,! ,SY/EM ( ,COMMUNI/ ,REPRES5TATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,IL ,SOVIET1 #ac ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#i1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 ,NO4#c#h2 
,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4GEOCITIES4COM_/,CAPITOL,HILL_/,LOBBY_/#c#i#i_/BORDIGA4HTML2 
,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND5 #b#c4 

,9 LAUN*+ \R COMMUNI/ PROGRAM1 :I* CONTA9$ ! \TL9ES ( A 
RESPONSE TO MANY VITAL PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 WE EXPECT$ TO ACE A BROAD DISCUSSION DEVELOP ON ALL ITS ASPECTS4 
,9/EAD !RE HAS BE5 & /ILL IS ONLY FURI\S DISCUSSION OV] ! 
9COMPATIBILITY ( ELECTORAL P>TICIPATION1 :I* IS SOB]LY AFFIRM$ 9 ! 
PROGRAM4 ,9DE$1 AL?\< ! ELECTIONI/ MAXIMALI/S PROCLAIM ?AT = !M 
ELECTORAL ACTION IS QUITE SECOND>Y1 !Y >E 9 FACT SO MESM]IZ$ BY IT AS TO 
LAUN* AN AVALAN*E ( >TICLES AGA9/ ! FEW ANTI-ELECTIONI/ L9ES 
CONTA9$ 9 \R PROGRAM4 ,ON \R SIDE1 AP>T FROM ! AMPLE TREATM5T GIV5 
9 !SE COLUMNS TO ! REASONS UND]LY+ \R AB/5TIONISM1 WE HAVE ONLY N[ 
BEGUN TO USE ,AVANTI6 AS A PLAT=M TO REPLY TO ?IS DELUGE ( 
ELECTORALI/ OBJECTIONS4 

,H5CE WE >E DELI<T$ TO NOTE ?AT ! ,TUR9 NEWSPAP] ,L',ORD9E 
,NUOVO IS DEM&+ CL>IFICATION ( ! P>AGRAPH 9 ! COMMUNI/ 
PROGRAM :I* /ATES3 0,ELECTIONS TO LOCAL WORK]S' C\NCILS WILL BE HELD 
FLOG 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! TRADES GO :I* !Y BELONG1 BUT ON AN URBAN 
& PROV9CIAL CON/ITU5CY BASIS340 ,! WRIT]1 ,COMRADE ,&REA ,VIGLONGO1 
ASKS :E!R ?IS WAS A WAY ( D5Y+ ?AT ! P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS %\LD 
D]IVE FROM ! MASSES CONSULT$ & VOT+ AT ! V]Y PLACE :]E !Y 
WORK3 9 ! FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 M9ES & VILLAGES4 

,:AT ! DRAFT]S ( ! PROGRAM HAD 9 M9D WAS AS FOLL[S4 ,! ,SOVIET 
SY/EM IS A SY/EM ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 
ITS FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC IS D5IAL ( ! RI<T TO VOTE TO ANYONE :O IS 
NOT A MEMB] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT HAS BE5 ?\<T ?AT ,SOVIETS & ECONOMIC 
UNIONS W]E ! SAME ?+4 ,YET NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,IT MAY 
WELL BE ?AT 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 9 E>LY /AGES ( ! REVOLUTION1 
,SOVIET-TYPE BODIES W]E SET UP ) REPRES5TATION FROM ! CRAFT UNIONS - BUT 
?IS WAS NO MORE ?AN A MAKE%IFT >RANGEM5T4 

,:ILE ! TRADE UNION HAS AS ITS OBJECT ! DEF5SE ( ! SECTIONAL 
9T]E/S ( ! WORK] 9 SO F> AS HE BELONGS TO A GIV5 TRADE OR 9DU/RY1 
! PROLET>IAN FIGURES W4 ! ,SOVIET AS A MEMB] ( A SOCIAL CLASS ?AT HAS 
CONQU]$ POLITICAL P[] & IS RUNN+ SOCIETY1 9 SO F> AS HIS 9T]E/S 
HAVE SOME?+ 9 COMMON ) ALL WORK]S ( ANY TRADE :ATSOEV]4 ,:AT WE HAVE 
9 ! C5TRAL ,SOVIET IS A POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ) 
DEPUTIES REPRES5T+ LOCAL CON/ITU5CIES4 ,NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 
V>I\S TRADES HAVE NO PLACE 9 ?IS S*EMA AT ALL2 ?IS %\LD SUFFICE TO GIVE 
! LIE SIMULTANE\SLY TO TRADE-UNIONI/ 9T]PRETATIONS & TO ! RE=MI/ 
P>ODY ( HYPO!TICAL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES ( TRADES MASQU]AD+ AS 
,SOVIET-TYPE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BUT ! QUE/ION REMA9S1 H[ %\LD ! NETWORK ( REPRES5TATION BE 
FA%ION$ 9 ! CASE ( LOCAL URBAN OR RURAL VILLAGE ,SOVIETS8 ,IF WE REF] TO 
! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM1 AS EXP\ND$ 9 ,>TICLES ,X,I1 ,X,I,I1 ,X,I,I,I & ,X,I,V ( ! 
,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 WE MAY CONCLUDE ?AT ! ESS5TIAL FEATURE 
IS ?AT 9 ! CITIES !RE IS ONE DELEGATE = EV]Y #a1 9HABITANTS1 & 9 
! C\NTRYSIDE ONE = EV]Y #a 9HABITANTS1 ELECTIONS BE+ HELD 7,>T4 #f#f7 
9 ACCORDANCE ) RULES E/ABLI%$ BY ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS4 ,SO IT IS NOT ! 
CASE ?AT ! NUMB] ( DELEGATES TO BE ELECT$ DEP5DS ON H[ MANY FACTORIES 
OR WORKPLACES !RE >E2 & WE >E NOT TOLD :E!R ! ELECTION 9VOLVES 
ASSEMBL+ ALL ! ELECTORS ) ! RI<T TO A REPRES5TATIVE1 OR :AT ! 
NORMS %\LD BE4 ,BUT IF WE REF] TO ! PROGRAMS ( COMMUNI/S 9 O!R 
C\NTRIES1 IT W\LD SEEM SAFE TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! NATURE ( ! ELECTORAL 
UNITS IS NOT ! BASIC PROBLEM ( ! ,SOVIET ORD]1 EV5 ?\< IT GIVES RISE 
TO SOME IMPORTANT CONSID]ATIONS4 

,! NETWORK ( ,SOVIETS UND\BT$LY HAS A DUAL NATURE3 POLITICAL & 
REVOLUTION>Y ON ! ONE H&2 ECONOMIC & CON/RUCTIVE ON ! O!R4 ,! 
FIR/ ASPECT IS DOM9ANT 9 ! E>LY /AGES1 BUT AS ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE PROCE$S1 IT GRADUALLY C$ES 9 IMPORTANCE TO ! SECOND4 ,NECESSITY 
WILL GRADUALLY REF9E ! BODIES :I* >E TE*NICALLY COMPET5T TO FULFILL ?IS 
SECOND FUNCTION3 =MS ( REPRES5TATION ( TRADE CATEGORIES & PRODUCTION 
UNITS WILL EM]GE & CONNECT ) ONE ANO!R1 ESPECIALLY AS REG>DS TE*NIQUE 
& WORK DISCIPL9E4 ,BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL ROLE ( ! NETWORK ( 
WORK]S' C\NCILS IS BAS$ ON ! HI/ORICAL CONCEPT ( DICTATOR%IP3 
PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S MU/ BE ALL[$ FREE PLAY 9 SO F> AS !Y CONC]N 
! :OLE CLASS OV] & ABOVE SECTIONAL 9T]E/S1 & ! :OLE ( ! 
HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOVEM5T = ITS EMANCIPATION4 ,! 
CONDITIONS NE$$ TO ACCOMPLI% ALL !SE >E BASICALLY3 #a4 ! 
EXCLUSION ( ! B\RGEOIS FROM ANY P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITY2 #b4 ! 
CONV5I5T DI/RIBUTION ( ELECTORS 9TO LOCAL CON/ITU5CIES :I* S5D 
DELEGATES TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,?IS BODY !N APPO9TS ! ,C5TRAL 
,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1 & HAS ! TASK ( PROMULGAT+ ! DECISIONS REG>D+ 
! GRADUAL SOCIALIZATION ( ! V>I\S SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 

,SE5 9 RELATION TO ?IS HI/ORICAL DEF9ITION ( ! COMMUNI/ 
REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO SLI<TLY 
EXAGG]ATES ! =MAL DEF9ITION ( ! WAY ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES 
9T]ME%4 ,:I* GR\P+S DO ! VOT+ & :]E IS NOT A SUB/ANTIVE 
PROBLEM3 V>I\S SOLUTIONS AT A NATIONAL & REGIONAL LEVEL CAN BE 
ACCOMMODAT$4 

,ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T CAN ! FACTORY 9T]NAL COMMISSIONS BE SE5 AS 
! PRECURSORS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,WE PREF] TO ?9K ( !M AS PRECURSORS ( ! 
FACTORY C\NCILS1 :I* WILL HAVE TE*NICAL & DISCIPL9>Y DUTIES BO? DUR+ 
& AFT] ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! FACTORY ITSELF4 ,WE %\LD BE CLE> ?AT ! 
CIVILIAN POLITICAL ,SOVIET WILL BE ELECT$ :]EV] CONV5I5T1 & MO/ 
PROBABLY ON ! BASIS ( CON/ITU5CIES ?AT >E NOT V]Y DIFF]5T FROM 
PRES5T ELECTORAL SEATS4 

,! ELECTORAL ROLLS !MSELVES WILL HAVE TO BE DIFF]5T4 ,VIGLONGO POSES ! 
QUE/ION :E!R ALL ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORY %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO VOTE1 
OR JU/ ! TRADE-UNION MEMB]S4 ,WE W\LD ASK HIM TO CONSID] :E!R SOME 
WORK]S1 EV5 MEMB]S ( A TRADE UNION1 %\LD BE /RUCK (F ! ELECTORAL ROIL 
( ! CIVILIAN POLITICAL ,SOVIET :]E IT IS F\ND ?AT1 9 ADDITION TO WORK+ 
9 A FACTORY1 !Y LIVE ON ! PROCE$S FROM A SMALL CAPITAL SUM OR ANNUITY4 
,?IS IS A NOT UNCOMMON OCCURR5CE AMONG US4 ,AGA9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CON/ITUTION 
CLE>LY TAKES ?IS 9TO ACC\NT 9 ! FIR/ S5T5CE ( ,>T4 #f#e4 ,F9ALLY ! 
LEGITIMATELY UNEMPLOY$ & 9CAPACITAT$ MU/ ALSO HAVE A VOTE4 

,:AT *>ACT]IZES ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM !N IS ! DEF9ITION ( ! RI<T 
TO BE AN ELECTOR1 A RI<T :I* DEP5DS NOT ON ONE'S MEMB]%IP ( A P>TICUL> 
TRADE1 BUT ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9 ! TOTALITY ( HIS SOCIAL 
RELATIONS1 CAN BE SE5 AS A PROLET>IAN ) AN 9T]E/ 9 ! RAPID 
A*IEVEM5T ( COMMUNISM1 OR A NON-PROLET>IAN TI$ 9 SOME WAY OR O!R TO ! 
PRES]VATION ( ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,?IS EXTREMELY 
SIMPLE CONDITION GU>ANTEES ! POLITICAL WORKABILITY ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM ( 
REPRES5TATION4 ,9 P>ALLEL TO ?IS SY/EM1 NEW & TE*NICALLY COMPET5T 
TE*NO-ECONOMIC BODIES WILL EM]GE4 ,!Y MU/1 H[EV]1 REMA9 SUBORD9ATE TO 
:ATEV] ! ,SOVIETS LAY D[N 9 T]MS ( BROAD POLICY GUIDEL9ES2 = UNTIL 
CLASSES >E TOTALLY ABOLI%$1 ONLY ! POLITICAL SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION WILL 
EMBODY ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ACT+ AS ! PRIME 
ACCEL]ATOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,ON ANO!R OCCASION WE %ALL DISCUSS 
! PROBLEM :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE TO SET UP POLITICAL ,SOVIETS 
EV5 BE=E ! REVOLUTION>Y BATTLE = ! CONQUE/ ( P[] TAKES PLACE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,SY/EM ( ,COMMUNI/ ,REPRES5TATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,SY/EM ( ,COMMUNI/ ,REPRES5TATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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