1 LEAD]S ( SMALL B&S ( BRIG&S :O ADORN$ !MSELVES ) ?AT NAME2 A NAME :I* 9 ANY CASE - AS ,AUGU/9 ,?I]RY HAS SO WELL OBS]V$ - DIDN'T MEAN V]Y MU* AT ! TIME1 :5 !RE W]E 0! K+ 7! SUP]IOR1 ! S5IOR7 ( ! LAW C\RTS01 ! 0K+ ( ! NETS0 7AMONG FI%]M571 ! 0K+ ( ! BEGG>S04 

,SL[LY1 GROP+LY1 A B>ON :O WAS FAVORABLY SITUAT$ 9 ONE REGION1 & MORE P[]FUL OR MORE CUNN+ ?AN ! O!RS1 W\LD SUCCE$ 9 RAIS+ HIMSELF ABOVE HIS CONFR]ES4 ,! ,*UR* HA/5$ TO SUPPORT HIM4 ,& BY =CE1 S*EM+14 MONEY1 SWORD & POISON IF NE$ BE1 ONE SU* FEUDAL B>ON W\LD GR[ 9 P[] AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!RS4 ,BUT ROYAL AU?ORITY NEV] SUCCE$$ 9 CON/ITUT+ ITSELF 9 ANY ( ! FREE CITIES1 :I* HAD !IR NOISY =UM1 !IR ,T>PEIAN ,ROCK1 OR !IR RIV] = ! TYRANTS2 IT SUCCE$$ 9 ! T[NS :I* HAD GR[N 9 ! BOSOM ( ! C\NTRY4 

,AFT] HAV+ S\<T 9 VA9 TO CON/ITUTE ?IS AU?ORITY 9 ,RHEIMS1 OR 9 ,LAON1 IT WAS 9 ,P>IS - AN AGGLOM]ATION ( VILLAGES & BOR\<S SURR\ND$ BY A RI* C\NTRYSIDE1 :I* HAD NOT YET KN[N ! LIFE ( FREE CITIES2 IT WAS 9 ,WE/M9/]1 AT ! GATES ( ! POPUL\S ,CITY ( ,LONDON2 IT WAS 9 ! ,KREML91 BUILT 9 ! C5T] ( RI* VILLAGES ON ! BANKS ( ! ,MOSKVA .<RIV].> AFT] HAV+ FAIL$ 9 ,SUZDAL & 9 ,VLADIMIR - BUT NEV] 9 ,NOVGOROD1 ,PSKOV1 ,NUREMB]G1 ,LAON OR ,FLOR5CE - ?AT ROYAL AU?ORITY WAS CONSOLIDAT$4 

,! PEASANTS FROM ! SURR\ND+S SUPPLI$ ! NASC5T MON>*IES ) FOOD1 HORSES & M52 COMM]CE - ROYAL & NOT COMMUNAL 9 ?IS CASE - ADD$ TO !IR WEAL?4 ,! ,*UR* SURR\ND$ !M ) ITS ATT5TION4 ,IT PROTECT$ !M1 CAME TO !IR AID ) ITS WEAL?1 9VE/$ = !M 9 !IR LOCAL SA9T & HIS MIRACLES4 ,IT SURR\ND$ ) ITS V5]ATION ! ,NOT] ,DAME ( ,P>IS OR ! ,IMAGE ( ! ,VIRG9 ( ,IB]IA 9 ,MOSC[4 ,& :ILE ! CIVILIZATION ( ! FREE CITIES1 FRE$ FROM ! BI%OPS1 GA!R$ ITS Y\?FUL MOM5TUM1 ! ,*UR* WORK$ REL5TLESSLY TO RECON/ITUTE ITS AU?ORITY ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! NASC5T MON>*Y1 SURR\ND+ ) ITS ATT5TION1 9C5SE & MONEY ! ROYAL CRADLE ( ! ONE IT HAD F9ALLY *OS5 TO REE/ABLI% ) HIM & ?R\< HIM1 ITS ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY4 ,9 ,P>IS1 ,MOSC[1 ,MADRID & ,PRAGUE Y\ SEE ! ,*UR* B5D+ OV] ! CRADLE ( ROYALTY1 A LI<T$ TOR* 9 H] H&1 ! EXECUTION] BY H] SIDE4 

,H>D-WORK+ & T5ACI\S1 /R5G!N$ BY H] /ATI/ $UCATION1 LEAN+ ON ! MAN ( /RONG WILL OR CUNN+ :OM %E W\LD LOOK = 9 NO MATT] :AT CLASS ( SOCIETY1 MADE = 9TRIGUE & V]S$ 9 ,ROMAN & ,BYZANT9E LAW - Y\ CAN SEE H] UNREL5T+LY M>*+ T[>DS H] IDEAL3 ! ABSOLUTE ,JUDAIC K+ :O NEV]!LESS OBEYS ! HI< PRIE/ - ! SECUL> >M AT ! ORD]S ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL P[]4 

,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ?IS SL[ LABOR ( ! TWO CONSPIRATORS IS ALREADY OP]AT+ AT FULL =CE4 ,A K+ ALREADY DOM9ATES HIS RIVAL FELL[ B>ONS1 & ?IS P[] WILL SOON BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! FREE CITIES TO CRU% !M 9 !IR TURN4 

,BESIDES1 ! T[NS ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY W]E NO LONG] :AT !Y HAD BE5 9 ! TWELF?1 ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES4 

,BORN ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION1 !Y NEV]!LESS LACK$ ! C\RAGE OR ! /R5G? TO SPREAD !IR IDEAS ( EQUALITY TO ! NEI<BOR+ C\NTRYSIDE1 NOT EV5 TO ?OSE :O HAD COME LAT] TO SETTLE 9 ! CITY PREC9CTS1 ?OSE SANCTU>IES ( FRE$OM1 :]E !Y CREAT$ ! 9DU/RIAL CRAFTS4 

,9 EV]Y T[N ONE F9DS A DI/9CTION BE+ DRAWN BETWE5 ! FAMILIES :O MADE ! REVOLUTION ( ! TWELF? C5TURY 7SIMPLY KN[N AS '! FAMILIES & ?OSE :O CAME LAT] & E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9 ! CITY4 ,! OLD 'M]*ANT GUILD' W\LD NOT HE> ( ACCEPT+ NEWCOM]S4 ,IT REFUS$ TO ABSORB ! 'Y\NG >TS' 9TO ! COMM]CIAL FIELD4 ,& FROM ! SIMPLE /EW>D TO ! CITY ?AT IT WAS 9 =M] TIMES1 :5 IT C>RI$ \T ! EXT]NAL TRADE = ! :OLE CITY1 IT BECAME ! MIDDLEMAN :O GOT RI* ON HIS [N ACC\NT ?R\< =EIGN TRADE4 ,IT IMPORT$ ,ORI5TAL O/5TATION1 IT BECAME MONEYL5D] TO ! CITY1 & LAT] JO9$ ! CITY LORD & ! PRIE/ AGA9/ '! L[] ORD]S'2 OR 9/EAD IT LOOK$ TO ! NASC5T K+ = SUPPORT ( ITS RI<T TO 5RI*M5T & ITS COMM]CIAL MONOPOLY4 ,ONCE COMM]CE BECOMES P]SONAL ! FREE CITY IS DE/ROY$4 

,MOREOV]1 ! GUILDS ( ! OLD TRADES1 :I* AT ! BEG9N+ MADE UP ! CITY & ITS GOV]NM5T1 DO NOT WI% TO RECOGNIZE ! SAME RI<TS = ! Y\NG GUILDS1 E/ABLI%$ LAT] BY ! NEW CRAFTS4 ,! LATT] HAVE TO CONQU] !IR RI<TS BY A REVOLUTION4 ,& IT IS :AT !Y DO EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT :]EAS 9 SOME CITIES ?AT REVOLUTION IS ! />T+ PO9T = A R5EWAL ( ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE AS WELL AS ! >TS 7?IS IS SO CLE>LY SE5 9 ,FLOR5CE71 9 O!R CITIES IT 5DS 9 ! VICTORY ( ! POPOLO GRASSO OV] ! POPOLO BASSO - BY A CRU%+ REPRESSION ) MASS DEPORTATIONS & EXECUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! SEIGNEURS & PRIE/S 9T]F]E4 

,& NE$ ONE ADD ?AT ! K+ WILL USE AS A PRETEXT ! DEF5SE ( ! L[] CLASSES 9 ORD] TO CRU% ! 'FAT CLASSES' & TO SUBJUGATE BO? ONCE HE HAS BECOME MA/] ( ! CITY6 

,& !N1 ! CITIES HAD TO DIE1 S9CE EV5 M5'S IDEAS HAD *ANG$4 ,! TEA*+ ( CANONIC LAW & ,ROMAN LAW HAD MODIFI$ PEOPLE'S WAY ( ?9K+4 

,! TWELF? C5TURY ,EUROPEAN WAS FUNDAM5TALLY A F$]ALI/4 ,AS A MAN ( FREE 5T]PRISE1 & ( FREE UND]/&+1 ( ASSOCIATIONS :I* W]E FREELY S\<T & AGRE$ TO1 HE SAW 9 HIMSELF ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,HE DID NOT SEEK SAFETY ?R\< OB$I5CE NOR DID HE ASK = A SAVIOR = SOCIETY4 ,! IDEA ( ,*RI/IAN & ,ROMAN DISCIPL9E WAS UNKN[N TO HIM4 

,BUT UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,*RI/IAN *UR* - ALWAYS 9 LOVE ) AU?ORITY1 ALWAYS ANXI\S TO BE ! ONE TO IMPOSE ITS DOM9ION OV] ! S\LS1 & ABOVE ALL ! WORK ( ! FAI?FUL2 & ON ! O!R H&1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,ROMAN LAW :I* BY ! TWELF? C5TURY HAD ALREADY APPE>$ AT ! C\RTS ( ! P[]FUL LORDS1 ! K+S & ! POPES1 & SOON BECAME ! FAVORITE SUBJECT AT ! UNIV]SITIES - UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE TWO TEA*+S :I* >E SO MU* 9 ACCORD EV5 ?\< ORIG9ALLY !Y W]E BITT] 5EMIES1 M9DS BECAME CORRUPT$ AS ! PRIE/ >ID ! LEGISLATOR TOOK OV]4 

,MAN FELL 9 LOVE ) AU?ORITY4 ,IF A REVOLUTION ( ! L[] TRADES TOOK PLACE 9 A COMMUNE1 ! COMMUNE W\LD CALL = A SAVIOR1 ?US SADDL+ ITSELF ) A DICTATOR1 A MUNICIPAL ,CES>2 IT W\LD GRANT HIM FULL P[]S TO EXT]M9ATE ! OPPOSITION P>TY4 ,& HE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION1 US+ ALL ! REF9EM5TS 9 CRUELTY SUGGE/$ TO HIM BY ! ,*UR* OR ?OSE BORR[$ FROM ! DESPOTIC K+DOMS ( ! ,ORI5T4 

,HE W\LD NO D\BT HAVE ! SUPPORT ( ! ,*UR*4 ,HAD %E NOT ALWAYS DREAM$ ( ! BIBLICAL K+ :O WILL KNEEL BE=E ! HI< PRIE/ & BE HIS DOCILE 9/RUM5T8 ,HAS %E NOT ALWAYS HAT$ ) ALL H] =CE ?OSE RATIONALI/ IDEAS :I* BREA!D 9 ! FREE T[NS AT ! TIME ( ! FIR/ ,R5AISSANCE1 ?AT ( ! TWELF? C5TURY8 ,DID %E NOT LAY H] CURSE ON ?OSE 'PAGAN' IDEAS :I* BR\<T MAN BACK TO NATURE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! R$ISCOV]Y ( ,GREEK CIVILIZATION8 ,& LAT] DID %E NOT GET ! PR9CES TO /IFLE !SE IDEAS :I*1 9 ! NAME ( PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY1 RAIS$ UP M5 AGA9/ ! POPE1 ! PRIE/ & RELIGION 9 G5]AL8 ,FIRE1 ! :EEL & ! GIBBET - ?OSE WEAPONS SO DE> AT ALL TIMES TO ! ,*UR* - W]E US$ TO CRU% ! H]ETICS4 ,NO MATT] :AT ! 9/RUM5T MI<T BE3 POPE1 K+ OR DICTATOR1 SO LONG AS FIRE1 ! :EEL & ! GIBBET OP]AT$ AGA9/ H] 5EMIES4 

,& 9 ! %AD[ ( ?IS D\BLE 9DOCTR9ATION1 ( ! ,ROMAN JURI/ & ! PRIE/1 ! F$]ALI/ SPIRIT :I* HAD CREAT$ ! FREE COMMUNE1 ! SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE & FREE ASSOCIATION WAS DY+ \T & MAK+ WAY = ! SPIRIT ( DISCIPL9E1 & PYRAMIDAL AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,BO? ! RI* & ! POOR W]E ASK+ = A SAVIOR4 

,& :5 ! SAVIOR APPE>$2 :5 ! K+1 5RI*$ F> FROM TURMOIL ( ! =UM 9 SOME T[N ( HIS CREATION1 PROPP$ UP BY ! 9ORD9ATELY WEAL?Y ,*UR* & FOLL[$ BY DEFEAT$ NOBLES & BY !IR PEASANTS1 KNOCK$ AT ! GATES ( ! CITY1 PROMIS+ ! 'L[] CLASSES' ROYAL PROTECTION AGA9/ ! RI* & TO ! SUBMISSIVE RI* HIS PROTECTION AGA9/ ! REBELLI\S POOR - ! T[NS1 ALREADY UND]M9$ BY ! CANC] ( AU?ORITY1 LACK$ ! /R5G? TO RESI/ HIM4 

,! GREAT 9VASIONS ( ,EUROPE BY WAVES ( PEOPLES :O HAD COME ONCE MORE FROM ! ,EA/1 ASSI/$ ! RIS+ ROYALTY 9 ?IS WORK ( CONC5TRATION ( P[]S4 

,! ,MONGOLS HAD CONQU]$ & DEVA/AT$ ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 & SOON AN EMPIRE WAS F\ND$ !RE 9 ,MOSC[1 UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! KHANS ( ,T>T>Y & ! ,RUSSIAN ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*4 ,! ,TURKS HAD COME TO IMPOSE !MSELVES 9 ,EUROPE & PU%$ =W>D AS F> AS ,VI5NA1 DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ 9 !IR WAY4 ,AS A RESULT A NUMB] ( P[]FUL ,/ATES W]E CREAT$ 9 ,POL&1 ,BOHEMIA1 HUNG>Y & 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE TO RESI/ !SE TWO 9VASIONS4 ,MEAN:ILE AT ! O!R EXTREMITY1 ! W> ( EXT]M9ATION WAG$ AGA9/ ! ,MOORS 9 ,SPA9 ALL[$ ANO!R P[]FUL EMPIRE TO BE CREAT$ 9 ,CA/ILLE & ,>AGON1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* & ! ,9QUISITION - BY ! SWORD & ! /AKE4 

,!SE 9VASIONS & W>S 9EVITABLY L$ ,EUROPE TO 5T] A NEW PHASE - ?AT ( MILIT>Y /ATES4 

,S9CE ! COMMUNES !MSELVES W]E BECOM+ M9OR ,/ATES1 !SE W]E B\ND 9 DUE C\RSE TO BE SWALL[$ UP BY ! L>G] ONES4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 ,BY KNIAZ ,PETR ,ALEKSEEVI* ,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#h1 PUBLI%$ BY 0,FRE$OM0 ,(FICE1 ORIG9AL PUBLICATION DATE ( #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #f -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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