,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA 

#aii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 C\RT M>TIAL1 SECRET POLICE1 RUSSIAN M51 DEA? S5T5CES1 ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES1 KROPOTK9 PET]1 BALTIC PROV9CES1 CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 POLITICAL PRISON]1 PRISON ADM9I/RATION4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #b1#g#b ,WORDS2 #a#f1#f#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a1 ,P>T ,A 3 ,! ,PRISONS1 ,OV]CR[D+ & ,TYPHUS 

      #b1#g#b#h ,WORDS2 #a#h1#b#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a1 ,P>T ,B 3 ,ILL-TREATM5T & ,TORTURES 

      #e1#c#b#h ,WORDS2 #c#c1#f#a#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,SUICIDES 9 ! ,PRISONS 

      #a1#c#i#d ,WORDS2 #i1#f#c#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,EXECUTIONS 

      #b1#b#i#h ,WORDS2 #a#g1#i#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,EXILES 

      #b1#g#i#i ,WORDS2 #a#g1#c#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,EVID5CE ,LAID ,BE=E ,! ,FIR/ ,& ,SECOND ,DUMA ,ON ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL1 ,EXECUTIONS1 ,& ,! ,OV]CR[D+ ,( ,PRISONS 

      #c1#h#h ,WORDS2 #b#d1#f#c#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,PROVOCATION ,TO ,VIOL5CE ,& ,! ,P>TICIPATION ,( ,POLICE ,(FICIALS ,9 ,CRIME 

      #a1#i#i#i ,WORDS2 #a#c1#g#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,UNION ,( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 

      #a1#f#i ,WORDS2 #a1#g#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #h 3 ,REPRESSION 

      #igc ,WORDS2 #f1#c#d#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #i 3 ,DRA/IC ,MEASURES ,= ,! ,RECOV]Y ,( ,>RE>S ,( ,TAXES ,9 ,FAM9E-,/RICK5 ,PROV9CES 

      #a1#e#d#f ,WORDS2 #a1#c#c#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,CONCLUSION 

      #bii ,WORDS2 #a1#h#a#g ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 

,PHOTO BY ,DIE ,KUN/MAS*9E1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! PRES5T CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA >E SO DESP]ATE ?AT IT IS A PUBLIC DUTY TO LAY BE=E ?IS C\NTRY A /ATEM5T ( !SE CONDITIONS1 ) A SOLEMN APPEAL TO ALL LOV]S ( LIB]TY & PROGRESS = MORAL SUPPORT 9 ! /RUGGLE ?AT IS N[ GO+ ON = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,9 ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM EA* C\NTRY MU/ WORK \T ITS [N SALVATION2 BUT WE %\LD NOT =GET ?AT !RE EXI/S A WEB ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! LOANS CONTRACT$ BY ! HEADS ( DESPOTIC /ATES 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES CONTRIBUTE TO SUPPORT DESPOTISM4 ,BUT ,RUSSIAN EXILES ALSO KN[ FROM !IR [N EXP]I5CE H[ ! MORAL SUPPORT :I* ! FI<T]S = LIB]TY HAVE NEV] FAIL$ TO F9D 9 ! 5LI<T5$ PORTIONS ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS HAS BE5 HELPFUL TO !M1 & H[ MU* IT HAS AID$ !M TO MA9TA9 FAI? 9 ! ULTIMATE VICTORY ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 

,IT HAS BE5 DECID$1 !RE=E1 TO ISSUE ! PRES5T /ATEM5T19 :I*1 AFT] A C>EFUL 9QUIRY1 A L>GE AM\NT ( WELL-AU!NTICAT$ FACTS HAS BE5 BR\<T TOGE!R1 GIV+ AN 9SI<T 9TO ! DEPLORABLE CONDITIONS ?AT N[ PREVAIL 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ATT5TION HAS BE5 *IEFLY DIRECT$ TO ! CONDITIONS :I* >E F\ND 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PRISONS & AMONG ! EXILES--CONDITIONS SO DEPLORABLE ?AT !Y LEAVE F> BEH9D ALL ?AT AS BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN PRISONS & EXILE = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S--EV5 DUR+ ! REACTION ?AT SET 9 AFT] ! YE> #a#h#h#a4 

,9 PREP>+ ?IS /ATEM5T ! UTMO/ PA9S HAVE BE5 

,B 

TAK5 TO ELIM9ATE ALL FACTS & ACCUSATIONS :I* HAVE NOT BE5 AU!NTICAT$4 ,EI!R !Y HAVE BE5 (FICIALLY CORROBORAT$ BY S5T5CES ( ! ,C\RTS PRON\NC$ UPON POLICE & PRISON (FICIALS CONVICT$ ( GROSS ABUSES ( !IR P[]S2 OR !Y W]E ! SUBJECT ( 9T]PELLATIONS 9 ! ,DUMA1 & W]E NOT CONTRADICT$ BY ! ,M9I/RY2 OR !Y W]E REPORT$ 9 ! MOD]ATE PAP]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN DAILY ,PRESS1 ) A FULL SPECIFICATION ( NAMES & DATES1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! RIGORS ( C5SOR%IP1 & W]E NOT CONTRADICT$ EI!R BY ! (FICIAL 0,9=MATION ,BUREAU0 OR ! (FICIAL & SEMI(FICIAL ORGANS ( ! ,PRESS4 ,ANY EVID5CE :I*1 AL?\< SUB/ANTIALLY CORRECT1 MI<T HAVE BE5 SUSPECT$ ( EXAGG]ATION1 HAS BE5 C>EFULLY EXCLUD$4 

,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT ! MOVEM5T ( ! YE>S #a#i#e-#a#i#g HAS PRODUC$ A DEEP *ANGE 9 ! :OLE ASPECT ( ?\<T & S5TIM5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PEASANT1 ! WORKMAN1 ! CL]K1 ! SMALL TRADESMAN >E NO LONG] SO SUBMISSIVE TO EV]Y RURAL POLICE (FIC] AS !Y =M]LY W]E4 ,NEW IDEAS1 NEW ASPIRATIONS1 NEW HOPES1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 A NEW 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC LIFE HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 !M1 S9CE IT WAS (FICIALLY DECL>$ 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#e1 ?AT ! NATION W\LD H5CE=W>D HAVE ! RI<T TO EXPRESS ITS WI%ES & TO EX]CISE LEGISLATIVE P[] ?R\< ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 & ?AT ! POLICY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T W\LD BE A LIB]AL POLICY4 ,BUT1 AFT] IT HAD BE5 SOLEMNLY DECL>$ ?AT ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY WAS TO BE RECON/RUCT$ ON NEW PR9CIPLES1 & ?AT1 TO USE ! V]Y WORDS ( ! ,CZ>'S ,MANIFE/O1 0! POPULATION IS TO BE GIV5 ! 9VIOLABLE F\NDATION ( CIVIL RI<TS1 BAS$ ON ! ACTUAL 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P]SON1 & FRE$OM ( BELIEF1 ( SPEE*1 ( ORGANIZATION1 & MEET+ 0--AFT] ?AT DECL>ATION HAD BE5 SOLEMNLY PROMULGAT$1 ?OSE :O TRI$ TO REALIZE !SE PR9CIPLES HAVE BE5 TREAT$ AS REBELS1 GUILTY ( HI< TREASON4 

,NOT ONLY >E ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ADVANC$ P>TIES PROSECUT$ = ALL !Y SAID & DID DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#f-#a#i#g1 BUT EV5 ! MO/ MOD]ATE P>TY1 ! ,OCOBRI/S1 :O TAKE !IR /&PO9T ON ! LETT] ( ! ,OCTOB] MANIFE/O1 >E TREAT$ BY ! (FICIALS1 HI< & L[1 ( ,M4 ,/OLYP9'S ,GOV]NM5T AS PREA*+ TREASONABLE DOCTR9ES4 ,! ONLY POLITICAL P>TY :I* HAS HI!RTO RECEIV$ ! ,CZ>'S P]SONAL APPROVAL1 & IS RECOGNIZ$ BY HIM AS LOYAL1 IS ! ,UNION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,M52 BUT1 AS IT N[ APPE>S FROM REVELATIONS :I* HAVE AT LA/ REA*$ ! ,LAW ,C\RTS1 ?IS P>TY HAS NOT ONLY TAK5 A LIVELY P>T 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( POGROMS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 & ! 09TELLECTUALS0 9 G5]AL1 BUT ITS ,PRESID5T IS N[ 9DICT$ BE=E A ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT ON ! *>GE ( 9/IGAT+ & PAY+ = ! MURD] ( ,H]Z5/E91 A MEMB] ( ! ,FIR/ ,DUMA1 :O WAS CONSID]$ AS ! BE/ F9ANCIAL AU?ORITY 9 MATT]S CONC]N+ ! PEASANTS4 ,HE IS SIMIL>LY *>G$ ) COMPLICITY 9 ! MURD] ( ,M4 ,YOLLOS1 ANO!R RESPECT$ MEMB] ( ! SAME ,DUMA1 ALSO AN AU?ORITY ON MATT]S AFFECT+ ! PEASANTRY4#a 

,AS REG>DS ! PRES5T ,M9I/RY1 IT HAS DECL>$ ITSELF DUR+ REC5T DEBATES 9 ! ,DUMA 9CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ ! C\NTRY )\T MA9TA9+ ! /ATE ( SIEGE OV] PORTIONS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS SY/EM1 H[EV]1 HAS LATELY BE5 SO MU* EXT5D$ ?AT AT ?IS MOM5T NE>LY TWO-?IRDS ( ! PROV9CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE HAVE BE5 PLAC$ UND] ! RULE ( SPECIALLY NOM9AT$ ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL1 :O HAVE BE5 GIV5 ALMO/ DICTATORIAL P[]S1 9CLUD+ ! RI<T ( PUTT+ PEOPLE TO DEA? )\T TRIAL1 & )\T EV5 S5D+ !M BE=E A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL4 ,?IS UNHE>D-( RI<T WAS CONFIRM$ LATELY BY A DECISION ( ! ,FIR/ ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,S5ATE1 :I* HAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 9 ! PROV9CES :]E A /ATE ( SIEGE HAS BE5 DECL>$ SU* A P[] ( LIFE & DEA? )\T TRIAL WAS ACTUALLY CONF]R$ UPON ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL BY ! DECREE ( ! ,CZ> ORDA9+ ! RULES TO BE FOLL[$ DUR+ A /ATE ( SIEGE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME IT IS ! POLICY ( ! PRES5T ,GOV]NM5T TO 9/ITUTE PROSECUTIONS AGA9/ ALL ?OSE :O1 DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#e-#a#i#g1 TAK+ ! WORDS ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,MANIFE/O 9 !IR PROP] S5SE1 HAD ACT$ 9 CON=MITY ) ?OSE WORDS1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! NATION HAD BE5 REALLY GRANT$ POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,! PUBLI%]S ( BOOKS1 :I* W]E ISSU$ 9 ?OSE YE>S BY ! HUNDR$ & :I* AT ?AT TIME W]E HELD TO HAVE SATISFI$ ! RULES ( C5SOR%IP1 >E N[ PROSECUT$ ON ! GR\ND ( HAV+ COMMITT$ BREA*ES ( ! LAW & >E CONDEMN$ TO ONE & TWO YE>S' IMPRISONM5T 9 A =TRESS4 ,ORGANIZ]S ( MEET+S & SPEAK]S :O W]E EXPRESS+ IDEAS ABSOLUTELY LAWFUL FROM A CON/ITUTIONAL PO9T ( VIEW >E N[ PROSECUT$ AS REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,ORGANIZ]S ( >M$ RESI/ANCE AGA9/ POGROMS 7,JEW-BAIT+7 >E N[ TREAT$ AS REVOLUTIONI/S ( ! WOR/ DESCRIPTION1 & AN UN9T]RUPT$ SUCCESSION ( TRIALS IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ M5 ( PEACEFUL LIFE = :AT IS N[ DESCRIB$ AS A BREA* ( ! LAW1 BUT WAS QUITE CON/ITUTIONAL TWO YE>S AGO4 ,9 FACT1 IT MAY BE SAID1 AS IT IS SAID 9 ! ,PRESS ( ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 ?AT !SE PROSECUTIONS CAN BE DESCRIB$ ONLY AS ! REV5GE ( BUREAUCRACY = ALL ?AT WAS SAID DUR+ ?OSE MON?S AGA9/ ITS MISRULE4 ,!SE PROSECUTIONS1 ( :I* A FEW EXAMPLES WILL BE GIV5 9 ?IS /ATEM5T1 >E 9CREAS+ SO FA/ 9 NUMB] ?AT IT IS FE>$ ?AT ALL LIB]AL-M9D$ M5 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV] MOD]ATE !IR OP9IONS1 WILL 9 TURN BE >RAIGN$ BE=E MILIT>Y & O!R EXCEPTIONAL ,C\RTS IF ! PRES5T REGIME CONT9UES4 

,ANO!R FEATURE ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( ?+S IS ! L>GE NUMB] ( PROSECUTIONS :I* >E A DIRECT RESULT ( ! WORK ( AG5TS PROVOCATEURS LIKE ! WELL-KN[N ,AZEFF4 ,MU* PROM95CE WAS LATELY GIV5 TO ! ,AZEFF AFFAIR1 & IT WAS 9DE$ A REM>KABLE DISCOV]Y ?AT A MAN :O HAD TAK5 MO/ ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MURD] ( ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#d1 ( ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,S]GIUS 9 #a#i#e1 & ( ,G5]AL ,BOGDANOVIT* AT ,UFA1 HAD ORGANIZ$ ALL !SE PLOTS ) ! KN[L$GE & P>TLY ) ! MONEY ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE1 OR AT LEA/ ( ?AT P>T ( ?AT POLICE :I* HAS = ITS SPECIAL MISSION ! ,OKHRANA 70,PROTECTION07 ( ! ,EMP]OR HIMSELF4 ,BUT ! ,AZEFF SC&ALS >E ONLY ! MO/ /RIK+ ( MANY O!R SC&ALS :I* HAVE BE5 LATELY DISCOV]$4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS BE5 PROV$ BY ! MAT]IALS BR\<T BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,DUMA BY ,PR9CE ,\R\SS(F ?AT QUITE A NUMB] ( AG5TS PROVOCATEURS W]E 9 #a#i#e-#a#i#f ORGANIZ+ POGROMS ( ! ,JEWS1 ! KILL+ ( ! 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,TOMSK & 9 ,TV]1 ! PLOTS AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NORS ( ! DIFF]5T PROV9CES1 & SO-CALL$ 0EXPROPRIATIONS0--?AT IS1 EXTORT+ MONEY UND] M5ACE ( DEA?4 ,= !SE PURPOSES ! AG5TS ( ! POLICE IMPORT$ FROM ABROAD L>GE QUANTITIES ( REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE 7AS HAS BE5 PROV$ 9 ! CASE ( ,AZEFF71 & ALSO >MS & EXPLOSIVES2 OR ELSE !Y ORGANIZ$ ! MANUFACTURE ( BOMBS )9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 SOMETIMES ) MONEY GRANT$ BY ! HEAD ( ! ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T1 AS WAS REVEAL$ 9 ! ,LOPUKH9 CASE4 

,! POLICY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,M4 ,/OLYP9 HAV+ BE5 = ! LA/ TWO YE>S TO WREAK V5GEANCE ON ?OSE :O TOOK ANY ACTIVE P>T 9 ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c1 #a#i#e1 IT IS EASY TO CONCEIVE :AT MASSES ( PEOPLE HAVE BE5 >RE/$1 BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RTS1 TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA1 OR EXIL$ TO DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE BY SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]S4 ,! RESULT IS1 ?AT ! PRISONS ( ,RUSSIA >E SO OV]CR[D$ AT ! PRES5T MOM5T ?AT !Y CONTA91 ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL /ATEM5TS1 SOME?+ LIKE #a#h#a1 PRISON]S1 AL?\< ! UTMO/ CAPACITY = :I* !Y W]E DESIGN$ IS ONLY #a#g14 ,BUT AS !RE >E SEV]AL PROV9CES 9 :I* ! >RE/S W]E ESPECIALLY NUM]\S1 WE LE>N FROM ! (FICIAL /ATEM5TS MADE 9 ! ,DUMA DUR+ ! DISCUSSION ON ! ,PRISONS ,BUDGET1 ?AT !RE >E LOCK-UPS & TRANSF] PRISONS 9 :I* ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S IS ?REE TO F\R TIMES AS GREAT AS !IR HOLD+ CAPACITY4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS OV]CR[D+ IS ?AT ! PRISON ADM9I/RATION F9DS IT ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO SUPPLY TO !IR 9MATES EV5 ! SMALL DEGREE ( SANIT>Y ACCOMMODATION :I* IS ORDA9$ BY LAW4 ,TYPHUS HAS SPREAD 9 AL>M+ PROPORTIONS 9 ! PRISONS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 & ITS PRES5CE HAS ALREADY DECL>$ ITSELF 9 #fe PROV9CES \T ( #a4 

,9 MO/ ( !SE OV]CR[D$ PRISONS ! 9MATES HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO B$S OR B$D+2 & 9 MANY NOT EV5 ! WOOD5 PLAT=MS ALONG ! WALLS :I* W]E =M]LY US$4 ,!Y SLEEP ON ! B>E FLOOR )\T ANY COV]+ OR B$D+ BUT ! OLD1 WORN-\T CLO?+1 LIT]ALLY FULL ( V]M91 :I* IS DELIV]$ TO !M BY ! PRISON ADM9I/RATION4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( ANY SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS4 ,! SUFF]]S FROM TYPHUS & SCURVY LIE SIDE BY SIDE ) ! O!R PRISON]S1 & IT IS ONLY :5 PRISON] IS 9 A DY+ CONDITION ?AT HE IS REMOV$ TO SOME HOSPITAL4 ,CASES >E KN[N ( TYPHOID PATI5TS BE+ BR\<T ON /RET*]S BE=E ! ,C\RT & S5T BACK BY ! JUDGES4 ,A MAN WAS HANG$ :ILE SUFF]+ FROM TYPHUS1 & HAV+ A TEMP]ATURE ( #a#d84 

,ALL ?IS LEADS NECESS>ILY TO ACTS ( REBELLION AMONG ! PRISON]S1 :I* 9 !IR TURN LEAD TO REPRESSION 9 ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE =M1 & TO :OLESALE %OOT+S4 ,BRUTALITY ( ! WOR/ K9D HAS BECOME QUITE HABITUAL 9 ALL ! LOCK-UPS1 & APPALL+ FACTS WILL BE F\ND 9 ! DOCUM5TS :I* ,I PRODUCE FUR!R ON4 ,EV5 M5 :O >E CONDEMN$ TO BE EXECUT$ >E HORRIBLY BEAT5 BE=E !Y >E TAK5 TO ! SCAFFOLD1 SO ?AT 9 ONE ( ! ,MOSC[ ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL A MAN1 CONDEMN$ TO BE HANG$1 HAD TO APPLY TO ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\RT = HIS PROMISE ?AT HE %\LD NOT BE BEAT5 TO DEA? BE=E EXECUTION4 ,! PROMISE 9 ?IS CASE WAS KEPT1 BUT AS A RULE ! TORTURES TO :I* M5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? >E SUBMITT$ BE=E ! EXECUTION TAKES PLACE >E SO HORRIBLE ?AT 9 A CONSID]ABLE & /EADILY GR[+ NUMB] ( CASES ( SUICIDE ! M5 :O W]E READY TO FACE DEA? CALMLY C\LD NOT FACE ! TORTURES ?AT PREC$$ IT4 ,AS TO ! NUMB] ( DEA? S5T5CES PRON\NC$ BY ! ,MILIT>Y ,C\RTS & ! EXECUTIONS1 !Y >E NOT ON ! DECREASE1 AS ,M4 ,/OLYP9 9=M$ ,MR4 ,W4 ,T4 ,/EAD 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#h4 ,!Y REMA9 /ATION>Y1 AL?\< !RE IS A DECID$ DIM9UTION 9 ! NUMB] ( ACTS ( VIOL5CE COMMITT$ BY ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 & 9 CRIME ALTOGE!R 7SEE ,*APT] ,I,I,I474 

,LA/ SUMM] A DISCUSSION TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,TIMES ) REG>D TO ! NUMB] ( EXILES TRANSPORT$ TO DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE BY ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,ORD]1 & IT WAS /AT$ BY ONE ( ! REFUGEES 9 ,LONDON ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ,M4 ,/OLYP9'S AFFIRMATION ?AT !IR NUMB] DID NOT EXCE$ #a#b11 !RE W]E NO LESS ?AN #g#h1 PRISON]S UND] ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,! ,DUMA LATELY CALL$ ON ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,POLICE TO SUPPLY EXACT FIGURES1 & ! FIGURES GIV5 BY ! ,DEP>TM5T W]E #g#d14 ,! /ATE ( !SE EXILES IS EV5 MORE DREADFUL ?AN HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,5GLI% ,PRESS4 ,IT IS EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ,NOR?-,EA/]N ,SIB]IA ! POSITION ( ! EXILES IS SIMPLY DESP]ATE1 & IT IS NOT TO BE WOND]$ AT ?AT ACTS ( REBELLION1 SU* AS W]E LATELY HE>D ( 9 ,TURUKHANSK1 %\LD TAKE PLACE4 

,9 %ORT1 IF ! PRES5T CONDITIONS HAD TO BE DESCRIB$ 9 A FEW WORDS1 IT MI<T BE SAID ?AT :ILE ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION & ! WORKM5 9 ! T[NS HAVE BE5 RAIS$ TO A C]TA9 CONCEPTION ( 9DIVIDUAL SELF-RESPECT1 & :ILE ASPIRATIONS T[>DS A MORE HUMAN TREATM5T & 9CREAS$ LIB]TY HAVE SPREAD F> & WIDE OV] ! C\NTRY1 WE F9D1 ON ! O!R H&1 AMONG ! BUREAUCRACY1 HI< & L[1 & AMONG ITS 9F]IOR AG5TS 9 ! VILLAGES1 A REAL SPIRIT ( HATR$ & CRUEL REV5GE AGA9/ ! SLI<TE/ MANIFE/ATION ( LOVE = FRE$OM1 ! RESULT BE+ ?AT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! POPULATION & ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE BECOME EXTREMELY /RA9$ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME L>GE NUMB]S >E BE+ DRIV5 TO DESPAIR BY ! >BITR>Y ACTS ( ! L[] AG5TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! VILLAGES & 9 ! SMALL PROV9CIAL T[NS4 ,!RE IS AT ! PRES5T TIME A SC>CITY ( GRA9 9 MANY PROV9CES ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA & ,SIB]IA1 & EV5 FAM9E PREVAILS2 BUT ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS ORD]$ ALL ! >RE>S 9 ! PAYM5T ( TAXES & 9 REPAYM5T ( PREVI\S FAM9E LOANS TO BE LEVI$ AT ONCE1 & ?IS IS DONE N[1 NOT)/&+ ! FAM9E1 ) A SEV]ITY :I* HAS LONG BE5 UNKN[N4 ,= ! SMALLE/ >RE>S ( A FEW %ILL+S ! PROP]TY ( PEASANT FAMILIES IS SOLD AT AUCTIONS1 AT :I* ! POLICE AU?ORITIES >E ! ONLY BIDD]S2 CATTLE1 HORSES1 & EV5 ! /ORES ( GRA9 & ! COM+ CROPS >E ?US SOLD = A FEW %ILL+S TO SOME VILLAGE POLICE (FICIAL1 :O AFT]W>DS SELLS !M BACK TO ! RU9$ PEASANT = ?REE OR F\R TIMES ! PRICE HE HAS PAID4 

,MOREOV]1 IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT !RE >E N[ AT LEA/ SOME?+ LIKE #g1 PEASANTS & WORK+ M5 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA ALONE :O HAVE BE5 ?R[N \T ( !IR REGUL> MODE ( LIFE DUR+ ! LA/ TWO YE>S1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( REPRESSION AFT] /RIKES & ! LIKE1 & :O AT ! PRES5T TIME >E M]E \TLAWS W&]+ FROM ONE CITY TO ANO!R1 COMPELL$ TO CONCEAL !MSELVES UND] FALSE NAMES1 & )\T ANY POSSIBILITY ( RETURN+ TO !IR NATIVE PLACES & TO !IR PREVI\S OCCUPATIONS4 ,!RE >E NE>LY ?REE-QU>T]S ( A MILLION P]SONS :OM ONLY A G5]AL AMNE/Y W\LD P]MIT TO RETURN TO REGUL> LIFE & REGUL> E>N+S4 

,SU* IS ! CONDITION ( ,RUSSIA1 AS EV]Y ONE MAY ASC]TA9 = HIMSELF FROM ! NUM]\S DOCUM5TS \T ( :I* AB/RACTS >E GIV5 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 

,E>NE/ APPEAL IS !RE=E MADE TO ALL ?OSE TO :OM HUMAN PROGRESS IS DE> TO USE ALL ! WEI<T ( !IR 9FLU5CE TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS REIGN ( ,:ITE ,T]ROR UND] :I* ?AT C\NTRY N[ LIES4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N FROM HI/ORY ?AT ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR SU* AS WAS SE5 9 ! TW5TIES ! LA/ C5TURY 9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! RETURN ( ! ,B\RBONS1 9 ,ITALY BE=E #a#h#e#i1 & LAT] ON 9 ,TURKEY1 HAS NEV] RE/OR$ TRANQUILITY 9 A C\NTRY4 ,IT ONLY PAVES ! WAY = NEW DI/URBANCES1 IT SPREADS 9 ! C\NTRY A FEEL+ ( UTT] CONTEMPT = HUMAN LIFE1 IT 9DUCES HABITS ( VIOL5CE1 & BEYOND QUE/ION IT W\LD BE TO ! 9T]E/ ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 & ( PROGRESS 9 G5]AL1 ?AT ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* N[ PREVAILS 9 ,RUSSIA %\LD BE BR\<T TO AN 5D4 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,9T]PELLATION ADDRESS$ ON ,APRIL #b#c1 #a#i#i1 TO ! ,M9I/RY1 BY ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 

  

 ,?IS PAGE HAS BE5 ACCESS$  TIMES S9CE ,SEPTEMB] #a#b1 #b#a4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a1 ,P>T ,A 3 ,! ,PRISONS1 ,OV]CR[D+ & ,TYPHUS 

,PHOTO BY ,KEIJO ,KNUTAS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,NUMB]S ( ,PRISON]S4 ,OV]CR[D+4--,FROM AN (FICIAL DOCUM5T COMMUNICAT$ TO ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL ON ,M>* #a#e1 #a#i#i1 BY ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! PRISONS1 IT APPE>S ?AT ON ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#i1 !RE W]E 9 ! LOCK-UPS ( ! ,EMPIRE #a#h#a1#a#c#g 9MATES4 ,?IS FIGURE1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT 9CLUDE ?OSE PRISON]S :O >E 9 TRANSPORTATION1 & ! NUMB]S ( :OM >E E/IMAT$ (FICIALLY AT AB\T #c14 ,NOR DOES IT 9CLUDE AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( P]SONS DETA9$ AT ! POLICE LOCK-UPS1 BO? 9 ! T[NS & 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,NO APPROXIMATE IDEA AS TO ! NUMB] ( ?IS LA/ CATEGORY CAN BE OBTA9$1 BUT IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS ?AT IT MAY BE ANY?+ BETWE5 #e1 & #a14 ,! WOR/ IS ?AT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,POLICE LOCK-UPS ?AT ! ILL-TREATM5T ( ! PRISON]S IS ! MO/ AWFUL4 ,! FAM\S TORTURE *AMB]S ( ,GR9N AT ,W>SAW1 & ,GREGUS AT ,RIGA 7BO? CONDEMN$ BY C\RTS7 W]E PRECISELY POLICE LOCK-UPS4 

,! NUMB] ( 9MATES 9 ! PRISONS HAS BE5 GR[+ /EADILY = ! LA/ F\R YE>S4 ,9 #aie ! AV]AGE DAILY FIGURE = ALL ! PRISONS ( ! ,EMPIRE WAS #h#e1 2 IT REA*$ #a#a#a1 9 #aif 2 #a#c#h1 9 #aig 2 #a#g1 9 #a#i#h1 & ON ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#i1 IT WAS #a#h#a1#a#c#g4 ,! HOLD+ CAPACITY ( ALL ! PRISONS ( ! ,EMPIRE BE+ ONLY #a#g1 P]SONS1 OV]CR[D+ IS ! NECESS>Y RESULT1 & 9 SOME PLACES !RE >E FROM ?REE TO F\R TIMES MORE 9MATES ?AN ! PRISON C\LD POSSIBLY CONTA9 UND] NORMAL CONDITIONS4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS OV]CR[D+ IS ?AT SCURVY & TYPHUS HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 AN AL>M+ PROPORTION1 & ?AT1 AS HAS BE5 SAID 9 ! ,9TRODUCTION1 NO?+ IS DONE TO PREV5T ! EPIDEMIC FROM SPREAD+ OV] ALL ! PRISONS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! L5I5CY ) :I* C\NTLESS COMPLA9TS AB\T BRUTAL TREATM5T 9 PRISONS HAS BE5 MET BY ! ,M9I/RY1 & ! CONT9UAL RELEASE1 BY P]SONAL ORD]S ( ! ,EMP]OR1 ( ?OSE PRISON (FICIALS :O HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,C\RTS TO IMPRISONM5T = ! BRUTAL TREATM5T ( ! PRISON]S1 SEEM TO HAVE CREAT$ AMONG ! PRISON AU?ORITIES ! IDEA ?AT 9 TORM5T+ ! PRISON]S !Y ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! WI%ES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 AS SE5 FROM ! DEBATES 9 ! ,DUMA1 IS FULLY AW>E1 ?R\< ! (FICIAL REPORTS ADDRESS$ TO IT BY ! PRISON GOV]NORS1 ( ! T]RIBLE OV]CR[D+ 9 SOME ( ! LOCK-UPS & ( ! RESULT+ EPIDEMICS4 ,BUT IT TAKES NO MEASURES TO PREV5T EI!R ! OV]CR[D+ OR ! SPREAD ( !SE EPIDEMICS AMONG ! PRISON]S4 

,EV5 9 ! GREAT PRISONS LIKE ! ,BUTYRKI PRISON ( ,MOSC[1 )9 A FEW H\RS ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 EV5 9 ?IS PRISON WE >E 9=M$ BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,DUMA :O HAVE S]V$ !IR TIME 9 IT1 ! DRESS & ! L95 DELIV]$ TO ! PRISON]S >E FALL+ TO PIECES 2 EV5 9 ! PILL[S1 :I* >E FILL$ ) /RAW1 ! /RAW IS *ANG$ ONLY ONCE A YE>4 ,NO MATTRESSES >E DELIV]$1 NOT EV5 PIECES ( FELT TO LIE UPON1 & NO BLANKETS 2 FRE% NEW L95 IS DELIV]$ ONLY :5 ! VISIT ( A MEMB] ( ! SUP]IOR ADM9I/RATION IS EXPECT$4#a 

,9 ?IS PRISON1 :I* CONTA9S #a1#c H>D-LABOR CONVICTS1 ONE-HALF ( :OM >E POLITICALS1 ! ROOMS1 :I* >E EA* TWELVE PACES LONG BY FIVE WIDE1 CONTA9 TW5TY-FIVE PRISON]S1 & ! TIME ALL[$ = TAK+ FRE% AIR IS ONLY M9UTES4 ,\T ( ! 9MATES PLAC$ ON ! SICK LI/1 #fe P]C5T4 >E ATTACK$ BY SCURVY 2 !Y REMA9 9 ! COMMON ROOMS1 ALL 9 *A9S1 & >E CONT9UALLY BEAT5 & ?RA%$ BY ! W>D]S4 ,AFT] HAV+ BEAT5 A MAN !Y WILL PUT HIM 9TO ! ,BLACK ,HOLE2 & ! DEPUTIES ( ! ,DUMA IMPRISON$ 9 ?IS PLACE WRITE AB\T A MAN ,*]TETS(F1 :O1 AFT] BE+ BEAT5 = SEV5 DAYS 9 SUCCESSION1 W5T MAD & DI$ ?REE DAYS LAT]4#b 

,! SAME PRISON HAS BECOME SU* A NE/ ( 9FECTION ?AT AT A SPECIAL MEET+ ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SANIT>Y ,9SPECTORS ( ,MOSC[ ON ! #bND ( ,M>*1 #a#i#i1 IT WAS /AT$ ?AT DUR+ ! WEEK1 FROM ! #a#e? TO ! #b? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 NO LESS ?AN #g M5 W]E TAK5 ILL ) RECURR5T TYPHUS4 ,! ILLNESS HAS BE5 SPREAD TO ! B>RACKS ( ! SAPP]S BY ! M5 :O KEPT GU>D 9 ! PRISON1 & T5 DEA?S HAVE ALREADY TAK5 PLACE !RE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE CONCLUD$ ?AT IT WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO IMPROVE ! FOOD ( ! PRISON]S 2 BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ! PRISON AU?ORITIES WILL NOT ADMIT4 

,! LOCK-UP ( ! ,FIR/ ,DON ,DI/RICT 7PROV9CE ( ,DON ,COSSACKS7 WAS BUILT = #e 9MATES--IT CONTA9S #be 2 A ROOM1 #ad FEET LONG1 #a FEET WIDE1 & #h FEET HI<1 ) ONLY TWO W9D[S1 CONTA9S #bf PRISON]S4 ,9 ! ,KO/ROMA PRISON1 :I* WAS BUILT = #b P]SONS1 !RE >E #d PRISON]S4 ,EA* PRISON] HAS1 AS A RULE1 LESS ?AN #ag CUBIC FEET ( AIR SPACE1 & ! ALL[ANCE HAS NEV] ATTA9$ #bd CUBIC FEET 7:I* W\LD MEAN #c FEET BY #h FEET 9 A ROOM #a FEET HI<4 ,! ROOMS >E FULL ( P>ASITES4 ,9 ! ,KAM5ETZ PRISON1 BUILT = #d P]SONS1 !RE >E #h 9MATES4 ,EA* ROOM1 CALCULAT$ = #b P]SONS1 CONTA9S #d4 

,FROM ! ,VYATKA ,TRANSF] PRISON1 ONE ( ! *IEF TRANSF] PRISONS ON ! HI<WAY TO ,SIB]IA1 A PRISON] WRITES AS FOLL[S3-- 

0,WE >E KEPT1 FROM #f TO #g ( US1 9 ROOMS CALCULAT$ TO HOLD #c TO #d P]SONS ONLY4 ,!RE >E NO B$S1 NOT EV5 ?OSE SLEEP+ PLAT=MS :I* =M]LY W]E US$ 9/EAD ( B$S 9 ,RUSSIAN PRISONS4 ,WE ALL SLEEP ON ! B>E FLOOR1 & NO BLANKETS >E SUPPLI$4 ,! DAMP IS AWFUL1 & ! ROOMS >E FULL ( P>ASITES4 ,! POLITICALS >E KEPT TOGE!R ) ! COMMON LAW CONVICTS4 ,! FOOD .<:I* IS DESCRIB$ 9 FULL.> IS EXECRABLE4 ,ALL MEALS >E S]V$ )9 ! SPACE ( F\R H\RS1 & = #b H\RS WE REMA9 )\T FOOD1 %UT UP 9 \R ROOMS1 ) W9D[S TI<TLY FA/5$1 & >E NOT ALL[$ TO GO \T ( \R ROOMS = ANY REASON :ATEV]40#c 

,AT ! ,EKAT]9OD> PRISON 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 AS HAS BE5 /AT$ BY ! T[N AU?ORITIES AT A MEET+ HELD ON ! #e? ( ,APRIL LA/1 !RE IS ROOM = #cf PRISON]S 2 BUT ! JAIL CONTA9S #a1#b 9MATES1 \T ( :OM #e >E ILL ) ]UPTIVE TYPHUS4 ,! HOSPITAL ACCOMMODATION IS = #h P]SONS ONLY1 ! REMA9D] CONT9UE TO LIE ) ! O!RS 9 ! COMMON ROOMS4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ! PRISON ALSO FELL ILL ) ]UPTIVE TYPHUS4#d 

,) REG>D TO ! ,TIFLIS C5TRAL PRISON 9 ! ,MEHTEH ,CA/LE1 #dc POLITICAL & COMMON LAW PRISON]S DETA9$ !RE HAVE LATELY WRITT5 TO ! ,DUMA DEPUTY1 ,M4 ,T*EIDZE1 9 ! NAME ( #hd 9MATES ( ?AT T]RIBLE =TRESS1 COMPLA9+ ( ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE SANIT>Y CONDITIONS & ! UNLIMIT$ BRUTALITY ( ! PRISON AU?ORITIES4 ,F\R M5 BE5 %OT DUR+ ! LA/ MON? BY ! S5T9ELS = HAV+ APPROA*$ ! W9D[S1 ! ORD] ISSU$ BY ! COMM&] ( ! CA/LE 9 ,JANU>Y LA/ BE+ 3 0,%OOT )\T ANY W>N+ AT ! SLI<TE/ UPRO>1 & AS SOON AS A PRISON] APPROA*ES ! W9D[ AIM AT ! HEAD SO AS TO OCCASION DEA?40#e 

,LA/ YE> IT BECAME KN[N ?AT SEV]AL PRISONS W]E NE/S ( TYPHUS 9FECTION4 ,?US ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV ZEM/VO REPO ?AT ! ,LUGANSK PRISON WAS A BRE$+-PLACE ( TYPHUS = ! CITY & ! :OLE DI/RICT4 ,9 ! ,KIEFF PRISON1 :I* WAS BUILT = #e 9MATES BUT CONTA9S #b11 ! TYPHUS EPIDEMIC BEGAN ALREADY 9 #a#i#h1 & SOON 9 ?IS OLD BUILD+1 R5[N$ = ITS TYPHUS EPIDEMICS S9CE #a#h#h#b1 HUNDR$S ( M5 W]E LAID D[N ) TYPHUS4 ,! 9FIRM>Y1 :I* HAS ACCOMMODATION = #ie P]SONS ONLY1 CONTA9$ #cci SICK PRISON]S1 ! AV]AGE SPACE :I* ! PATI5TS W]E 5JOY+ BE+ ONLY #ba CUBIC FEET P] P]SON 7#c FEET BY #g FEET BY #a FEET74 ,! MORTALITY WAS APPALL+4 ,FROM ! PRISON ! EPIDEMIC SPREAD TO ! CITY ( ,KIEFF1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! (FICIAL FIGURES = ,KIEFF = ! YE> #aih W]E #i1#a#e CASES ( TYPHUS1 \T ( :I* #b1#a#h#h W]E 9 ! PRISON4#f 

,! HEAD ( ! PRISON ADM9I/RATION1 ,M4 ,HRULEFF1 HAV+ S5T HIS SPECIAL COMMISSION]1 ,M4 ,VON ,BOTTI*]1 TO REPORT AB\T ! CONDITION ( ! PRISONS 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,KIEFF1 ,PODOLIA1 & ,VOLHYNIA1 ! ,COMMISSION] HAS N[ S5T 9 A REPORT CONC]N+ ! ,LUKOYAN(F PRISON ( ! PROV9CE ( ,KIEFF4 ,NE>LY #b1#e PRISON]S HAVE DI$ FROM TYPHUS ALONE 9 ?IS OLD PRISON--AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ EV]Y YE>4 ,9 ,JANU>Y LA/ !RE W]E #bbb TYPHUS CASES 9 ?IS PRISON & #dbc 9 ,FEBRU>Y4#g ,! GREAT DEVELOPM5T ( TYPHUS IS DUE TO OV]-CR[D+1 ! PRISON1 :I* HAS BE5 BUILT = #f 9MATES1 CONTA9+ REGUL>LY #a1#h4#h 

,DUR+ LA/ W9T] ! EPIDEMIC APPE>$ ALMO/ EV]YH]E4 ,9 ,PYATIGORSK IT APPE>$ 9 ,JANU>Y 2 9 ,P]M 9 ,FEBRU>Y4 ,IT WAS ]UPTIVE TYPHUS1 & ! *IEF DOCTOR ( ! ZEM/VO 9FIRM>Y1 ,M4 ,V9OGRAD(F1 DI$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #bND1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 9FECT$ :ILE HE RECEIV$ 9 ! 9FIRM>Y #ah TYPHUS PATI5TS BR\<T FROM ! LOCAL PRISON4#i ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #g P]SONS HAD ALREADY DI$1 BUT ! PRISON ADM9I/RATION1 AS ! EX-MEMB] ( ! ,DUMA1 ,M4 ,POLETAEFF1 WRITES TO ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PAP]S1 REFUS$ EV5 TO P]MIT ! PRISON]S TO IMPROVE !IR FOOD AT !IR [N EXP5SE4#a ,MANY SOLDI]S & W>D]S W]E 9FECT$ 9 !IR TURN1 & ANO!R PRISON DOCTOR1 ,PILIP91 & TWO W>D]S1 AS ALSO SEV]AL SOLDI]S ( ! MILIT>Y G>RISON1 DI$ FROM TYPHUS4 

,9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV ! PRISONS ( ,LUGAN & ,BAKHMUT 7A PRISON :I* WAS BUILT = #e P]SONS1 BUT HAD #ce 9MATES7 SOON W]E 9FECT$4 ,9 A FEW WEEKS ! NUMB] ( TYPHUS PATI5TS 9 ?IS LA/ PRISON REA*$ #e#d1 & #a A FEW DAYS LAT]4#a#a ,9 ! CAPITAL ( ! PROV9CE1 AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 :]E #a1#c#a#g P]SONS W]E KEPT 9 A BUILD+ ?AT HAD BE5 BUILT = #c 9MATES1 TYPHUS WAS RAG+4 ,!RE W]E #ac PATI5TS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #bce 9 ,M>*4 ,!RE APPE>$ ALSO *OL]A1 :I* WAS DUE TO ! ROTT5 FOOD DI/RIBUT$ TO ! PRISON]S & TO CONTAM9AT$ WAT]4#a#b 

,9 ,POLTAVA TYPHUS HAS RAG$ S9CE ,NOVEMB] LA/1 & CONT9UES /ILL4 ,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,KURSK ! TYPHUS EPIDEMIC BROKE \T 9 SEV5 DIFF]5T JAILS 2 9 ! PROV9CIAL PRISON ALL SICK CONT9U$ TO BE KEPT 9 *A9S1 & !Y W]E TRANSPORT$ 9 ?IS WAY TO ! ZEM/VO 9FIRM>Y 2 #af W>D]S ALL FELL ILL4 ,9 ,SIMPH]OPOL !RE W]E 9 ,FEBRU>Y #hf CASES ( RECURR5T TYPHUS & #c ( ]UPTIVE TYPHUS 2 9 ,M>* !RE W]E #b CASES1 & ! EPIDEMIC %[$ NO SIGNS ( ABATEM5T4 

,! SAME RAVAGES W]E APP>5T 9 ! PRISONS ( ,KH]SON1 ,Z5K(F1 ,RADOMYSL1 ,B]DI*EF1 & SEV]AL O!R T[NS ( ,S\?-,WE/ ,RUSSIA4#a#c 

,! SAME 9 ,W>SAW 7:]E ! PRISON ( ! ,PRAGA SUBURB WAS BUILT = #ae 9MATES BUT CONTA9$ #d & ALL ! PRISON]S SLEPT ON ! B>E FLOOR71#a#d AT ,M9SK1 9 ,VYAZMA1 GOV]NM5T ( ,SMOL5SK1 :]E #cg PRISON]S \T ( #aci & #c W>D]S \T ( #a W]E /RICK5 BY TYPHUS4#a#e 

,OREL1 ,NIJNI-,NOVGOROD1 ,TOTMA1 @&C41 @&C41 >E N[ 9 ! SAME CONDITION1 & F9ALLY 9 ! GREAT ,BUTYRKI PRISON ( ,MOSC[ !RE W]E #g NEW TYPHUS CASES DUR+ ONE WEEK1 FROM ,FEBRU>Y #b#bND TO ,M>* #a/4 ,ONLY LAT] 9 ,M>* AN ABATEM5T ( ! EPIDEMIC WAS REPORT$4#a#f 

,AT ,SIMPH]OPOL #c TYPHUS PATI5TS >E REPORT$2 9 ! *ILDR5'S RE=MATORY ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 #ad BOYS \T ( #ai >E /RICK5 ) TYPHUS4 ,AT ! ,UMAN & ,B]DI*EF JAILS1 NO MORE PRISON]S >E RECEIV$ ON ACC\NT ( ! T]RIBLE EPIDEMIC :I* IS RAG+ 9 !SE PRISONS4#a#g 

,! RELATIVES ( ! POLITICAL 9MATES ( ! ,P]M PRISON WROTE TO ! ,DUMA DEPUTY ( ?AT PROV9CE1 ASK+ HIM TO DO SOME?+ = !M4 ,! PRISON ADM9I/RATION DOES NOT ALL[ ANY ADDITIONAL FOOD TO BE GIV5 TO ! TYPHUS PATI5TS4 

,!RE >E ?REE CASES ON RECORD--TWO ( !M AT ,KH>K(F & ONE AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV--( P]SONS ILL ) TYPHUS :O HAVE BE5 BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RTS DUR+ !IR ILLNESS4 ,?US1 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,APRIL LA/1 TWO M5 ACCUS$ ( ROBB]Y W]E BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL ( ,KH>K(F4 ,SEE+ ?AT ONE ( !M WAS QUITE UNABLE TO ANSW] ! QUE/IONS1 HAV+ NOT YET RECOV]$ FROM A SECOND ATTACK ( RECURR5T TYPHUS--HE WAS LOOK+ LIKE A CORPSE--! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\RT ASK$ ! ,PROSECUTOR TO PO/PONE ! PROSECUTION1 & ADD$ 3 0,!RE IS NO NE$ TO CALL A DOCTOR 2 Y\ HAVE ONLY TO LOOK Y\RSELF AT ?AT MAN40 ,! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR1 AFT] HAV+ APPROA*$ ! PRISON]1 )DREW HIS ACCUSATION1 & ! MAN WAS RETURN$ TO ! PRISON4#a#h 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#f? ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 SITT+ AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 WAS ALSO COMPELL$ TO 9T]RUPT ITS SITT+ BECAUSE ONE ( ! LAWY]S DREW ! ATT5TION ( ! ,C\RT TO ! FACT ?AT ONE ( ! PRISON]S BR\<T BE=E !M WAS ILL ) TYPHUS4 ,A DOCTOR WAS CALL$ 91 ! TEMP]ATURE ( ! PRISON] WAS #a#d81 & HE WAS RETURN$ TO ! PRISON4 

,9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG IT HAPP5$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ,M>* LA/1 ?AT :5 A P>TY ,( #ge PRISON]S WAS BR\<T BY RAIL TO ?IS CITY1 SEV]AL ( !M W]E ILL ) TYPHUS4 ,!Y W]E S5T TO ! TRANSF] PRISON1 BUT !RE BE+ NO ROOM TO RECEIVE ! NEW-COM]S1 !Y HAD TO LIE ALL ! NI<T ON ! FLOOR 9 ! PASSAGES4#a#i ,EQUALLY BAD ACC\NTS >E GIV5 ( ! TYPHUS EPIDEMIC 9 ! ,KURSK1 ,P5ZA1 ,TV]1 ,T*EMB>1 & SEV]AL O!R PRISONS4 ,9 ?IS LA/ PRISON ! TYPHUS PATI5TS W]E KEPT TOGE!R ) ALL ! O!RS 9 ! COMMON ROOMS4 ,! PRISON DOCTOR1 ,M4 ,JIMS51 DI$ FROM TYPHUS4#b 

,PRIVATE P]SONS & SOCIETIES = ! AID ( PRISON]S >E PREV5T$ FROM DO+ ANY?+ TO IMPROVE ! FOOD ( ! PRISON]S1 & ACCORD+ TO ! PAP] ,NOVAYA ,RUSS1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE HAS =BIDD5 ! PRISON AU?ORITIES TO GIVE ANY 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! HEAL? ( !IR 9MATES4 

,MODE ( ,TRANSF] ( ,TYPHUS ,PATI5TS TO AN ,9FIRM>Y4--,! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T1 MADE BY A LADY 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA & PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,REVIEW ,RUSSKOYE ,BOGAT/VO1 $IT$ BY ,KOROL5KO1 IS TYPICAL 3-- 

0,LA/ SUMM] WE W]E OCCASIONALLY 9 ! Y>D ( ! 9FIRM>Y ( \R ZEM/VO4 ,I SAW TWO C>TS 5T]+ ! Y>D1 ACCOMPANI$ BY SOLDI]S4 ,APPROA*+ !SE C>TS1 ,I SAW ?AT !Y CONTA9$ TYPHOID PATI5TS :O HAD BE5 BR\<T TO ! 9FIRM>Y FROM ! PRISON4 ,IT WAS A DREADFUL SI<T1 & MADE MY HAIR /& ON 5D4 ,ONE CAN H>DLY BELIEVE ?AT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ) \R PRES5T CIVILIZATION1 M5 C\LD BE TREAT$ 9 SU* A WAY & BR\<T 9 SU* A CONDITION4 ,! M51 ALL UNCONSCI\S1 LAID LIKE LOGS 9 ! C>T1 KNOCK+ !IR HEADS AGA9/ ITS WOOD5 FRAME4 ,!Y HAD NOT EV5 PUT A H&FUL ( /RAW UND] !IR HEADS4 ,! M5 W]E LY+ ALMO/ ONE UPON ! O!R4 ,SOME W]E 9 ! LA/ AGONY 2 TWO ( !M DI$ AN H\R OR ONE & A HALF H\RS LAT]4 ,ALL ( !M W]E 9 *A9S4 ,I SAW H[ ! TWO DEAD W]E C>RI$ TO ! *APEL--BO? W]E FETT]$4 ,I ASK$ :Y ! *A9S HAD NOT BE5 TAK5 FROM ! DEAD2 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DONE IF !Y W]E DOGS4 ,!Y REPLI$ ?AT ! *A9S CAN BE TAK5 (F ONLY AFT] ! DEA? C]TIFICATE HAS BE5 SIGN$ BY ! PRISON DOCTOR4 ,LAT] ON ,I LE>N$ ?AT ! TYPHUS PATI5TS W]E KEPT 9 ! V]Y SAME ROOM ) ! O!RS4 ,9 \R 9FIRM>Y SPECIAL ROOMS W]E PREP>$ = ! TYPHUS PRISON]S1 & W>D]S W]E BR\<T FROM ! PRISON TO WAT* !M4 ,ACCU/OM$ CONT9UALLY TO BEAT ! PRISON]S1 !SE W>D]S BEGAN TO DO ! SAME 9 ! 9FIRM>Y1 SO ?AT ! ZEM/VO AU?ORITIES HAD TO 9T]F]E1 BUT1 ,I AM AFRAID1 9 VA9 2 !Y CONT9U$ TO DO ON A SMALL SCALE :AT !Y HAD BE5 US$ TO DO ON A L>GE SCALE 9 ! PRISON40#b#a 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,RYE*1 ,JANU>Y #b#d1 #a#i#i4 

#b,SOVREM5NOYE ,SLOVO1 ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#i4 

#c,LONG LETT] FROM ONE ( ! 9MATES 9 ,RUSSKOYE ,BOGAT/VO1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i1 PP4 #h#i-#i4 

#d,MEET+ ( ! ,PRISON ,COMMITTEE ( ,EKAT]9OD>1 ,APRIL #e1 #a#i#i1 REPORT$ 9 ,RYE*4 

#e,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I1 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#i4--,AS MI<T HAVE BE5 =ESE51 ! ABOVE CONDITIONS 5D$ 9 A TRAG$Y4 ,A ,TIFLIS TELEGRAM TO ! ,RUSSIAN DAILIES SAYS ?AT ON ,MAY #b#bND1 AT #f4#c P4M41 AS SEV]AL PRISON]S1 CONDEMN$ TO BE EXECUT$1 W]E TAK5 TO ! SCAFFOLD1 ! O!R PRISON]S BECAME UPRO>I\S4 0,!RE >E FIVE KILL$ AMONG !M10 LACONICALLY ADDS ! TELEGRAM4 

#f,SEE ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DAILIES = ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#i4 

#g,KIEVSKIY ,VE/NIK1 ,M>* #a#b1 #a#i#i4 

#h,NOVAYA ,RUSS1 ,MAY #b#a1 #a#i#i4 

#i,RYE*1 ,FEBRU>Y #d1 #a#i#i4 

#a,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#i4 

#a#a,RYE*1 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #a#i#i4 

#a#b,IBID41 ,JANU>Y #b#g1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #b#e1 & #b#f1 ,M>* #g & #a#c1 #a#i#i4 

#a#c,KIEVSKIY ,VE/NIK1 ,FEBRU>Y #bb ,M>* #c1 #d1 #i1 #a#b1 #a#i#i4 

#a#d,W>SAW ,E*O1 REPRODUC$ 9 ,RYE*1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i1#a#i#i4 

#a#e,SEE ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PAP]S = ,M>* #b#bND4 

#a#f,RUSSKIYA ,V$41 ,M>* #a1 #b#b1 ,APRIL #h1 #a#i#i4 

#a#g,?IS 9=MATION IS TAK5 FROM ! DAILY TELEGRAMS COMMUNICAT$ TO ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PAP]S DUR+ ! MON?S ( ,M>* & ,APRIL1 #a#i#i4  

#a#h,RYE*1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i4 

#a#i,RYE*1 ,M>* #d1 #a#i#i4 

#b,RUSS4 ,V$41 ,M>* #d #aii 7SIGN$ >TICLE74 

#ba ,RUSSKOYE ,BOGAT/VO1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i1 PP4 #i1 #i#a4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a1 ,P>T ,B 3 ,ILL-TREATM5T & ,TORTURES 

,PHOTO BY ,EMILY1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,MANY PAGES C\LD BE COV]$ ) ! DESCRIPTION ( ! ILL-TREATM5T & ! TORTURES 9 DIFF]5T PRISONS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,ONLY SOME /RIK+ 9/ANCES1 H[EV]1 CAN BE M5TION$ H]E4 

,IT IS KN[N ?R\< ! DAILY ,PRESS ?AT !RE W]E SO MANY COMPLA9TS AB\T ! MISRULE ( ! HEAD ( ! ,MOSC[ POLICE1 ,G5]AL ,RHE9BOT1 ?AT A SPECIAL ,COMMISSION WAS S5T \T BY ! ,S5ATE1 UND] ,S5ATOR ,G>91 TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! AFFAIR4 ,! HEAD ( ! POLICE JU/ M5TION$ HAS BE5 DISMISS$ 2 P]HAPS HE WILL BE BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT1 & /RIK+ 9/ANCES >IS+ \T ( HIS MISRULE HAVE ALREADY BE5 COMMUNICAT$ MORE OR LESS (FICIALLY TO ! DAILY ,PRESS4#a ,?US1 ONE ( ! WITNESSES1 ,M4 ,MAXIM(F1 EXAM9$ BY ! ,COMMISSION1 :O HAD BE5 KEPT 9 ONE ( ! LOCK-UPS ! ,MOSC[ POLICE1 DEPOS$ AS FOLL[S3-- 

0,H]E ,I SAW ! MO/ BRUTAL TREATM5T ( ! >RE/$ PEOPLE4 ,! POLICEM5 US$ TO BEAT ?OSE :OM !Y W\LD >RE/ AS MU* AS !Y LIK$4444,IT WAS T]RIBLE TO LIVE !RE DAY BY DAY1 & TO ?9K ?AT EI!R ,I W\LD BE KILL$ TOO1 OR ,I MYSELF W\LD P]HAPS BECOME A MURD]] 9 RESI/+ !SE M54444,!Y US$ TO BEAT PEOPLE 9 AN AWFUL WAY1 SOMETIMES QUITE 9NOC5T M51 SU*1 = 9/ANCE1 AS AN (FICIAL ( ! ,9/ITUTION ( ! ,EMPRESS ,M>IE1 ,&REI ,GAVRILOVIT* ,SURK(F4 ,HE REFUS$ TO 5T] A D>K ROOM :]E !Y WANT$ TO PUT HIM1 SO !Y BEGAN TO BEAT HIM ) ! BUTT-5DS ( !IR RIFLES1 ON ! HEAD1 9 ! /OMA*1444EV]Y:]E4 ,F9ALLY1 HE GREW WILD & SEIZ$ ! NOSE ( ! SECRET AG5T1 ,ORL(F1 ) HIS TEE?4 ,ONLY !N DID !Y /OP4 ,IT WAS !N T5 O'CLOCK1 & AT MIDNI<T HE HAD BE5 S5T TO LUNATIC ASYLUM1 & AS F> AS ,I KN[ HE IS QUITE MAD BY ?IS TIME40 

,! NAMES ( ! AG5TS ( ! SECRET POLICE :O US$ ?US TO TREAT PRISON]S >E GIV5 9 FULL BY ! WITNESS4 ,! SAME WITNESS DESCRIBES A MO/ T]RIBLE CASE ( A WOMAN :O WAS >RE/$ ON SUSPICION ( ROBB]Y 2 %E W\LD NOT DECL>E H]SELF GUILTY4 

0,! AG5T ( ! SECRET POLICE1 ,LYND91 WAS EXAM9+ A Y\NG WOMAN SUSPECT$ ( ROBB]Y4 ,%E EXPLA9$ H[ %E & ! WAT*MAN W]E TI$ BY ! ROBB]S4 ,LYND9 DID NOT BELIEVE H]1 & BEGAN TO BEAT H] ) HIS FI/S 9 ! BREA/1 SO ?AT BLOOD FL[$ FROM H] M\?1 & %E FELL 9 A SWOON 2 A FEW H\RS LAT] %E HAD A T]RIBLE 9T]NAL HAEMORRHAGE4 ,WE SAW ?AT BEAT+ & WE C\LD NOT /& IT4 ,I %\T$ TO ,LYND93 ',SC\NDREL ?AT Y\ >E :Y DO Y\ KILL A HUMAN BE+8' ,:]EUPON HE TOOK \T HIS REVOLV] & ?REAT5$ TO %OOT ME1 BUT ,I & ANO!R PRISON] BEGAN TO BREAK ! P>TITION :I* SEP>AT$ US4 ,!N !Y /OPP$ ! BEAT+4 ,?REE DAYS LAT] !Y >RE/$ ! REAL ROBB]S1 & IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT ! WOMAN WAS ABSOLUTELY 9NOC5T40 

,IT IS V]Y SELDOM ?AT SU* FACTS >E BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RTS4 ,/ILL IT HAPP5S OCCASIONALLY1 & !N ! MO/ SC&AL\S /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS SOMETIMES REVEAL$4 ,?US 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 GOV]NM5T ( ,KH]SON1 ! PRES5T HEAD ( ! ,9VE/IGATION ,DEP>TM5T ( ! POLICE ( ?IS DI/RICT1 A C]TA9 ,T*]NYAVSKY1 :ILE HE WAS NOT YET PROMOT$ TO ?AT PO/ & WAS A SIMPLE POLICE (FIC]1 AID$ BY SEV]AL PRISON]S :OM HE HAD TRA9$ TO BE HIS EXECUTION]S1 ACTUALLY TORTUR$ ! COMMON LAW PRISON]S UND] >RE/4 ,AT LA/ ! FACT LEAK$ \T1 & ! GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE ORD]$ AN 9QUIRY TO BE HELD1 :]EUPON A LONG SUCCESSION ( WITNESSES CAME TO TE/IFY ?AT !Y HAD BE5 FE>FULLY BEAT5 9 PRISON :ILE !Y W]E UND] >RE/1 & NOT ONLY BEAT51 BUT !IR HAIR WAS PULL$ \T1 W\NDS W]E 9FLICT$ BY %>P NE$LES1 EV5 ! FIRE TORTURE WAS RESORT$ TO4 ,A M$ICAL EXAM9ATION ( !SE WITNESSES FULLY CONFIRM$ ! FACT ?AT SEV]AL ( !M HAD BROK5 RIBS1 BROK5 TYMPANUMS1 & O!R S]I\S W\NDS4 ,H[EV]1 ,T*]NYAVSKY WAS NOT DISMISS$ FROM PRISON S]VICE 2 HE WAS ONLY TRANSF]R$ TO ! POLITICAL ,9VE/IGATION ,DEP>TM5T4 ,! 9QUIRY1 H[EV]1 IS CONT9U+1 & !RE IS A VAGUE HOPE ?AT ?IS TIME ! AFFAIR MAY NOT BE HU%$ UP4#b 

,9 ,M>*1 #a#i#i1 9 ! CITY ( ,DV9SK1 ! POLICE (FICIAL ,LEIKO & TWO ( HIS SUBORD9ATES W]E PROSECUT$ = TORTURES PRACTIC$ AT ! POLICE-/ATION4#c ,BUT ! PROSECUTIONS >E ( NO USE1 AS ALL !SE TORTUR]S KN[ WELL ?AT !Y HAVE ! FULL APPROVAL ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 & AS SOON AS ?IS ,UNION APPLIES TO ! ,CZ>1 ASK+ HIM TO P>DON !M1 !Y WILL BE P>DON$4 

,AT ,VORONEZH1 ON ,M>* #e? LA/1 ! PRISON] ,KATASAN(F1 :O HAD BE5 BR\<T TO ! PSY*IAL HOSPITAL ( ! ZEM/VO1 DI$ FROM W\NDS 9FLICT$ UPON HIM BY ! LOCAL PRISON ADM9I/RATION4#d 

,TORTURES >E SO HABITUAL 9 ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV PRISON ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( ,M4 ,ANTON(F1 :O WAS KEPT 9 ?AT PRISON & HAS RELAT$ HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG NEWSPAP] ,RYE*1 ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #a#i#h1 0BEAT+ & ?RA%+ ( ! PRISON]S WAS CONT9U$ EV5 UPON ?OSE :O W]E TO BE EXECUT$ 9 A FEW DAYS4 ,?US1 ! PRISON] ,GUTMA*] WAS BEAT5 ) /ICKS & ?R[N ON ! FLOOR1 & KICK$ BY ! W>D]S D[N TO ! V]Y DAY :5 HE WAS HANG$40 ,?IS IS SO HABITUAL ?AT ! EX-DEPUTY ( ! ,SECOND ,DUMA1 ,M4 ,LOMTATIDZE1 9 A LETT] :I* HE WROTE TO ! MEMB]S ( ! PRES5T ,DUMA & :I* WAS REPRODUC$ BY ALL ! ,RUSSIAN NEWSPAP]S1 COMMUNICAT$ FOLL[+ FACT3-- 

0,SU* TREATM5T10 HE WROTE1 0HAS BECOME SO HABITUAL ?AT ONE AN>*I/-COMMUNI/1 ,S9K(F1 HAV+ BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 APPLI$ TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 ASK+ HIM TO CO COMMUNICATE ) ! RESPECTIVE PRISON AU?ORITIES TO 5SURE ?AT HE1 ,S9K(F1 %\LD NOT BE BEAT5 BE=E BE+ HANG$1 & HE PROMIS$1 9 HIS TURN1 TO M>* TO ! SCAFFOLD )\T SAY+ A WORD1 A )\T BIDD+ HIS LA/ F>EWELL TO ! O!R PRISON]S4 ,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL PROMIS$ TO DO SO1 & ,I ?9K KEPT HIS WORD40#e 

,! DAILY ,RUSSIAN PAP]S HAV+ M5TION$ SEV]AL CASES ( ILL-TREATM5T ( ! PRISON]S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,ALGA*I & ,AKATUI PRISONS ( ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA1 AS ALSO ! ILL-TREATM5T ( PRISON]S 9 ! ,S*LUSSELLBURG1 :]E !Y >E KEPT 9 *A9S1 EV5 9 ?OSE CASES 9 :I* ?IS IS CONTR>Y TO LAW1 & ! COLD 9 ! CELLS IS SO 9T5SE ?AT ! PRISON]S CANNOT SLEEP O!RWISE ?AN 9 !IR %EEPSK9S1 ! HEAD ( ! PRISON ADM9I/RATION1 ,M4 ,KHRULEFF1 HAS LATELY ISSU$ A CIRCUL>1 9 :I* HE =BIDS ! PRISON AU?ORITIES TO TREAT ! PRISON]S BRUTALLY1 AS !Y >E DO+2 BUT ?IS CIRCUL> WILL EVID5TLY REMA9 A DEAD LETT]4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ! PRISON]S >E RESORT+ TO ! ONLY MEANS ( PROTE/ :I* !Y HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 ?AT IS1 ! FAM9E /RIKE1 :I* CONSI/S REFUS+ TO TAKE ANY FOOD4 ,SU* A /RIKE TOOK PLACE 9 ,APRIL LA/ AT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,H\SE ( ,CORRECTION1 :]E SIX HUNDR$ PRISON]S REFUS$ ALL FOOD = A NUMB] ( DAYS1 & 9 ,KRE/Y PRISON1 ALSO AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 

,9 ,TOBOLSK1 ON ,M>* #a#h1 #a#i#h1 ?IRTE5 PRISON]S W]E HANG$ = AN 09SURRECTION40 ,! HEAD ( ! MILIT>Y GU>D1 H[EV]1 TOLD ! ,C\RT ?AT !RE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO 9SURRECTION :ATEV]1 & ?AT1 IF HE HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO DO SO1 HE W\LD HAVE TAK5 ALL ! PRISON]S TO ! PUNI%M5T CELLS )\T ! SLI<TE/ RESI/ANCE ON !IR P>T2 BUT ! W>D]S JUMP$ UPON !M1 US+ !IR RIFLES & %OOT+ !M D[N4 ,?IS WAS ! CAUSE ( ! SCUFFLE :I* FOLL[$1 & = :I* ?IRTE5 M5 HAVE BE5 EXECUT$4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ SC&AL\S AFFAIRS TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,A/RAKHAN PRISON2 IT HAS BE5 BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT1 & !RE=E ITS DETAILS HAVE BECOME KN[N4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ?AT PRISON WAS A C]TA9 ,S*EFF]4 ,ONE ( ! PRISON]S1 ,IV'N(F1 WAS KILL$ BY ! W>D]S4 ,! PRISON DOCTOR GAVE A TE/IMONY ( NATURAL DEA?1 & ! MAN WAS BURI$4 ,H[EV]1 ,S*EFF]'S ASSI/ANT1 ,M4 ,PRIBYLOVSKY1 PROTE/$1 & 9T5D$ TO BR+ ! AFFAIR BE=E A ,C\RT4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT HE WAS F\ND KILL$ ON ,M>* #i? LA/ 9 A /REET ( ,A/RAKHAN4 ,!N ! ASSI/ANT ( ! HEAD ( ! POLICE1 A C]TA9 ,Y]MAK(F1 A FRI5D ( ! MAN KILL$1 BEGAN A PROSECUTION = ?IS LA/ MURD]2 IT SO HAPP5$ ?AT HE HAD SE5 ! ASSASS9S1 & :5 HE CAME TO ! (FICE ( ! HEAD ( ! POLICE1 ,RAKHMAN9(F1 HE DISCOV]$ 9 ONE ( ! AG5TS ( ,RAKHMAN9(F 7! AG5T APPO9T$ TO WAT* ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S7 ! ASSASS9 ( ,S*EFF]'S ASSI/ANT4 ,HE WANT$ TO >RE/ HIM1 BUT ,RAKHMAN9(F MADE ! MAN DISAPPE>4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ?AT ANO!R AG5T ( ,RAKHMAN9(F BURN$ HIMSELF 9 A CELL1 & ,RAKHMAN9(F HIMSELF WAS F\ND DEAD 9 ! LODG+S ( ! GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE4 ,?IS MY/]I\S AFFAIR WAS TOLD AT FULL L5G? 9 A SIGN$ >TICLE 9 ! NEWSPAP] ,RYE*1 ,APRIL #a#i1 #a#i#i4 

0,EV]Y MOM5T WE EXPECT SOME T]RIBLE SC5E ( :OLESALE BEAT+ TO BREAK \T1 & WE CONT9UALLY HAVE POISON 9 READ9ESS10 ONE ( ! 9MATES ( A GREAT PRISON 9 ,SIB]IA WRITES TO H] FRI5DS4 

,LA/ ,APRIL ALL ?OSE ?IRTE5 PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? AT ! ,ALEX&ROVSK PRISON ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,IRKUTSK1 %>$ 9 EQUAL P>TS ! POISON :I* !Y HAD OBTA9$1 9 ORD] TO SWALL[ IT ! MOM5T ! DEA? S5T5CES W\LD HAVE BE5 CONFIRM$ BY ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL4 

,9 ,M>* LA/1 9 ! ,KURSK PRISON1 \T ( ?REE P]SONS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ONE VA9LY TRI$ TO KILL HIS TWO O!R COMRADES1 & F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 KILL+ HIMSELF4#f 

,9 ! ,TAMB( PRISON1 :5 ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL WAS SITT+ LA/ ,M>*1 & CONT9UALLY PRON\NC$ DEA? S5T5CES1 !RE W]E FIVE ATTEMPTS AT SUICIDE 9 ! PRISON4 ,TWO ( !M W]E SUCCESSFUL4#g 

,ALL !SE FACTS HAVE RECEIV$ A WIDE PUBLICITY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS1 & ?R\< ! 9T]PELLATIONS 9 ! ,DUMA1 AS ALSO DUR+ ! DISCUSSIONS :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,DUMA :5 ! ,PRISON ,BUDGET WAS UND] DISCUSSION4 

,?US ON ,M>* #a#f1 #a#i#i1 :5 ! (FICIAL FIGURES AB\T ! OV]CR[D+ ( ! PRISONS W]E RECEIV$ BY ! ,DUMA1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT ! SUDD5 9CREASE ( ! PRISON POPULATION DUR+ ! LA/ ?REE YE>S WAS ! REASON :Y AN EPIDEMIC ( TYPHUS IS N[ RAG+ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y ,RUSSIAN PRISON1 & ALMO/ EV]Y T[N4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRISON ,DEP>TM5T ADMITT$ 9 ! ,DUMA ! FACT ( ! EXI/5CE ( TYPHUS EPIDEMICS AS WELL AS CASES ( ILL-TREATM5T4 ,HE ADD$1 H[EV]1 ?AT HIS ,DEP>TM5T IS 5]GETICALLY COMBAT+ !SE EVILS4 ,BUT NEV]!LESS ! OV]CR[D+ ( PRISONS CONT9UES4 

0,! PRISON POPULATION10 SAID ! ,DEPUTY ,<]ASIM(F AT ! SITT+ ( ,M>* #b#b1 #a#i#i1 0HAS 9CREAS$ DUR+ ! LA/ YE> ALONE BY #a1 P]SONS40 ,) REG>D TO ! TREATM5T DUR+ ! ,DUMA DEBATES ( ! PRISON]S1 IT WAS M5TION$ H[ (T5 ! POLITICAL PRISON]S W]E BEAT5 BY ! W>D]S4 ,9 ! ,VLADIMIR PRISON FIVE 0POLITICALS0 W]E FLOGG$4 ,9 ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV PRISON ! ABOVE-M5TION$ FACT AB\T ! ILL-TREATM5T ( ,GUTMA*]1 :O WAS TORTUR$ AFT] BE+ CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 & BEAT5 ) /ICKS BE=E ! EXECUTION TOOK PLACE1 WAS CONFIRM$ 9 ! ,DUMA4 ,NOT ONLY M5 BUT WOM51 NOT EXCLUD+ 9VALIDS1 >E BEAT5 9 ! PRISONS4 ,9 ! ,KO/ROMA PRISON1 ! PRISON] ,PHILLIP(1 = HAV+ ?R[N SOME CRUMBS \T ( ! W9D[1 WAS PUT 9 A /RAIT-WAI/COAT & BEAT5 TO DEA?4 0,\R PRISONS10 CONCLUD$ ! ,DEPUTY ,<]ASIMOV1 0>E PLACES :]E HUMANITY IS \TRAG$1 & :]E CRIME IS BORN & BR$40 

,F9ALLY1 ON ,APRIL #g 7#b71 #a#i#i1 AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ FROM ! ,SEVA/OPOL PRISON A LONG LETT] FROM ! ,DUMA ,DEPUTY1 ,LOMTATIDZE1 9 :I* HE DESCRIB$ 9 :AT A T]RIBLE WAY M5 W]E EXECUT$ DAY AFT] DAY UND] HIS V]Y W9D[S1 & AFT] HAV+ REPRODUC$ ?IS LETT] 9 FULL 9 !IR 9T]PELLATION ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC SECTION ( ! ,DUMA ADDRESS$ TO ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3-- 

0,IS IT KN[N TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,M9I/]S-- 

07#a7 ,?AT 9 ! ,SEVA/OPOL PRISON ?OSE :O >E CONDEMN$ TO DEA? >E SY/EMATICALLY SUBMITT$ TO BEAT+ & ALL SORTS ( TORTURES BE=E ! DEA? S5T5CE IS EXECUT$8 

07#b7 ,?AT EXECUTIONS TAKE PLACE EV5 :5 ! CONDEMN$ MAN IS UNCONSCI\S1 AS WAS ! CASE ) A C]TA9 ,VOGT1 :O WAS ILL ) TYPHUS & HAD A TEMP]ATURE ( #d DEGREES ,C5TIGRADE 7#a#d DEGREES ,FAHR5HEIT78 

07#c7 ,?AT !SE ABOM9ATIONS TAKE PLACE UND] ! V]Y W9D[S ( ! 9FIRM>Y1 :I* R5D]S /ILL WORSE ! CONDITION ( PRISON]S UND] TREATM5T8 

0,& IF ?IS IS KN[N1 :AT MEASURES DOES ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL 9T5D TO TAKE TO PUT AN 5D TO SU* CASES & TO PROSECUTE ! GUILTY P]SONS80#h 

,! LETT] ( ! ,DUMA ,DEPUTY ,LOMTATIDZE1 HAV+ BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9 FULL 9 ! ,DAILY ,NEWS ( ,APRIL #a#c1 #a#i#i1 IT SUFFICES TO M5TION ONLY ! FOLL[+ FACTS3-- 

,DUR+ LESS ?AN ONE YE> 7! PA/ YE>7 #g P]SONS W]E EXECUT$ 9 ! PRISON HOSPITAL Y>D )9 FIVE Y>DS ( HIS W9D[ 7ONE ( ! HOSPITAL W9D[S74 ,! SCAFFOLD IS CLE>LY SE5 FROM ! HOSPITAL4 ,!RE >E N[ AWAIT+ EXECUTION1 #ae CONDEMN$ PRISON]S1 & #i AWAIT+ S5T5CE4 

,! PRISON]S >E CONT9UALLY BEAT5 TILL !Y >E HALF UNCONSCI\S1 & >E (T5 EXECUT$ 9 ?IS /ATE4 

,A C]TA9 PRISON] NAM$ ,VOGT1 ?\< HE WAS ILL ) TYPHOID1 WAS TAK5 FROM HIS B$ & DRAGG$ TO EXECUTION :ILE 9 A DELIRI\S /ATE4 ,M4 ,LOMTATIDZE ADDS3 0,P]HAPS ?IS WAS BETT]1 BUT ON ME ?IS EXECUTION HAS PRODUC$ ! DEEPE/ IMPRESSION ( ALL40 

,! SOLDI]S HAVE BE5 ORD]$ TO %OOT AT ! PRISON]S AS SOON AS !RE IS ANY NOISE 9 ! CELLS1 & AS ! CRIES ( ?OSE :O >E BE+ BEAT5 & P9ION$ PRIOR TO EXECUTION >E HE>D1 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! O!R PRISON]S %\LD CRY \T1 OR EV5 CALL 0,F>EWELL0 TO ?OSE COMRADES :O >E BE+ DRAGG$ TO ! SCAFFOLD4#i 

,ON ,MAY #a#f1 #a#i#i1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT SECTION BR\<T ONCE MORE ! WIDE QUE/ION ( PRISONS BE=E ! ,DUMA4#a 

,EV5 AS !Y >E REPORT$ 9 ! PAP]S IT W\LD BE TOO LONG TO QUOTE H]E ! DEBATES 9 FULL4 ,!RE=E1 ONLY A FEW ( ! MA9 FACTS >E /AT$1 EA* ( :I* HAS BE5 C>EFULLY V]IFI$ BE=E BE+ BR\<T BE=E ! ,DUMA4 

,ALL ! CASES ALREADY /AT$ BE=E ! ,DUMA1 :5 QUE/IONS W]E PUT REG>D+ ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,SEBA/OPOL PRISONS--SAID ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,DEPUTY--GO TO PROVE ?AT !RE WE HAVE TO DEAL 0) A C>EFULLY ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( POLITICAL REV5GE ON A LIMIT$ CIRCLE ( P]SONS40 

,9 ! ,OREL C\NTY PRISON ! PHYSICAL ILL-TREATM5T ( PRISON]S BEGAN 9 ! 5D ( #a#i#g1 & DUR+ #aih IT ACQUIR$ ! ASPECT ( AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM4 

,! PRISON]S >E H]E BEAT5 T]RIBLY1 TILL A /ATE ( UNCONSCI\SNESS SUP]V5ES1 & !Y >E HALF DEAD4 ,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#g1 ! ASSI/ANT ( ! PRISON GOV]NOR--A C]TA9 ,LEVITSKY--:5 RECEIV+ A PRISON]1 ANN\NC$3 0,WE HAVE BE5 GIV5 A FREE H&1 DO Y\ UND]/&8 ,WE WILL GO SCOT-FREE4 ,IF ,I *OOSE ,I CAN %OOT Y\ LIKE A DOG44460 ,DUR+ #aig ! PRISON]S W]E CONT9UALLY BEAT54 ,! SAME CONT9U$ DUR+ ! PA/ YE>4 

,A PRISON] :O PETITION$ ! GOV]NOR ,T*IJOV1 9 ! NAME ( O!R PRISON]S1 = SOME SMALL ?+1 WAS TAK5 TO A SPECIAL CELL & BEAT5 9 A HORRIBLE WAY 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! *IEF W>D]4 ,HE WAS BEAT5 BY A W>D] & BY ! HEAD ( ! HOSPITAL4 ,9 HIS [N CELL HE WAS AGA9 BEAT5 BY A W>D]4 

,LA/ YE> 9 ,MAY A NOTE WAS F\ND & ?IS WAS ATTRIBUT$ 7NOT PROV$7 TO A C]TA9 PRISON] ,AK\T94 ,HE WAS !N PUT 9 IRONS--H&S & FEET--& TAK5 TO ! 0LI<T0 CELL ,NO4 #b 7:]E PRISON]S >E BEAT5 *IEFLY74 ,A MAD ORGY ( PUNI%M5T TOOK PLACE4 ,HE WAS ?R[N S5SELESS ON ! ASPHALT FLOOR4 ,!NCE ! W>D]S W]E =C$ TO TAKE HI TO ! HOSPITAL W>D1 :]E 9 A FEW DAYS HE DI$4 

,A F\RTE5 YE>S' OLD BOY WAS T]RIBLY BEAT5 & PUT 9 IRONS BY ORD] ( ! GOV]NOR4 ,!RE WAS NO REASON = ?IS1 AS ! BOY HAD JU/ BE5 BR\<T FROM ANO!R PRISON4 

,! W>D]S BEAT ALSO ! COMPANION ( ! BOY1 ) :OM HE HAD >RIV$1 ON ! HEAD TILL HE WAS S5SELESS1 & !N DRAGG$ HIM AB\T ! CELL1 PLAY+ FOOTBALL HIS S5SELESS BODY4 ,! FIR/ BOY HAD TO WAT* ?IS4 ,ONE ( ! *IEF W>D]S BECAME SO LIVELY AT ?IS GAME ( FOOTBALL ?AT ! O!RS1 FE>+ HE W\LD KILL ! PRISON]1 CALL$ ON HIM TO DESI/4 

,9 ! ,OREL C5TRAL H>D-LABOR PRISON ! PRISON]S W]E & >E CONT9UALLY BEAT54 ,LATT]LY ! CASES ( A ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTIONI/ ,DYAK(F & A ,MOSC[ LAWY] ,ZHDAN(F HAVE COME TO LI<T4 ,! =M] WAS M]CILESSLY BEAT54 ,ZHDAN(F HAD H&$ 9 SOME PETITION = ! PROCUREUR4 ,HE WAS CALL$ UP TO ! PROCUREUR1 :O 9SULT$ HIM4 ,:5 ,ZHDAN(F RETURN$ TO HIS CELL1 ! BEAT+ BEGAN4 ,HE WAS BEAT5 SO T]RIBLY ?AT ! W>D]S DECID$ !Y HAD KILL$ HIM4 ,?IS WAS REPORT$ TO ! ASSI/ANT ( ! GOV]NOR4 ,:5 ! ASSI/ANT >RIV$1 HE BEGAN TO SWE> AT ! W>D]S ?AT !Y HAD 0KILL$ A PRISON] )\T P]MISSION40 ,!N !Y SAW ?AT ! PRISON] /ILL BREA!D4 ,HE WAS TAK5 TO ! HOSPITAL2 :5 HE HAD REVIV$ HE WAS TAK5 BACK TO SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 :]E HE IS N[ & :]E HE IS BE+ BEAT5 EV]Y FEW DAYS4 ,! W>D]S SAY OP5LY1 0,Y\ WON'T LIVE LONG40 

,PRISON]S >E BR\<T TO ?IS PRISON FROM O!R PRISONS = 0CORRECTION0--RA!R = MURD]4 ,EV5 ! SOLDI]-GU>DS SPEAK ) HORROR & T]ROR ( :AT HAPP5S )9 !SE WALLS4 

,! PROCUREUR NEV] VISITS ! PRISON1 & ?\< ! TREATM5T ( PRISON]S WAS BR\<T TO HIS KN[L$GE ?R\< HIS ,DEPUTY1 & ! LATT] PROMIS$ ?AT A LEGAL 9QUIRY %\LD BE MADE1 ( C\RSE NO?+ HAS BE5 DONE4 

,EVID5CE WAS !N READ TO ! ,DUMA CONC]N+ ! ,TOBOLSK H>D-LABOR PRISON4 ,IT IS SIMIL> TO ! ABOVE4 

,9 ! ,B\TYRKI PRISON 9 ,MOSC[ ! PRISON]S >E CONT9UALLY /RIPP$ & SE>*$1 ! W>D]S PU%+ !IR FIL?Y H&S 9TO ! PRISON]S' M\?S4 ,! CASES ( BEAT+ & ! ,BLACK ,HOLE PUNI%M5T >E 5DLESS4 ,H]E >E A FEW CASES3-- 

,A PRISON] WAS SL[ 9 TAK+ (F HIS CAP TO ! GOV]NOR'S ASSI/ANT4 ,! ASSI/ANT SNAT*$ (F ! CAP & GAVE ! PRISON] A FURI\S BL[ 9 ! RIBS4 ,! W>D]S CON/ANTLY BEAT ! PRISON]S4 

,ONE PRISON] HAD HIS TEMPLE SMA%$ BY A BL[ GIV5 ) A PAIR ( H&CUFFS4 

,A SAILOR WAS SO BEAT5 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#h1 ?AT HE COMMITT$ SUICIDE4 

,REAL TORTURES TAKE PLACE 9 ! ,BLACK ,HOLE & 9 ! 0SECRET0 CELLS4 

0,5T] ) A LAMP 9TO ?IS CELL10 WRITES A PRISON]1 0& ! BLACK PAT*ES ( COAGULAT$ BLOOD WILL TELL Y\ :AT HAPP5S 9 ! ,BLACK ,HOLE40 

,REC5TLY A PRISON]1 (FICIALLY REPORT$ P]FECTLY HEAL?Y PREVI\S TO ?IS1 DI$ ?REE DAYS AFT] ILLTREATM5T 9 ! ,BLACK ,HOLE4 

,A PRISON]1 ACKN[L$G$ 9SANE1 WAS T]RIBLY BEAT5 & FLOGG$4 

,ONE PRISON] 9 ! HOSPITAL /RUCK A W>D] DUR+ A FIT4 ,HE WAS /RAPP$ ) LEA!R ?ONGS TO HIS COT = SEV5 DAYS4 ,!SE /RAPS W]E NEI!R REMOV$ NOR LOOS5$ = ONE S+LE MOM5T = ANY NE$ DUR+ SEV5 DAYS & SEV5 NI<TS4 ,HIS RI<T >M HAS N[ BECOME P>ALYZ$4 

,ANO!R PRISON] WAS B\ND TO HIS COT 9 A SIMIL> WAY 9 HIS CELL = FIVE DAYS1 DUR+ :I* TIME HE WAS UNCONSCI\S4 

,! SICK & HEAL?Y >E H]D$ TOGE!R4 

,EV]Y DAY !RE >E NEW CASES ( PRISON]S BECOM+ M5TALLY D]ANG$4 

,! (FICIALS *OOSE TO CONSID] MO/ ( !SE CASES 0%AMM+10 & MANY SU* PRISON]S COMMIT SUICIDE4 

,?OSE PRISON]S :O >E VIOL5T >E KEPT /RAPP$ 9 !IR COTS = :OLE DAYS1 :]E !Y LIE 9 A /ATE ( UNTOLD FIL?4 

,SIXTY-FIVE P] C5T4 ( ! PRISON]S >E SUFF]+ FROM SCURVY1 & !IR FETT]S CUT 9TO !IR SWOLL5 LEGS4 ,! DEA?-RATE IS 5ORM\S4 ,! CONSUMPTIVES DIE 9 FETT]S 9 ! CR[D$ CELLS1 ) O!R PRISON]S LOOK+ ON4 

,9 ,TIFLIS1 9 ! =TRESS1 ! GOV]NOR ISSU$1 9 ,JANU>Y ( ?IS YE>1 ! ORD] ?AT 0ANY PRISON] APPROA*+ A W9D[ IS TO BE %OT AT )\T W>N+1 & ! HEAD IS TO BE AIM$ AT SO ?AT !RE MAY BE NO W\ND$40 ,AS ! AIR IS UNBE>ABLE ! PRISON]S 9EVITABLY APPROA* ! W9D[S4 ,?IS ORD] IS A SURE WAY ( GETT+ RID ( PRISON]S4 

,9 ONE DAY ONE WAS KILL$ & TWO W\ND$ 9 ! SAME CELL4 

,ON ,APRIL #cRD A Y\? AG$ #b WAS %OT4 ,?IS PRISON] HAD BE5 BR\<T TO ,TIFLIS FROM ,MOSC[ 9 VIEW ( HIS S]I\S /ATE ( HEAL?4 

,!RE >E O!R NUM]\S CASES4 

,9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ! ,DUMA ,DEPUTIES SAID1 !RE >E #aib PRISON]S ILL ) TYPHOID1 & ! NUMB] IS GR[+4 ,!RE IS ONE SANIT>Y (FIC] :O NURSES ALL !SE SICK4 ,! DOCTOR VISITS !M TWICE A WEEK4 

,! DEA?-RATE IS 5ORM\S2 ! TYPHOID PATI5TS REMA9 FETT]$4 

,9 ,BA*MUT1 A PRISON = #h#d1 :I* N[ HOLDS #ce 9MATES1 !RE >E #$ CASES ( TYPHUS4 

,A SIMIL> COMMUNICATION WAS RECEIV$ FROM ,PAVLOGRAD 9 ,APRIL4 

,COMMUNICATIONS HAVE BE5 RECEIV$ FROM ,KIEFF & ,MOSC[ GIV+ ! NUMB]S ( TYPHOID & TYPHUS CASES 7SEE ABOVE74 

,F\ND$ ON !SE FACTS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY PRES5T$ A LI/ ( F\R QUE/IONS 9 :I* ! ABOVE FACTS >E PUT =W>D4 ,WE TRANSLATE ! F\R? QUE/ION3-- 

0#d4 ,:E!R ! ABOVE-M5TION$ FACTS >E KN[N TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S1 TO ! ,M9I/]S ( ,JU/ICE1 ( ! ,NAVY1 & ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> 2 !N :AT MEASURES HAVE BE5 TAK5 BY !M = ! PROTECTION ( ! LIFE & HEAL? ( ! PRISON]S2 = ! ABOLITION ( ! TORTURES1 BEAT+1 & MURD]S N[ PRACTIC$2 = ! PREV5TION ( ! 9SULT+ & R\< BEHAVIOR ( ! PRISON (FICIALS1 & ! V>I\S ME?ODS ( 9JURY & TORTURE1 & ALSO ( O!R UNLAWFUL ACTIONS & ABUSE ( ! P[]S GIV5 TO PRISON (FICIALS1 & ! P[]S ( SUP]VISION GIV5 TO ! PROCUREUR1 & :AT HAS BE5 DONE = ! PROSECUTION ( GUILTY P]SONS80 

,9 ADITITION TO ALL ! ABOVE EVID5CE ,I WILL GIVE H]E FACTS TAK5 FROM A DETAIL$ 9QUIRY :I* WAS MADE 9 ,RUSSIA ON BEHALF ( ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONDITION ( ,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES 9 ,SIB]IA & ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA4 ,9 MANY PRISONS & POLICE LOCK-UPS1 :5 ! PRISON]S W]E BE+ QUE/ION$1 GUILTY OR 9NOC5T ALIKE W]E TREAT$ ) A VIOL5CE ?AT MADE EV5 ! 9NOC5T CONFESS TO CRIMES ?AT S5T !M TO ! GALL[S4 ,! PRISONS ( ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES & ,POL& W]E SPECIALLY CELEBRAT$ = ?IS1 BUT 9 MANY O!R PLACES ! SAME HORRORS W]E COMMITT$4 ,H]E >E A FEW FACTS4#a#a 

,AT ,VILNO1 :5 ! SESSIONS ( ! ,ASSIZE ,C\RTS COMM5C$1 TW5TY-SIX ORD9>Y 7NOT POLITICAL7 PRISON]S ASK$ TO SEE ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR1 & 9=M$ HIM ( ! T]RIBLE TORTURE !Y HAD UND]GONE 9 ! ,C\NTY PRISON4 

,! ,DEPUTY ( ! ,DUMA--,M4 ,KISILEFF--RECEIV$ 9=MATION FROM TW5TY PEASANTS FROM ! ,KOZL(F DI/RICT 7GOV]NM5T ( ,TAMBOV7 AB\T ! HORRIBLE TREATM5T !Y HAD RECEIV$ 9 ! ,KOZL(F PRISON4 ,!Y W]E BEAT5 ) NAGAIKAS & ) RODS ( IRON UNTIL !Y LO/ CONSCI\SNESS1 !N COLD WAT] WAS ?R[N OV] !M1 & :5 !Y REGA9$ CONSCI\SNESS ! BEAT+ WAS RECOMM5C$4 

,9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 AT A TRIAL 9 A ,C\RT ( JU/ICE1 ! FOLL[+ FACTS W]E ATTE/$ TO4 ,! POLICE1 ) !IR *IEF (FIC]1 ,TR\SEVIT*1 BURN$ ! F+]S ( ! PRISON]S & :IPP$ ! SOLES ( !IR FEET TO =CE CONFESSION4 ,TR\SEVIT* WAS CONDEMN$ BY ! ,C\RT TO ONE MON?'S >RE/1 ! ?REE POLICEM5 TO SEV5 DAYS' IMPRISONM5T1 ! O!RS W]E ACQUITT$4 

,9 PRISON ,NO4 #a ( ,TOBOLSK AN UND]GR\ND PASSAGE1 DUG BY ! PRISON]S ) A VIEW ( MAK+ !IR ESCAPE1 WAS DISCOV]$4 ,ALL ! PRISON]S W]E PUT 9TO *A9S1 MANY W]E PUT 9TO ! PUNITIVE CELLS1 & TWELVE 0LEAD]S0 W]E TRANSF]R$ TO O!R PRISONS4 ,! PRISON]S BEGAN TO PROTE/1 UPON :I* ! POLITICAL PRISON]S1 CONDEMN$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE1 W]E FLOGG$4 ,AFT] ?AT !RE WAS A /RIKE 9 ! PRISON & ! AU?ORITIES CALL$ 9 TROOPS1 BY :OM1 ON ,JULY #a#f?1 ONE PRISON] WAS KILL$1 F\R W\ND$1 & ALL ! O!RS SEV]ELY 9JUR$4 

,9 ,NOVI ,M><ILAN1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#g1 AT A TRIAL CONC]N+ AN ATTACK ON ! H\SE ( A RI* MONEYL5D] & ! !FT ( #e1 RUBLES1 ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL CONDEMN$ ?REE M5 TO DEA?1 SIX TO H>D LABOR1 & SIX W]E ACQUITT$4 ,! TRIAL WAS PUBLIC1 & IT WAS PROV$ ?AT DUR+ ! PRELIM9>Y EXAM9ATION ! PRISON]S HAD BE5 TORTUR$4 ,ONE PRISON] HAD K]OS5E P\R$ OV] HIS BACK1 :I* WAS SET FIRE TO4 ,! BURNS W]E %[N 9 ,C\RT4 ,ANO!R PRISON] HAD F9ELY CUT UP HORSE-HAIR =C$ 9TO HIS 9T]IOR ORGANS4 

,! DEMORALIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( ! 0/ATE ( SIEGE0 TELLS ON ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,! PRISON AU?ORITIES ( ,KAZAN ?\<T ( A NEW SORT ( TORM5T2 !Y TRI$ TO 9CITE ! COMMON LAW PRISON]S TO 9SULT PHYSICALLY & MORALLY ! 0POLITICAL0 WOM54 ,BUT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#i#g1 ! COMMON LAW PRISON]S DEM&$ TO SEE ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR1 & REQUE/$ HIM TO DRAW UP A PROTOCOL AB\T ! MANN] 9 :I* ! AU?ORITIES TREAT$ !M & URG$ !M ON TO H>M ! POLITICAL FEMALE PRISON]S4 ,IT WAS /AT$ 9 ?IS PROTOCOL ?AT ! ASSI/ANT DIRECTOR ( ! PRISON1 ,GOREMYK91 & ! *IEF 9SPECTOR URG$ ! M5 TO VIOLATE ! POLITICAL DUR+ !IR WALKS1 = :I* REW>DS W]E PROMIS$4 

,H[EV]1 IT WAS ABOVE ALL AT ,RIGA ?AT TORTURE FL\RI%$4 ,H]E >E TWO FACTS4#a#b ,A WOMAN--AG$ AB\T #d--WAS >RE/$ ON ! *>GE ( HAV+ HELP$ TO CONCEAL CRIM9ALS4 ,%E WAS S5T TO ! WELL-KN[N AG5T ( ! POLICE1 ,OG]1 & ON H] >RIVAL ?I!R %E WAS IMM$IATELY BEAT5 ) NAGAIKAS & 9DI>UBB] /ICKS4#a#c ,A LOAD$ REVOLV] WAS =C$ 9TO H] M\? ) ! ?REAT ?AT %E W\LD KILL$ ON ! SPOT IF %E DID NOT PO9T \T ! HID+-PLACE ( A P]SON ! POLICE BELIEV$ H] TO KN[4 ,A POLICE (FIC] & TWO POLICEM5 TORTUR$ H]4 

,! SECOND FACT1 :I* WAS ALSO M5TION$ 9 ALL ! LEAD+ DAILIES1 & WAS NOT CONTRADICT$1 WAS ! FOLL[+3 ,! HEAD ( ! ,SECRET ,POLICE1 ,GREGUS1 HIS ASSI/ANT1 ,MIHEEF1 & TWO SPIES1 ,ANTON & ,DAVOS1 W]E ! *IEF TORTUR]S4 ,BE=E COMM5C+1 ,DAVOS G5]ALLY EXAM9$ ! PRISON]'S SK91 & W\LD REM>K1 0,IT'S ALL RI<T1 HE CAN /& IT40 ,SIXTE5 AN>*I/S W]E TRI$ BY ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 & IT APPE>S ?AT ONE ( !M1 ,GRUNN+1 HAD 9CURR$ ! SPECIAL HATR$ ( ! DETECTIVES4 ,?IS Y\? ( #bc HAD HAD ALL ! HAIR PULL$ \T ( HIS HEAD & BE>D1 & SEV]AL ( HIS RIBS W]E BROK54 ,) ! BUTT ( A REVOLV] HE HAD HAD HIS HEAD BROK5 & HIS FACE SO DISFIGUR$ ?AT HE WAS UNRECOGNIZABLE4 ,AFT] ! TORTURE HE WAS UNABLE TO MOVE1 & TWO W>D]S DRAGG$ HIM TO HIS CELL1 & FLUNG HIM D[N BY ! DOOR4 ,HIS COMRADES RAIS$ HIM1 BR\<T HIM BACK TO CONSCI\SNESS1 & WA%$ HIS W\NDS4 ,HIS SUFF]+S W]E T]RIBLE2 HE C\LD NEI!R SIT NOR LIE4 ,BUT NOT)/&+ ALL ?IS ,GRUNN+ DID NOT GIVE ! 9=MATION NE$$1 & IT WAS ONLY ?ANKS TO ?IS ?AT HIS S5T5CE WAS FIFTE5 YE>S H>D LABOR1 9/EAD ( A DEA? P5ALTY4 ,?IS S5T5CE WAS A GREAT SURPRISE TO ,GRUNN+ & HIS COMRADES4 ,BUT ,GRUNN+ WAS S5T TO A PUNITIVE BATTALION 9 ,LIVONIA1 P5D+ A NEW EXAM9ATION 7AFT] A JUDICIAL S5T5CE671 & A WEEK LAT] IT BECAME KN[N ?AT HE HAD BE5 %OT 0BY MI/AKE40 ,! SECOND VICTIM ( ! SAME TORTUR]S WAS ,K>L ,LEGSD9 7,K5971 :O WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? BY A ,FIELD ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 & EXECUT$4 ,DUR+ ! EXAM9ATION HE HAD HAD HIS TOE-NAILS TORN \T1 & C]TA9 ( HIS ORGANS SO SQUEEZ$ ?AT RI<T UP TO HIS EXECUTION HE HAD 9T]NAL HAEMORRHAGE4 ,?IS TORTURE WAS 9V5T$ BY ,MIHEEF1 :O WAS CALL$ 0A BRUTE0 EV5 BY HIS EXECUTION]1 ,DAVOS4 ,! FACE & BODY ( ,LEGSD9 W]E SO FRI<TFULLY BRUIS$ ?AT HE C\LD NEI!R SIT NOR LIE1 BUT HAD ALWAYS TO /&4#a#d 

,?IS IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,LODZ4 ,= HAV+ MADE AN ATTACK ON ! ,C\NTY ,EX*EQU] ON ,MAY #c1 #a#i#f1 F\R P]SONS W]E S5T5C$ 9 ,W>SAW TO CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 :I* WAS LAT] ALT]$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE4 ,9 ALL1 ?IRTE5 P]SONS W]E ACCUS$1 & AT ! PRELIM9>Y EXAM9ATION !Y HAD ALL PLEAD$ GUILTY4 ,AT ! TRIAL IT WAS PROV$ ?AT :ILE !Y W]E 9 ! ,LODZ PRISON !Y W]E TORTUR$ DUR+ SEV]AL DAYS1 !Y W]E BEAT5 ) NAGAIKAS TILL 9 SOME PLACES ! FLE% LIT]ALLY TORE (F 9 PIECES 2 :5 !Y LAY HELPLESS ON ! FLOOR !IR TORM5TORS JUMP$ FROM *AIRS ON TO !IR BODIES 2 !IR HEADS W]E TWI/$ R\ND1 !IR PULL$ \T1 !IR TEE? BROK54 ,AFT] SEV]AL MON?S ! TRACES ( ?IS TREATM5T W]E SO EVID5T ?AT NO D5IAL POSSIBLE4 ,UND] IT ALL ! ?IRTE5 PRISON]S PLEAD$ GUILTY1 BUT ! ,C\RT W\LD NOT TAKE ?IS CONFESSION 9TO CONSID]ATION &--HAV+ NO PRO(S AGA9/ !M--IT COMPLETELY ACQUITT$ N9E ( !M 7,SOVREM5NIK1 ,JULY #a#d1 #a#i#f1 ,NO4 #g#c74 ,! ,NOVYI ,PUT 7,MAY #h1 #a#i#f1 ,NO4 #a#f71 ALSO /AT$ ?AT 9 A SECRET *AMB] 9 ,LODZ ! POLITICALS W]E TORTUR$ 2 !Y W]E BEAT5 TILL !Y BECAME UNCONSCI\S1 !IR TEE? W]E PULL$ \T1 !IR HEADS PRESS$ BY SCREWS TILL ! SCREWS BROKE !IR BONES1 & SO ON4 ,S4 ,SONN5/E91 A Y\? ( #ah 2 ,FUTT]MAN1 A BOY ( #ae 2 & A Y\NG GIRL ( #a#h1 ,A4 ,WES51 W]E ALL TORTUR$ 9 ?IS WAY4 

,W>SAW IS ALSO WELL KN[N = ITS TORTURES1 & ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T !RE WAS PLAY$ BY A SPY NAM$ ,GR9N4 ,H]E IS ONE ( MANY FACTS4#a#e ,! F\R WORK+ M51 ,SET*KA1 ,KEMPSKY1 ,/EBL9SKY1 & ,SAVITSKY1 HAV+ BE5 BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL UND] ! ACCUSATION ( HAV+ MURD]$ A C]TA9 ,*AKI1 A CL]K ( ! ,SECRET ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T 9 ,W>SAW1 W]E ALL ACQUITT$1 BECAUSE DUR+ ! TRIAL ! PRISON]S DECL>$ BE=E ! ,C\RT ?AT AFT] !IR >RE/ !Y W]E TORTUR$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y CONFESS$ TO A CRIME !Y HAD NOT COMMITT$4 ,! FACT WAS CONFIRM$ BY ,DOCTOR ,FALZ1 :O HAD EXAM9$ !IR BODIES & F\ND ON !M ! TRACES ( ! TORTURES4 ,IT WAS ,GR9N :O DIRECT$ & ORD]$ ! TORTURES4 ,A FIF? PRISON] W5T MAD DUR+ HIS 0EXAM9ATION10 & IS N[ 9 AN ASYLUM4 

,9 ,M>*1 #a#i#h1 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ,BESS>ABIA DISMISS$ A POLICE (FIC]1 ,OBNIMSKY1 & ! HEAD ( ! DI/RICT POLICE 9 ,SOROKI1 ,LEVITSKI1 ON ACC\NT ( ! MY/]I\S DEA? ( A VILLAGE PUBLICAN'S NEPHEW4 ,?IS BOY ( #ae WAS ACCUS$ ( /EAL+ #be RUBLES FROM HIS UNCLE1 & AT ! LATT]'S REQUE/ HE WAS TAK5 TO ,OBNIMSKY'S (FICE1 :]E ,OBNIMSKY1 TOGE!R ) ANO!R MAN1 QUE/ION$ ! BOY4 ,! BOY DI$ DUR+ ?IS EXAM9ATION4#a#f 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,LONG AB/RACTS 9 ,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I ,M>* #a#a1 #a#i#i4  

#b,RYE* & O!R ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PAP]S1 ,APRIL #a#c1 #a#i#i4  

#c,NOVOYE ,VREMYA1 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#i4  

#d,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ DAILIES1 ,M>* #f1 #a#i#i4  

#e,9T]PELLATION 9 ! ,DUMA ( ,APRIL #g-#b1 #a#i#i4  

#f,RUSS4 ,V$41 ,M>* #a#i1 #a#i#i4  

#g,RYE*1 ,M>* #b#c1 #a#i#i4  

#h,RYE*1 ,APRIL #g1 #a#i#i4  

#i,S9CE ?IS LETT] APPE>$ ,LOMTATIDZE HAS BE5 DEPRIV$ ( HIS WALKS1 HIS TEA & SUG>1 @&C4 ,HE IS 9 V]Y BAD HEAL?1 DY+ FROM CONSUMPTION & 9SUFFICI5T N\RI%M5T1 & HE HAS N[ BE5 PLAC$ 9 A T9Y ROOM ) ?REE O!R SICK M51 ONE ( :OM IS ILL ) TYPHOID1 ONE ) CONSUMPTION1 & ONE 9 ! V]Y LA/ /AGES ( CONSUMPTION4  

#a,ON ! ME?OD ( MAK+ AN 9T]PELLATION & ITS VALUE AS EVID5CE SEE P4 #e#f4  

#a#a,SEE ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DAILIES3 ,NOVYI ,PUT1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#g1 #a#i#f1 ,NO4 #c#e2 ,TOV>IS*1 ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #bd 2 ,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #a#g2 & ,JULY #c#a1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #ccb 2 ,P>US1 ,M>* #a#c1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #b#f2 ,RUSSKOYE ,SLOVO1 ,FEBRU>Y #d1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #b#g4  

#a#b,TOV>IS*1 ,RYE*1 @&C41 ,M>* #a1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #b#d4  

#a#c,SU* /ICKS1 FABRICAT$ ON PURPOSE1 HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ TO ! PRISON W>D]S4 ,M4 ,/OLYP91 DUR+ AN 9T]PELLATION 9 ! ,DUMA1 DID NOT D5Y ! FACT ( SU* /ICKS & O!R 9/RUM5TS ( TORTURE BE+ KEPT 9 A SPECIAL CUPBO>D AT A ,RIGA POLICE-/ATION2 BUT HE DESCRIB$ ?AT COLLECTION AS 0A MUSEUM40  

#a#d,:AT WAS DONE TO A GIRL1 >RE/$ AT ! SAME TIME1 HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ BY ! EX-AG5T ,BAKAY 9 HIS ,MEMOIRS ,! FACTS W]E CONFIRM$ ON MANY SIDES4  

#a#e,RUSSKOYE ,SLOVO1 ,MAY #b#g1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #a#b#a4 
#a#f,RYE*1 ,M>* #g1 #a#i#h1 ,NO4 #e#g4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,SUICIDES 9 ! ,PRISONS 

,PHOTO BY ,KEIJO ,KNUTAS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,! ILL-TREATM5T ( ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?--D[N TO ! V]Y MOM5T ( ! EXECUTION--& ! T]RIBLE PHYSICAL SUFF]+S 9FLICT$ 9 ! MO/ B>B>\S WAY 9 ! MORN+ H\RS :I* PREC$E ! EXECUTION1 & DUR+ ! EXECUTION ITSELF1 HAVE CREAT$ QUITE EPIDEMIC ( SUICIDES 9 ! PRISONS ( ,RUSSIA4 

,AS A P>T ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ 9QUIRY1 ,I HAVE N[ BE=E ME A LI/ ( ?OSE SUICIDES 9 ! PRISONS :I* HAVE F\ND !IR WAY TO ! DAILY ,PRESS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS LI/ EXT5DS FROM ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f1 TO ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#h1 & CONTA9S #af CASES1 \T ( :I* #c TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#f1 #g 9 #a#i#g1 & #f DUR+ ! FIR/ T5 MON?S ( #a#i#h4 

,H]E >E SOME AB/RACTS FROM ?AT T]RIBLE LI/4 ,!Y CONTA9 A FEW CASES = #a#i#f1 & ! :OLE LI/ = #a#i#h3-- 

,9 #aif 

#a4 ,9 A POLITICAL PRISON 9 ,MOSC[1 ,JOHN ,F$\L(F1 #bc YE>S OLD1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#b4 ,9 A POLITICAL PRISON 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A M$ICAL WOMAN-/UD5T1 ,M41 %OT H]SELF4 

#c1 #d4 ,9 ,UMAN1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( POLICE \TRAGES1 !RE IS A REGUL> EPIDEMIC ( SUICIDES & CASES ( MADNESS3 A W9E M]*ANT1 ,G]VITZ HANG$ HIMSELF 2 A MAN NAM$ ,T\L*9] WAS SAV$ JU/ TIME FROM ! ROPE2 TWO O!RS W5T MAD4 

#e4 ,9 ,ODESSA1 A POLITICAL PRISON]1 ,LEIBOVIT*1 P\R$ K]OS5E ON HIS B$1 SET IT ON FIRE1 ?REW HIMSELF ON ! B$1 & ?US 5D$ HIS LIFE4 

#f4 ,9 ,MOSC[1 ,K4 ,S*VETZ HANG$ HIMSELF :5 UND] >RE/4 

#g4 ,9 ,OREL1 A PEASANT1 ,E4 ,SOBOSK91 BE+ 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#h4 ,9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 ! ,CROSS PRISON1 9 A PUNI%M5T CELL A SAILOR1 ,>NOLD1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#i4 ,9 ,ELISAVETGRAD1 ,L>ION(F1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 WAIT$ = ! EXECUTION ?REE MON?S1 W5T MAD & HANG$ HIMSELF1 BUT WAS SAV$1 AFT] :I* HE WAS CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR4 

#a4 ,9 ! ,VASILKOV PRISON AN UNKN[N DES]T] POISON$ HIMSELF BY MEANS ( C>BOLIC ACID4 

#a#a4 ,9 ,T\LA1 ,/>O/91 BE+ >RE/$1 SOAK$ HIS CLO!S 9 K]OS5E & SET HIMSELF ON FIRE4  

#aih 

#a#a4 ,AT ! ,SIMF]OPOL PRISON ! POLITICAL PRISON] ,/ALB]G P\R$ K]OS5E OV] HIS B$-CLO!S & SET FIRE TO !M1 BUT WAS RESCU$4 

#a#b4 ,AT ,ODESSA1 ,KOMAT*1 ! SON ( A *EMI/1 POISON$ HIMSELF 9 PRISON4 

#a#c-#d4 ,AT ,W>SAW1 TWO MEMB]S ( A B& ( ROBB]S HANG$ !MSELVES 9 PRISON4 

#a#e4 ,AT ,OMSK1 A PEASANT S5T5C$ TO DEA? SEIZ$ ! REVOLV] ( A POLICEMAN & WANT$ TO KILL HIM1 BUT AT ! APPROA* ( A PATROL ( SOLDI]S %OT HIMSELF4 

#a#f4 ,AT ,YALTA1 ! POLITICAL PRISON] ,NIKOLAY ,TIMO%9 BURN$ HIMSELF TO DEA? 9 PRISON BY DR5*+ HIMSELF ) K]OS5E4 

#a#g4 ,AT ! ,KIEFF PRISON ! POLITICAL PRISON] ,GO/IL91 S5T5C$ TO DEA? ) ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ( ,KURSK1 POISON$ HIMSELF4 

#a#h4 ,AT ,PET]SBURG1 AT ! ,RO%DE/V5SKY POLICE-/ATION1 AN UNKN[N MAN1 >RE/$ = ROBB]Y1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#a#i4 ,9 ! ,T*ITA PRISON1 ,KRIVTS(F1 S5T5C$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE1 CUT HIS ?ROAT4 

#a#a4 ,AT ! ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD PRISON1 ,U/9(F1 AN >TISAN1 S5T5C$ TO DEA? = ! MURD] ( A POLICEMAN1 POISON$ HIMSELF1 NOT WI%+ TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! EXECUTION]4 

#a#a#a4 ,AT ,T*ITA1 A WOMAN NAM$ ,KOZHEV91 S5T5C$ TO DEA? = MURD]1 POISON$ H]SELF BE=E ! EXECUTION4 

#a#a#b4 ,AT ,RIGA1 ,N]U(F COMMITT$ SUICIDE ON ! EVE ( ! DAY APPO9T$ = HIS EXECUTION4 

#a#a#c4 ,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A PEASANT WOMAN NAM$ ,KRYL(F1 AG$ #c#b1 POISON$ H]SELF :ILE BE+ CONVEY$ BY A POLICEMAN TO PRISON1 :]E %E WAS TO UND]GO A T]M ( CONF9EM5T 9 ACCORDANCE ) A LEGAL V]DICT4 

#a#a#d4 ,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 ! ,VIBORG ,SOLIT>Y ,CONF9EM5T PRISON1 A POLITICAL PRISON]1 ! J\RNALI/1 ,I4 ,P4 ,REMEZ(F1 ATTEMPT$ TO BURN HIMSELF1 BUT WAS RESCU$4 

#a#a#e4 ,AT ,KIEFF1 ,FODOS5KO1 S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 POISON$ HIMSELF4 

#a#a#f4 ,AT ! ,TS>ITS9 POLICE-/ATION ! UNEMPLOY$ ,MASL\T(F1 AG$ #a#h1 >RE/$ = PO/+ UP PROCLAMATIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 BURNT HIMSELF ) K]OS5E4 

#a#a#g4 ,9 A CELL ( ! ,KH>KOV PRISON1 ,T*]UKOVSKY SOAK$ HIS CLO!S ) K]OS5E & BURNT HIMSELF TO DEA?4 

#a#a#h4 ,9 A PRISON HOSPITAL AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! PRISON] ,KUPTS(F1 AG$ #c#d1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#a#a#i4 ,AT ,ODESSA1 AN OLD M]*ANT >RE/$ = MURD] HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#a#b4 ,KUZNETS(F1 A POLITICAL PRISON]1 HANG$ HIMSELF 9 A ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PRISON4 

#a#b#a4 ,DOMU%K9 HANG$ HIMSELF AT ! ,YALTA POLICE-/ATION4 

#a#b#b4 ,AT ! ,ODESSA PRISON1 A POLITICAL PRISON]1 ,HEL5 ,SMIRN(F1 P\R$ K]OS5E OV] H] CLO!S & H] B$1 & SET FIRE TO !M4 

#a#b#c4 ,AT ! ,SEVA/POOL PRISON1 ! POLITICAL PRISON] ,GULB9SKY HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#a#b#d4 ,9 ! SOLIT>Y CELL ( A ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PRISON1 A POLITICAL PRISON] NAM$ ,B]N/E9 HANG$ HIMSELF1 BUT WAS RESCU$4 

#a#b#e4 ,AT ! POLICE-/ATION ( ! ,N>VA DI/RICT AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG A PRISON] NAM$ ,PYB9 BROKE HIS HEAD AGA9/ ! WALL4 ,DUR+ HIS SUBSEQU5T /AY AT ! HOSPITAL HE 9FLICT$ UPON HIMSELF A W\ND ) A KNIFE4 

#a#b#f4 ,AT A PRISON AT ,ODESSA1 ,V4 ,ORL(F1 :O WAS >RE/$ = !FT1 BURN$ HIMSELF ) K]OS5E4 

#a#b#g-#h4 ,AT ! ,KAZAN ,GOV]NM5T PRISON1 TWO PRISON]S1 :OSE CASES W]E BE+ 9VE/IGAT$1 POISON$ !MSELVES4 

#a#b#i4 ,A CONVICT ?REW HIMSELF FROM A BOAT 9TO ! WAT] AT ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD & WAS DR[N$4 

#a#c4 ,AT ,ODESSA1 ,V4 ,P4 ,O/R\H(F1 :O HAD TWICE BE5 S5T5C$ TO DEA? = ! MURD] ( A SPY & = ROBB]Y1 ON BE+ PLAC$ 9 A SOLIT>Y CELL TO AWAIT HIS EXECUTION1 TOOK POISON & DI$4 

#a#c#a4 ,AT ,KIEFF1 ! CRIM9AL ,YU%K(F1 :O HAD FULFILL$ ! DUTIES ( AN EXECUTION] & :O WAS KEPT 9 A SEP>ATE CELL1 SET FIRE TO IT4 ,IT IS SUPPOS$ ?AT HE WAS 9SANE2 ,YU%K(F HAD BE5 W\ND$ BY ! PRISON]S = UND]TAK+ ! DUTIES ( EXECUTION]4 

#a#c#b4 ,! PEASANT ,SAFRON(F1 S5T5C$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO TWO YE>S' IMPRISONM5T1 BREAK+ LOOSE FROM ! GU>D CONVEY+ HIM1 ?REW HIMSELF 9TO A LAKE & WAS DR[N$4 

#a#c#c4 ,9 ! ,S>ATOV PRISON1 ,/EPAN(F1 S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 HANG$ HIMSELF ON A /RAP4 

#a#c#d4 ,ANO!R MAN 9 ! SAME PRISON LIKEWISE TRI$ TO HANG HIMSELF BUT WAS RESCU$4 

#a#c#e4 ,9 ,KURILOVO-,POKROVSKOYE 7DI/RICT ( ,ODESSA71 ,KUHADZE1 ACCUS$ ( /EAL+ HORSES1 HANG$ HIMSELF 9 PRISON4 

#a#c#f4 ,9 ! G>D5 ( ! PRISON HOSPITAL AT ,SIMBIRSK1 ,LIAKH(F1 S5T5C$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE = MURD]1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 ,9 A LETT] HE SAYS3 0,?\< 9NOC5T1 ,I SUFF] BECAUSE ( FALSE WITNESSES40 

#a#c#g4 ,AT ! ,SIMF]OPOL PRISON1 ,KOKOVTSEFF1 SOAK+ HIS CLO!S 9 K]OS5E1 BURN$ HIMSELF4 

#a#c#h4 ,9 ! ,SIMF]OPOL PRISON1 ,ODON(F1 S5T5C$ TO DEA? = A PRISON MUT9Y1 CUT HIS ?ROAT4 

#a#c#i4 ,9 ! ,S>ATOV PRISON1 ,POP(F1 ON HE>+ ( ! CONFIRMATION ( HIS DEA? S5T5CE1 BURN$ HIMSELF ) ! AID ( K]OS5E4 ,HE WAS ACCUS$ ( AN >M$ ATTACK ON A H\SE4 

#a#d4 ,9 ! ,YAMSKAYA PRISON AT ,MOSC[1 ,HOKHRIAK(F HANG$ HIMSELF1 BUT WAS RESCU$4 

#a#d#a4 ,NAZ>ANSKY1 A POLICE (FIC] ( ! ,SPASSKY DI/RICT ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 BE+ >RE/$ = ROBB+ A DRUNK5 MAN1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#a#d#b-#c4 ,TWO M5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ,S\NNEV & ,S>EOV1 COMMITT$ SUICIDE AT ,RIGA4 

#a#d#d4 ,AT ! ,KOLOM5SKY POLICE-/ATION AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A WORKMAN1 ,PO*EYK91 :O WAS >RE/$ = !FT1 HANG$ HIMSELF4 

#a#d#e4 ,AT ,SIMF]OPOL1 ,KRAV*5KO1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 W\ND$ ANO!R CONDEMN$ MAN1 ,ZAVORTR9SKY1 & !N CUT HIS [N ?ROAT4 

#a#d#f4 ,AT ! ,RIGA PRISON1 ,B]Z91 HEAD ( A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P1 COMMITT$ SUICIDE4 

#a#d#g4 ,AT A POLICE-/ATION AT ,ODESSA1 ! ROBB] ,FREID5B]G ATTEMPT$ TO W\ND HIMSELF FATALLY ) A PIECE ( IRON4 

#a#d#h4 ,9 ! ,KI%9EFF PRISON1 A PRISON] NAM$ ,SIBOV1 #bc YE>S OLD1 CONDEMN$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE 9 ,SIB]IA1 POISON$ HIMSELF4 

#a#d#i4 ,9 ,B]DI*EFF1 ! AG5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN COMPANY = DELIV]Y ( GOODS WAS >RE/$ = A !FT 2 9 PRISON HE ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! SANIT>Y WELL4 

#a#e4 ,9 ,ODESSA1 9 ! COMMON CELL = WOM5 PRISON]S1 ,T4 ,SAVITZKAIA CUT H] ?ROAT & /OMA* ) A PIECE ( GLASS4 ,%E WAS IMPRISON$ BY ! ORD]S ( ! ,SECRET ,POLICE4 

#a#e-#a#e#a4 ,9 ! ,TOMSK PRISON1 ,HONDIAK(F & ,K\ZNETS(F POISON$ !MSELVES4 ,!Y W]E SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ KILL$ A GOV]NM5T MONEY COLLECTOR ( ! GOV]NM5T W9E-%OPS4 

#a#e#b4 ,9 ! ,PETROVSK PRISON1 A PRISON]1 ,AGAFON(F1 CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR1 HANG$ HIMSELF1 BUT WAS SAV$4 

#a#e#c4 ,9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 AN IMPRISON$ SOLDI]1 ,ILI91 JUMP$ \T ( ! W9D[4 

#a#e#d4 ,9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A Y\NG PEASANT1 ,REI*/91 >RE/$ AS A CRIM9AL1 BROKE HIS HEAD ON A WALL4 

#a#e#e4 ,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,KIEFF1 9 ! ,L\KOYAN(F PRISON1 A =M] VILLAGE S*OOL TEA*]1 ,PRISIAJN9A1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 POISON$ H]SELF4 

#a#e#f-#a#e#h4 ,9 ,KIEFF1 9 ! SAME PRISON1 ON ?REE SUCCESSIVE DAYS ?REE M5 POISON$ !MSELVES--,KRAV*5KO & ,S9U*5KO1 :O W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 & ,CAPTA9 ,LIPOVSKII1 :O WAS CONDEMN$ TO EXILE = TAK+ P>T 9 ! ,UNION ( ,(FIC]S4 ,! LA/ DI$1 BUT ! O!R TWO W]E EXECUT$4 

#a#e#i4 ,9 ,ODESSA1 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 ,NOVIK(F SET FIRE TO HIMSELF BY MEANS ( K]OS5E4 

#a#f4 ,9 ,TOMSK1 9 ! SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T CELL ( ! RE=MATORY PRISON1 ,VOLK(F BURN$ HIMSELF TO DEA? ) K]OS5E4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,EXECUTIONS 

,PHOTO BY ,KEIJO ,KNUTAS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,IT MAY BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,M4 ,/OLYP91 9T]VIEW$ LA/ YE> BY ,MR4 ,W4 ,T4 ,/EAD1 & ASK$ AB\T ! EXECUTIONS1 :I* W]E GO+ ON !N AT ?AT TIME 9 V]Y GREAT NUMB]S1 SAID ?AT HE HAD NO EXACT FIGURES1 BUT HE ?\<T ?AT #ae A MON? W\LD BE A NE> APPROA* TO TRU? 7! ,TIMES1 ,AUGU/ #c1 #a#i#h74 ,I CONTE/$ !SE FIGURES 9 ! ,TIMES ( ,AUGU/ #a#d1 #a#i#h1 & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! NUMB] ( EXECUTIONS DUR+ ! FIR/ SIX MON?S ( #aih HAD BE5 FROM #d TO #ae EV]Y DAY--!RE BE+1 H[EV]1 NO EXECUTIONS ON ,SUNDAYS & O!R HOLIDAYS--& ?AT IT REA*$ ! FIGURE ( #f TO #i EV]Y MON?4 

,WE HAVE N[ ! (FICIAL FIGURES ( ! EXECUTIONS = ! LA/ F\R YE>S4 ,! ,LAW ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,DUMA HAV+ ASK$ ! EXACT FIGURES FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR1 ! ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T ( ?AT ,M9I/RY COMMUNICAT$ !M TO ! ,DUMA ON ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #a#i#i4 ,BUT AS !Y >E /ILL 9COMPLETE--!Y APPLY ONLY TO CIVILIANS1 AS ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,POLICE M5TIONS 9 HIS COMMUNICATION TO ! ,DUMA--,I ALSO PLACE BY !IR SIDE \R [N FIGURES4 ,!SE FIGURES HAVE BE5 OBTA9$ AS FOLL[S 3 ,SEV]AL LEAD+ ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ PAP]S TILL LATELY GAVE TELEGRAMS EV]Y DAY FROM ! PROV9CIAL T[NS1 /AT+ H[ MANY P]SONS HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ ON ?AT DAY & GIV+ !IR NAMES1 :AT W]E ! CRIMES IMPUT$ TO !M1 & H[ MANY1 & :O1 HAD BE5 EXECUT$4 ,! DAILY FIGURES W]E ADD$ UP1 & ! MON?LY & YE>LY ITEMS W]E PUBLI%$ BY SEV]AL PAP]S1 9CLUD+ ! WELL-KN[N ,LAW ,REVIEW1 ,PRAVO1 TOGE!R ) ALL O!R /ATI/ICS ( PROSECUTIONS4 ,!SE W]E ! FIGURES COMMUNICAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN REFUGEES TO ! ,LONDON ,PRESS1 & GIV5 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ LETT] ( M9E TO ! ,TIMES4 ,BESIDES1 ,I HAVE N[ BE=E ME A C>EFULLY-PREP>$ MEMORIAL1 9 :I*1 BESIDES MATT] CONC]N+ ! EXILES1 ALL ! EXECUTIONS M5TION$ 9 ! LEAD+ ,RUSSIAN NEWSPAP]S S9CE #aie TILL ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#h1 HAVE BE5 C>EFULLY TABULAT$1 ACCORD+ TO ! AGE1 ! SOCIAL /&+1 & ! SUPPOS$ CRIME ( ! EXECUT$ P]SONS4 ,! CASES ( ILL-TREATM5T 9 PRISONS & ADM9I/RATIVE EXECUTIONS1 M5TION$ 9 !SE PAP]S1 UP TO ! SAME DATE 7,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#h71 >E ALSO 5UM]AT$ 9 SPECIAL *APT]S4#a 

,H]E >E BO? SETS ( FIGURES1 ( :I* ! (FICIAL FIGURES APPLY ONLY TO CIVILIANS3-- 

  

,C\RTS ,M>TIAL-- 

    #a#i#e4444444444444444    #a#i#f4444444444444444    #a#i#g4444444444444444    #a#i#h4444444444444444 ,FIELD ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL1 ACT+ FROM ,AUGU/ #a#i1 #a#i#f1 TO ,APRIL #b1 #a#i#g44444444444 

 ,TOTAL444444444  ,(,F,I,C,I,A,L ,F,I,G,U,R,E,S4 ,\,R ,F,I,G,U,R,E,S4 ,DEA? 

 ,S5T5CES4 ,EXECUTIONS4 ,DEA? 

 ,S5T5CES4 ,EXECUTIONS4   

 #gb 

 #de 

 #a1#e#f 

 #a1#g#d#a 

 -- 

   

 #a"4 

 #a#d#d"4 

 #d#e#f"9 

 #h#b#e"4 

 #fhc 

   

 #if 

 #ggc 

 #a1#d#c#b 

 #a1#h#c#e 

 -- 

   

 #cb 

 #bh 

 #eh 

 #h#b"9"9 

 #fgf 

 -- #b1#a#a#h -- #b1#b#i#h"9"9"9  

"9 ,TO ?IS FIGURE ( #def EXECUTIONS1 #hd SOLDI]S MU/ BE ADD$1 \T ( :OM #ai W]E HANG$ & #fe %OT1 ?US RAIS+ ! YE>LY TOTAL TO #e#d4 

"9"9 ,FIR/ #a MON?S ONLY4 

"9"9"9 ,TWO MON?S1 ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#h1 MISS+4 

"4 ,H[ MANY MILIT>Y MU/ BE ADD$ TO !SE FIGURES REMA9S UNKN[N4 

,NO (FICIAL FIGURES = ! YE> #aii HAVE YET BE5 PUBLI%$1 BUT ! FIGURES COMPIL$ FROM ! DAILY PAP]S PRODUC$ BE=E ! ,DUMA 9 A REC5T DISCUSSION >E3-- 

#aii ,DEA? ,S5T5CES4     ,EXECUTIONS4 ,JANU>Y4444444444444444444 #aba     #ag ,FEBRU>Y444444444444444444 #acb     #gf ,M>*444444444444444444444 #adc     #eb   --     -- ,TOTAL 7#c MON?S7444444 #cif     #bce  

,! DISCREPANCIES BETWE5 ! TWO TABLES AS REG>DS ! DEA? S5T5CES >E EASILY EXPLA9$4 ,\R FIGURES GIVE ! DEA? S5T5CES ?AT W]E PRON\NC$1 & TELEGRAPH$ ! SAME DAY TO ! PAP]S1 :ILE ! (FICIAL FIGURES PROBABLY GIVE ! DEA? S5T5CES CONFIRM$ LAT] ON BY ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL ( ! RESPECTIVE DI/RICTS4 

,AS REG>DS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 \R FIGURES ( EXECUTIONS 9 #aig & ! (FICIAL FIGURES 7#e#h & #def RESPECTIVELY71 IT >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT ! (FICIAL FIGURES DO NOT 9CLUDE ! EXECUTIONS ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,!RE HAV+ BE51 ACCORD+ TO AN (FICIAL /ATEM5T1 #hd EXECUTIONS ( SOLDI]S 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE> #a#i#g1 ! (FICIAL FIGURE = ?AT YE> BECOMES #e#d1 & IS CONSEQU5TLY HI<] ?AN \R FIGURE 7BY #cb CASES74 ,?AT \R FIGURES W\LD BE POSSIBLY BEL[ ! REAL ONES WAS =ESE51 AS SOME EXECUTIONS MAY NOT F9D !IR WAY TO ! ,PRESS4 ,! SAME REM>K V]Y PROBABLY APPLIES TO ! YE>S #aif & #a#i#h1 = :I* YE>S WE HAVE NO (FICIAL FIGURES ( EXECUTIONS AMONG ! MILIT>Y4 

,N[1 IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ! ABOVE FIGURES DO NOT 9CLUDE ?OSE :O W]E %OT 9 ! /REETS 79 ! ,GAPON MANIFE/ATION1 DUR+ ! REJOIC+S AFT] ! PROMULGATION ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ,OCTOB] #c1#a#i#e1 OR DUR+ UPRIS+S 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & 9 ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGES71 NOR DO !Y 9CLUDE ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 EXECUT$ DUR+ !IR TRANSF]S FROM ONE PRISON TO ANO!R 7ATTEMPTS AT ESCAPE1 TRUE OR ALLEG$71 NOR ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 EXECUT$ BY SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]S ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&]S--!SE LA/ CASES BE+ NOT UNCOMMON--AS IT APPE>$ FROM SEV]AL DISCUSSIONS :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,S5ATE 7SEE ,*APT] ,V471 :5 ! ,S5ATE RECOGNIZ$ 7BY A SMALL MAJORITY7 ?AT EXECUTIONS )\T EV5 A TRIAL BE=E A ,FIELD ,C\RT ,M>TIAL W]E NOT ILLEGAL UND] ! ,/ATE ( ,SIEGE LAW1 SU* AS IT WAS PROMULGAT$ BY ! ,EMP]OR4 ,= !SE EXECUTIONS1 ! ,S5ATE DECID$1 ! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES >E DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,EMP]OR1 :OSE ORD]S !Y EXECUTE4 

,!RE BE+ NO (FICIAL FIGURES CONC]N+ ! DIFF]5T CATEGORIES ( EXECUTIONS )\T ANY TRIAL1 ALL WE CAN DO IS TO GIVE ! FIGURES :I* HAVE BE5 COMPIL$ = US 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ 9QUIRY ) ! SAME DESIRE ( >RIV+ AT ! TRU? AS ! ABOVE R[ ( FIGURES4 ,!Y RUN AS FOLL[S 3 ,%OT )\T S5T5CE--#c#g#f 9 #a#i#e1 #hfd 9 #a#i#f1 #ei 9 #a#i#g1 & #cb 9 #aih 7FIR/ #a MON?S74 

,9 TRY+ TO EXCUSE ! L>GE NUMB] ( EXECUTIONS :I* TAKE PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( V]DICTS ( ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL N[ ACTIVE 9 MORE ?AT TWO-?IRDS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 ! PRES5T M9I/RY USUALLY PO9T TO ! CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( MURD]S & ATTEMPTS TO MURD] :I* /& 9 ! (FICIAL /ATI/ICS4 ,!SE FIGURES RUN AS FOLL[S 3-- 

    ,MURD]$4     ,W\ND$4 #aie 7#b #a_/#b MON?S7444444444444 #bbb     #bag #aif 44444444444444444444444444444 #a1#a#b#f     #a1#e#f #a#i#g444444444444444444444444444444 #c1#a     #a1#g#f #a#i#h444444444444444444444444444444 #a1#h#b     #b1#h#c  

,!SE >E ! FIGURES :I* W]E COMMUNICAT$ TO ,DUMA ,COMMISSION ON ! ABOLITION ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T :5 IT CAME TOGE!R ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#i4 ,& 9 COMMUNICAT+ !M1 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,POLICE ADD$ 3 0,9 !SE 9CLUD$ ALL CRIMES COMMITT$ 9 ALL ! LOCALITIES PLAC$ UND] ! LAW ( SIEGE 7EXTRAORD9>Y & 9CREAS$ ,OKHRANA074 

,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO GET ANY CORRECT IDEA1 !SE FIGURES MU/ BE COMP>$ ) ! NUMB]S ( MURD]S & P]SONS W\ND$ 9 ORD9>Y TIMES2 & :5 ?IS IS DONE1 IT APPE>S ?AT 9 ! NUMB]S ?AT >E M5TION$ 9 ! ABOVE FIGURES !RE IS ABSOLUTELY NO EXTRAORD9>Y 9CREASE :I* MI<T 9 ANY WAY EXCUSE ! SUSP5SION ( ORD9>Y JU/ICE1 & ! SURR5D] ( ,RUSSIA TO ! LAWS ?AT ,PREVAIL 9 TIMES ( W> & TO ! SUMM>Y JU/ICE ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,C\RTS4 

,H]E >E ! FIGURES = ORD9>Y TIMES3-- 

,N,U,M,B,],S ,( ,M,U,R,D,],S ,9 ,E,U,R,O,P,E,A,N ,R,U,S,S,I,A ,A,L,O,N,E4 

 ,DUR+ !SE P]IODS  

! ,POPULATION  

GRADUALLY 9CREAS$  

FROM #fe TO #g ,MILLIONS4  ,AV]AGE ,YE>LY 

 NUMB] (  

,PROSECUTIONS 

 = ,MURD]  

,BEGUN4 ,E,X,E,C,U,T,I,O,N,S4 ,BY ,ORD9>Y ,C\RTS4 ,BY ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL4   

 #a#h#g#d-#a#h#g#h 

 #a#h#g#i-#a#h#h#c 

 #a#h#h#d-#a#h#h#h 

 #a#h#h#i-#a#h#i#c 

 #ahid  

   

 #c1#e#i#i 

 #d1#a#f#a 

 #e1#a#g 

 #e1#a#c#g 

 #d1#i#i#a 

   

 NONE 

 NONE 

 NONE 

 NONE 

 NONE 

  ,COMMON  

 #baa  

7FROM #ahe  

 #ab  

7FROM #ahi  

  ,POLITICAL  

 #g  

#f TO #ahi  

 #bd  

#a TO#a#i7  

  

,TAK+ ! NUMB] ( ACTS ( VIOL5CE IMM$IATELY BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 WE F9D ?AT1 9 #a#i#d1 !RE W]E1 9 A POPULATION ( #a#d#b1#g11 NO LESS ?AN #b1#h P]SONS CONDEMN$ = MURD]1 & #c1#g#g#h = W\ND+ 7,(FICIAL ,REPORT ( ! ,M9I/RY ( JU/ICE = #a#i#d74 ,IT ?US APPE>S ?AT 9 #aig !RE WAS 9DE$ A SUDD5 9CREASE ( ACTS ( VIOL5CE--PROVOK$ BY ! C\NTLESS EXECUTIONS1 )\T ANY =M ( TRIAL1 DUR+ PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,SIB]IA1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 & ! T]RIBLE BRUTALITIES ( ! POLICE (FIC]S 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO 9CREASE :ATEV] 9 ! YE> #a#i#h4 ,!RE=E ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /ATE ( SIEGE 9 TWO-?IRDS ( ! ,EMPIRE CANNOT BE DEF5D$ ON ?IS GR\ND ,?IS HAS BE5 ALSO =CIBLY DEMON/RAT$ DUR+ ! DEBATES 9 ! ,DUMA ON ! LAW ( SIEGE1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#a? TO #a#d? 7,O4,S474 

,UND] ! MILIT>Y LAW :I* IS N[ 9 ACTION 9 MO/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN T]RITORY1 ! SMALLE/ AGR>IAN DISORD]S1 & EV5 ! SETT+ FIRE TO A L&LORD'S B>N OR /ACK >E TREAT$ AS IMPLY+ ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,! ,MILIT>Y ,C\RTS !MSELVES MO/ RELUCTANTLY PRON\NCE ! DEA? S5T5CE 9 SU* CASES1 !IR MEMB]S L\DLY CONDEMN+ AFT]W>DS 9 PRIVATE ! OBLIGATION UND] :I* !Y >E TO APPLY MILIT>Y LAW1 & ! ORD]S ( ! ,EMP]OR :O WI%ES !M TO APPLY ?AT LAW 9 9 ALL ITS SEV]ITY4 

,?US1 AT ,UFA1 ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL SITT+ ON ,M>* #cRD LA/1 PRON\NC$ ! FOLL[+ S5T5CES ON FIVE LOCAL PEASANTS :O HAD ROBB$ ANO!R PEASANT ( #a RUBLE #d KOPECKS 7#c %473 ,PAVEL ,ABRAM(F1 DEA? 2 ,PETR ,ABRAM(F & ,/EPAN ,ANTON(F1 #a YE>S' H>D LABOR 2 ,MIHAIL ,BAGUN(F1 #h YE>S' IMPRISONM5T2 & ,KUZMA ,ANTON(F1 #b MON?S' IMPRISONM5T4 

,! ,C\RT PRON\NC$ ?AT F]OCI\S V]DICT BECAUSE SU* IS ! LAW 9 TIME ( W>2 BUT IT IMM$IATELY HAD ! C\RAGE TO ASK ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL NOT TO CONFIRM !IR S5T5CE1 BUT TO MITIGATE IT4 ,MO/ ,C\RTS1 H[EV]1 HAVE NOT ?AT C\RAGE1 & M5 >E HANG$ = :AT1 UND] ORD9>Y CONDITIONS1 W\LD IMPLY A FEW MON?S1 OR EV5 A FEW WEEKS ( IMPRISONM5T4 

,MANY SIMIL> CASES C\LD BE QUOT$3 ,AT ,MOSC[1 A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL S5T5C$ A PEASANT FROM ONE ( ! DI/RICTS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,MOSC[ TO DEA?1 = HAV+ SET FIRE TO A /ACK ( HAY ON ! PROP]TY ( A MEMB] ( ! ,/ATE'S ,C\NCIL1 ,H]R ,S*LIPPE4 

,AT ,NOVO*]KASK1 ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL CONDEMN$ )9 A FEW DAYS TW5TY M5 TO ! DEA? P5ALTY--ONE ( !M = HAV+ SPOK5 TO ANO!R PRISON] AB\T MAK+ AN ATTEMPT TO KILL A POLICEMAN4#b ,9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,TAMBOV1 EI<TE5 P]SONS W]E CONDEMN$ LA/ ,M>* TO BE HANG$1 & \T ( !M ?REE PRO/ITUTES = HAV+ GIV5 %ELT] TO SOME ROBB]1 & ONE PEASANT = HAV+ SET FIRE TO AN EMPTY B>N4#c 

,! EXECUTIONS 9 ,NOVOCK]KASK W]E C>RI$ ON BY VOLUNTE] CONVICTS 9 SU* A T]RIBLE WAY ?AT ! AGONY ( SOME ( ! EXECUT$ LA/$ FROM A QU>T] ( AN H\R TO HALF AN H\R1 ! EXECUTION] /RANGL+ ! M5 ) HIS [N H&S4 ,AS ! EXECUTIONS TOOK PLACE 9 A REMOTE SUBURB ( ?AT CITY1 9 ! MID/ ( W9T]1 ! CONDEMN$ M5 W]E BR\<T TO ! PLACE ( EXECUTION HALF FROZ54#d 

,[+ TO ! HA/E ) :I* ALL ! AFFAIRS >E CONDUCT$ BE=E ! ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL1 JUDICIAL ]RORS >E MU* FREQU5T ?AN IS USUALLY ! CASE4 ,?US IT APPE>$ ?AT \T ( ! PRISON]S :O W]E HANG$ AT ,ODESSA ON ,FEBRU>Y #a/ LA/1 ! M5 ,OR5BA*1 ,GREY]MAN1 & TWO BRO!RS ,TRUG] W]E CONDEMN$ BY MI/AKE4 ,!Y NOT ONLY TOOK NO P>T 9 ! DEF5SE ( A H\SE 9 :I* SOME AN>*I/S HAD LOCK$ !MSELVES1 RECEIV+ ! POLICE & MILIT>Y ) %OTS1 !Y RAN AWAY FROM ?IS H\SE1 TOGE!R ) O!R PEOPLE1 & HAD ABSOLUTELY NO KN[L$GE ( ! M5 :O HAD LOCK$ !MSELVES 9 ! H\SE4 

,AFT] ! DEA? S5T5CE HAS BE5 PRON\NC$ IT CONT9UALLY HAPP5S ?AT ! CONDEMN$ M5 WAIT = ! EXECUTION = :OLE MON?S1 & ! SC5ES :I* TAKE PLACE AT ! EXECUTIONS >E SU* AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ ONLY 9 ,P]SIA OR ,TURKEY4#e 

,M5 EXECUT$ )\T ANY =M ( TRIAL4--,! WOR/ IS ?AT ! QUE/ION AB\T ! RI<T ( ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL TO EXECUTE PEOPLE EV5 )\T S5D+ !M BE=E A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 BY SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]S1 HAV+ BE5 CONTE/$ BY SEV]AL MEMB]S ( ! ,S5ATE1 ?IS ,HI< ,C\RT ( ,RUSSIA HAS AGA9 DECID$ A FEW WEEKS AGO ?AT SU* RI<T ( SUMM>Y EXECUTION RESULTS FROM ! ,IMP]IAL ,DECREE BY :I* ! RULES ( ! /ATE ( SIEGE W]E DET]M9$1 & ?AT !RE=E ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL1 9 9FLICT+ ! DEA? P5ALTY BY SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]1 >E RESPONSIBLE EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ,EMP]OR 9 P]SON4#f 

,IF ALL ?IS BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 ONE CAN EASILY SEE H[ IT HAPP5S ?AT1 ! ACTION ( ! REGUL> LAWS BE+ SUSP5D$1 MILIT>Y JU/ICE1 DESIGN$ EXCLUSIVELY = TIME ( W>1 HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! CIVIL ADM9I/RATION & IS COV]+ ,RUSSIA ) GALL[S4 

,! DEMORALIZ+ EFFECT ( SU* A SUB/ITUTION UPON ! HABITS & LIFE ( ! C\NTRY NE$S NO COMM5T>Y4 

,IT IS ALSO NE$LESS TO SAY ?AT ?IS L>GE NUMB] ( EXECUTIONS IS PROVOK+ G5]AL DISCONT5T AMONG ! $UCAT$ CLASSES4 ,?US1 9 ,DECEMB] LA/1 AT A G5]AL MEET+ ( ! LAWY]S ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG JUDICIAL DI/RICT IT WAS UNANIM\SLY RESOLV$ TO EXPRESS SYMPA?Y ) ! 9T]PELLATION 9 ! ,DUMA AGA9/ ! /EADILY 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( CONDEMNATIONS TO DEA? & EXECUTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 TAK+ PLACE LATELY4 

,BESIDES1 A SOCIETY WAS =M$ LATELY AMONG 9FLU5TIAL P]SONS1 TO WORK = ! ABOLITION ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT ! AU?ORITIES HAVE REFUS$ ! REGI/RATION ( ?IS SOCIETY UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T BE+ RECOGNIZ$ BY LAW1 ANY AGITATION AGA9/ IT W\LD BE UNLAWFUL4 

,AS TO ! DEGRAD+ 9FLU5CE ( !SE :OLESALE EXECUTIONS UPON ! POPULATION1 IT IS SIMPLY T]RIBLE1 & MANY FACTS1 SIMPLY AWFUL1 RELAT+ :AT IS HAPP5+ AT NI<T1 DUR+ ! EXECUTIONS1 9 :AT IS N[ CALL$ BY ! CABM5 0,! ,SLAU<T] ,Y>D0 AT ,MOSC[1 C\LD BE ADD$ 9 SUPPORT ( ! IDEAS SO =CIBLY DEVELOP$ BY ,LEO ,TOL/OY 9 HIS PAMPHLET1 0,I ,CANNOT BE ,SIL5T40 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,ACCORD+ TO A DECISION ( ! ,M9I/RY1 ! PAP]S W]E =BIDD5 A FEW MON?S AGO TO PUBLI% 9 FULL ! CRIMES = :I* ! DEA? S5T5CES W]E PRON\NC$1 & A %ORT TIME AGO ! ,MOSC[ ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL /OPP$ COMMUNICAT+ EV5 ! NUMB]S ( ! EXECUTIONS :I* TOOK PLACE4 ,! EXECUTIONS >E C>RI$ \T 9 GREAT SECRECY AT NI<T1 & 9 ,MAY LA/ IT WAS LE>N$ ?AT FIFTE5 EXECUTIONS HAD TAK5 PLACE AT ,MOSC[1 ( :I* NO 9=MATION HAD BE5 SUPPLI$ TO ! PAP]S4  

#b,RYE*1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i4  

#c,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I1 ,M>* #b#b1 #a#i#i4  

#d,RYE*1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i4  

#e,SEE ) REF]5CE TO ?IS SUBJECT ! 9T]PELLATION MADE 9 ! ,DUMA ON ,APRIL #h & #b#a1 #a#i#i4  

#f,SEE PAGE #e4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,EXILES 

,PHOTO BY KIT*5]4LORD1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,ON ! DATE REF]R$ TO 9 ! PREVI\S *APT] 7,AUGU/1 #a#i#h1 SOME CORRESPOND5CE APPE>$ 9 ! ,TIMES CONC]N+ ! NUMB]S ( ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES 9 ,SIB]IA & ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,M4 ,/OLYP91 9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ,MR4 ,/EAD1 TOLD HIM ?AT ! NUMB] ( ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES WAS ONLY AB\T #a#b14 ,! ,ASSI/ANT ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,M4 ,MAK>(F1 ALSO 9T]VIEW$ A =TNI<T LAT] BY ,MR4 ,/EAD1 EXPLA9$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS FIGURE C\LD ONLY APPLY TO ?OSE :O HAD BE5 EXIL$ 9 VIRTUE ( A DECISION GIV5 BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR2 BUT !RE W]E ALSO1 HE ADD$1 A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( P]SONS :O HAD BE5 EXIL$ BY M]E ORD]S ( ! LOCAL ,GOV]NORS1 & AB\T :OM ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR HAD NO 9=MATION4 ,I WROTE AT ?AT TIME TO ! ,TIMES ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO \R E/IMATES1 ! NUMB] ( EXILES 9 ,SIB]IA & ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA REA*$ ! FIGURE ( AB\T #g#h14 ,WE HAVE N[ ! EXACT FIGURES1 :I* HAVE BE5 COMMUNICAT$ BY ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,POLICE TO ! ,LAW ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,DUMA4 ,! ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T1 PROBABLY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! CONSID]ABLE NUMB] :O HAVE ESCAP$1 PUTS ! FIGURE AT #g#d1 2 BUT DOES NOT /ATE H[ MANY ( !SE HAVE BE5 TRI$1 & H[ MANY EXIL$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]4 7,SOME 9=MATION AB\T ?IS MATT] WILL BE F\ND FUR!R ON 9 ?IS *APT]47 

,ATTEMPTS MADE PRIVATELY TO GIVE ! EXACT FIGURES AN DI/RIBUTION ( ! EXILES 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE HAVE FAIL$2 BUT ! TOTAL GIV5 BY ! ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T 7,OCTOB]1 #a#i#h71 MU/ BE CORRECT1 AS IT WAS BAS$ UPON ! NUMB]S ( M5 & WOM5 S5T \T TO ,SIB]IA A ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA FROM ! *IEF TRANSF] PRISONS4 

,ACCORD+ TO DOCUM5TS COMMUNICAT$ TO ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL1 ! NUMB] ( P]SONS EXIL$ BY ORD] ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR HAS N[ REA*$ ! FIGURE ( #a#e1#e1 & ! GREAT] P>T ( !SE HAVE BE5 CLASSIFI$ AS FOLL[S 3 ,WORKM51 #f1#c#f#b 2 PEASANTS1 #c1#h#g#i2 /UD5TS1 #e#d2 TEA*]S1 #gib 2 TRADESM51 #gee 2 (FICIALS ( ! ,ZEM/VOS1 #cae 2 UNKN[N1 #b1#h#e#g4 ,IT WILL ?US BE SE5 ?AT :ILE =M]LY ! ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES *IEFLY CONSI/$ ( /UD5TS & 09TELLECTUALS10 ! MA9 BULK ( !M IS N[ COMPOS$ ( WORKM5 & PEASANTS DEPORT$ EI!R = /RIKES1 = AGR>IAN DISORD]S1 OR SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E CONSID]$ BY ! LOCAL POLICE AU?ORITIES TO BE A DI/URB+ ELEM5T4 

,! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !SE EXILES LIVE >E AS BAD AS :5 !Y W]E DESCRIB$ TW5TY YE>S AGO BY ,K5NAN1 ,/EPNIAK1 & MYSELF1 ) ! ONLY DIFF]5CE ?AT AT ! PRES5T TIME EXILES >E ALSO S5T TO REGIONS QUITE UNSUITABLE = HABITATION1 SU* AS ,TURUKHANSK 9 ! F> NOR?1 AT ! M\? ( ! ,Y5ISEI4 ,! CONDITIONS !RE >E DESCRIB$ BY A RELIABLE P]SON WRIT+ FROM ! DI/RICT TO ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG NEWSPAP] ,RYE*#a3-- 

0,ALL ! EXILES >E SETTL$ 9 ! ,TURUKHANSK DI/RICT1 :I* BORD]S ! ,RIV] ,Y5ISEI1 FROM ,TURUKHANSK TO ,Y5ISEISK1 A DI/ANCE ( #gb MILES1 9 :I* !RE >E ONLY #fd SMALL VILLAGES4 ,! MA9 BULK ( ! EXILES >E 9 #c VILLAGES1 9 ! L>GE/ ( :I*1 ,SUM>OKOVO1 !RE >E ONLY #b H\SES1 :ILE 9 ! O!RS !RE >E ONLY FROM #e TO #g H\SES1 ) FROM #c TO #d 9HABITANTS4 ,9 SOME VILLAGES ! TOTAL NUMB] ( ! 9HABITANTS DOES NOT EXCE$ #b P]SONS4 ,BEL[ ,TURUKHANSK1 9 A TRACT ( C\NTRY #fg MILES LONG1 !RE >E ONLY #cg VILLAGES1 ! L>GE/ ( :I*1 ,DUD9KA1 CONTA9S ONLY #a H\SES1 ! O!RS BE+ M]E PO/ /ATIONS ( #a1 #b1 OR #c H\SES4 ,IT IS QUITE EASY TO SEE ?AT :5 #ae OR #b EXILES >E SETTL$ 9 SU* SMALL VILLAGES !Y >E A BURD5 TO ! POPULATION1 & CAN F9D ABSOLUTELY NO WORK TO LIVE UPON4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT LATELY A B& ( M51 #a AT FIR/1 & LAT] ON #b#e1 W5T ALONG ! RIV] PLUND]+ ! H\SES ( SOME ( ! RESID5TS4 ,SIXTY-FIVE M5 >E N[ BE+ PROSECUT$1 & HAVE BE5 M>*$ ON FOOT FROM ,TURUKHANSK TO ,Y5ISEISK 9 ORD] TO BE BR\<T BE=E A C\RT M>TIAL40 

,9=MATION ( ! MO/ HE>TR5D+ DESCRIPTION AS TO ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES LIVE1 HAS BE5 COMMUNICAT$ BY RELIABLE P]SONS1 9CLUD+ SEV]AL DEPUTIES ( ! FIR/ & SECOND ,DUMA1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS4 ,WE HAVE1 MOREOV]1 BE=E US L>GE NUMB]S ( LETT]S GIV+ MU* 9=MATION1 & WILL GIVE EXTRACTS FROM A FEW ( !M4 ,A MO!R1 AN ABSOLUTELY TRU/WOR?Y P]SON1 :O HAS GONE 9TO EXILE TO ACCOMPANY H] Y\NG DAU<T]1 WRITES AS FOLL[S TO ! ,BRITI% ,COMMITTEE 9 ,AID ( ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,EXILES3-- 

0,I HAVE FOLL[$ MY DAU<T]1 CONDEMN$ BY ! ,C\RT TO EXILE = LIFE 9 ,SIB]IA1 ) ! 9T5TION ( S(T5+ ! CONDITIONS ( H] LONG J\RNEY4444 ,MO/ ( ! EXILES1 HAV+ SP5T SOME?+ LIKE TWO YE>S OR MORE 9 PRISON1 BE=E COM+ BE=E A ,C\RT1 >E QUITE EXHAU/$ BY ! H>D PRISON TREATM5T4 ,!Y >E DRESS$ 9 LONG R\< COATS & HEAVY1 ILL-FITT+ %OES1 & HAVE TO C>RY ALL ! RE/ ( !IR CLO?+ ON !IR BACKS1 9 SACKS WEI<+ AB\T #c LB4 ,DUR+ ! P>T ( ! J\RNEY :I* IS MADE BY TRA91 M5 & WOM5 >E PUT TO TRAVEL TOGE!R 9 ! C>RIAGES1 UND] ! SUP]VISION ( W>D]S & SOLDI]S4 ,!SE M5 >E ACCU/OM$ TO CONSID] ! PRISON]S AS )\T RI<TS ( ANY K9D1 & !RE=E P]MIT !MSELVES TO TREAT !M AS !Y *OOSE4 ,= WOM5 ?IS J\RNEY IS ESPECIALLY T]RIBLE4 ,9 ONE RAILWAY C>RIAGE !RE W]E ?REE WOM5 AMONG A LOT ( ORD9>Y CRIM9ALS1 & :5 ! COMM&+ (FIC] WANT$ TO *A9 !M 9 PAIRS1 HE DID NOT HESITATE TO FETT] ONE ( ! WOM5 TO A MAN1 & TO KEEP !M ?US = A GREAT P>T ( ! J\RNEY4 ,9 ! C>RIAGE :]E MY DAU<T] WAS1 !RE WAS A P>TY ( WOM5 EXIL$ = HAV+ NO PASSPORTS4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E PRO/ITUTES4 ,! SOLDI]S ( ! GU>D DRANK ) !M1 & MY DAU<T]1 BE+ 9 !IR COMPANY1 HAD TO WITNESS ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE SC5ES4 

0,/ILL WORSE ?+S >E TO BE SE5 9 ! TRANSF] PRISONS1 :]E ! POLITICALS >E KEPT ) ! ORD9>Y CRIM9ALS1 UND] ABOM9ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,:5 !Y COME TO ! PLACE ( EXILE1 !Y >E LEFT 9 SOME SMALL VILLAGE1 USUALLY HUNDR$S ( MILES FROM ! SMALL DI/RICT T[N4 ,MORE ?AN #a P]SONS >E (T5 LEFT 9 A SMALL VILLAGE1 & ALL ?AT ! POLICE AU?ORITIES DO IS TO SEE ?AT !Y DO NOT RUN AWAY4 ,SOMETIMES AN EXILE HAS BE5 TO GIVE UP ALL HIS W9T] CLO?+1 9 ORD] TO R5T A ROOM 9 A PEASANT'S H\SE2 & MANY W\LD HAVE DI$ FROM HUNG] & COLD W]E IT NOT = ! HELP GIV5 !M BY !IR BRO!R EXILES4 ,! PRICES 9 SU* VILLAGES >E V]Y HI<1 [+ TO ! NUMB]S ( ! EXILES2 & IT IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE = EXILES TO F9D ANY WORK1 OR TO E>N ANY?+1 H[EV] LITTLE4 ,EV]Y K9D ( WORK SUITABLE TO 9TELLECTUALS IS =BIDD5 BY LAW4 

0,I HAVE SP5T ONE MON? ) MY DAU<T] 9 ONE ( !SE VILLAGES1 & ,I HAVE SE5 NO?+ BUT WORN FACES ( M5 VA9LY GO+ AB\T 9 SE>* ( WORK4 ,!Y TRI$ TO OP5 A LAUNDRY1 BUT !RE WAS NOBODY TO GIVE L95 TO BE WA%$-EV]Y ONE DID !IR [N WA%+4 ,& ! SAME WAS F\ND ) ALL SORTS ( WORK%OPS4 ,9 ! 9FIRM>Y !RE WAS NEI!R DOCTOR NOR M$IC9E1 & YET IT WAS /RICTLY =BIDD5 TO LEAVE ! VILLAGE & GO TO ! NE>E/ DI/RICT T[N4 ,! VILLAGE ( :I* ,I SPEAK & 9 :I* MY DAU<T] IS KEPT1 IS ONE ( ! BE/ 9 RESPECT ( CLIMATE & O!R CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & ,I ASK$ MYSELF 3 ,I ',DOES ! ,GOV]NM5T KN[ ! LOT IT IS PREP>+ = ! PEOPLE :OM IT S5DS TO EXILE 9 ?IS WAY8 ,DOES IT KN[ ?AT 9 ! CONDITIONS :I* PREVAIL IT IS CONDEMN+ M5 TO A SL[ DEA?8'0 

  

,SOME IDEA ( ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! ADM9I/RATIVE LIVE MAY BE GIV5 BY ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T1 :I* HAS BE5 PREP>$ = US 9 ! ,N>YM DI/RICT ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,TOBOLSK 3-- 

,?IS DI/RICT BELONGS TO ?AT IMM5SE REGION ( M>% & WOOD :I* IS M>K$ ON ! MAPS ( ,WE/]N ,SIB]IA AS A M>%1 & COV]S HUNDR$S ( MILES FROM NOR? TO S\? & FROM WE/ TO EA/4 ,! ONLY ACCESS TO IT IS BY ! RIV]S1 ON ! BANKS ( :I* >E A FEW DRY SPOTS1 :ILE ! C\NTRY BETWE5 ! RIV]S IS COV]$ ) ALMO/ IMP5ETRABLE =E/S1 & UNTIL LATELY WAS QUITE UN9HABIT$1 EXCEPT = A FEW SMALL VILLAGES4 ,A DOZ5 LITTLE SETTLEM5TS ( A FEW SMALL HAVE REC5TLY APPE>$ ALONG SOME ( ! RIV]S DRA9+ ?IS GREAT M>%4 ,LA/ YE> !RE W]E1 H[EV]1 NO LESS ?AN #g ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES 9 ?IS REGION4 

,! ,GOV]NM5T ALL[ANCE TO !SE EXILES WAS1 UNTIL ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#h1 #cR4 #cK4 7#gS4 #aD47 P] MON?4 ,BUT S9CE !N IT HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO #>4 #hK4 7#cS47 P] MON?4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ONLY ! ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES :O RECEIVE ?AT ALL[ANCE4 ,?OSE :O HAVE BE5 EXIL$ BY S5T5CE ( ! ,C\RTS 7! SSYLNO-POSEL5TSY7 RECEIVE NO?+4 ,! COMMUNES ( ! VILLAGES TO :I* !Y >E S5T >E B\ND TO GIVE !M SOME L&1 BUT AS ! EXILES HAVE NO TOOLS & NO CATTLE1 & MO/ ( !M >E T[NSPEOPLE1 !Y SIMPLY />VE4 ,9 ! L>G] VILLAGES ! EXILES HAVE ORGANIZ$ !IR [N S\P KIT*5S1 :I* SUPPLY ONE MEAL A DAY = #b #a_/#bD4 OR #cD4 ,! MONEY GRANT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T TO ! ADM9IT/RATIVE EXILES = !IR W9T] & SUMM] DRESS1 I4E41 #fS4 #hD4 A YE>1 IS EVID5TLY US$ = FOOD1 BECAUSE ! HI< PRICES ( FL\R & SALT MAKE ! MON?LY ALL[ANCE ( #cS4 ABSOLUTELY 9SUFFICI5T TO KEEP BODY & S\L TOGE!R1 NOT)/&+ ! *EAPNESS ( MEAT4 ,V]Y FEW >E HAPPY 5\< TO E>N A FEW %ILL+S BY !IR WORK4 

,NE> ,T*ELYAB9SK !RE >E AB\T A ?\S& EXILES1 MO/LY 9 AWFUL MIS]Y4#b 

,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,DEPUTIES 9 ! ,DUMA HAVE RECEIV$ LATELY ! REPORT ( A DETAIL$ 9QUIRY 9TO ! CONDITION ( POLITICAL EXILES S5T TO ,SIB]IA BY S5T5CE ( ! ,C\RTS 7SSYLNO-POSEL5TSY74 ,!Y HAVE DETAIL$ 9=MATION AB\T #aa P]SONS :O HAVE PASS$ ?R\< ! TRANSF] PRISON ( ,KRASNOY>SK4 ,! GREAT] NUMB] ( !M 7#g#g7 >E WORKM51 & ONLY #bd >E 9TELLECTUALS 2 #eh ( !M >E ,RUSSIANS1 #ai ,POLES1 #b ,JEWS1 & #b ,G]MANS4 ,9 FIFTE5 CASES IT HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ ?AT !SE M5 HAVE BE5 EXIL$ [+ TO HAV+ TRU/$ AG5TS PROVOCATEURS1 & 9 ?REE CASES TE/IMONY AGA9/ !M WAS OBTA9$ FROM WITNESSES UND] PHYSICAL TORTURE4#c 

,EV5 ?OSE :O >E S5T TO ! MORE F]TILE & FAVOR$ S\!RN P>TS ( ,SIB]IA >E NOT BETT] (F ?AN ! O!RS4 ,?OSE :O >E NOT NOBLEM5--& !Y >E ! GREAT MAJORITY--RECEIVE 9 ,S\!RN ,SIB]IA ONLY FROM #bR4 #dK4 7#eS4 #bD47 TO #fR4 7#a#cS47 A MON?1 BUT 9 ! LATT] CASE !Y HAVE TO PAY FROM #dS4 TO #fS4 A MON? = !IR LODG+S4 ,9 ! SMALL DI/RICT T[NS ( ,S\!RN ,SIB]IA !RE IS EXACTLY ! SAME WANT ( EMPLOYM5T AS 9 ! ,F> ,NOR?4 

,?OSE :O >E EXIL$ TO ! MO/ ?9LY POPULAT$ P>TS ( ,NOR!RN ,SIB]IA >E CONF9$ TO ! 5CAMPM5TS ( ! NATIVES4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT SK9 DISEASES >E T]RIBLY PREVAL5T 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,NE>LY ALL ! NATIVES >E 9FECT$1 AS ALSO MANY FAMILIES ( ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS 2 BUT ! EXILES >E COMPELL$ TO LODGE ) ! NATIVES 9 !IR T9Y HUTS & T5TS1 & >E HAPPY IF !Y >E GIV5 A CORN] 9 ! LOG HUT ( A ,RUSSIAN SETTL]4 

,! PRES5CE ( ! EXILES IS G5]ALLY FELT AS A HEAVY BURD5 BY ! NATIVE POPULATION1 :I* IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE HO/ILE TO !M1 & ! FEEL+ ( HO/ILITY IS 9CREAS$ BY ! PRES5CE ( CRIM9ALS AMONG !M4 ,= P]SONS S5T5C$ = !FT & O!R BREA*ES ( ! ORD9>Y LAW >E BE+ S5T TO ,SIB]IA 9 COMPANY ) ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES TRANSPORT$ = REBELLION OR O!R POLITICAL (F5SES4 ,P]HAPS ! AU?ORITIES DO ?IS FROM CONSID]ATIONS ( ECONOMY1 P]HAPS = O!R REASONS4 

,?OSE :O HAVE BE5 EXIL$ TO ! NOR!RN PROV9CES ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 NAMELY1 TO ,>*ANGEL1 >E 9 NO BETT] PLI<T ?AN ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA4 ,A NUMB] ( !M HAVE WRITT5 TO COMPLA9 TO ,M4 ,BULAT1 ,DEPUTY TO ! ,DUMA1 AB\T ! 9TOL]ABLE CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y LIVE4 ,HAV+ BE5 EXIL$1 NOT BY ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]1 BUT BY S5T5CE ( ! ,C\RTS1 !SE PEOPLE RECEIVE NO SUPPORT FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T2 & !Y GET NO?+ FROM ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES2 BE+ !MSELVES %ORT ( >ABLE L&1 !Y DO NOT GIVE !M ALLOTM5TS4 0,SAVE US FROM />VATION & UNAVOIDABLE DEA? FROM HUNG]10 !Y WROTE TO !IR ,DEPUTY TO ! ,DUMA4#d 

,ALTOGE!R1 ! PEASANTS :O HAVE BE5 EXIL$ = AGR>IAN DI/URBANCES--& !Y >E V]Y NUM]\S BY ?IS TIME-->E 9 ! MO/ PREC>I\S CONDITION4 ,9 ,TS>EV 7GOV]NM5T ( ,A/RAKHAN71 :]E TWO HUNDR$ ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES >E KEPT1 TYPHUS IS RAG+ AMONG !M4 ,NO M$ICAL ASSI/ANCE IS GIV51 & ! TYPHUS PATI5TS >E SLEEP+ BY ! SIDE ( ! HEAL?Y M5 9 ! COMMON DOSS-H\SES ( ,TS>EV1 BECAUSE ! [N]S ( PRIVATE H\SES HAVE S5T !M AWAY FROM FE> ( 9FECTION4#e 

,9 ! FACE ( SU* MIS]Y1 :I* IS AN UNAVOIDABLE RESULT ( ! SY/EM1 WE H>DLY D>E SPEAK ( ! ABUSE ( ! P[]S ( ! LOCAL POLICE & ! G5D>ME AU?ORITIES1 :I* 9 SOME CASES R5D]S ! /ATE ( ?+S /ILL WORSE4 ,?US1 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,VYATKA1 ! EXILES = A LONG TIME DID NOT RECEIVE !IR DRESS MONEY4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y LA/ !Y AT L5G? RECEIV$ ! SMALL ALL[ANCE = SUMM] CLO!S1 ! W9T] ALL[ANCE BE+ /ILL UNPAID4 

,AT ,T*ELYAB9SK IT APPE>S1 FROM A TELEGRAM S5T TO ! ,HEAD ( ! ,PRISON ADM9I/RATION BY ,M4 ,T*EIDZE1 ,DEPUTY TO ! ,DUMA1 ?AT ! EXILES W]E 9 ! MO/ T]RIBLE PLI<T BECAUSE ! AU?ORITIES HAD GIV5 !M NO FOOD MONEY & NO DRESS MONEY1 & =BADE !M TO MOVE FROM ONE VILLAGE TO ANO!R4 

,! ONLY BRI<T FEATURE IS ?AT ! POLITICAL EXILES DO EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 EA* O!R'S C\RAGE & TO PREV5T DEMORALIZATION4 ,EV]Y:]E !Y HAVE ORGANIZ$ !IR [N SOCIETIES = MUTUAL HELP1 TO :I* EV]Y ONE :O RECEIVES ANY MONIES FROM HOME PAYS A REGUL> CONTRIBUTION ( SO MU* P]C5T4 ,) ?IS MONEY !Y />T S\P KIT*5S1 SMALL LIBR>IES1 & LECTURES1 BUT ! DIFFICULTY ( GETT+ BOOKS & PAP]S & ! HI< CO/ ( LI<T 9 ! NOR!RN P>TS DUR+ ! W9T] IS EXTREME1 & ! AU?ORITIES CONT9UALLY PUT H9DRANCES 9 ! WAY ( SU* ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 SOME PLACES 9 ! ,F> ,NOR? DUR+ ! LONG W9T] NI<TS %E] DESPAIR LAYS HOLD ( ! EXILES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y LA/1 9 ONE ( ! REMOTE SETTLEM5TS ( ! ,OBDORSK REGION1 FIVE EXILES 5D$ !IR LIVES BY SUICIDE4 ,A GIRL TOOK ! LEAD1 & %E WAS FOLL[$ BY F\R M54 

,! FOLL[+ EXTRACTS WILL GIVE A /ILL MORE CONCRETE IDEA ( ! LIFE ( SOME ( ! EXILES4 ,ONE CORRESPOND5T1 WRIT+ FROM ! ,ILGA CANTON1 SAYS3-- 

0,WE >E H]E #i P]SONS1 MO/LY GR\P$ 9 A BIG TRAD+ VILLAGE4 ,WE RECEIVE ABSOLUTELY NO?+ FROM ! CR[N0 7!Y >E SSYLNO-POSEL5TSYS74 0,HAPPILY 5\<1 MO/ ( US HAVE F\ND SOME WORK 2 ONLY A FEW ( US1 #a OR #a#b1 HAVE NOT4 ,WE HAVE A MUTUAL AID SOCIETY & A S\P KIT*5 SUPPLY+ FOOD AT L[ PRICES40 

,FROM ! GOV]NM5T ( ,TOBOLSK ONE ( ! EXILES WRITES TO \R ,COMMITTEE ( ,9QUIRY3-- 

0,9 ?IS GOV]NM5T WE >E AB\T #b11 ,\T ( :OM NE>LY #e HAVE BE5 EXIL$ BY S5T5CE ( ! C\RTS 7SSYLNO-POSEL5TSY74 ,! REMA9D] >E ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES4 ,! GREAT] NUMB] ( US >E 9 ! DI/RICTS ( ,TURA1 ,B]EZ(F 7#f#d8 ,N4 LAT471 & ,TOBOLSK1 & 9 ! DI/RICTS ( ,SURGUT1 ,T>A1 & ,TYUM54 ,AB\T F9D+ WORK ,I CAN SAY NO?+ BRI<T4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ! SUMM] ?AT WE GET SOME WORK AT ! FI%]IES1 & 9 ! T[NS SOME /UD5TS & MO/ ( ! SKILL$ WORKM5 HAVE WELL-PAID WORK2 BUT ! GREAT PROPORTION ( US >E 9 V]Y L[ SPIRITS1 HAV+ ABSOLUTELY NO WORK4 ,! WANT ( WORK IS MO/ SEV]ELY FELT BY ! SSYLNO-POSEL5TSYS1 BECAUSE ! ADM9I/RATIVES CANNOT DO MU* TO HELP !M4 ,S9CE ,JANU>Y #i1 #a#i#g1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES BELONG+ TO ! UNPRIVILEG$ CLASSES HAVE RECEIV$ ONLY #dR4 #hK4 7#aS4 #dD47 9 ! ,B]EZ(F & ,SURGUT DI/RICTS1 #dR4 #eK4 7#iS4 #d #a_/#bD47 9 ! ,TOBOLSK DI/RICT1 & #dR4 #bK4 7#iS4 #aD47 9 ! O!RS4 ,M>RI$ PEOPLE RECEIVE SOME ASSI/ANCE = WIFE & *ILDR54 ,NOBLEM5 & ?OSE :O HAVE RECEIVE UNIV]SITY $UCATION RECEIVE #a#>4 #b#eK4 7#b#dS4 #dD47 P] MON?4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! DRESS ALL[ANCE ( #b#]4 7#e#dS47 9 ,AUGU/ & #dR4 #hK4 7#aS4 #dD47 9 ,MAY4 ,AS TO ! O!R EXILES1 !Y RECEIVE ABSOLUTELY NO?+4 ,!Y >E *IEFLY 9 ! ,T>A DI/RICT1 A F]TILE REGION1 BUT MO/ ( !M KN[ NO?+ AB\T AGRICULTURAL WORK & HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 F9D+ ANY?+ TO DO40 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,RYE*1 ,NO4 #h#e1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i4 

#b,TOV>IS*1 ,APRIL #f1 #a#i#h4 

#c,NOVAYA ,RUSS1 #a#i#i1 DATE MISS+ ON \R CUTT+4 

#d,RUSS4 ,V$41 ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#i4 

#e,KIEVSKIY ,VE/NIK1 ,DECEMB] #b#i1 #a#i#h4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,EVID5CE ,LAID ,BE=E ,! ,FIR/ ,& ,SECOND ,DUMA ,ON ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL1 ,EXECUTIONS1 ,& ,! ,OV]CR[D+ ,( ,PRISONS 

,PHOTO BY ,JESSE1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,ON ! HI/ORIC DAY ( ! #a? ( ,MAY1 #a#i#f1 ?AT ( ! OP5+ ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN ,P>LIAM5T1 :5 ! ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN NATION PASS$ ?R\< ! /REETS T[>DS ! ,TAVRIDA ,PALACE1 FROM ! D5SE ?RONGS :I* L9$ !IR PASSAGE1 ONE GREAT CRY >OSE-- 

0,AMNE/Y 6 ,AMNE/Y6 ,AMNE/Y FIR/60 

,& ! FIR/ SPEE* 9 ! NEW-BORN ,P>LIAM5T WAS = AMNE/Y4 ,IT WAS MADE BY ,PETRUNKEVIT*1 ! OLDE/ LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,LIB]ALS 3-- 

0,\R HONOR1 \R CONSCI5CE10 HE SAID1 0 ORDA9S ?AT \R FIR/ ?\<T1 \R FIR/ FREE WORD %\LD BE D$ICAT$ TO ?OSE :O SACRIFIC$ !IR FRE$OM TO ?AT ( \R BELOV$ ,FA!RL& 0 7/ORM ( APPLAUSE74 0,ALL ! PRISONS 9 ! C\NTRY >E OV]FL[+0 7CRIES ( 9DIGNATION74 0,?\S&S ( H&S >E /RET*$ \T TO US ) HOPE & BESEE*+4 ,& CONSCI5CE URGES US TO SP>E NO POSSIBLE EF=T TO PREV5T ! WA/+ ( FUR!R LIVES 9 ! VICTORY SO SOON TO BE \RS4 4 4 40 

,AT ! V]Y NEXT SITT+ ( ! FIR/ ,DUMA ! ,LIB]AL ,DEPUTY ,RODI*EFF1 9 A SPEE* ( PASSIONATE ELOQU5CE1 RAIS$ ! QUE/ION AGA93-- 

0,EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS DUR+ ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN10 HE SAID1 0ONE & ! SAME CRY WAS RAIS$ ABOVE ALL O!RS--',AMNE/Y 6' ,WE >E WITNESSES ?AT ?IS IS ! DEM& ( ! :OLE NATION1 NOT ONLY ( ?OSE :O SUFF] 9 ! PRISONS OR ( !IR FRI5DS4 ,BLOOD IS NOT %$ N[ SO (T5 AS IT WAS ?REE MON?S AGO2 BUT1 G5TLEM51 ?IS LA/ MON? #ii P]SONS W]E EXECUT$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 4 4 4 ,WE1 H]E 9 ! ,DUMA1 CANNOT WORK 2 ?AT FEEL+ OPPRESSES US4 ,?OSE BLOODY SPECT]S >E H]E--H]E 9 ?IS V]Y HALL4 ,!Y MU/ BE REMOV$ 9 ORD] ?AT WE MAY DO \R WORK40 

,ONE AFT] ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,DUMA1 !MSELVES REC5T SUFF]]S FROM >BITR>Y IMPRISONM5T1 TOLD H>ASS+ TALES ( :AT !Y HAD WITNESS$4 

0,I1 MYSELF10 SAID ,FA!R ,KRASS\N FROM ! RO/RUM1 0WAS KEPT 9 A PRISON1 PACK$ ) #d PEOPLE :O W]E RECEIV+ A DAILY ALL[ANCE ( #f KOPECKS 7#a #a_/#bD471 B>ELY 5\< TO ESCAPE />VATION--NOT 5\< TO ESCAPE P]PETUAL HUNG]4 ,I ASK$ !M1 ',:Y W]E Y\ BEAT5 ) NAGAIKAS8 ,:Y W]E Y\ ?R[N 9TO PRISON8' ,& ! REPLY WAS ALWAYS1 ',! POLICE >RE/$ US BECAUSE WE REFUS$ TO BRIBE !M6'0 

0,Y\ HAVE HE>D H]E ( ! <A/LY SPECT]S :I* SO> ABOVE \R L&10 SAID ! ,DEPUTY ,MIKLA%EFFSKY2 0,I WILL REM9D Y\ ( TWO VICTIMS P]SONALLY KN[N TO ME-! /UD5T1 ,GRIGORIEV1 & ! B>RI/]1 ,T>>YK94 ,GRIGORIEV WAS %OT BECAUSE ANO!R MAN1 TO SAVE HIS [N LIFE1 DECL>$ ?AT ,GRIGORIEV HAD SPOK5 AT A C]TA9 MEET+2 & ?IS DECL>ATION WAS 5\< TO CONDEMN ! BOY4 ,T>>YK91 ! B>RI/]1 TRI$ 9 VA9 TO CONV9CE ! (FIC]1 :O ORD]$ ! SOLDI]S TO %OOT HIM1 ?AT HE WAS ACT+ ILLEGALLY4 ,HE WAS NEV]!LESS %OT )\T TRIAL OR 9VE/IGATION40 

,G5]AL ,K\ZM9-,K>AVAEFF--HIMSELF A MILIT>Y PROCUREUR & A ,DEPUTY SITT+ ON ! ,RI<T ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATS--APPEAL$ 9 ! ,DUMA AGA9/ ! HORRORS ( (FICIAL BLOOD%$4 

0,OV] SIX HUNDR$ M51' HE SAID1 0W]E1 DUR+ ! LA/ F\R MON?S1 HANG$ OR %OT1 OR O!RWISE DEPRIV$ ( LIFE BY MO/ HORRIBLE ME?ODS1 )\T TRIAL OR AFT] MOCK TRIALS4 ,?IS FIGURE IS APPALL+1 & IT %[S US ONCE MORE ?AT ! *IEF MOTIVE ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T H]E1 9 ,RUSSIA1 IS SANGU9>Y V5GEANCE40#b 

,SITT+ AFT] SITT+ ( ! ,DUMA'S FIR/ SESSION WAS DEVOT$ TO APPEALS TO ! ,CZ> & ! ,GOV]NM5T = AMNE/Y4 ,?IS SUBJECT ALSO HAD ! FIR/ PLACE 9 ! ,DUMA'S ANSW] TO ! ,CR[N ,SPEE*4 ,IT WAS AN APPEAL TO DEAF E>S4 ,AFT] A HOPELESS /RUGGLE1 :I* LA/$ OV] A =TNI<T1 ! ,DUMA GAVE WAY & BEGAN ITS LEGISLATIVE WORK4 ,BUT COMPLA9TS & PETITIONS P\R$ 9 UPON ! ,DEPUTIES FROM EV]Y CON/ITU5CY1 DEPRIV+ !M ( ! NECESS>Y CALMNESS4 ,!N ! CONT9U\S 9T]PELLATIONS TO ! ,GOV]NM5T BEGAN4 

,ON ,MAY #b#a1 #a#i#f1 ! FOLL[+ 9T]PELLATION WAS UNANIM\SLY PRES5T$ BY ! ,DUMA TO ,M4 ,/OLYP93-- 

0,DOES ! ,M9I/] KN[ ?AT ! AU?ORITIES HAVE FILL$ ALL PRISONS TO OV]FL[+8 ,?AT AMONG ! PRISON]S >E P]SONS ADMITT$ TO BE 9NOC5T8 ,?AT 9 CONTRAV5TION ( EV5 ! EXCEPTIONAL & M>TIAL LAWS1 PRISON]S >E KEPT BEYOND ! T]M LEGALLY ORDA9$1 NO *>GE BE+ BR\<T AGA9/ !M1 :]EBY !Y >E DRIV5 TO UTT] DESPAIR & VOLUNT>Y />VATION80 

,! ,CAB9ET WAIT$ A FULL MON? BE=E ANSW]+ ?IS 9T]PELLATION4 

,ON ,MAY #b#e? ! ,DEPUTIES ( ! ,DUMA MADE ANO!R ATTEMPT TO /AY ! H& ( ! EXECUTION]S4 ,A TELEGRAM WAS RECEIV$ BY ! ,DUMA TO ! EFFECT ?AT EI<T M5 HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES BY A SUMM>Y ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 ?AT !Y HAD WI%$ TO APPEAL TO A HI<] ,C\RT ON ! GR\NDS ( COMPLETE NEGLECT ( PROC$URE AT !IR TRIAL2 BUT ?AT ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL HAD REFUS$ !M ! RI<T ( APPEAL & CONFIRM$ ! S5T5CE4 ,! ,DUMA BEGG$ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO PO/PONE ! EXECUTION & TO ALL[ ! APPEAL ( ! CONDEMN$ TO BE HE>D4 ,UPON ?IS1 A HA/Y ORD] WAS S5T FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ?AT ! EI<T M5 W]E TO BE IMM$IATELY EXECUT$2 & :5 ?IS WAS DONE ! ,GOV]NM5T 9=M$ ! ,DUMA ?AT1 UN=TUNATELY1 IT WAS N[ TOO LATE TO DISCUSS ! MATT]4 

,! NUM]\S 9T]PELLATIONS & REQUE/S PUT TO ! ,GOV]NM5T TO PO/PONE ! EXECUTIONS ALWAYS MET ) ! ANSW]-- 

0,WE CANNOT DO ?AT4 ,SO LONG AS ! LAW EXI/S WE >E OBLIG$ TO C>RY IT \T40 

,! ,DUMA DECID$ TO REMOVE ?IS OB/ACLE1 &1 ON ,MAY #c#a1 #a#i#f1 A ,BILL WAS BR\<T 91 CONSI/+ ( TWO P>AGRAPHS3-- 

7#a7 ,CAPITAL PUNI%M5T TO BE ABOLI%$1 & 7#b7 UNTIL ! REVISION ( ! P5AL CODE IS DONE1 CAPITAL PUNI%M5T TO BE REPLAC$ BY ! HEAVIE/ S5T5CE IMM$IATELY PREC$+ IT ON ! SCALE ( PUNI%M5TS4 

,AFT] HAV+ PASS$ ! USUAL LEGAL /AGES1 ?IS ,BILL WAS UNANIM\SLY ADOPT$ BY ! ,DUMA ON ,JULY #a#a1 #a#i#f1 BUT IT NEV] RECEIV$ ! ,CZ>'S SANCTION1 & ! EXECUTIONS HAVE CONT9U$ AT ! SAME RATE4 

,DUR+ ! DEBATES UPON ! ,BILL ! ,DEPUTY ,NADVORSKY TOLD ! ,ASSEMBLY ?AT TWO HUNDR$ ,W>SAW B>RI/]S HAD S5T A =MAL COMPLA9T TO ! ,S5ATE AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL ( ,LUBL9 & ,W>SAW1 BY :OSE ORD]S SEV5TE5 Y\?S W]E %OT )\T TRIAL4#c ,! ,S5ATE DIVID$ 9 ITS RESOLUTION UPON ?IS REMON/RANCE4 ,SOME ,S5ATORS DECL>$ ?AT AS ! ,GOV]NORS W]E ACT+ UND] M>TIAL LAW1 !Y HAD ! RI<T TO ADOPT :ATEV] MEASURES !Y MI<T F9D EXP$I5T4 ,! M9ORITY F\ND ?AT M>TIAL LAW DOES NOT GIVE ! RI<T ( 9DISCRIM9ATE EXECUTION1 BUT ?AT NEV]!LESS ?IS COMPLA9T MU/ BE REJECT$ BECAUSE ONLY ?OSE :O W]E VICTIMS ( ILLEGAL BEHAVIOR ON ! P>T ( ,GOV]NORS HAD ! RI<T TO COMPLA94 ,[+ TO ?IS DISAGREEM5T ! ,S5ATE ADJ\RN$ ! EXAM9ATION ( ! CASE UNTIL UNANIMITY BE >RIV$ AT4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 ?IS CASE WAS DEBAT$ 9 ! ,S5ATE1 ! LA/ TIME 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#i1 BUT ! ,S5ATORS REMA9$ FIRM 9 !IR DISAGREEM5T1 SOME MA9TA9+ ?AT1 UND] M>TIAL LAW1 ,SECTION #a#b1 ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL HAVE ! RI<T TO EXECUTE AT !IR [N DISCRETION1 & >E RESPONSIBLE ONLY BE=E ! ,CZ>1 & O!RS REPEAT+ ?AT ! ACT WAS NO D\BT ILLEGAL1 BUT ?AT ONLY ! VICTIMS HAD ! RI<T TO COMPLA94 ,AS ! VICTIMS W]E ALREADY 9 !IR GRAVES ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL1 TILL N[1 CONT9UE !IR RULE UNH9D]$4 

,LOOK+ ?R\< ! (FICIAL %OR?& REPORTS ,DUMA'S SESSION ONE MEETS UPON EV]Y PAGE 9T]PELLATIONS TO ! ,GOV]NM5T CONC]N+ NUMB]LESS ILLEGAL & >BITR>Y ACTS1 SU* AS ! EXILE ( ?\S&S ( VILLAGE S*OOLMA/]S1 PEASANTS1 WORKM51 & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,I GIVE A FEW *ANCE QUOTATIONS4 

,! ,DEPUTIES ,RO/OVTSEFF & ,KHRUS*EFF RECEIV$ ! FOLL[+ TELEGRAM FROM ! T[N ,O/ROGORSK1 ON ,JUNE #a/3-- 

0,AFT] \R HUSB&S HAD REMA9$ F\R MON?S 9 PRISON1 !Y S5T A TELEGRAM TO ,M4 ,/OLYP9 ON ,APRIL #b#h?1 ASK+ = RELEASE OR TRIAL4 ,ON ,MAY #bND AN ANSW] WAS RECEIV$ ORD]+ !IR IMM$IATE DEPORTATION 3 N9E TO ! ,N>YM REGION 7A DESOLATE CORN] ( ,WE/]N ,SIB]IA7 = F\R YE>S1 & ONE1 A CONSUMPTIVE1 TO ! ,A/RAKHAN PROV9CE = ?REE YE>S4 ,!SE PRISON]S W]E MO/LY MEMB]S ( ! ZEM/VOS1 & >RE/$ )\T REASON1 NO?+ SUSPICI\S BE+ F\ND UPON !M & NO *>GE BR\<T AGA9/ !M4 ,!Y W]E NOT EV5 9T]ROGAT$4 ,SIGN$--! WIVES ( ,DR4 ,%IRIAEFF1 ! 5G9E] ,&RIAN(F1 @&C40 

,AT ! SAME SITT+ ANO!R TELEGRAM WAS RECEIV$ FROM ,VORONE%1 S5T BY ! WIFE ( ,DR4 ,ROMAN(FSKY1 :O HAD JU/ BE5 S5T = A ?REE YE>S' EXILE TO ! ,N>YM REGION4 

0,I IMPLORE Y\ TO EXAM9E \R CASE4 ,MY HUSB&'S BANI%M5T IS ?R\< AN 5TIRE MISUND]/&+4 ,9 ! WRITT5 ORD] ( EXILE MY HUSB& IS DESCRIB$ AS 'TEA*]1' NOT 'DOCTOR1' & ! NAME IS GIV5 AS ',ROMAN(F1' NOT ',ROMAN(FSKY4' ,HE WAS DEPORT$ )\T BE+ ONCE 9T]ROGAT$40 

,FROM ! T[N ,UMAN A TELEGRAM WAS RECEIV$ BY ! ,DUMA ON ! SAME DAY1 9=M+ ! ,DUMA ?AT #cf PEASANTS1 DRIV5 TO DESPAIR BY LONG IMPRISONM5T )\T TRIAL OR ACCUSATION1 HAD REFUS$ FOOD = SIX DAYS1 REQUE/+ TRIAL1 DECL>+ !IR DECISION TO DIE IF IT W]E FUR!R REFUS$4 

,TO F9I% ) ?IS ONE S+LE SITT+ ( ! ,DUMA1 ,I WILL M5TION ALSO AN 9T]PELLATION CONC]N+ ! B>B>\S ILLEGALITIES 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 :I* >E PLAC$ UND] SEV]AL HEAD+S3-- 

#a4 ,EXECUTION )\T TRIAL OR 9VE/IGATION4  

#b4 ,TORTURES1 & FLOGG+ TO ! AM\NT ,( #d /ROKES FROM ! NAGAIKAS4  

#c4 ,! BURN+ ( PEASANTS' F>MS & PROP]TY & PUBLIC BUILD+S BY ! MILIT>Y & (FICIALS1 @&C4 

,?IS SITT+ WAS NOT AT ALL ( AN EXCEPTIONAL *>ACT]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 DUR+ ALMO/ EV]Y O!R SITT+ ! QUANTITY ( 9T]PELLATIONS ) REG>D TO V>I\S ATROCITIES1 ILLEGAL IMPRISONM5TS & EXECUTIONS W]E MU* MORE NUM]\S4 ,! CONT5TS ( ?OSE 9T]PELLATIONS >E PA9FULLY MONOTON\S3 0,PRISON OV]FL[+40 0,PRISON]S KEPT = MON?S )\T TRIAL OR 9VE/IGATION1 />V+ !MSELVES40 0,?IRTY-FIVE PRISON]S 9 ,RIGA ?REAT5$ ) EXECUTION4 ,IMM$IATE MEASURES URG5T40 0,! B>RI/] ,PUKHT9SKY1 ( ,T*]NIGOV1 HAS BE5 KEPT = ?REE MON?S 9 PRISON )\T *>GE1 & IS N[ 9 EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,HIS WIFE & FIVE *ILDR5 >E UTT]LY DE/ITUTE4 ,PUKHT9SKY'S ONLY (F5SE WAS ?AT HE1 AS A C\NCILOR ( ! ,T*]NIGOV ,CORPORATION1 WAS DISLIK$ BY ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES40 0,! 5G9E] ,F>MAKOVSKY1 ( ,M9SK1 IS KEPT 9 PRISON 9 SPITE ( HIS S]I\S ILLNESS & ! ORD] ( ! MAGI/RATE = HIS RELEASE4 ,9 ! SAME PRISON >E ,C\NCILOR ,HAVANSKY1 ,DR4 ,KAM9SKY1 ! B>RI/] ,ROGALEVIT*1 MANY J\RNALI/S1 & O!RS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 IMPRISON$ = MANY MON?S1 & NO REASONS HAVE BE5 GIV5 = !IR DET5TION40 0,TWO Y\?S1 AG$ #ah & #a#i1 ( ! T[N ( ,W>SAW >E BE+ C\RT-M>TIAL$ = HAV+ /RUCK !IR S*OOLMA/]4 ,EXECUTION ?REAT5S !M40 

,?AT WAS ON ,JUNE #f?1 :5 TW5TY-SIX 9T]PELLATIONS CONC]N+ V>I\S ATROCITIES & ILLEGALITIES W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! ,DUMA4 ,AT ! NEXT SITT+1 ,JUNE #i?1 ?IRTY-TWO 9T]PELLATIONS ( ! SAME K9D W]E MADE4 ,?IS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ NUMB] MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,DUMA EV5 TO DEBATE ! CASES4 ,!Y W]E SIMPLY H&$ OV] TO A P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMISSION ( #c#c1 = TRANSMISSION TO ! ,M9I/RY1 :I* /ILL REMA9$ SIL5T UPON ! PO9T4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 A BURN+ QUE/ION DEM&+ IMM$IATE & E>NE/ ATT5TION1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+ QUOTATIONS3-- 

0,ON ,APRIL #a#a? WE W]E IMPRISON$ 9 ! ,ILJESK PRISON1 BY ORD] ( ! DI/RICT *IEF4 ,! SOLDI]S ROBB$ US ( ALL \R MONEY1 & AT ! ORD] ( ! POLICEMAN ,VOLOKHOVSKY !Y BEGAN TO /RIKE US ) ! BUTT-5DS ( !IR RIFLES AN KICK US UNTIL !Y W]E TIR$4 ,WE W]E W\ND$ ALL OV] & BLOOD RAN FROM \R M\?S1 NOSES1 & E>S4 ,SOME ( US HAD BROK5 RIBS1 LEGS1 & >MS4 ,VIDHOVSKY1 AN OLD MAN & A CRIPPLE1 WAS MORE BRUTALLY TREAT$ ?AN ANY ( ! O!RS4 ,HE WAS DRAGG$ BY ! HAIR 9TO A CELL & LO/ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:5 HE REGA9$ IT HE ASK$ = ! PRIE/1 BUT ! REQUE/ WAS REFUS$4 ,= ! SIX SUBSEQU5T DAYS WE W]E KEPT )\T FOOD1 & ONLY ON ! SEV5? DAY W]E GIV5 #a KOPECKS 7#b #a_/#bD47 EA* = FOOD4 ,UP TO N[ NO *>GE HAS BE5 BR\<T AGA9/ US1 & WE HAVE NOT BE5 9T]ROGAT$4 ,ONLY ! *IEF ( ! DI/RICT EXPLA9$ TO \R WIVES ?AT WE HAD BE5 >RE/$ BECAUSE SOME MAN NAM$ ,B9EGRAET HAD S5T A D5UNCIATION TO ! EFFECT ?AT WE HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! FE/IVITIES AT ! GRANT+ ( ! ,CON/ITUTION40 

0,WE1 PEASANTS ( ! VILLAGE ,KIT(F1 BEG Y\ TO PROTECT US ! POLICE4 ,ON ,JUNE #e? !Y KILL$ ?REE M5 & W\ND$ ?REE O!RS )\T CAUSE4 ,= ,GOD'S SAKE 9VE/IGATE ! CASE PROTECT US60 

,DUR+ ! DEBATES ( ! #i? ( ,JUNE1 ! ,DEPUTY ,ROS5BAUM TOLD ! ,DUMA ( ! IMPRISONM5T ( MANY 9NOC5T PEOPLE 9 ! T[N ( ,M9SK4 

0,:510 HE SAID1 0 WE TOLD \R ,GOV]NOR1 ,M4 ,KURL(F1 AB\T IT1 HE ANSW]$1 ',P]HAPS !RE >E 9NOC5T PEOPLE 9 PRISON4 ,BUT :5 ONCE !Y >E 9 PRISON !Y MU/ NOT BE LET \T4'0 

,?IS GOV]NOR1 ,KURL(F1 IS A CELEBRITY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE IT WAS :O1 AFT] ! GRANT+ ( ! ,OCTOB] ,MANIFE/O1 SURR\ND$ A MEET+ ( CITIZ5S ) TROOPS1 & ORD]$ !M TO %OOT D[N ! PEOPLE AS !Y LEFT ! HALL4 ,HUNDR$S W]E %OT4 ,AFT] ?AT EXPLOIT ,KURL(F WAS PROMOT$ TO ! *IEF DIRECTOR%IP ( ALL PRISONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,DUR+ HIS TWO YE>S' T5URE ( ?AT (FICE1 ,S*LUSSELBURG1 ! FAM\S =TRESS1 EMPTI$ DUR+ ! AMNE/Y ( #a#i#e1 WAS REFILL$ T5FOLD1 & *A9S1 FLOGG+1 & O!R B>B>ITIES W]E 9TRODUC$4 

,! SANIT>Y CONDITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN PRISONS WAS BR\<T TO SU* A PIT* ?AT TYPHUS & SCURVY BEGAN TO DECIMATE ! PRISON POPULATION4 ,YET1 AS WE %ALL SEE FROM (FICIAL FIGURES1 ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S IS ALWAYS ON ! 9CREASE4 

,A FEW MON?S AGO ,KURL(F RECEIV$ A FUR!R PROMOTION TO ?AT ( ,ASSI/ANT ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ASSI/ANT ( ,/OLYP94 

,ON ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DAY 7,JUNE #i1 #a#i#f7 ! ,DUMA LE>N$ ?AT ELEV5 P]SONS HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? 9 ,RIGA1 ! ACCUSATION BE+ EXCLUSIVELY BAS$ UPON !IR [N DEPOSITIONS1 EXTORT$ FROM !M BY T]RIBLE TORTURES4 ,!Y W]E FLOGG$1 ! W\NDS BE+ SUBSEQU5TLY FILL$ ) SALT1 !IR HAIR WAS PULL$ \T1 & LOAD$ REVOLV]S W]E HELD AGA9/ !IR =EHEADS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,RUSSIAN LAW1 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS ! RI<T TO ADJ\RN ITS ANSW] TO 9T]PELLATIONS ( ! ,DUMA = ONE MON?1 & 9 ?IS CASE IT FULLY AVAIL$ ITSELF ( ?IS PRIVILEGE1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! 9T]PELLATIONS W]E ( ! MO/ URG5T *>ACT]4 ,BUT AT LA/ ?IS MON? CAME TO AN 5D1 & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO ANSW] A FEW ( ! 9T]PELLATIONS4 ,! ANSW]S1 H[EV]1 COMPLETELY DISAPPO9T$ ! ,DUMA4 ,ON ! #a#d? ( ,JUNE ! *IEF MILIT>Y PROCUREUR1 ,PAVL(F1 :ILE FULLY ADMITT+ ! FACTS AB\T ! LAWLESS EXECUTIONS & DEA? S5T5CES M5TION$ 9 ! 9T]PELLATIONS1 CONT5T$ HIMSELF ) ! DECL>ATION ?AT ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL RECEIV$ ! P[]S TO ACT UND] M>TIAL LAW ACCORD+ TO !IR [N LI<TS 2 ?AT1 :5 !Y =BID P]SONS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? BY ,C\RT ,M>TIAL TO APPEAL1 & ORD] !IR IMM$IATE EXECUTION1 !Y ACT )9 !IR RI<TS1 & ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T HAS !RE=E NO P[] TO 9T]F]E 7,REPORT ( ! N9ETE5? SITT+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,SESSION74 

,ON ! #b#a,/ ( ,JUNE ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ,S*EGLOVIT(F1 ANSW]+ AN 9T]PELLATION CONC]N+ ! TWO ,W>SAW Y\?S C\RT-M>TIAL$ = HAV+ /RUCK !IR TEA*]1 DECL>$ ?AT ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES W]E UNABLE TO 9T]F]E BECAUSE IT LAY )9 ! P[]S ( ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL TO DELIV] ANY (F5D] !Y *OSE TO A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL 9/EAD ( TO A CIVIL MAGI/RATE4 ,?US A POSSIBLE PUNI%M5T ( A %ORT T]M ( IMPRISONM5T MAY BE REPLAC$ BY CAPITAL PUNI%M5T AT ! DISCRETION ( A ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL4 

,ON ! SAME DAY1 H[EV]1 ,M4 ,/OLYP91 ANSW]+ 9T]PELLATIONS 9 ! ,DUMA1 :ILE ADMITT+ ! GUILT ( SOME (FICIALS1 DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE = ! ILLEGALITIES ( ! PREVI\S ,GOV]NM5T1 & PROMIS$ TO PREV5T !IR RECURR5CE DUR+ HIS T5URE ( (FICE4 

0,I REPEAT10 HE SAID1 0?AT ! MO/ SACR$ DUTY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T IS TO PROTECT PEACE & LAW1 ! FRE$OM1 NOT ONLY ( LABOR1 BUT ALSO ( LIFE4 ,& ALL MEASURES ( PACIFICATION :I* ,I TAKE DO NOT SIGNIFY ! COM+ ( REACTION1 BUT ?AT ( ORD]1 :I* IS NECESS>Y = ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT RE=MS40 

,MORE ?AN ?REE YE>S HAVE PASS$ S9CE ?AT TIME4 ,NOT EV5 ! FIR/ /EP HAS BE5 TAK5 = ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! RE=MS =E%AD[$ BY ,/OLYP91 :ILE ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S & EXILES KEPT )\T TRIAL IS EV] 9CREAS+1 ACCORD+ EV5 TO ! (FICIAL FIGURES4 

,! NUMB] ( 9T]PELLATIONS CONT9U$ TO 9CREASE1 & ! ,M9I/RY BEGAN TO ANSW] !M :OLESALE4 

,ON ,JULY #a#f? ! ,ASSI/ANT ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,MAK>(1 ANSW]$ #cc 9T]PELLATIONS AT ONCE4 ,HIS ANSW] WAS PURELY =MAL4 ,HE ADMITT$ A FEW CASES 9 :I* P]SONS HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ )\T AN ORD] EV5 HAV+ BE5 SIGN$1 BUT 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES HE SATISFI$ HIMSELF ?AT SU* A HAD BE5 ISSU$2 & AS ! ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL HAD BE5 GIV5 ! RI<T TO IMPRISON PEOPLE ACCORD+ TO !IR [N DISCRETION1 EV]Y?+ WAS DONE 9 OBS]VANCE ( ! LAW4 

,! NEXT SITT+1 ,JULY #a#g?1 A FUR!R BAT* ( 9T]PELLATIONS BR\<T !IR NUMB] UP TO #c#g--H>DLY ONE 9 T5 RECEIV+ AN ANSW]4 ,! ,DUMA WAS1 AFT] ?AT1 DISSOLV$4 

,:51 EI<T MON?S LAT]1 ! ,SECOND ,DUMA CAME TOGE!R1 ,M4 ,/OLYP91 ON ,M>* #a#i?1 READ HIS ,M9I/]IAL ,DECL>ATION1 9 :I* HE /AT$ ?AT A SPECIAL ,BILL W\LD BE 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,M9I/RY TO ! ,DUMA1 BY :I* >RE/1 SE>*+1 & ! OP5+ ( PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE W\LD BE ALL[$ ONLY AT ! WRITT5 ORD] ( ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES1 :OSE DUTY IT W\LD BE ALSO TO V]IFY1 )9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS1 ! LEGALITY ( ANY >RE/ ORD]$ BY ! POLICE4 ,?IS WAS TO BECOME ! IMMUTABLE ORD9>Y LAW1 :I* W\LD ALWAYS BE 5=C$1 EXCEPT DUR+ TIMES ( W> OR REVOLUTION4 

,9 SPITE ( ?IS PROMISE1 EXCEPTIONAL LAWS >E 9 =CE N[ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 & EXILES & IMPRISONM5TS BY ADM9I/RATIVE ORD] >E MORE NUM]\S ?AN EV]4 

,! ,SECOND ,DUMA UND]/OOD FROM ITS FIR/ SITT+ ?AT IT W\LD BE A HOPELESS TASK TO TRY TO CURB ! ,GOV]NM5TAL 9NUM]ABLE ABUSES4 ,! SCOPE ( 9T]PELLATIONS WAS N>R[$ TO ?AT ( ! MO/ CRY+ CASES1 OR TO QUE/IONS ( SELF-DEF5SE1 I4E41 :5 ! P]SONAL 9VIOLABILITY ( ! ,DEPUTIES WAS 9FR+$4 

,H]E >E A FEW 9/ANCES ( SU* CASES4 ,ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#g1 ! FOLL[+ 9T]PELLATION WAS MADE 3-- 

0,ON ,DECEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#f1 ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL 9 ,MOSC[1 HAV+ TRI$ ! CASE ( TWO BRO!RS ,KABL(F & TWO BRO!RS ,K>AKANIK(F1 ON ! *>GE ( HAV+ W\ND$ A POLICEMAN1 CONDEMN$ !M TO P5AL S]VITUDE = LIFE4 ,ON ! SAME DAY ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,MOSC[1 ,H]%ELMANN1 9 SPITE ( ! LAW & ! SPECIAL CIRCUL>S S5T TO HIM BY ! ,PREMI]1 QUA%$ ?IS S5T5CE & ORD]$ ! F\R M5 TO BE TRI$ BY ANO!R ,C\RT ,M>TIAL4 ,! SECOND TRIAL WAS HELD AT ONCE1 & ! F\R PRISON]S W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA? & EXECUT$ IMM$IATELY0 7,(FICIAL REPORT ( ,SESSION ,I,I41 ,SITT+ #a#i?74 

,ON ,APRIL #a#e1 #a#i#g1 SEV]AL 9T]PELLATIONS W]E READ 9 ! ,DUMA ) REG>D TO ! REGUL> PRACTICE ( TORTURES 9 ! V>I\S PRISONS ( ,RIGA1 ,A/RAKHAN1 ,ALGA*9SK1 ,AKATUY1 @&C4 

,! 9T]PELLATION CONC]N+ ! SY/EM ( TORTURE PRACTIC$ REGUL>LY 9 ! ,RIGA & O!R ,BALTIC PROV9CES PRISONS BECAME NOTORI\S ALL OV] ,EUROPE 7?ANKS TO ! REVELATIONS MADE BY ! ,BRITI% NEWSPAP]1 ! ,TRIBUNE74 ,?IS 9T]PELLATION WAS ANSW]$ 9 ! ,DUMA BY ! ,ASSI/ANT ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,MAK>(F1 :O1 :ILE ADMITT+ ?AT ! ILL-TREATM5T ( PRISON]S HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! ,RIGA PRISONS1 REFUS$ TO APPLY TO IT ! NAME 0TORTURE40 ,HE SAID ?AT ! (FICIALS GUILTY ( ! E/ABLI%$ (F5SES HAD BE5 ALREADY DISMISS$1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S TAK5 AGA9/ !M4 0,AT PRES5T10 HE SAID1 0WE MU/ WAIT TO SEE :AT ! LAW C\RTS WILL SAY4 ,I CONSID] DEBATES UPON ?IS QUE/ION TO BE PREMATURE40 

,?IS DECL>ATION WAS MADE ON ,APRIL #b#c1 #a#i#g4 ,ON ,MAY #c? ,M4 ,MAK>( SPOKE AGA9 AB\T ! TORTURES 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES 9 !SE WORDS 3-- 

0,I AM F> FROM ! DESIRE TO MA9TA9 ?AT ! POLICE1 DUR+ 9T]ROGATIONS 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 DID NOT1 9 SOME CASES1 BEAT ! PRISON]S4 ,I MU/ TELL Y\ ?AT LA/ YE> ALREADY1 & P>TLY ?IS YE>1 =TY-TWO PROSECUTIONS W]E />T$ AGA9/ ! AG5TS ( POLICE = ! USE ( VIOL5CE4 ,ONE ( !SE CASES WAS /OPP$ = WANT ( PRO( 2 9 ANO!R ! ACCUS$ WAS CONDEMN$ TO ONE YE>'S P5AL S]VITUDE4 ,! REMA9+ CASES >E /ILL UND] EXAM9ATION40 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN NEWSPAP]S AFFIRM ?AT ALL ! PR9CIPAL ORGANIZ]S ( TORTURE 9 ,RIGA & O!R ,BALTIC T[NS CONT9UE 9 !IR PO/S4 ,! POLICE (FICIAL ,GREGUS1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ! DECL>ATION ( ,MAK>(F1 WAS DISMISS$ MORE ?AN TWO YE>S AGO1 IS AT ! HEAD ( ! SAME SECRET POLICE 9 ! SAME T[N ( ,RIGA4 

,! ,SECOND ,DUMA SOON MET ! FATE ( ! ,FIR/4 ,!REUPON ! FRAN*ISE WAS CURTAIL$1 & 9 ! ,?IRD ,DUMA1 :I* WAS CONVOK$ 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#h1 ! MAJORITY CONSI/$ ( ! NOM9EES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS MAJORITY NATURALLY PUT A /OP TO EV]Y 9T]PELLATION ?AT MI<T BE EMB>RASS+ TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & ! T]RIBLE /ATE ( ! PRISONS WAS T\*$ UPON ONLY OCCASIONALLY DUR+ ! DEBATES UPON ! BUDGET ( ! ,PRISON ,DEP>TM5T & ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR1 :ILE ! 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( EXECUTIONS CAME TO LI<T DUR+ ! DEBATES UPON ! ,BILL = ! ,ABOLITION ( ,CAPITAL ,PUNI%M5T4 

,AS TO ! 9T]PELLATIONS CONC]N+ ! PRISONS :I* W]E MADE 9 ! ,?IRD ,DUMA1 SOME ( !M HAVE ALREADY BE5 M5TION$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 ,IT MU/ ONLY BE SAID ?AT ! 9T]PELLATIONS 9 ! ,?IRD ,DUMA1 RE/RICT$ AS !Y >E1 & SUBMITT$ TO A PRELIM9>Y DEBATE1 HAVE A *>ACT] ( GRAVITY :I* ! 0QUE/IONS0 ADDRESS$ TO ! ,M9I/]S HAD NOT 9 ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,DUMAS4 ,! 9T]PELLATIONS >E N[ MADE 9 ! NAME ( :OLE P>TIES1 9/EAD 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S1 & BE=E BE+ ACCEPT$ ! QUE/IONS ASK$ >E ! SUBJECT ( A PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSION 9 ! ,DUMA1 AFT] :I* !Y >E USUALLY S5T BE=E A ,COMMISSION1 :I* SEES :E!R !RE >E 9 !SE QUE/IONS ! ELEM5TS ( AN 9T]PELLATION4 ,ONLY :5 ! ,COMMISSION HAS ACCEPT$ ! 9T]PELLATION IS IT SUBMITT$ TO ! ,DUMA1 & !N ! RESPECTIVE ,M9I/]S >E AT LIB]TY ( EI!R ACCEPT+ ! DEBATE AT ONCE OR ANSW]+ IT 9 ! C\RSE ( ONE MON?4 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,?IS *APT] HAS BE5 COMPIL$ = ?IS /ATEM5T BY ! K9DNESS ( A FRI5D4  

#b,EV]Y QUOTATION & EV]Y FIGURE 9 ?IS & 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES IS TAK5 FROM ! (FICIAL %OR?& REPORTS ( ! SITT+S ( ! ,DUMA4  

#c,! ,W>SAW LAWY]S M5TION$ ! FOLL[+ CASES 3-- 

,ON ,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#f1 9 ,LUBL91 A BOY ( #a#g1 ,M>KOVSKY1 WAS %OT )\T ANY =M ( TRIAL4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #cRD1 #d?1 & #a#h? 7,O4,S47 #af Y\NG M5-ONE ( #ae YE>S1 TWO ( #a#g1 ?REE ( #a#h1 & ?REE ( #a#i--W]E %OT )\T JUDGM5T AT ,W>SAW 7AFT] HAV+ BE5 TORTUR$74 

,!Y ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,KIELCE HAD ISSU$1 ON ,JANU>Y #a#c-#b#f1 #a#i#f1 AN ORD] ACCORD+ TO :I* EV]Y ONE F\ND 9 POSSESSION ( >MS %\LD BE EXECUT$2 & IF *ILDR5 UND] #ad YE>S %\LD BE F\ND POSSESS+ >MS1 ! DEA? P5ALTY %\LD BE APPLI$ TO !IR P>5TS4 ,! HEAD ( ! ,POLI% PROV9CES /OPP$ ! APPLICATION ( ?AT ORD]1 BECAUSE IT WAS R5D]$ PUBLIC4 ,BUT H[ MANY ,GOV]NORS-,G5]AL ACT$ ON SU* PR9CIPLES )\T GIV+ !M PUBLICITY8 

,! MEMOIR ( ! ,W>SAW LAWY]S WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ALL LEAD+ DAILIES4 ,ALSO 9 ! WORK ( ,V4 ,VLADIMIR(F1 0,SKET* ( ,PRES5T ,EXECUTIONS10 ,MOSC[1 #aif 7,RUSSIAN74  

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,PROVOCATION ,TO ,VIOL5CE ,& ,! ,P>TICIPATION ,( ,POLICE ,(FICIALS ,9 ,CRIME 

,PHOTO BY ,DIE ,KUN/MAS*9E1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,A PA9FULLY PROM95T FEATURE ( PRES5T-DAY ,RUSSIAN LIFE IS ! FREQU5CY ( PROVOCATON TO VIOL5CE BY ! SECRET AG5TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS ATTA9$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 S9CE PUBLIC MONEY IS LAVI%$ UPON ! ?REE OR F\R DIFF]5T & RIVAL SECTIONS ( ! ,/ATE'S SECRET POLICE 3 AS ALSO HAS ! P>TICIPATION ( V>I\S POLICE (FIC]S 9 ALL K9DS ( CRIME1 ( :I* MANY /RIK+ 9/ANCES HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ ( LATE4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS1 ?AT DEA? S5T5CES >E CONT9UALLY PRON\NC$ UPON Y\NG & 9EXP]I5C$ M5 :O HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S PLOTS BY ! SECRET AG5TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS HAS DEVELOP$ LATELY 9TO A WIDELY-SPREAD SY/EM AMONG ! SECRET AG5TS & ! POLICE (FIC]S = ATTA9+ PROMOTION & RECEIV+ H&SOME MONEY REW>DS4 

,EV]Y ONE HAS BE5 HE>+ LATELY ( A C]TA9 ,AZEFF1 :O WAS = SIXTE5 YE>S AN AG5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! *IEF ORGANIZ] ( ACTS ( T]RORISM AMONG ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 9CLUD+ ! MURD] ( ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,S]GIUS1 ,G5]AL ,BOGDANOVIT* AT ,UFA1 & ( SEV]AL PLOTS :I* HE D5\NC$ AT ! LA/ MOM5T AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,TREP(F1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE ,S*EGLOVIT(F1 ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,NI*OLAS1 & ! ,CZ>4 

,AZEFF BEGAN AS AN 9=M] 9 #a#i#b4 ,?IS IS (FICIALLY /AT$ 9 ! ACT ( ACCUSATION AGA9/ ,M4 ,LOPUKH9 7=M]LY HEAD ( ! ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T1 :O HAD CONFIRM$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN REFUGEE1 ,BURTSEFF1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#h1 ?AT ,AZEFF REALLY WAS A PAID AG5T ( ! POLICE74 ,9 #aid ,AZEFF1 ALREADY !N 9 ! S]VICE ( ! POLICE & 9 REGUL> RELATIONS ) ,RAT*KOVSKY1 ! EX-HEAD ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE ABROAD1 ORGANIZ$ ! MURD] ( ! !N OMNIPOT5T >*-REACTION>Y ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 :O HAD DISMISS$ ,RAT*KOVSKY1 & 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#e1 ! SAME ,AZEFF WAS ! ORGANIZ] ( ! MURD] ( ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,SEGIUS4 

,NOT ONLY IS ?IS OP5LY /AT$ BY ! HEADS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BUT !SE TWO EV5TS W]E PRECISELY :AT GA9$ ,AZEFF ! ABSOLUTE CONFID5CE ( ! P>TY2 & IT ?US APPE>S ?AT ONE DEP>TM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE--! ,OKHRANA1 :OSE SPECIAL FUNCTION IS ! PROTECTION ( ! ,CZ>--DID NOT HESITATE TO SACRIFICE ,VON ,PLEHVE A ,GR& ,DUKE 9 ORD] TO RETA9 !IR TRU/$ AG5T 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 

,ALL ?IS MI<T APPE> 9CR$IBLE1 BUT ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE HAD ALREADY 9AUGURAT$ SU* A POLICY 9 #a#h#h#a4 

,:51 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 A SPECIAL POLICE WAS ORGANIZ$ UND] ! NAME ( ,OKHRANA 7,PROTECTION71 = ! P]SONAL PROTECTION ( ! ,CZ>1 ! HEAD ( ?AT SPECIAL POLICE--,COLONEL ,SUDEYK9--5T]+ 9TO RELATIONS ) ONE ( ! T]RORI/S1 ,DEGAEFF1 S]I\SLY 9VIT$ HIM TO 9DUCE ! T]RORI/S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE TO KILL ! !N ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,C\NT ,TOL/OY1 & ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,VLADIMIR1 & AFT]W>DS TO BETRAY ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,AFT] ?AT ,SUDEYK91 HAV+ ?US PROV$ ! 9CAPACITY ( ! ORD9>Y SECRET POLICE TO PROTECT SU* HI< P]SONAGES1 & HIS [N CLEV]NESS 9 DISCOV]+ ! GUILTY P]SONS1 W\LD HIMSELF BE NOM9AT$ ! HEAD ( ALL ! POLICE ) DICTATORIAL RI<TS1 LIKE ,C\NT ,LORIS ,MELIK(F UND] ,ALEX&] ,I,I41 & HE W\LD SECURE A GOOD PLACE = HIS ACCOMPLICE ,DEGAEFF4 

,RAT*KOVSKY & ,AZEFF CONT9U$ ! ,SUDEYK9 TRADITION4 ,9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! ,CZ>1 ! ,OKHRANA ALL[$ ,AZEFF TO IMPORT 9TO ,RUSSIA REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE PR9T$ ABROAD1 TO ORGANIZE WORK%OPS = FABRICAT+ BOMBS1 OCCASIONALLY SUPPLY+ SOME MONEY = ?AT2 !Y ALL[$ HIM ALSO TO ORGANIZE PLOTS AGA9/ ,M9I/]S1 ,GR& ,DUKES1 & ! ,CZ> HIMSELF4 ,ALL ?IS TIME !IR DIABOLIC POLICY WAS C>EFULLY TO PROTECT ! T]RORI/S M>K$ \T BY ,AZEFF AGA9/ AN OCCASIONAL >RE/ BY SOME O!R SECTION ( ! POLICE1 SO AS TO HAVE !M >RE/$ BY NOBODY BUT ! ,OKHRANA1 JU/ AT ! MOM5T :5 ! PLOT WAS GO+ TO BE EXECUT$4 ,!Y MI<T ?US BE SURE ( ! NECESS>Y EFFECT BE+ PRODUC$ ON ! ,CZ>1 & ! VICTIMS MI<T BE IMM$IATELY HANG$1 BE=E !Y HAD TIME TO MAKE COMPROMIS+ REVELATIONS ?AT W\LD GIV5 A CLUE TO ! ,OKHRANA CONSPIRACY4 

,EV5 ESCAPES W]E SKILLFULLY ORGANIZ$ :5 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,OKHRANA & ITS AG5T1 ,AZEFF1 TO SP>E SOME ACTIVE FI<T+ LEAD]1 ONLY TO H& HIM OV] LAT] ON TO A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL TO BE HANG$ 9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS4 ,AFT] ?AT !Y P>AD$ AS ! REAL DEF5D]S ( AUTOCRACY 2 !Y OBTA9$ CONSID]ABLE REW>DS 9 MONEY1 PROV$ ! NECESSITY ( ! ,OKHRANA1 OBTA9$ GRANTS = IT1 & MA9TA9$ ! 0,RE9=C$ ,OKHRANA10 ) ITS D\BLE PAY TO ALL ITS (FIC]S & (FICIALS1 & ITS 0EXTRAORD9>Y SUPPLEM5T>Y BUDGET10 FROM YE> TO YE>4 

,9 ORD] TO MAKE SURE ( IT1 !Y ALSO PR9T$ A SPECIAL PAP]1 ! ,TS>SKIY ,LI/OK 7! ,CZ>'S ,LEAFLET71 = ! P]SONAL P]USAL ( ! ,CZ> 7ONE ( ! NUMB]S ( ?IS PAP]1 OBTA9$ FROM ! G5D>M]IE ,>*IVES1 WAS REPRODUC$ LATELY BY ,BURTSEFF 9 HIS REVIEW1 ,BYLOYE71 EV]Y REPORT AB\T ! ACTIVITY ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S & EV]Y >RE/ ( REVOLUTIONI/S BE+ RECORD$ !RE = ! ,CZ>1 :O READ IT ) GREAT 9T]E/--EV]Y?+ BE+ DONE TO CONFIRM HIM 9 ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY ( MA9TA9+ ! /ATE ( SIEGE4 

,?\S&S ( M5 >E ?US SACRIFIC$ EV]Y YE>1 ONLY TO PROVIDE ! AG5TS PROVOCATEURS ( ! ,OKHRANA ) PL5TY ( MONEY4 

,BUT ,AZEFF WAS NOT AN EXCEPTION4 ,! LATE ,M4 ,P]GAM5T COMMUNICAT$ 9 ,M>* LA/ 7TO ! ,NOVOYE ,VREMYA7 SOME FACTS FROM HIS POLITICAL EXP]I5CE AS A LAWY]1 & !SE ?R[ SOME LI<T ON ! WIDESPREAD SY/EM ( PROVOCATION US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE4 ,9 ONE CASE AN AG5T PROVOCATEUR AT ,VILNA1 DRESS$ 9 A SOLDI]'S UNI=M1 COMPLA9$ TO SOME Y\NG BOYS & GIRLS ( ! BAD TREATM5T HE HAD RECEIV$ FROM HIS (FIC]S4 ,HE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! Y\NG PEOPLE %\LD KILL ! (FIC]S1 & (F]$ !M EXPLOSIVES = ! PURPOSE4 ,HAPPILY1 !Y MI/RU/$ HIM1 & DID NOT FOLL[ HIS ADVICE4 

,AT A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL AT ,VLADIMIR1 9 ,FEBRU>Y LA/1 IT WAS PROV$ ?AT ,LIEUT5ANT-,COLONEL ,ZAV>NITSKY1 HEAD ( ! SECRET POLICE ( ?IS CITY1 HAD S5T ?REAT5+ LETT]S1 REVOLUTION>Y PROCLAMATIONS1 DRAW+S ( BOMBS1 & EV5 REAL BOMBS1 TO ALL ! AU?ORITIES1 9CLUD+ HIMSELF4 

,DUR+ ! TRIAL :I* TOOK PLACE AT ,CRAC[1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( AN ACCUSATION BR\<T BY ,BURTSEFF AGA9/ ,MISS ,BRZOZ[SKI ( BELONG+ TO ! SECRET POLICE1 ONE ( ! LAWY]S SAID ?AT 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL& HE HAD SEV]AL TIMES SE5 AG5TS PROVOCATEURS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = MURD]S !Y HAD ORGANIZ$1 & KN[N !M TO BE LIB]AT$ AFT]W>DS & TO APPE> AS WITNESSES 9 O!R TRIALS4#a 

,DUR+ ! LA/ TWO OR ?REE YE>S ! NEWSPAP]S MADE KN[N SEV]AL 9/ANCES 9 ,S\?-,WE/]N ,RUSSIA :]E ! POLICE ( ! T[NS HAVE ORGANIZ$ !IR [N B&S ( SO-CALL$ 0EXPROPRIATORS40 ,UND] PRET5SE ( BE+ REVOLUTIONI/S :O WANT ! MONEY = REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES1 !SE B&S EXTORT$ MONEY FROM WEAL?Y PEOPLE UND] M5ACE ( DEA?4 ,9 ONE OR TWO ( SU* CASES ! FACT WAS E/ABLI%$ BE=E ! ,C\RTS1 & ! RESPECTIVE HEADS ( ! POLICE W]E DISMISS$4 

,QUITE LATELY A B& ( SO-CALL$ EXPROPRIATORS WAS >RE/$ AT ,TIFLIS1 & IT APPE>$ ?AT ITS HEADQU>T]S W]E AT (FICE ( ! SECRET POLICE ( ?AT CITY4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ! HEAD ( ?IS (FICE1 A C]TA9 ,MAT*ANSKY1 & ?REE ( HIS SUBORD9ATES W]E >RE/$1 :ILE ! HEAD ( ! POLICE1 ,TSIKHOTSKY1 5D$ HIS LIFE BY SUICIDE4 ,9=MATION AB\T ?IS B& HAV+ BE5 GIV5 TO ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES BY A Y\NG MAN NAM$ ,SAP>(1 :O HAD 5T]$ ! SECRET POLICE ) ! 9T5TION ( F9D+ \T ! C5T] ( ! B& ( EXPROPRIATORS1 ?IS Y\NG MAN WAS ASSAIL$ 9 ! /REET BY TWO M5 ON ,M>* #a#b? LA/ & KILL$4 

,F9ALLY1 WE HAVE ! ,MEMOIRS ( ! G5D>ME ,G5]AL ,NOVITSKY1 P>T ( :I* APPE>$ LA/ ,JUNE 9 A ,KIEFF PAP]1 & WAS REPR9T$ 9 ! ,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I4 ,M4 ,KOROL5KO1 ! WELL-KN[N AU?OR1 V\*ES = !IR AU!NTICITY4 ,G5]AL ,NOVITSKY1 IT APPE>S1 WAS P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y PLANS = KILL+ ,BOGDANOVIT*1 GOV]NOR ( ,UFA4 ,OV] & OV] AGA9 HE HAD REPORT$ ?IS PLOT TO ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 :OSE ORD]S 9 REPLY W]E1 0,DO NOT HURRY40 ,?IS W5T ON TILL ,BOGDANOVIT* WAS KILL$ BY M5 S5T = ?AT PURPOSE BY ,AZEFF1 AG5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,ALL !SE FACTS HAVE BE5 RELAT$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN DAILY ,PRESS1 & WIDELY CIRCULAT$ ?R\< ALL ! LEAD+ PAP]S ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ! PROV9CES1 9CLUD+ ! SEMI(FICIAL PAP]1 ,NOVOYE ,VREMYA4 ,NONE ( ?OSE FACTS HAS BE5 CONTRADICT$ & 9 NO CASE HAS ! ACCURACY ( ! /ATEM5TS EV5 BE5 CONTE/$4 

,MANY MORE SIMIL> FACTS1 COLLECT$ = US 9 ! C\RSE ( \R 9QUIRY1 MI<T BE ADD$ TO ILLU/RATE ! ROLE ( ! POLICE AG5TS 9 MANY AFFAIRS BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL = ! LA/ TWO YE>S4 

,?US1 ?REE M5--,JOLPEZ91 ,BORIS(F1 & ,MATROS(F--ACCUS$ ( AN >M$ RAID ON ,YAS9SKY'S FACTORY1 CAME BE=E ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL AT ,MOSC[4 ,JOLPEZ9 HAD ALREADY TWICE BE5 S5T5C$ TO DEA? = >M$ ROBB]IES1 9 :I*1 AS HE /AT$ AT ! TRIAL1 HE HAD P>TICIPAT$ AS AN AG5T ( ! SECRET POLICE--PROVOCATION BE+ HIS OBJECT4 ,= ! RAID ON ! FACTORY ,BORIS(F & ,JOLPEZ9 W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA?--?IS LA/ = ! ?IRD TIME4#b 

,AT ,SEVA/OPOL ! AG5TS ( ! SECRET POLICE ALL[$ !MSELVES FULL LIB]TY ( ACTION AS AG5TS PROVOCATEURS4 ,9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f1 SOME %OTS W]E FIR$ AT A PATROL4 ,:5 ?OSE :O HAD %OT W]E >RE/$1 !Y W]E F\ND TO BE LOCAL SPIES4 ,!REUPON ,ADMIRAL ,SKRYDL(F ORD]$ F\R 0AG5TS0 TO BE EXPELL$ FROM ! =TRESS 2 BUT HE HAD NOT ! C\RAGE TO MOLE/ ! PR9CIPAL ONE4#c 

,AT ,KALUGA#d FIVE M5 W]E BR\<T BE=E A JUDGE ON A *>GE ( HAV+ ROBB$ A %OP4 ,IT WAS PROV$ BY WITNESSES ?AT ! 9/IGATOR ( ! \TRAGE WAS ONE ,BROVTSEFF1 A LAD ( #a#i1 :O WAS ! P]SONAL AG5T ( ,CAPTA9 ,NIKI=(F1 HEAD ( ! LOCAL POLICE4 ,! ROBB]Y WAS COMMITT$ ON ,M>* #i?1 & M>TIAL LAW WAS TO BE DISCONT9U$ ON ,M>* #c?4 ,IT WAS %[N ?AT ! REVOLV] US$ BY ,BROVTSEFF HAD BE5 GIV5 HIM BY ,NIKI=(F1 :O HAD PROMIS$ HIM FULL IMMUNITY FROM PUNI%M5T4 ,:5 >RE/$1 ,BROVTSEFF S5T ,NIKI=(F ! FOLL[+ TELEGRAM 3 0,NIKOLAY ,MITR(ANOVIT*6 ,Y\ PROMIS$ ME FULL IMMUNITY1 & N[ ,I AM >RE/$40 ,! JURY REFUS$ TO GIVE A V]DICT1 & 9SI/$ ?AT A FUR!R 9QUIRY %\LD BE MADE1 & ! JUDGE MADE AN ORD] ACCORD+LY4 

,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG#e ! POLICE W]E 9=M$ ?AT AMONG ! SECRET POLICE W]E SEV]AL P]SONS BELONG+ TO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 MANY ROBB]IES4 ,?IS 9=MATION WAS CONFIRM$1 & ON ,JANU>Y #d? AN AG5T ( ! SECRET S]VICE ( ,M4 ,RAT*KOVSKY WAS >RE/$1 TOGE!R ) SOME O!RS4 

,9 ,KIEFF1 BY A M]E *ANCE1 ! CELEBRAT$ CASE KN[N AS ! 0,ASLANIADE0 WAS BR\<T TO LI<T4#f ,A :OLE S]IES ( SUSPICI\S ACTS ( ! SECRET POLICE 9 ,KIEFF W]E ACCID5TALLY DISCOV]$4 ,WELL-KN[N ?IEVES CAU<T R$-H&$ HAD BE5 LET \T ( PRISON BY ! DIRECTOR ( ! SECRET POLICE1 ,ASLAN(F1 ON ! M]E ASSURANCE ( AN HOTEL PORT] ?AT !Y W]E 0ALL RI<T40 ,! P]SONS :O HAD CAU<T ! ?IEVES HAD BE5 ?REAT5$ BY ,ASLAN(F ) PROSECUTION = DEFAMATORY ACCUSATIONS4 ,CRIM9ALS HAD FREQU5TLY ESCAP$ FROM PRISON ) ! HELP ( ! SECRET POLICE4 ,IT WAS PROV$ ?AT SECRET H\SES ( VISE :I* ! AU?ORITIES HAD ORD]$ TO BE CLOS$ HAD CONT9U$ TO FL\RI% ) ! FULL KN[L$GE ( ! POLICE4 ,AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! CONDUCT ( ! SECRET POLICE WAS ORD]$ BY ! ,GOV]NOR & IS N[ GO+ ON4 ,SO F> TWO POLICEM5 HAVE BE5 DIS*>G$ BY WAY ( SCAPEGOATS4 ,! NEWSPAP] ,KIEVLIAN9 /ATES ?AT ,ASLAN(F IS RESIGN+4 

,!RE IS NO NE$ TO GIVE FUR!R 9/ANCES :I* PROVE 9 :AT H&S ! LIB]TY & ! LIFE ( CITIZ5S >E PLAC$4 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,NOVOYE ,VREMYA1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #a#i#i4  

#b,TOV>IS*1 ,NO4 #c#f#f1 ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#i#g4 

#c,PUT1 ,NO4 #e#f1 ,OCTOB] #b#a1 #a#i#f4 

#d,RUSSKOE ,SLOVO1 ,NO4 #b#a#f1 ,OCTOB] #b#a1 #aig 2 ,TOV>41 ,NO4 #c#h#b4 

#e,IBID41 ,NO4 #g1 ,JANU>Y #i1 #a#i#h4 

#f,RYET*1 ,NO4 #h#e1 ,APRIL #i1 #a#i#h4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,UNION ,( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 

,PHOTO BY ,DIE ,KUN/MAS*9E1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! ,5GLI% PAP]S (T5 GIVE NEWS ( ! SO-CALL$ ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 :I* WAS F\ND$ 9 #aif UND] ! PRESID5CY ( A DOCTOR1 ,A4 ,I4 ,DUBROV91 TO COMBAT ! MOVEM5T T[>DS FRE$OM BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS1 LEGAL & ILLEGAL1 & ESPECIALLY ILLEGAL4 

,?IS ,UNION1 COMPOS$ ( ! MO/ HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS1 HAS 5JOY$ ! SPECIAL PROTECTION ( ! ,EMP]OR1 :O1 UP TILL QUITE LATELY1 US$ TO WE> ITS BADGE1#a & SPOKE ( ITS MEMB]S AS HIS MO/ LOYAL SUBJECTS4 ,HE LATELY MADE !M A GIFT ( ,G,B,P#a11 & HAS FROM TIME TO TIME HELP$ !M ) MONEY4 ,:5EV] ! ,PRESID5T1 ,DR4 ,DUBROV91 HAS APPLI$ TO HIM 9 BEHALF ( MEMB]S ( ! ,UNION CONVICT$ ( ORGANIZ+ & TAK+ P>T 9 POGROMS & POLITICAL MURD]S1 OR ( POLICE (FICIALS CONVICT$ ( TORTUR+ PRISON]S1 ! ,EMP]OR HAS P>DON$ !M4#b 

,IT WAS LATELY MA9TA9$ ?AT ! MURD] ( ! ,DUMA ,DEPUTY1 ,H]TZ5/E91 WAS ORGANIZ$ ) ! KN[L$GE ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNION1 ,DR4 ,DUBROV91 & ) ! HELP ( AG5TS ( ! SECTION ( ! ,/ATE POLICE KN[N AS ! ,OKHRANA4 ,! EVID5CE ( ?IS WAS ESPECIALLY /RONG AT ! SECOND TRIAL ( ONE ( ! TWO MURD]]S1 AT ,KIV5EPE1 9 ,F9L&1 ON ,M>* #a#c-#b#f ( ?IS YE>4 ,ONE ( ! TWO MURD]]S ( ,H]TZ5/E91 ,POLOVNEFF1 HAV+ BE5 ALREADY CONDEMN$ BY A ,F9NI% ,C\RT1 ,M4 ,PRUSSAK(F1 SECRET>Y TO ,DR4 ,DUBROV91 /AT$ N[ BE=E ! ,C\RT ON OA? ?AT ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNION HAD ASK$ HIM TO F9D SOMEBODY--PREF]ABLY SOMEBODY DY+ FROM CONSUMPTION--:O W\LD AGREE TO DECL>E HIMSELF ! MURD]] ( ,H]TZ5/E91 9 EX*ANGE = A C]TA9 REW>D & A PROMISE ?AT HIS ESCAPE %\LD BE >RANG$ AFT]W>DS & HIS FAMILY SUPPORT 9 CASE ( DEA?4 ,!SE REVELATIONS1 :I* 9DICAT$ ?AT ,DR4 ,DUBROV9 HAD HELP$ TO ORGANIZE ! MURD] ( ,H]TZ5/E91 CAUS$ ! ,F9NI% ,C\RT TO DEM& ! EXTRADITION ( ,DR4 ,A4 ,I4 ,DUBROV9 AS AN ACCOMPLICE 9 ! MURD]1 & 9DUC$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES TO MAKE AN 9T]PELLATION 9 ! ,DUMA1 ( :I* ! TEXT IS GIV5 BEL[4 

,! REVELATIONS SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! 9T]PELLATION IMPLICATE ALSO ,C\NT ,BUXHOEVD51 A HI< (FICIAL AT ,MOSC[1 & A MEMB] ( ! SAME ,UNION1 9 ! MURD] ( ANO!R ,DEPUTY1 ,M4 ,YOLLOS1 & 9 REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO KILL ,C\NT ,WITTE4 ,!SE MO/ COMPROMIS+ DISCLOSURES FREELY CIRCULATE 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ LEAD+ DAILIES4 

,H]E IS ! FULL TEXT ( ! SAID 9T]PELLATION 9 ! ,DUMA1 MADE BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES 9 ! ,DUMA TO ! ,M9I/]S ( ,JU/ICE & ,9T]IOR ON ,MAY #a#b-#b#e LA/3-- 

0,9 A S]IES ( PUBLIC TRIALS 7?OSE ( ,LEONID ,&RIAN(F1 ,POLOVNEFF1 ,VOROBIEFF1 & ,S]$9SKY7 ! FOLL[+ FACTS HAVE BE5 PROV$3-- 

0#a4 ,E4 ,S4 ,L>I*K91 ACCUS$ ( ! MURD] ( ,M4 ,YA4 ,H]TZ5/E91 WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 &1 AS SU*1 HE RECEIV$ FROM ! POLICE (FIC] ( ! ,S*LUSSELBURG DI/RICT A REVOLV]1 ! (FIC] EXPLA9+ TO HIM ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 HAD ! RI<T ( SE>* & ( MAK+>RE/S--! =M] TO BE EX]CIS$ AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! POLICE1 & ! LATT] )\T ! PRES5CE & HELP ( ! POLICE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( ,L>I*K91 ! REVOLV]S :I* W]E GIV5 TO MEMB]S ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 W]E ! PROP]TY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! BUREAU ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG POLICE4 ,IT ALSO APPE>S FROM ! AFFAIR ( ,VOROBIEFF & ,S]$9SKY1 ?AT IF ,/4 ,PET]SBURG POLICE (FIC]S HAPP5$ TO CONFISCATE REVOLV]S FROM MEMB]S ( ! ,UNION1 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNION1 ,DR4 ,DUBROV91 USUALLY ORD]$ ! REVOLV]S TO BE GIV5 BACK1 & ?IS ORD] WAS OBEY$ BY ! POLICE4 

0,! SAME ,L>I*K9 WAS ALSO PROSECUT$ = ! MURD] ( ,MUKH91 A WORK+ MAN1 :OM HE KILL$ 9 ! ,PROGONNYI ,P]EULOK1 9 ! PRES5CE ( A CR[D4 

0,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ACCORD+ TO A P]SI/5T RUMOR1 ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 HAVE DEPRIV$ ,L>I*K9 ( ! POSSIBILITY ( EV] APPE>+ BE=E A ,C\RT4#c 

0#b4 ,POLOVNEFF1 N[ = ! SECOND TIME UND] S5T5CE = ! MURD] ( ,DEPUTY ,H]TZ5/E91#d WAS AN AG5T ( ! ,OKHRANA1 A MEMB] ! ',HEAD ,C\NCIL ( ! ,UNION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,M51' A HEAD ( ! ',PUTIL(F ,FI<T+ ,LEGION1' & HEAD ( ! ',FI<T+ ,LEGION ( ! ,UNION = ,ACTIVE ,OPPOSITION TO ,REVOLUTION & ,AN>*Y4' 

0#c4 ,KAZANTSEFF1 ONE ( ! ACCOMPLICES 9 ! MURD] ( ,H]TZ5/E91 :O1 AS IT N[ APPE>S1 9CIT$ ,F$OR(F TO KILL ,C\NT ,WITTE & ! ,DUMA ,DEPUTY ,YOLLOS1 & WAS SUBSEQU5TLY KILL$ BY ,F$OR(F AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 WAS ALSO A MEMB] ( ! ,OKHRANA1 A MEMB] ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 & SECRET>Y TO ,C\NT ,A4 ,A4 ,BUXHOEVD51 :O IS N[ 9 ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE ACT+ AS ATTA*E TO ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,MOSC[4#e 

0,! PHOTOGRAPHS ( BO? ,KAZANTSEFF & ,POLOVNEFF1 DELIV]$ TO !M AS PASS-C>DS BY ! ,OKHRANA1 & BE>+ ! SIGNATURE ( ! HEAD ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SECTION ( ! ,OKHRANA1 ,COLONEL ,G]ASIM(F1 W]E RECOGNIZ$ BY ! G5D>ME ,ZAPOLSKY#f AS REPRES5T+ ,KAZANTSEFF & ,POLOVNEFF4 

0#d4 ,ALEX&ROV1 ALSO S5T5C$ BY ! ,F9NI% C\RT TO MON?S' IMPRISONM5T = ABETT+ ! MURD] ( ,H]TZ5/E91 HAD LIKEWISE %[N ,ZAPOLSKY HIS C>D ( MEMB]%IP ( ! ,OKHRANA1 BUT ,ZAPOLSKY C\LD NOT SATISFACTORILY V]IFY IT1 AS HE WAS HURRY+ TO CAT* A TRA94 

0,AFT] HAV+ S]V$ HIS T]M 9 ! ,F9NI% PRISON1 ,ALEX&ROV REMA9$ A MEMB] ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 FROM :I* CONT9U$ TO RECEIVE MONEYS4 

0#e4 ,A MAN NAM$ ,RUDZIK1 :O IS /ILL WANT$ BY ! ,C\RT AS AN ACCOMPLICE 9 ! MURD] ( ,H]TZ5/E91 ALSO DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS A MEMB] ( ! ,OKHRANA40 

,WE OMIT ?REE MORE P>AGRAPHS ( LESS IMPORTANCE ONLY TO M5TION ! LA/ P>AGRAPH3-- 

0#h4 ,A DOCTOR'S ASSI/ANT NAM$ ,BYEL9SKY1 HEAD ( ! ',PUNITIVE ,EXP$ITION' ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 ACT+ UPON ORD]S RECEIV$ FROM ,A4 ,I4 ,DUBROV91 5GAG$ M5 TO KILL ,P4 ,N4 ,MILUK(F4 ,! ATTEMPT WAS MADE1 & FAIL$ = REASONS BEYOND ! CONTROL ( ! ORGANIZ]S4 ,! FACT HAV+ BE5 MADE KN[N 9 ! NEWSPAP]S1 ,BYEL9SKY HAS N[ DISAPPE>$4 

0,LIMIT+ \RSELVES TO A BRIEF M5TION ( ! FACTS ALREADY E/ABLI%$ BE=E ! ,LAW ,C\RTS1 & LEAV+ 5TIRELY ASIDE = MOM5T QUITE A S]IES ( O!R ACCUSATIONS1 N[ UND] JUDICIAL 9VE/IGATION1 OR MADE 9 ! ,PRESS ONLY1 ! AU?ORS ( ?IS 9T]PELLATION ASK ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3-- 

0,>E ! ,M9I/]S ( ,JU/ICE & ! ,9T]IOR AW>E-- 

0#a4 ,?AT ! ,HEAD ,C\NCIL ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 ) ! KN[L$GE ( ! POLICE & ( ! ,OKHRANA ,DEP>TM5T1 HAS ORGANIZ$ FI<T+ LEGIONS1 & ?AT ! POLICE HAVE ASSI/$ !M TO >M !SE LEGIONS ) REVOLV]S & BOMBS8 

0#b4 ,?AT QUITE A NUMB] ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 & ITS FI<T+ LEGIONS HAVE BE5 AT ! SAME TIME MEMB]S ( ! ,OKHRANA8 

0#c4 ,?AT ! SAME P]SONS TOOK P>T 9 ! 9 ! MURD] ( ,H]TZ5/E9 & ,YOLLOS1 & 9 ATTEMPTS AGA9/ ,C\NT ,WITTE & ,P4 ,N4 ,MILUK(F1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,HEAD ,C\NCIL ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 & ( ITS ,PRESID5T1 ,A4 ,I4 ,DUBROV98 

0,IF !SE FACTS >E KN[N TO ! ,M9I/]S ( ,JU/ICE & ( ! ,9T]IOR1 :AT MEASURES DO !Y 9T5D TO TAKE 9 ORD] TO /OP CRIM9AL ACTIVITY ( ! ,UNION & ITS AG5TS80 

  ,FOOTNOTES 

#a,! WE>+ ( ?IS BADGE WAS1 H[EV]1 PROHIBIT$ 9 ,MAY LA/ BY A ,M9I/]IAL ORD]4 

#b,H]E >E A FEW 9/ANCES 9 PO9T3 ,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,VOLSK SECTION ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 APPLI$ TO ! ,EMP]OR TO OBTA9 ! P>DON ( F\R T[NSM5--,DOLG(F1 ,GLAZ(F1 ,MIRON(F1 & ,]EMEEFF--CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR = A POGROM 9 ,VOLSK ON ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#e4 ,HE WAS 9=M$ ?AT 0,HIS ,IMP]IAL ,MAJE/Y HAS DEIGN$ TO WRITE1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#g1 9 HIS [N H&1 ON ! SAID PETITION3 ',I GRANT P>DON TO ! F\R CONDEMN$1' :I* DECISION ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] HAS COMMUNICAT$ BY TELEGRAM TO ! ,GOV]NOR ( ,S>AT(40 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #g1 #a#i#h1 ! ,RUSSIAN PAP]S ANN\NC$ ?AT ,HIS ,MAJE/Y HAD P>DON$ SEV5 PEASANTS ( ! PROV9CE ( ,GRODNO1 S5T5C$ TO IMPRISONM5T = POGROMS ( ! ,JEWS4 0,! HEAD ( ,HIS ,MAJE/Y'S ,*ANC]Y = ! RECEPTION ( PETITIONS1 ,B>ON ,BUDB]G1 HAS COMMUNICAT$ ?IS DECREE ( ! ,MON>* TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 ,DR4 ,DUBROV940 ,( LATE SU* P>DONS HAVE BECOME QUITE USUAL4 

#c,WE TRANSLATE V]BALLY ?IS MY/]I\S /ATEM5T4 

#d,9 ,F9L&1 BY A ,F9NI% ,C\RT1 AFT] AN APPEAL AGA9/ ! FIR/ CONDEMNATION4 

#e,! ,DUMA ,DEPUTY ,YOLLOS1 :O1 LIKE ,H]TZ5/E91 WAS A SPECIALI/ 9 MATT]S CONC]N+ ! PEASANTS & ! L& QUE/ION1 WAS KILL$ AT ,MOSC[ BY ,F$OR(F4 ,?IS Y\NG MAN AFT]W>DS EXPRESS$ HIS REP5TANCE TO ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S AT ,P>IS1 & REVEAL$ TO !M ?AT HE HAD ACT$ AT ! 9/IGATION ( A C]TA9 ,KAZANTSEFF1 :OM AT ?AT TIME HE BELIEV$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,KAZANTSEFF HAD ALSO 9CIT$ HIM TO MURD] ,C\NT ,WITTE1 & HE HAD MADE AN ATTEMPT TO BL[ UP ,C\NT ,WITTE 9 HIS ROOM BY L[]+ 9F]NAL MA*9ES ?R\< ! *IMNEYS4 ,! MA*9ES DID NOT EXPLODE1 & ,KAZANTSEFF URG$ HIM TO MAKE ANO!R ATTEMPT1 ?IS TIME BY ?R[+ A BOMB AT ! ,C\NT'S MOTOR-C> ON HIS WAY TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE4 ,! BOMB WAS TO BE SUPPLI$ BY ,KAZANTSEFF2 BUT MEANTIME ,F$OR(F HAD LE>N$ ?AT ,KAZANTSEFF WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51 & HAD TOLD ! REVOLUTIONI/S AB\T HIS CONDUCT4 ,!Y URG$ ,F$OR(F TO KILL HIM1 :I* HE DID AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,HAV+ TAK5 REFUGE 9 ,FRANCE1 ,F$OR(F REC5TLY GAVE HIMSELF UP TO ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T1 & ASK$ TO BE EXTRADIT$ TO ,RUSSIA ON CONDITION ( BE+ TRI$ BY A JURY1 AS A COMMON LAW MURD]]1 = ! MURD]S ( ,YOLLOS & ,KAZANTSEFF4 ,! EXTRADITION HAS BE5 GRANT$4 ,! TEXT ! ,RUSSIAN DEM& = ! EXTRADITION ( ,F$OR(F HAS APPE>$ 9 ,P>IS ,TRIBUNE ,RUSSE4 ,?IS EXTRAORD9>Y (FICIAL DOCUM5T GIVES ALL DETAILS ( ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M5 TO KILL ,C\NT ,WITTE4 

#f,A WITNESS1 BE=E ! ,F9NI% ,C\RT1 = ! PROSECUTION ( ,POLOVNEFF = ! MURD] ( ,H]TZ5/E94 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #h 3 ,REPRESSION 

,PHOTO BY ,JESSE1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,C\NTLESS 9/ANCES C\LD BE PRODUC$ TO %[ H[ ! NEGLECT ( ALL LAWS HAS BECOME A NORMAL FEATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,ADM9I/RATION1 & H[ ! POLICE (FICIALS CONSID] !MSELVES AS ! ABSOLUTE RUL]S ( ! C\NTRY1 & !RE=E P]MIT !MSELVES ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE BRUTALITIES4 ,QUITE A S]IES ( SU* FACTS W]E LA/ W9T] BR\<T BE=E ! SESSION ( ! PROV9CIAL TRIBUNAL ( ,KAZAN & ! ,HI< ,*AMB] ( ! ,KAZAN JUDICIAL DI/RICT1 SEV]AL POLICE (FIC]S BE+ TRI$ !RE = ! TORTURES !Y HAD 9FLICT$ UPON FREE CITIZ5S1 & EV5 = ! MURD] ( SOME ( !M4 

,9 ! 9TRODUCTORY REM>KS IT HAS BE5 M5TION$ ?AT A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( PROSECUTIONS HAVE BE5 />T$ AGA9/ P]SONS :O1 DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#e-#a#i#g1 HAD TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( ! LIB]TIES GRANT$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION & ACT$ UPON !M4 

,QUITE A S]IES ( SU* CASES WAS BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RTS DUR+ ! LA/ FEW MON?S4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ ( !M WAS ! AFFAIR ( TWO ,ODESSA ,UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS1 ! ,DEAN & HIS ASSI/ANT1 :O W]E PROSECUT$ & CONDEMN$ = HAV+ %[N L5I5CY T[>DS ! /UD5TS DUR+ ! EXCITEM5T & DISORD]S ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY AT ! V]Y HEI<T ( ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#e1 & = HAV+ US$ ALL !IR 9FLU5CE UPON BO? ! /UD5TS & ! MILIT>Y TO PACIFY !M1 AS WELL AS TO AVOID AN >M$ CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TROOPS1 ! POLICE1 & ! /UD5TS4 

,WRIT+ AB\T ?IS AFFAIR TO ! ,MOSC[ ,WEEKLY1 ,PR9CE ,E4 ,TRUBETSKOY 7:O IS ALSO A LAWY]7 SAID3 0,TO BR+ \T SU* A CONDEMNATION ! ,C\RT HAD ABSOLUTELY TO IGNORE ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! 9CRIM9AT+ EV5TS TOOK PLACE10 & SO IT WAS ASK$ TO DO BY ! PROSECUTOR4 0,IT IS JU/ AS IF ! ,DEAN ( ! ,MESS9A ,UNIV]SITY W]E PROSECUT$ = NOT HAV+ TAK5 MEASURES TO PREV5T CRUMBL+ ( ! WALLS DUR+ ! E>?QUAKE40 4 4 4 0,! WOR/ IS10 ,PR9CE ,OBOL5SKY WRITES1 0?AT ! SAME SY/EMATICAL 'CLEAN+' IS GO+ TO BE DONE 9 ALL UNIV]SITIES40 0,A S]IES ( 'ADM9I/RATIVE DISMISSALS' ( PR(ESSORS ALREADY TAK5 PLACE 9 ! ,ODESSA ,UNIV]SITY1 & \R UNIV]SITIES >E GO+ TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO 'TEA-%OPS ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M51' 4 4 4 ALL DEC5T M5 WILL HAVE GO4 ,& :5 ! MORAL AU?ORITY ( ! PR(ESSORS HAS BE5 DE/ROY$1 & ALL /UD5TS' UNIONS =BIDD5 !N ! UNIV]SITIES WILL AGA9 BE RIPE = ! REVOLUTION40 

,9 ,APRIL LA/1 A S]IES ( SU* TRIALS TOOK PLACE1 DESCRIB$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS AS 0,REV5GE TRIALS40 ,AT ,S>ATOV A GR\P ( M5 W]E PROSECUT$ = HAV+ HELD PEACEFUL MEET+S 9 CONNECTION ) A /RIKE ( RAILWAY M5 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#g1 & W]E CONDEMN$ TO IMPRISONM5T 9 =TRESSES4 ,AT ,MOSC[ ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS PROSECUT$ = :AT IT DID AT ! 5D ( #a#i#e--HEAVIE/ ACCUSATION BE+ ?AT AGA9/ A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC LAWY]1 ,RO%K(F1 = HAV+ $IT$ A DAILY PAP] AT ?AT TIME1 & 9S]T$ 9 IT DETAIL$ REPORTS AB\T ! PROGRESS ( ! ,MOSC[ 9SURRECTION ( ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#e4--,A HUNDR$ & SIX P]SONS1 ALREADY TRI$ ONCE1 & CONDEMN$1 = ! ANTI-,GOV]NM5TAL MEET+S & ! CON/ITUTIONAL MANIFE/ATIONS HELD1 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#e1 AT ,NOVOROSSIYSK1 AFT] ! ,SEVA/OPOL RIS+1 W]E TRI$ AGA9 LA/ ,APRIL--! ,MILIT>Y ,PROSECUTOR HAV+ LODG$ AN APPEAL AGA9/ ! FIR/ S5T5CE ( ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 0BECAUSE IT CONTA9$ NO DEA? S5T5CES60 ,! NEW ,C\RT1 TOO1 C\LD F9D NO MEANS BETT] TO PLEASE ! HI< AU?ORITIES1 & A ?IRD TRIAL WILL PROBABLY TAKE PLACE4 ,9 MEANTIME TWO LOCAL LAWY]S1 :O HAD DEF5D$ ! ACCUS$1 HAVE BE5 EXIL$ FROM ! PROV9CE2 ?REE WITNESSES--A LOCAL TEA*]1 AN (FICIAL ( ! LOCAL PO/ ADM9I/RATION1 & A MILIT>Y (FICIAL 7A LIEUT5ANT-COLONEL7--:O SPOKE 9 ,C\RT 9 FAVOR ( ! ACCUS$1 HAVE BE5 DISMISS$4 ,TWO ,JU/ICES ( ! ,PEACE1 :O W]E 9 ! SAME CASE1 >E BE+ PROSECUT$1 & COMPLA9TS HAVE BE5 MADE EV5 AGA9/ (FICIALS ( ! SECRET POLICE :O HAD SPOK5 BE=E ! ,C\RT FAVOR ( ! ACCUS$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! EX-HEAD ( POLICE1 ,KIREEF1 HAS BE5 DISMISS$4 ,9QUIRIES >E ALSO BE+ HELD TO CONSID] ! CASE ( A G5D>ME (FIC]1 ( ! COMM&] ( ! MILIT>Y DI/RICT1 & EV5 ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL HIMSELF--ALL ( !M BE+ ACCUS$ ( 'L5I5CY T[>DS ! ACCUS$4#a 

,WE MI<T ADD A QUANTITY ( SIMIL> SEEM+LY 9SIGNIFICANT CASES ?AT >E 9 REALITY EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 [+ TO !IR NUMB]S4 ,?US1 ALSO 9 ,APRIL LA/1 A LAWY] WAS PROSECUT$ = HAV+ SPOK51 ON ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #a#i#e1 9 A VILLAGE ( ! ,VLADIMIR GOV]NM5T AB\T ! NECESSITY ( A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 & HAV+ EXCLAIM$1 0,BREAD1 LI<T1 & LIB]TY = ! PEOPLE60 ,& AGA91 A ,COSSACK WOMAN1 ,DAVYD(F1 WAS PROSECUT$ = HAV+ ORGANIZ$ SEV]AL ,LIB]ATION MEET+S ?REE YE>S AGO1 :ILE %E WAS /ILL A GIRL4 ,! LAWY] WAS ACQUITT$1 BUT ! GIRL WAS S5T TO ,SIB]IA 9 EXILE1 & !RE >E SCORES ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE--?\S&S ( !M EMPLOY$ 9 ! MEANTIME 9 ! REGUL> S]VICE ( ! ,/ATE--:O N[ LIVE 9 ,RUSSIA UND] ! M5ACE ( BE+ DRAGG$ SOME DAY TO PRISON1 & !NCE BE=E A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL1 LIKE ! WOMAN ,DAVYD(F1 = HAV+ TAK5 P>T 9 ! /RIKES & ! ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#e4 

,DUR+ ! DEBATES 9 ! ,DUMA1 ON ,M>* #g1 #a#i#i1 ! ,DEPUTY ,T*EIDZE GAVE ! FOLL[+ 9T]E/+ FIGURES4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ F\R YE>S #bcg EX-,DEPUTIES ( ! ,DUMA W]E CONDEMN$ TO V>I\S T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T1 EI<TE5 BE+ S5T TO ! ,SIB]IAN M9ES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME #df $ITORS ( P]IODICALS W]E CONDEMN$ TO PRISON1 =TRESS1 & P5AL S]VITUDE2 #a1#h#e P]IODICALS W]E =BIDD54 ,DUR+ ! LA/ SIXTE5 MON?S #dah F9ES1 TO ! AM\NT ( ,G,B,P#b#i1#a1 W]E IMPOS$ BY ! ,ADM9I/RATION UPON PUBLI%]S ( NEWSPAP]S4 

0,CIVIC FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA10 SAID ,T*EIDZE1 0IS N[ CONF9$ TO ! HANGMAN ALONE1 & EXECUTIONS HAVE BECOME AN EV]YDAY 9CID5T40 

  ,FOOTNOTES 

#a,RYE*1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#i4 ,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I1 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#i#i4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #i 3 ,DRA/IC ,MEASURES ,= ,! ,RECOV]Y ,( ,>RE>S ,( ,TAXES ,9 ,FAM9E-,/RICK5 ,PROV9CES 

,PHOTO BY ,RUSSIAN ,CON/RUCTIVISM1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,LA/ SUMM] !RE WAS A FAM9E 9 SEV]AL PROV9CES ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA2 ,SMOL5SK1 ,M9SK1 ,UFA1 ,S>ATOV1 ,SIMBIRSK1 & ,TAMBOV--! LA/ F\R BELONG+ TO ! F]TILE REGIONS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! CONDITIONS >E /ILL WORSE1 ! CROP ( ! YE> #aih HAV+ BE5 #c#e11 CWTS4 BEL[ ! AV]AGE CROP ( ! F\R PREC$+ YE>S1 #a#i#b-#a#i#f4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR HAS GIV5 ORD]S TO LEVY1 9 ! MO/ /R+5T WAY1 ALL ! >RE>S :I* HAVE ACCUMULAT$ = ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 BO? 9 REG>D TO ! PAYM5T ( ! TAXES & 9 ! REPAYM5T ( FAM9E LOANS4 

0,I DRAW ! ATT5TION ( ! ,GOV]NORS10 ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] WROTE 9 HIS CIRCUL> ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#h1 0TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO TAKE ! MO/ DECISIVE MEASURES TO RECOV] ! FAM9E DEBTS--NOT ONLY BECAUSE ?IS RECOV]Y W\LD GIVE ! POSSIBILITY ( GRANT+ FUR!R LOANS 9 CASE ( A FUTURE FAILURE ( CROPS1 BUT /ILL MORE SO BECAUSE IT W\LD PRODUCE A MORAL IMPRESSION ON ! PEASANTS40 

,?IS ORD] ( ! ,M9I/RY WAS UND]/OOD BY ! ,GOV]NORS ( ! PROV9CES AS A COMM& TO TAKE DRA/IC MEASURES 9 LEVY+ ! >RE>S2 & 9 SOME PROV9CES 7,VYATKA1 ,TULA1 & ,SMOL5SK7 SPECIAL PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS W]E S5T \T TO COLLECT ! >RE>S--! ,GOV]NORS GIV+ TO ! COMM&]S ( SU* EXP$ITIONS FULL P[]S TO RESORT TO ALL ! MEASURES !Y MI<T F9D NECESS>Y4#a 

,! RESULT IS ?AT 9 !SE PROV9CES A :OLESALE FLOGG+ ( ! PEASANTS1 M5 & WOM5 ALIKE--AL?\< ?IS IS CONTR>Y TO ! EXI/+ LAW--HAS BE5 GO+ ON 9 ORD] TO RECOV] ! >RE>S4 ,!RE IS NO MEANS ( OBTA9+ ANY R$RESS AGA9/ SU* TREATM5T--?OSE ,GOV]NORS BE+ BE/ APPRECIAT$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG :O HAVE TAK5 ! MO/ DRA/IC MEASURES4#b 

,= 9/ANCE1 A NUMB] ( PEASANTS FROM ! ,VYATKA PROV9CE HAVE WRITT5 TO !IR REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! ,DUMA1 COMPLA9+ ( ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE 9/ANCES ( :OLESALE FLOGG+1 BUT NO ATT5TION IS PAID TO !SE COMPLA9TS AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR4 

,ACT+ UPON COMM&S RECEIV$ FROM SUP]IORS1 ! DI/RICT *IEFS 7,ZEMSKIY NAT*ALNIKS71 :5 !Y DO NOT RESORT TO FLOGG+1 ORD] A SALE ( ! PEASANTS' PROP]TY4 ,& SOLD IT IS--GRA9 9 /OCK1 F>M BUILD+S1 @&C41 BE+ DISPOS$ ( ON ACC\NT ( SU* RIDICUL\SLY SMALL >RE>S AS FIFTE51 T51 & EV5 FIVE %ILL+S4 ,SCORES ( SU* CASES1 ) FULL NAMES & ,WES1 >E REPORT$ 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ PAP]S4 ,! SALES >E SAID TO HAVE BECOME ! OCCASION ( A SPECIAL TRAFFIC1 ! NET RESULT ( :I* WILL BE TO RU9 A GREAT NUMB] ( PEASANTS2#c =1 AS !RE >E (T5 NO ORD9>Y BUY]S AT ! SALES1 ! ONLY BIDD]S >E ! POLICE AU?ORITIES !MELVES1 & !Y BUY = FIVE OR SIX %ILL+S A B>N OR A /OCK ( GRA91 & AFT]W>DS RESELL ! PROP]TY TO ! PEASANT = ?REE OR F\R TIMES ! PRICE !Y HAVE PAID4 

,! WOR/ IS ?AT !SE PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS >E AT WORK EV5 9 ?OSE PROV9CES :]E ! LA/ YE>'S CROP WAS BAD1 & :]E1 9DE$1 RELIEF EXP$ITIONS \<T TO BE ORGANIZ$4 ,BUT FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T NO RELIEF COMES1 & PRIVATE ORGANIZATION ( RELIEF IS /RICTLY =BIDD54 ,AT ! 5D ( ! YE> #aih A CIRCUL> WAS S5T \T BY ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ORD]+ ALL ! BRAN*ES ( ! FAM9E-RELIEF SOCIETY1 KN[N AS ,PIROG(F'S ,SOCIETY1 TO BE CLOS$1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ! C5TRAL BUREAU ( ?IS SOCIETY HAD NOT COMPLI$ ) ALL ! NECESS>Y =MALITIES4 

,! 9FLICTION ( CORPORAL PUNI%M5T 9 VILLAGES & T[NS IS 9 OP5 DEFIANCE ( ! LAW4 ,CORPORAL PUNI%M5T WAS DEF9ITELY ABOLI%$ BY LAW 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#d1 YET (FICIALS ( ALL CLASSES FREELY 9FLICT IT EV]Y:]E1 EV5 ON P]SONS :O W]E PREVI\SLY EXEMP$ BY LAW FROM ?IS DEGRAD+ PUNI%M5T4 ,H]E >E A NUMB] ( AU!NTICAT$ CASES3-- 

,TWO /UD5TS W]E TWICE FLOGG$ BY ORD] ( ,REUSS1 ! HEAD ( POLICE 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,ELISABE?POL4 ,= ?IS HE WAS CONDEMN$ TO A MON?'S IMPRISONM5T BY ! ,HI< ,C\RT ( ,TIFLIS4#d 

,CORPORAL PUNI%M5T WAS 9FLICT$ ON SOME PEASANTS :O WRECK$ ! H\SE ( ,M4 ,KAPT&IK(F1 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,BOBROVSK4 ,?IS WAS ! SUBJECT ( AN >TICLE 9 ! DAILY PAP] ,OKO BY ,G5]AL ,K\SM9-,K>AVAEFF1 ,MILIT>Y ,PROCUREUR-,G5]AL1 & A MEMB] ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ! ,DUMA4 ,! ,GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE ( ,VORONE% WAS QUE/ION$ AB\T ! MATT]1 & ANN\NC$ ?AT IT WAS BE+ 9QUIR$ 9TO4 ,AFT] ! 9QUIRY ! HEAD ( ! DI/RICT POLICE WAS DISMISS$1 & A PROSECUTION 9/ITUT$4#e 

,9 ! VILLAGE ( ,DEMIANOVKA1 9 ! ,MELITOPOL DI/RICT1 ,MATNOB91 ! HEAD ( ! DI/RICT POLICE1 ORD]$ F\R PEASANTS1 ONE ( !M SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S OLD1 TO BE BR\<T TO ! MANOR-H\SE1 & CAUS$ ! WORKM5 ( ! PLACE TO FLOG !M4 ,AFT] BE+ GIV5 OV] ONE HUNDR$ /ROKES APIECE1 !Y W5T HOME 9 A C>T ON ALL F\RS1 UNABLE TO SIT OR LIE D[N1 & COV]$ ) BLOOD4 ,TWO O!R PEASANTS W]E FLOGG$ BE=E IMPRISONM5T4 

,9 ! VILLAGE ( ,SUTKOVO1 DI/RICT ( ,KOLOMNA1 A POLICEMAN NAM$ ,MIT9 SO MISUS$ A PEASANT :O BE5 >RE/$ = DRUNK5NESS ?AT A FEW DAYS LAT] HE DI$4#f 

,9 ! VILLAGE ( ,MAYANOVO 7GOV]NM5T ( ,PODOLIA71 ,S$LETSKY1 ! VILLAGE POLICEMAN1 & A HUNDR$ ,COSSACKS1 W5T FROM HUT TO HUT1 FLOGG+ EV]Y ONE1 9CLUD+ WOM5 & *ILDR51 & C>RY+ (F ALL !Y C\LD LAY H&S ON4 ,F\R ( ! PEASANTS W]E S5T TO A HOSPITAL HALF DEAD1 & ANY NUMB] W]E W\ND$ & DISFIGUR$4#g 

,! PEASANTS ( ,TRAHANIOTOVKA 7,K\ZNETSKY DI/RICT7 BEGAN TO CUT D[N P>T ( A =E/4 ,SAH>(F1 ! DEPUTY HEAD ( ! DI/RICT POLICE1 :O CAME AT ! HEAD ( A CONSID]ABLE POLICE =CE TO /OP !M1 HAD NE>LY EV]Y P]SON 9 ! VILLAGE FLOGG$ ) RODS & NAGAIKAS1 & >RE/$ FIVE LEAD]S4#h ,9 A VILLAGE NAM$ ,SEM9A/OSI 7,ELISABETGRAD DI/RICT71 ,S$LETZ1 AN (FIC] ( ! POLICE =CE1 W5T TO ! VILLAGE VODKA %OP1 FLOGG$ ! KEEP] ( IT1 & BEAT HIM ) HIS FI/S4 ,HE !N TOOK HIM TO ! VILLAGE POLICE-C\RT1 :]E ONE POLICEMAN SAT ON HIS HEAD1 & ANO!R ON HIS FEET1 :ILE A ?IRD1 BY ORD] ( ,S$LETZ1 M]CILESSLY BEAT HIM ) A NAGAIKA4#i ,AT ,OB%>OVKA 7,SAM>A DI/RICT7 ! POLICE TRI$ TO EXTORT A CONFESSION FROM SOME M5 :OM !Y SUSPECT$ ( BE+ IMPLICAT$ 9 A !FT1 BY BEAT+ !M ) RODS4 ,:5 SEV]AL ( ! M5 HAD CONFESS$1 !Y W]E BR\<T FACE TO FACE ) ! [N] ( ! %OP ?AT HAD BE5 ROBB$1 BUT %E ID5TIFI$ NONE ( !M1 EI!R FROM FE> ( V5GEANCE OR BECAUSE !Y W]E REALLY 9NOC5T4 ,AT ?IS ! POLICE FELL ON H]1 & BEAT H] SO CRUELLY ?AT %E CONFIRM$ ALL !Y SAID4#a 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#f1#a#a ,MELL] ,ZAKOMELSKY1 ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,BALTIC ,PROV9CES1 PUBLI%$ 9 ALL ! LOCAL NEWSPAP]S ! REPEAL ( ! LAW P]MITT+ FLOGG+1 :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 REPEAL$ BY ! ,CZ> MORE ?AN TWO YE>S BE=E1 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#d6 ,IT WAS ! F\R? REPEAL ( ?IS %AMEFUL LAW1 BUT HE WRET*$ 9HABITANTS ( ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES F\ND IT ONLY A MOCK]Y4 ,! NEXT DAY1 ,NOVEMB] #a#a?1 A PUNITIVE EXP$ITION1 UND] ! COMM& ( ?REE (FIC]S1 >RIV$ AT ,NEU ,S*WAN5BURG4 ,!Y >RE/$ T5 PEASANTS & TWO CL]KS1 :O W]E MADE TO GIVE EVID5CE 9 ! CASE ( ,JULIUS ,RUB54 ,IT WAS DESIR$ ?AT !Y %\LD PROVE ?AT ,RUB5 WAS A REVOLUTION>Y1 & HAD TAK5 P>T 9 SOME SECRET ACT ( 9C5DI>ISM4 ,! WITNESSES HAD NO?+ TO TELL4 ,RUB5 HAD BE5 >RE/$ 9 ! SPR+ & !N DIS*>G$ ) A C]TIFICATE FROM ! POLICE1 /AT+ HIS 9NOC5CE4 ,NOT)/&+ ?IS1 9 ,AUGU/ ! PUNITIVE COLUMN HAD CAUS$ HIM TO BE >RE/$ AGA91 & AS !RE WAS NO EVID5CE AGA9/ HIM HE HAD BE5 TORTUR$4 ,HE WAS !N S5T TO PRISON1 :]E HE /ILL IS4 ,:5 ! PUNITIVE COLUMN CAME AGA9 ON ,SATURDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #a#a?1 IT WAS DET]M9$ TO USE :ATEV] =CE MI<T BE NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 WITNESSES AGA9/ HIM4 ,EI<T M51 9CLUD+ ! SECRET>Y ( ! CANTON & HIS ASSI/ANTS1 W]E TWICE CRUELLY BEAT5 ) NAGAIKAS4 ,A MAN WAS MADE TO LIE D[N1 & TWO ,GR5ADI]S W]E TOLD (F TO /& ON EA* SIDE ( HIM1 & FLOG HIS B>E BACK4 ,?US EV]Y /ROKE MEANT F\R /ROKES4 ,FROM =TY TO FIFTY /ROKES--?AT IS TO SAY1 TWO HUNDR$--W]E 9FLICT$ & ! VICTIMS W]E !N ?R[N ON ! FLOOR & LEFT )\T M$ICAL AID4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE AT ! MANOR-H\SE ( ,NEU ,S*WAN5BURG4 

,FLOGG+ HAS BE5 REVIV$ BY ! RURAL PEASANT ,C\RTS1 ) (FICIAL 5C\RAGEM5T1 & 9 IMITATION ( PROCE$+S SU* AS HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$4 ,9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KIEFF1 SOME PEASANTS1 SUSPECT$ ( 9C5DI>ISM1 W]E BEAT5 TILL !IR BONES W]E B>$1 & !N %UT UP 9 UNHEAT$ CELLS4 ,?AT NI<T ANO!R FIRE BROKE \T1 & ! WRET*$ PRISON]S W]E AGA9 BEAT5 TILL !Y GAVE 9=MATION ( !IR SOIDISANT ACCOMPLICE--A GIRL ,( #b4 ,?IS GIRL RECEIV$ FIVE HUNDR$ /ROKES4 ,& SO ON4#a#b 

  ,FOOTNOTES 

#a,RYE*1 ,JANU>Y & ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#i2 DETAIL$ SUMM>Y 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG REVIEWS1 ,SOVREM5NYI ,MIR1 ,M>*1 #a#i#i1 & ,RUSSKOYE ,BOGAT/VO4 

#b,AB\T ! FLOGG+ >RE> EXP$ITIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,TULA & ,VYATKA1 SEE ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRAT PAP]1 ,RYE*1 ,FEBRU>Y #ad & #a#h1 #a#i#i4 

#c,RYE*1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#i4 

#d,NOVYI ,PUT1 ,NO4 #f#f1 #a#i#h4 

#e,IBID41 ,NO4 #d#d1 #a#i#h4 

#f,IBID41 ,NO4 #f#f4 

#g,TOV>IS*1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#g1 #a#i#g1 ,NO4 #b#c4 

#h,IBID41 ,NO4 #a#c#a4 

#i,RYE*1 ,M>* #g1 #a#i#h1 ,NO4 #e#g4 

#a,TOV>IS*1 ,NO4 #a#c#a4 

#a#a,IBID41 ,NO4 #aba  

#a#b,/OLIT*NAIA ,PO*TA1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#i1 #a#i#h1 ,NO41 #b#e4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,CONCLUSION 

,PHOTO BY MUTAT$JELLYFI%1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO GIVE 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES A CORRECT /ATEM5T ( ! VIOL5T REPRESSION :I* IS GO+ ON N[ 9 ,RUSSIA1 S9CE ! CONCESSION ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 CONTA9$ 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c1 #a#i#e1 WAS NULLIFI$ BY AN UND]-CURR5T ( ORGANIZ$ REACTION4 ,9 ?IS /ATEM5T ,I HAVE DONE MY BE/ TO AVOID ANY?+ ?AT MI<T BE A DI/ORTION1 OR AN EXAGG]ATION ( FACTS1 & YET ! PICTURE IS SO T]RIBLE ?AT IT IS ALMO/ %AK+ ONE'S FAI? 9 HUMAN PROGRESS4 

,SUFF]+ & M>TYRDOM >E C]TA9LY UNAVOIDABLE 9 EV]Y /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,BUT ! AM\NT ( SUFF]+ & CRUEL REPRESSION N[ PREVAL5T 9 ,RUSSIA SURPASSES EV]Y?+ ?AT IS KN[N FROM ! LESSONS ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 

,EV]Y NATION IS C]TA9LY B\ND TO WORK \T H] LIB]TY 9 H] [N WAY & ) H] [N =CES1 H[EV] PA9FUL ! WAY MAY BE4 ,BUT ONE ( ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION IS PRECISELY ! FEEL+ ( 9TIMATE K9%IP AMONG ALL NATIONS4 ,IT IS N[ IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ONE NATION %\LD SUFF]1 AS ,RUSSIA SUFF]S AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 )\T !SE SUFF]+S HAV+ !IR EFFECT UPON ALL ! FAMILY ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS & AWAK5+ AMONG !M A G5]AL FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY4 ,DESPOTISM 9 ONE P>T ( ! WORLD REACTS UPON ALL ! RACES ( ! WORLD4 ,& :5 IT TAKES SU* BRUTAL & M$IAEVAL =MS AS IT TAKES 9 ,RUSSIAN PRISONS & 9 ! PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS1 BY MEANS ( :I* AUTOCRACY IS MA9TA9$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 ALL MANK9D FEELS ! EFFECT ( SU* A RETURN TO ! HORRORS ( ! ,D>K ,AGES4 

,TO ALL ?OSE :O REALIZE ! UNITY ( MANK9D ?IS EXPOSURE ( ! HORRORS ( ! PRES5T REPRESSION 9 ,RUSSIA IS SURE TO APPEAL4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,ADD$4 
,M>* #b#h1 #bai 3 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/