,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION8 
,PEASANT RESI/ANCE TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NICK ,HEA? 

,TEXT 3 

,DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,L59'S GOV]NM5T WAS FAC$ ) A NUMB] ( PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT UPRIS+S :I* ?REAT5$ TO TOPPLE ! REGIME4 ,CAN ! ACCUSATION BE JU/IFI$ ?AT !SE W]E L$ BY KULAKS 7RI* PEASANTS71 BACK$ BY ,:ITE REACTION1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! POOR] PEASANTS1 UNCONSCI\S ( !IR REAL CLASS 9T]E/S8 ,OR WAS IT1 AS SOME OPPON5TS ( ,BOL%EVISM TO ITS LEFT CLAIM$1 ! />T ( ! ',?IRD ,REVOLUTION'8 

0,ALL ?OSE :O REALLY TAKE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO HE>T MU/ DEPLORE ?AT FATAL SEP>ATION ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! T[NS & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,ALL !IR EF=TS MU/ BE DIRECT$ TO DE/ROY+ IT1 BECAUSE WE MU/ ALL BE CONSCI\S ( ?IS -- ?AT AS MU* AS ! WORK]S ( ! L&1 ! PEASANTS1 HAVE NOT GIV5 A H& TO ! WORK]S ( ! T[N1 = A COMMON REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS ( ! T[NS WILL BE CONDEMN$ TO 9EVITABLE FIASCOS4 ,! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y QUE/ION IS !RE2 IT MU/ BE RESOLV$1 OR ELSE P]I%0 

-- ,BAKUN91 FROM ,! ,COMPLETE ,WORKS 0,ON ,G]MAN ,PAN,G]MANISM04 

,OR?ODOX ,M>XISM DISC\NT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! PEASANTRY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,G]MAN ,M>XI/ ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ! SMALL PEASANT WAS DOOM$4 ,IT WAS TACTICALLY USEFUL TO MOBILIZE ! PEASANT MASSES4 ,9 HIS ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION1 HE /AT$ ?AT ! %ORT-T]M OBJECTIVES ( ! PEASANTS & ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS1 NOT TO M5TION ! B\RGEOISIE1 W]E 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 9T]E/ ( ALL HUMANITY AS EMBODI$ 9 ! IDEA ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 0,:5 ! PROLET>IAT .<MEAN+ ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS.> COMES TO TRY & EXPLOIT ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ITS ALLIES-! PEASANTRY- WILL C]TA9LY TURN AGA9/ IT444! POLITICAL MAKE-UP ( ! PEASANTRY DISB>S IT FROM ANY ACTIVE OR 9DEP5D5T ROLE & PREV5TS IT FROM A*IEV+ ITS [N CLASS REPRES5TATION444,BY NATURE IT IS B\RGEOIS & %[S ITS REACTION>Y ESS5CE CLE>LY 9 C]TA9 FIELDS444 ,?AT IS :Y ! PROPOSITION BE=E ! CONGRESS SPEAKS ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT ALONE SUPPORT$ BY ! PEASANTRY444 ,PEASANTRY MU/ ASSI/ PROLET>IAT1 NOT ! PROLET>IAT ! PEASANTRY 9 ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! LATT]'S WI%ES04 ,LEO ,JOGI*ES1 0,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT SUPPORT$ BY ! PEASANTRY0AT ! ,SIX? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS #a#i#h4 7& ! FOLL[+ DISCUSSION AT ! ,CONGRESS :]E IT WAS /AT$ ?AT ! 0PEASANTRY CANNOT PLAY ! AUTONOM\S ROLE ALONGSIDE ! PROLET>IAT :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE ASCRIB$ TO IT04 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG %>$ ,JOGI*ES' MI/RU/ ( ! PEASANTRY1 & C\LD SEE !M ONLY AS A REACTION>Y =CE4 

,L59 HIMSELF1 EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE ON A TACTICAL LEVEL1 & EXTREMELY RIGID ON AN IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL1 WAS CONSCI\S ( :AT HE WAS DO+ :5 HIS ,P>TY ADVANC$ ! SLOGAN ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY4 ,AFT] ,BOL%EVIK TRIUMPH 0!N IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S TO SPEAK ( ! UNITY ( WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( ! PEASANTRY1 ( DEMOCRATIC RULE444,!N WE %ALL HAVE TO ?9K ( ! SOCIALI/1 ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP07,TWO ,TACTICS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#e74 

,= HIS P>T ,TROTSKY HAD A H>%] ATTITUDE TO ! PEASANTRY1 & WAS UNCONV9C$ ( EV5 A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ) !M3 0,! PROLET>IAT WILL COME 9TO CONFLICT NOT ONLY ) ! B\RGEOIS GR\PS :I* SUPPORT$ ! PROLET>IAT DUR+ ! FIR/ /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 BUT ALSO ) ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEASANTS 7#a#i#e1WRITT5 9 #a#i#b#b74 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DEF9$ 'KULAKS' AS RI* PEASANTS1 ABLE TO SELL PRODUCE ON ! M>KET AS WELL AS PRODUCE = !IR [N USE1 ABLE TO EMPLOY HIR$ LABOR & TO SELL !IR SURPLUS PRODUCTS4 ,!Y W]E SE5 AS REPRES5T+ ! REAL PETIT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 READY TO DEVELOP AGRICULTURE ?R\< CAPITALI/ ADVANCES4 ,9 ! SECOND /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! 9ITIAL B\RGEOIS /AGE1 ! KULAKS 7& A 'SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! MIDDLE PEASANTRY'-,L597 W\LD GO OV] TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 :IL/ ! PROLET>IAT W\LD RALLY ! POOR PEASANTRY TO IT4 ,BUT AS ,F]RO PO9TS \T3 0,! SE>* = ! KULAK WAS P>TLY FALSE1 A MATT] ( *AS+ %AD[S1 = ! KULAKS HAD (T5 DISAPPE>$1 OR SUNK TO MUZHIK LEVEL1 S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]0.<#a.>4 ,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT ON A PRACTICAL LEVEL ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALI5AT$ VA/ MASSES ( ! PEASANTRY 9 ! ',W> ,COMMUNISM' YE>S FROM #aiah TO #a#i#b#a1 9 P>TICUL> ) GRA9 REQUISITION+ & ! ,*EKI/ REPRESSION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS S\<T TO BR+ CLASS W> TO ! PEASANTRY4 ,9 DO+ SO !Y EXAGG]AT$ ! IMPORTANCE & WEAL? ( ! KULAKS4 ,SELUNSKAIA REPORTS ?AT 9 FACT ONLY #b P] C5T C\LD BE CLASSIFI$ AS 'CLE>LY KULAKS'.<#b.>4 ,ONE (FICIAL /ATI/IC GIVES ! FOLL[+ FIGURES3 9 #a#i#a#g1 #g#a.0 ( ! PEASANTS CULTIVAT$ LESS ?AN #d HECT>ES1 #b#e.0 HAD BETWE5 #d & #a HECT>ES1 ONLY #c4#g.0 HAD MORE ?AN #a HECT>ES1 !SE CATEGORIES *ANG+ RESPECTIVELY 9 #aib TO #h#e1 #a#e1 & 4#e.04 ,ANO!R CRIT]ION1 ! POSSESSION ( A HORSE1 ACCORD+ TO ! SAME /ATI/ICS1 CAN BE US$ TO %[ RELATIVE WEAL?4#b#i.0 HAD NONE1 #d#i.0 HAD ONE1 #a#g.0 HAD TWO1 & #d4#h.0 HAD MORE ?AN #c 79 #a#i#a#g74 ,BY #a#i#b1 ! FIGURES HAD *ANG$ RESPECTIVELY TO #b#g4#f1 #f#c4#f1 #g4#i1 & 4#i.0.<#c.>4 ,9 FACT1 ! NUMB] ( KULAKS- & H]E WE >E REF]R+ TO ,BOL%EVIK NORMS AS TO :AT CON/ITUT$ 'WEAL?Y'- WAS DIM9I%+1 & ! EQUALIZATION PROCESS WAS CONT9U+4 ,AS = ! REQUISITION+1 ! LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIK ,KUBAN9 ADMITT$ ?AT HALF ! FOOD COLLECT$ ROTT$1 & MANY CATTLE DI$ ON RAILWAY C>RIAGES 5 R\TE1 DUE TO LACK ( WAT] & FOOD.<#d.>4 

,W> COMMUNISM 

,9 REACTION TO W> COMMUNISM1 A NUMB] ( 9SURRECTIONS BROKE \T4 ,9 ! ,EA/ ,UKRA9E1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 9SPIR$ & MILIT>ILY L$ BY ! AN>*I/ PEASANT ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 WAS ONE ( ! MORE IDEOLOGICALLY DEVELOP$ MOVEM5TS4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD CONTROLL$ ?IS P>T ( ! ,UKRA9E BE=E ! >RIVAL ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & HAD SUCCESSIVELY DEFEAT$ ,AU/RO-,G]MAN & ,:ITE TROOPS4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9VIT$ A NUMB] ( AN>*I/S FLEE+ FROM ! ,NOR? & ,BOL%EVIK P]SECUTION OR RETURN+ FROM =EIGN EXILE1 TO WORK ?R\< ! ,NABAT 7,AL>M7 ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/S 9 PROPAG&A1 CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL WORK AMONG ! PEASANTRY4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S SAW ! ,:ITE ?REAT AS A GREAT] DANG] ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & CONCLUD$ A S]IES ( ALLIANCES ) ! LATT] 9 A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ! ,:ITE LEAD]S1 ,D5IK9 & ,WRANGEL4 ,9 FACT1 !RE SEEMS TO BE MU* EVID5CE ?AT ,WRANGEL W\LD HAVE SMA%$ ?R\< ! ,UKRA9E & TAK5 ,MOSC[ & DE/ROY$ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 IF NOT = ! EF=TS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,AT ! 5D ( A JO9T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,:ITES 9 ! ,CRIMEA1 ,MAKHNOVI/ COMM&]S W]E 9VIT$ TO ,R$ ,>MY HEADQU>T]S & SUMM>ILY %OT4 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF F\<T ON = SEV]AL MON?S1 BE=E BE+ =C$ TO RETIRE OV] ! BORD] .<#e.>4 

,! ,*EKA & ! PRODRAZV]/KSA 7FOOD REQUISITION SQUADS7 NEV] %[$ !MSELVES 9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ C5T] ( ,HULYAI-,POLYE BE=E #a#i#a#i1 BUT PEASANTS LIV+ 9 ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,ALEX&ROVSK >EAS HAD PL5TY ( EXP]I5CE ( !M4 ,9 O!R >EAS ( 9SURRECTION ! 9ITIAL OPPOSITION WAS MORE DIRECTLY A RESULT ( ! ',W> ,COMMUNISM' POLICIES ( ,BOL%EVISM4 

,9 ,WE/ ,SIB]IA1 7& 9DE$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ,SIB]IA -- SEE .<,U,R,L"7 HTTP3_/_/LIBCOM4ORG_/HI/ORY_/#a#i-#a#i#b#c-AN>*ISM-9-SIB]IA.> \R >TICLE ,A ,SIB]IAN ,MAKHNOVS*9A.<_/,U,R,L.>7 ! REGIME WAS FAC$ ) PROBABLY !IR WOR/ ?REAT1 & IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT IT WAS ?IS1 MORE ?AN ! ,KRON/ADT 9SURRECTION ( ! SAME YE>1 ?AT =C$ IT TO *ANGE C\RSE4 ,KRASNAYA ,>MIYA 7,R$ ,>MY1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,MILIT>Y ,ACADEMY1 & AIM$ AT A SMALL CIRCLE ( ,COMMUNI/ READ]S7 HAD TO ADMIT 9 ITS $ITION ( ,DECEMB] #aiba ?AT ! C>RY+ \T ( ! GRA9 COLLECTIONS 9 SPR+ #aib R\S$ ! ,SIB]IAN PEASANTRY AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S & ?AT 0! MOVEM5T 9 ! ,I%IMSK REGION WAS PROCE$+ UND] ! SAME SLOGANS :I* AT ONE TIME W]E PUT =? BY ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS04 ,R$ ,>MY HAD TO ADMIT ?AT 9EPTITUDE1 ECONOMIC MISMANAGEM5T & 'CRIM9AL' SEIZURE ( PROP]TY HAD BE5 AMONG ! CAUSES ( PEASANT DISSATISFACTION4 ,! J\RNAL RECOGNIZ$ ! EFFECT ON ! MORALE :5 !Y SAW AT FIR/ H& ! FOOD REQUISITION$ FROM !M ROTT+ 9 C>LOADS4 ',PROVOCATORY ACTS' BY GOV]NM5T REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! TAX-GA!R+ AG5CIES HAD FREQU5TLY BR\<T AB\T RIS+S ( 5TIRE VILLAGES4 ,! J\RNAL ALSO REPORT$ ON 'A V]Y UNIQUE' MOVEM5T 9 ! ,DON & ,KUBAN REGIONS1 HEAD$ BY ,MASLAKOV1 AN EX-,COMM&] ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ) ! AIM ( DECL>+ W> ON 0! SABOTEURS ( ! ,SOVIET P[]1 ON ! 'COMMISS>-M9D$' ,COMMUNI/S0.<#f.>4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS WAS A :OLE BRIGADE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4 

,L9KS 

,9DE$ ,MASLAKOV'S UPRIS+ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiba 9 EA/]N ,UKRA9E QUICKLY L9K$ ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ?R\< ! DETA*M5T ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ COMM&] ,BROVA4 ,R$ ,>MY ,COMM&]S REVOLT$1 AS ) ! BATTALION AT ,MIKHAILOVKA L$ BY ,VAKUL91 & !N ,POPOV1 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,DON ,COSSACK T]RITORY 7FROM ,DECEMB] #a#i#b7 ,VAKUL9 APPE>S TO HAVE HAD A =CE ( #c1#b -- SIX TIMES ! AM\NT HE HAD />T$ \T ) -- :5 HE MOV$ EA/ 9TO ! ,URAL REGION4 ,HE SUCCE$$ 9 TAK+ PRISON] A ,R$ ,>MY =CE ( #h4 ,BUT ON #a#g? ,FEBRU>Y #aiba HE LO/ A BATTLE 9 :I* HE DI$1 & ! ,DON ,COSSACK ,F4,POPOV1 A ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y1 TOOK OV]4 ,! ,POPOV GR\P MOV$ BACK 9TO ,SAM>A & !N ,S>ATOV PROV9CES1 PICK+ UP /R5G? AS IT W5T ALONG4 ,IT WAS E/IMAT$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY ?AT IT NUMB]$ #f1 BY N[4 ,IT MANAG$ TO CAPTURE AN 5TIRE ,R$ ,>MY BATTALION4 ,IT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 EV5TUALLY CRU%$1 IF WE BELIEVE ,BOL%EVIK S\RCES4 ,9 ,SAM>A A ,LEFT-,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y (FIC]1 ,SAPOZHKOV1 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY REVOLT$ AT ! HEAD ( 'AN>*I/IC & ,S,R ELEM5TS' 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,SOVIET HI/ORIAN ,TRIFONOV74 ,HE WAS HIMSELF ! SON ( A PEASANT 9 ?IS PROV9CE4 ,?IS UPRIS+ BEGAN ON #a#d? OR #a#e? ,JULY #aib ) A =CE ( #b1#g4 ,SAPOZHKOV FELL 9 BATTLE ON #f? ,SEPTEMB] AFT] #b MON?S ( FI<T+4 ,HIS PLACE WAS TAK5 BY ,S]OV1 :O WAS /ILL ABLE TO GA!R #c1 COMBATANTS & :O F\<T ON UNTIL SUMM] ( #a#i#b#c1 ! LONGE/ TIME ?AN ANY REBEL B& HAD F\<T ON1 AP>T FROM ,MAKHNO4 

,9 ! ,TAMBOV REGION ANO!R S]I\S 9SURRECTION BEGAN 9 ,AUGU/ #aib UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ,ALEX&] ,/EPANOVIT* ,ANTONOV4 ,H]E AGA9 ! REVOLT WAS SP>K$ (F BY GRA9 REQUISITION4 ,ANTONOV HIMSELF WAS AN EX-,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y1 & !N ,LEFT ,S,R1 :O SPOKE ( DEF5D+ BO? WORK]S & PEASANTS AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,O!R LEAD+ LI<TS 9 ?IS MOVEM5T 9CLUD$1 ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES1 ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES & AN>*I/S4 ,! ,ANTONOVI/S W]E ABLE TO ASSEMBLE #b#a1 COMBATANTS AT ONE TIME4 ,! AN>*I/ ,Y>YZHKA COMM&$ A DETA*M5T ( ! ,ANTONOVI/ MOVEM5T UND] ! BLACK FLAG ( AN>*ISM4 ,:IL/ S]V+ 9 ! ,>MY DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I HE HAD /RUCK AN (FIC] 9 #a#i#a#f1 BE5 IMPRISON$ & HAD CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM AS A RESULT ( HIS EXP]I5CES4 ,HE BEGAN OP]ATIONS 9 AUTUMN #a#i#a#h1 FI<T+ ON TILL HE WAS KILL$ 9 ACTION BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 AUTUMN #a#i#b4 

,IT CAN BE SE5 ?AT ALL !SE RIS+S OR OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS TO ,L59ISM AMONG ! PEASANTRY OCCURR$ >\ND AB\T ! SAME TIME1 OV] ! P]IOD #a#i#b-#a#i#b#a4 ,9DE$1 TAK5 ) ! RIS+ ( ! SAILORS AT ,KRON/ADT 9 #a#i#b#a1 !Y =M$ 9 TOTO A GRAVE ?REAT TO ,BOL%EVIK RULE4 ,! AIMS ( ! ,KRON/ADT 9SURG5TS SEEM TO HAVE HAD AN E*O 9 ! PEASANT MOVEM5TS4 ,?IS IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ CONSID]+ MANY ,KRON/ADT SAILORS HAD PEASANT ORIG9S4 ,! WE/ ,SIB]IA UPRIS+ ADOPT$ ! ,KRON/ADT DEM&S.<#f,A.>1 AS NOT$ BY ,KRASNAYA ,>MIYA4 ,AFT] ! ,TAMBOV 9SURRECTION1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES F\ND ! ,KRON/ADT RESOLUTIONS AT AN IMPORTANT ,ANTONOVI/ HID+ PLACE4 ,ANTONOV HIMSELF WAS SO SADD5$ BY ! NEWS ( ! CRU%+ ( ! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS+ ?AT HE W5T ON A VODKA B+E1 SO IT IS ALLEG$4 ,IT APPE>S ?AT SOME ,KRON/ADT SAILORS ESCAP$ ! CRU%+ ( ! 9SURRECTION & L9K+ UP ) ! ,ANTONOVS*9A4 ,ON #a#a? ,JULY ,BOL%EVIK CAVALRY F\<T AN 5GAGEM5T ) A SMALL BUT ELITE B& ( ,ANTONOVI/S1 ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL WORK]S & SAILORS4 ,!Y F\<T ) 0/RIK+ /EADFA/NESS0 UNTIL ! 5D ACCORD+ TO ! ,*EKI/ ,SMIRNOV1 :5 ! FEW SURVIVORS %OT FIR/ !IR HORSES & !N !MSELVES4 ,ONE ,BOL%EVIK NOT$ 9 #aiba ?AT 0! AN>*I/-,MAKHNOVI/S 9 ! ,UKRA9E REPR9T$ ! APPEAL ( ! ,KRON/ADT]S1 & 9 G5]AL DID NOT HIDE !IR SYMPA?Y = !M40.<#g.> 

,ACCUSATIONS 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT]S W]E OPPOS$ TO ,CZ>I/ RE/ORATION1 & HAD BE5 9/RUM5TAL 9 BR++ D[N ! ,K]5SKY REGIME4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E EQUALLY IMPLACABLE T[>DS ! ,:ITES4 ,NO ALLIANCE WAS EV5 CONSID]$ ) !M AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & 9DE$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S =M$ ANTI-,:ITE ALLIANCES ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! LA/ ( :I* WAS TO PROVE !IR D[NFALL1 AS SE5 ABOVE4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM1 & H>DLY LIKELY TO C\NT5ANCE COLLABORATION ) ONE ( ITS MORTAL FOES4 ,AS = ,MASLAKOV1 HE HAD BE5 A TRU/$ ,R$ ,COMM&]1 & SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 FI<T+ = A COMMUNISM )\T COMMISS>S4 ,KRASNAYA ,>MIYA ADMITT$ ?AT ! 9SURG5TS 9 ! ,DON & ,KUBAN REGIONS 'DISAPPROVE ( & FI<T AGA9/ ,:ITE ,GU>DI/ AGITATION'4 ,AS = ,ANTONOV1 HE 0UND]TOOK NO EMB>RASS+ ACTION AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS SU* AS CUTT+ COMMUNICATIONS BEH9D ! FRONT L9ES1 BUT CONT5T$ HIMSELF ) COMBAT+ PUNITIVE DETA*M5TS S5T \T AGA9/ ! PEASANTS0.<#h.>4 ,ANTONOV HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ UND] ,CZ>ISM = HIS ACTIVITIES AS A ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y DUR+ & AFT] ! #aie ,REVOLUTION ) A #ab YE> S5T5CE 9 ,SIB]IA1 & HIS PEASANT MOVEM5T WAS UNLIKELY TO HAVE FAVOR$ A RETURN TO ! OLD DAYS4 

,ANO!R ACCUSATION AGA9/ ! PEASANT MOVEM5TS WAS ?AT !Y W]E KULAK-L$1 DRAGG+ ! RE/ ( ! PEASANTRY 9 !IR WAKE4 ,AN ANALYSIS ( LEAD+ LI<TS )9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T AT LEA/ DISPROVES IT 9 !IR CASE4 ,TROTSKY IMPLI$ ?AT ! 0LIQUIDATION ( ,MAKHNO DOES NOT MEAN ! 5D ( ! ,MAKHNOVS*9A1 :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! IGNORANT PEASANT MASSES04 ,BUT ALL ! LEAD+ ,MAKHNOVI/S ?AT WE HAVE BIOGRAPHICAL 9=MATION ON CAME FROM ! POOR PEASANTRY1 9CLUD+ ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 & 9 A FEW CASES ! MIDDLE PEASANTRY4 ,AS ,MALET SAYS3 0! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE TOTALLY MISCON/RU$ ! NATURE ( ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS NOT A MOVEM5T ( KULAKS1 BUT ( A BROAD MASS ( ! PEASANTS1 ESPECIALLY ! POOR & MIDDLE PEASANTS0.<#i.>4 ,WE HAVE LITTLE EMPIRICAL EVID5CE = ! COMPOSITION ( ! PEASANT UPRIS+S 9 ! ,DON & ,KUBAN >EAS4 ,RADKEY HAS PROVID$ SOME 9=MATION ON ! ,TAMBOV 9SURRECTION ?R\< RESE>* UND] DIFFICULT CONDITIONS1 & HAS F\ND ?AT ,ANTONOV WAS ! SON ( A SMALL-T[N >TISAN -- H>DLY A KULAK6 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT SOME LEAD+ ,ANTONOVI/S W]E ( KULAK ORIG91 7BAS$ ON ,BOL%EVIK >*IVES7 YET ONE ,*EKA HI/ORIAN HAD TO ADMIT ?AT A 0CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! MIDDLE PEASANTRY0 SUPPORT$ ! 9SURRECTION.<#a.>4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT ,ANTONOV HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! POOR PEASANTRY & SOME WORK]S 9 ! PROV9CE.<#a#a.>4 

,RES]VATIONS 

,ONE MU/ HAVE RES]VATIONS OV] ! ALLEGATIONS ( ! 'KULAK *>ACT]' ( !SE UPRIS+S4 ,EV5 IF IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT SOME KULAKS TOOK P>T+ ! RIS+S1 IT MU/ BE GRANT$1 FROM ! LITTLE EVID5CE AVAILABLE1 ?AT O!R SECTIONS ( ! PEASANTRY TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T4 ,:AT CAN BE MADE ( ! ALLEGATIONS ?AT F> FROM BE+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 ! PEASANT UPRIS+S W]E ! />T ( A ',?IRD ,REVOLUTION' 7LEAD+ ON FROM ! ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTIONS78 ,?IS T]M APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ BY AN>*I/S )9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 APPE>+ 9 A DECL>ATION ( A ,MAKHNOVI/ ORGAN1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,SOVIET1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#i4 ,IT REAPPE>$ DUR+ ! ,KRON/ADT 9SURRECTION4 ,ANATOLI ,LAMANOV DEVELOP$ IT 9 ! PAGES ( ! ,KRON/ADT ,IZVE/IA1 ! J\RNAL ( ! 9SURG5TS1 ( :I* HE WAS AN $ITOR4 ,LAMANOV WAS A LEAD] ( ! ,UNION ( ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,MAXIMALI/S 9 ,KRON/ADT1 & SAW ,KRON/ADT AS ! BEG9N+ ( A ',?IRD ,REVOLUTION' :I* W\LD OV]?R[ ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) ITS ,*EKA & /ATE CAPITALISM0 & TRANSF] ALL P[] 0TO FREELY ELECT$ ,SOVIETS0 & TRANS=M ! UNIONS 9TO 0FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & LABOR+ 9TELLIG5TSIA0.<#a#b.>4 ,! ,MAXIMALI/S1 A SPLIT FROM ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 DEM&$ IMM$IATE AGR>IAN & URBAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 A ,TOIL]S ,REPUBLIC ( F$]AT$ SOVIETS1 ANTI-P>LIAM5T>ISM & DI/RU/ ( P>TIES4 ,!RE IS LITTLE EVID5CE ON ! L9KS BETWE5 !M & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ?\< IT W\LD BE UNLIKELY ?AT ?IS SLOGAN EM]G$ 9 TWO PLACES TOTALLY 9DEP5D5TLY4 0,H]E 9 ,KRON/ADT1 HAS BE5 LAID ! FIR/ /ONE ( ! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION1 /RIK+ ! LA/ FETT]S FROM ! LABOR+ MASSES & OP5+ A BROAD NEW ROAD = SOCIALI/ CREATIVITY01 PROCLAIM$ ! ,KRON/ADT]S.<#a#c.>4 

,! T]M ',?IRD ,REVOLUTION' H[EV]1 SEEMS VAGUE1 ) NO CLE> IDEA ( H[ TO BR+ ?IS ,REVOLUTION AB\T4 ,IT HAD ITS ADH]5TS 9 ,MAKHNOVI/ CIRCLES1 & POSSIBLY 9 ,WE/ ,SIB]IA & ) ,MASLAKOV1 BUT NEV] OP]AT$ 9 A UNIFI$ APPROA* TO A DEVELOPM5T ( ITS IMPLEM5TATION4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T FROM ,TAMBOV WAS ! =M]'S SPECIFIC IDEOLOGY4 ,! ,ANTONOV MOVEM5T HAD NO IDEOLOGY1 0KNEW :AT !Y W]E AGA9/444 BUT ONLY ! HAZIE/ ( NOTIONS AS TO H[ TO ORD] ,RUSSIA 9 ! H\R ( VICTORY0.<#a#d.>4 ,! ,ANTONOVI/S W]E A LOCAL MOVEM5T ) LOCAL P]SPECTIVES4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E WIDE-RANG+1 & L9KS W]E =M$ ) ,MASLAKOV4 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF CAMPAIGN$ AS F> AS ! ,VOLGA1 GO+ >\ND ! ,DON >EA L9K+ UP SIMIL> B&S4 ,A ,MAKHNOVI/ DETA*M5T UND] ,P>KHOM5KO WAS S5T (F TO ! ,VORONEZH >EA 9 E>LY ,M>* #aiba & IT MI<T HAVE BE5 ATTEMPT+ TO L9K UP ) ,ANTONOVI/ DETA*M5TS UND] ,KOLESNIKOV4 

,BUT ! VA/ EXPANSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION CURTAIL$ L9K-UPS BETWE5 ! MOVEM5TS4 ,!RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 WIDESPREAD MUTUAL IGNORANCE ( EI!R ! EXI/5CE OR ! AIMS ( ! DIFF]+ PEASANT MOVEM5TS4 

,:]E !RE WAS AN AW>5ESS1 !RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 LITTLE EF=T TO COMB9E ! MOVEM5TS = A UNIFI$ ONSLAU<T AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,KRON/ADT 9SURRECTION WAS LAT] DEEM$ AS SEV]AL MON?S PREMATURE BY SOME ( ITS LEAD+ LI<TS.<#a#e.>4 ,LOCALISM & LACK ( A MORE GLOBAL /RATEGY SIMIL>LY HAM/RUNG ,ANTONOV & ! MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,DON1 ,KUBAN & WE/ ,SIB]IAN REGIONS1 AS DID ! V]Y SPONTANEITY ( ! RIS+S4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S MAY HAVE HAD A BETT] GRASP ( ! SITUATION1 BUT !Y FAIL$ TO UNITE ! OPPOSITION1 GO+ 9TO ALLIANCE ONCE MORE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 DESPITE PREVI\S UNHAPPY EXP]I5CES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! SUM ( !SE RIS+S PRES5T$ A V]Y GRAVE ?REAT TO ! REGIME1 =C+ IT TO AT LEA/ MOVE FROM ,W> ,COMMUNISM TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,AVRI*1 ,P4 ,PR9CETON 7#a#i#g7 ,KRON/ADT #aiba 

,ATK9SON1,D4 ,/AN=D 7#a#i#h#c7 ,! 5D ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,L& ,COMMUNE #a#i#e-#a#i#c 

,LEW91 ,M4 ,ALL5 @& ,UNW9 7#a#i#f#h7 ,RUSSIAN ,PEASANTS & ,SOVIET P[] 

,MITRANY1 ,D4 ,WEID5FELD @& ,NI*OLSON 7#a#i#e#a7 ,M>X & ! ,PEASANT4 

,MALET1 ,M4 ,MAC,MILLAN 7#a#i#h#b74 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> 

,PALIJ1 ,M4 ,WA%+TON 7#a#i#g#f7 ,! ,AN>*ISM ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 

,RADKEY1 ,O4 ,HOOV] 7#a#i#g#f7 ,! ,UNKN[N ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 

,MAXIM(F1 ,G4 ,P4 ,CI5FUEGOS 7#a#i#g#f7 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK4 

,SKIRDA1 ,A4 ,P>IS 7#a#i#h#b7 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ,LE ,COSAQUE DE L',AN>*IE4 

,F]RO1 ,M4 ,R,K,P 7#a#i#h#e7 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 ,A ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,GETZL]1 ,I4 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 7#a#i#h#c7 ,KRON/ADT #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 ! ,FATE ( A ,SOVIET ,DEMOCRACY4 

,GLOSS>Y 

,KULAK -- A BETT] (F PEASANT 

,MUZHIK -- ! POOR] PEASANTS 

,:ITES -- ! REACTION TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 GA!R$ >\ND ! ,TS>I/S 

,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES -- REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ?AT SAW A KEY ROLE = ! PEASANTS & ?\<T ?AT ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY C\LD AVOID CAPITALISM & GO /RAI<T TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 

,LEFT ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES -- A MORE RADICAL SPLIT FROM ! ,S,RS4 

.<#a.> P4#a#c#h ,F]RO 

.<#b.> ,IZM5IIA #a#i#a#g-#b1 9 ,ATK9SON4 

.<#c.> ,L ,KRITSMAN1 ,! ,H]OIC ,P]IOD ( ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 #aibf 9 ,SKIRDA4 

.<#d.> ,KUBAN9 ',! ANTI-,SOVIET PEASANT MOVEM5T DUR+ ! YE>S ( CIVIL W> 7W> COMMUNISM7 #a#i#b#f1 9 ,SKIRDA4 

.<#e.> ,PALIJ1 ,MALET1 ,SKIRDA ALL CITE EVID5CE ( ,MAKHNOVI/ A*IEVEM5T 9 SAV+ ! ,BOL%EVIK CAPITAL 

.<#f.> P4#a#d#h1 ,MAXIM(F 

.<#g.> ,LEB$S1 QUOT$ BY ,MALET4 

.<#h.> P4#h#b ,RADKEY 

.<#i.> P#a#b#b ,MALET 

.<#a.> ,S(9OV1 9 ,RADKEY4 P#a#f4 

.<#a#a.> P#a#g-#a#a ,RADKEY 

.<#a#b.> ,SEE ,GETZL] 

.<#a#c.> P#b#d#c ,AVRI* 

.<#a#d.> P4#f#i ,RADKEY 

.<#a#e.> SEE ,AVRI* 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/