,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #ac 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#c4 ,9T]NAL ,REVOLUTIONS 

,AS AVIDLY AS PEOPLE FROM ALL /RATA ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY UNIT$ TO FI<T ! ,BRITI% = 9DEP5D5CE1 MANY W]E ALSO FI<T+ TO ALT] !IR SOCIETY AT HOME--TO ELIM9ATE POLITICAL PRIVILEGE & CREATE A POLITY ?AT LIV$ UP TO ! IDEALS ( LIB]TY & POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY 5UNCIAT$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE4 ,BACKWOODS YEOM51 COMMONLY ABETT$ BY ! POOR /RATUM ( 0ME*ANICS0 9 ! L>GE T[NS & CITIES1 PITT$ !MSELVES AGA9/ PLANTATION >I/OCRATS1 ,HUDSON VALLEY PATROONS1 M]*ANTS L>GE & SMALL1 L& SPECULATORS1 %IPP]S1 L&LORDS ( ALL SORTS1 WELL-TO-DO >TISANS1 & AN EM]G+ F9ANCIAL /RATUM ?AT PR(ITE]$ FROM ! W> & FROM ! DEFLATION ( ! CURR5CY4 ,IF BROAD REPUBLICAN IDEALS W]E 0SELF-EVID5T0 TO ,:IGS & PATRIOTS G5]ALLY1 !Y W]E BY NO MEANS 9 AGREEM5T AB\T :AT K9D ( REPUBLIC W\LD REPLACE ! ROYAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9DE$1 PATRIOTS SU* AS ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON1 ,JOHN ,JAY1 ,G\V]NEUR ,MORRIS1 ,JAMES ,DUANE1 ,JOHN ,DICK5SON1 & ,ROB]T ,MORRIS C\LD EASILY HAVE BECOME LOYALI/S1 SO ABHORR5T W]E ! 0MOB0 & 0DEMOCRACY0 9 !IR EYES4 

,9 SOME PROV9CES MORE ?AN O!RS1 S]I\S CLA%ES EM]G$ )9 ! PATRIOT P>TY ITSELF--BETWE5 RADICAL PATRIOTS & CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS4 ,! RADICALS ASK$ A CRUCIAL QUE/ION3 ,W\LD ! ?IRTE5 NEW 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS RETA9 POLITICALLY P[]FUL ELITES ?AT MI<T WELL BECOME BA/IONS ( PRIVILEGE1 CORRUPTION1 & EV5 TYRANNY 9 !IR [N RI<T8 ,OR W\LD !SE REPUBLICS BE BAS$ ON MAJORITY RULE BY ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE MALE CITIZ5RY8 ,! CONS]VATIVES1 ON ! O!R H&1 ASK$3 ,W\LD ! NEW 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS CONTA9 GOV]NM5TAL 0*ECKS & BALANCES0 TO PREV5T ! 0MOB0 FROM GA9+ P[]--& KEEP AN UN*ECK$ MAJORITY FROM =M+ A TYRANNY 9 ITS [N RI<T8 ,W\LD ! 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS PROTECT L>GE L&HOLD+S & M]CANTILE WEAL? AGA9/ 0! PEOPLE10 :O MI<T TRY TO UND]M9E PRIVILEGE8 

,N,E,W ,Y,O,R,K3 ,R,A,D,I,C,A,L ,P,A,T,R,I,O,T,S ,& ,C,O,N,S,],V,A,T,I,V,E ,:,I,G,S 

,!SE DIFF]5CES LONG PR$AT$ ! \TBREAK ( HO/ILITIES AT ,LEX+TON & ,CONCORD 9 ,APRIL #a#g#g#e4 ,NEW ,YORK1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HAD A HI/ORY ( CLA%ES BETWE5 ! PRIVILEG$ & ! P[]LESS DUR+ ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 & 9 ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y DECADE ! L9ES ( 9T]NAL T5SION W]E R$RAWN 9 EV5 %>P] T]MS DUR+ ! /RUGGLE OV] ! ,/AMP ,ACT4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! /AMP TAX G5]AT$ WIDE OPPOSITION 9 ALL SOCIAL /RATA1 AMONG M]*ANTS AS WELL AS >TISANS 9 ! CITIES1 & AMONG L&HOLD]S AS WELL AS YEOM5 F>M]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS M]*ANTS :O HAD ORIG9ALLY =M$ ! ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY 9 ,NEW ,YORK TO OPPOSE ! ,ACT1 & M]*ANTS & L&[N]S HAD EV5 5C\RAG$ POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS TO EXHIBIT COLONIAL SOLID>ITY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! HAT$ MEASURE4 ,BUT :5 DEMON/RATIONS BECAME RIOTS1 9 :I* >TISANS & ME*ANICS ?REW BRICKS AT ,BRITI% =TS :]E ! /AMPS W]E /OR$ & HUNG ! LIEUT5ANT-GOV]NOR 9 EFFIGY1 ! UPP] CLASSES BECAME DEEPLY AL>M$4 0,?IS SORT ( ?+ BR\<T M5 ( PROP]TY TO A REALIZATION ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( /IRR+ UP ! MOB10 ,C>L ,BECK] OBS]V$4 

,A LITTLE RIOT+ WAS WELL 5\<1 SO LONG AS IT WAS DIRECT$ TO ! ONE 5D ( BR++ ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T TO T]MS4 ,BUT :5 ! DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY BEGAN TO BE RELI%$ = ITS [N SAKE BY ?OSE :O HAD NO PROP]TY1 & ! CRY ( ,LIB]TY CAME L\DE/ FROM ?OSE :O W]E )\T POLITICAL PRIVILEGE1 IT WAS TIME TO CALL A HALT4 ,!SE M5 MI<T NOT CEASE !IR %\T+ :5 PURELY ,BRITI% RE/RICTIONS W]E REMOV$4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES W]E 9 FACT BEG9N+ TO SEE ?AT 0LIB]TY & NO TAXATION0 WAS AN >GUM5T ?AT MI<T BE US$ AGA9/ !MSELVES AS WELL AS AGA9/ ! HOME GOV]NM5T4 ,! DOCTR9E ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 :I* = SO MANY YE>S !Y HAD US$ TO JU/IFY RESI/ANCE TO COLONIAL GOV]NORS1 WAS A TWO-$G$ SWORD ?AT CUT 9TO ! F\NDATIONS ( CLASS PRIVILEGE )9 ! COLONY AS WELL AS 9TO ! F\NDATIONS ( ROYAL AU?ORITY )\T4 ,DIMLY AT FIR/1 BUT ) GR[+ CLE>NESS1 ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES W]E BEG9N+ TO REALIZE ! MO/ DIFFICULT PROBLEM :I* ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TO PRES5T TO !M3 ! PROBLEM ( MA9TA9+ !IR PRIVILEGES AGA9/ ROYAL 5CROA*M5T FROM ABOVE )\T LOS+ !M BY POPUL> 5CROA*M5TS FROM BEL[4 ,IT WAS ?IS DILEMMA :I* GAVE LIFE & *>ACT] TO ! CONS]VATIVE FACTION4.<#a#h#b.> 

,:5 ! WEAL?I] ,NEW ,YORK OPPON5TS ( ! ,/AMP ,ACT FELT ?AT RESI/ANCE HAD ELUD$ !IR CONTROL & BECOME TOO RADICAL1 OPPOSITION TO ,BRITI% IMP]IAL POLICY DIVID$ %>PLY 9TO RADICAL & CONS]VATIVE FACTIONS4 ,!REAFT]1 ! WEAL?Y & E/ABLI%$ M]*ANTS1 ! LAWY]S1 & ! ,ANGLICAN CL]GY 9 ! PROV9CE BEGAN TO RESI/ ! K+'S ACTIONS BY CAUTI\S1 MOD]ATE1 & /RICTLY LEGAL MEANS1 =M+ !IR [N SEP>ATE P>TY 9 ORD] TO DO SO4 ,9 #agg !Y UNILAT]ALLY AB&ON$ ! RESI/ANCE POLICY ( NONIMPORTATION ( GOODS ?AT ! COLONI/S HAD AGRE$ UPON AS A MEANS ( RESI/+ ! ,T[N%5D ,ACT1 !REBY ESS5TIALLY 5D+ ! BOYCOTT 9 ! PROV9CE4 

,9 RURAL >EAS ( ,NEW ,YORK1 :]E ! PATROON SY/EM FL\RI%$1 ! L>GE L&HOLD]S W]E NO LESS FRI<T5$ BY ! SPECT] ( POPUL> RULE ?AN W]E ! M]*ANTS 9 ! CITY4 ,& !IR FE>S W]E MORE ?AN JU/IFI$4 ,! T5ANT F>M]S :O WORK$ !IR EV]-L>G] B>ONIAL E/ATES HAD LONG SUFF]$ UND] PATROON RULE & !IR RES5TM5TS RAN HI<4 ,! R5TS ! T5ANTS W]E REQUIR$ TO PAY = !IR LEASEHOLDS W]E EXCESSIVE1 9DE$1 9 SOME CASES1 !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO PAY QUASI-FEUDAL DUES4 ,:5 !Y S\<T RECOMP5SE 9 C\RT1 JU/ICE WAS (T5 MET$ \T BY A JUDGE APPO9T$ BY ! L&LORD4 ,AL?\< MANY T5ANT F>M]S C\LD MEET ! =TY-%ILL+ QUALIFICATION = VOT+1 !Y W]E RELUCTANT TO EX]CISE ?IS RI<T 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S BECAUSE VOT+ OCCURR$ 9 PUBLIC 9 ! PROV9CE--& PEOPLE :O D>$ TO VOTE HAD TO DO SO VIVA VOCE4 ,?US1 A VOTE ?AT WAS CA/ AGA9/ ! PLEASURE ( ! L&HOLD] UPON :OM ! VOT] WAS PREC>I\SLY DEP5D5T C\LD CO/ HIM HIS LEASEHOLD OR WORSE4 

,9 #a#g#f#f1 ! YE> AFT] ! ,/AMP ,ACT RIOTS1 T5ANT F>M]S 9 ,WE/*E/] & ,DUT*ESS ,C\NTIES F9ALLY REFUS$ TO PAY R5TS UNTIL L&LORDS CONV]T$ !IR T5TATIVE LEASEHOLDS 9TO P]MAN5T FREEHOLDS4 ,! L&LORDS RESPOND$ BY EVICT+ ! T5ANTS1 :O !N TOOK UP >MS1 DRIV+ \T LOCAL (FICIALS & SMA%+ UP ! ,P\<KEEPSIE JAIL4 ,9 ! HOPE ?AT ! ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY 9 ,NEW ,YORK W\LD RALLY TO !IR SUPPORT1 !Y !N ?REAT5$ TO M>* ON ! CITY & BURN D[N ,PI]RE ,VAN ,CORTL&FS HOME4 ,BUT ! M]*ANT-DOM9AT$ ORGANIZATION1 9/EAD ( ACKN[L$G+ ! COMMONALITY BETWE5 ITS [N DEM&S = LIB]TY & ?OSE ( ! OPPRESS$ RURAL POOR1 JO9$ ! L&HOLD]S 9 URG+ ROYAL TROOPS TO SUPPRESS ! 9SURRECTION BE+ WAG$ BY ! RURAL 0LEVEL]S40 ,LONG AFT] ! ROYAL TROOPS OBLIG+LY PUT D[N ! REVOLT1 ! T5ANT F>M]S H>BOR$ A DEEP BITT]NESS AGA9/ ! CITY'S WEAL?Y ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY4 ,9 TURN1 ! L&HOLD]S EI!R JO9$ ! FAIRLY CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS 9 ! CITY--AMONG !M ! ,VAN ,CORTL&TS1 ,LIV+/ONS1 ,DE ,LANCEYS1 & ,PHILIPSES--OR ELSE !Y BECAME \TRI<T ,TORIES & SUPPORT$ ! ,BRITI% CAUSE4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! CITY ITSELF ! Y\NG] LAWY]S & M]*ANTS1 L$ BY ,ISAAC ,SE>S & ,ALEX&] ,MC,D\GALL1 W]E =M+ !IR [N POPUL> MOVEM5T1 & !IR RADICAL AGITATION CAUS$ CON/]NATION AMONG ! URBAN ELITES4 ,AFT] ! ,BO/ON ,TEA ,P>TY & ! CLOS+ ( ! ,PORT ( ,BO/ON1 ! >ROGANTLY CONS]VATIVE ,:IG1 ,G\V]NEUR ,MORRIS1 WROTE 9 A LETT] ON ,MAY #b1 

,!SE %EEP1 SIMPLE AS !Y >E1 CANNOT BE GULL$ AS H]ET(ORE4 ,9 %ORT1 !RE IS NO RUL+ !M1 & N[1 TO LEAVE ! METAPHOR1 ! HEADS ( ! MOBILITY GR[ DANG]\S TO ! G5TRY1 & H[ TO KEEP !M D[N IS ! QUE/ION4 ,:ILE !Y CORRESPOND ) ! O!R COLONIES1 CALL & DISMISS POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 MAKE RESOLVES TO B9D ! CONSCI5CES ( ! RE/ ( MANK9D1 BULLY POOR PR9T]S1 & EX]T ) FULL =CE ALL !IR O!R TRIBUNITIAL P[]S1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CURB !M4 

,MORRIS W5T ON TO DISGORGE HIS CONTEMPT = ! POPUL> MOVEM5T3 

,! MOB BEG9 TO ?9K & TO REASON4 ,POOR REPTILES6 ,IT IS ) !M A V]NAL MORN+2 !Y >E /RUGGL+ TO CA/ (F !IR W9T]'S SL\<1 !Y BASK 9 ! SUN%9E1 & ]E NOON !Y WILL BITE1 DEP5D UPON IT ,! G5TRY BEG9 TO FE> ?IS4444 ,I SEE1 & ,I SEE IT ) FE> & TREMBL+1 ?AT IF ! DISPUTES ) ,GREAT ,BRITA9 CONT9UE1 WE %ALL BE UND] ! WOR/ ( ALL POSSIBLE DOM9IONS2 WE %ALL BE UND] ! DOM9ATION ( A RIOT\S MOB4.<#a#h#c.> 

,& YET ,MORRIS FAVOR$ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,BRITA94 ,APP>5TLY1 CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS SU* AS HE REALIZ$ ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE TO JO9 ! RESI/ANCE IF !Y HOP$ TO DOM9ATE & CONTROL ITS TRAJECTORY4 ,!Y SET AB\T TO CAPTURE ! ORGANIZATION BY RUNN+ FIFTY-ONE ( !IR [N NOM9EES = A ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ( :OM MANY W]E ELECT$2 BUT :5 ! TIME CAME = ! COMMITTEE TO OV]SEE ! ELECTION ( DELEGATES TO ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS1 A ,COMMITTEE ( ,M]*ANTS TRI$ TO SKEW ! RESULTS 9 ITS [N FAVOR4 ,IT WAS PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO ONLY BY AN AL]T ,COMMITTEE ( ,ME*ANICS1 COMPOS$ L>GELY ( >TISANS & J\RNEYM51 :I* ACT$ AS A WAT*DOG ON ! ACTIVITIES ( ELITE COMMITTEES4 ,:5 O!R PROV9CES TRI$ TO ORGANIZE A NONIMPORTATION BOYCOTT FOLL[+ ! BLOCKADE ( ,BO/ON1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ELITES W]E ABLE TO DELAY !IR P>TICIPATION UNTIL ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS DEF9ITIVELY ADOPT$ A NONIMPORTATION POLICY 9 ! FALL ( #a#g#g#d4 

,9 ,JANU>Y #aggf ! ,NEW ,YORK ,COMMITTEE ( ,ME*ANICS 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ ! PUBLICATION ( ,PA9E'S ,COMMON ,S5SE & DEM&$ ?AT ! PROV9CE'S DELEGATES TO ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS BE ELECT$ AT L>GE & 9/RUCT$ TO VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 9 ,MAY1 :ILE ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS WAS E/ABLI%+ ! PROC$URE = A NEW /ATE GOV]NM5T1 ! ,ME*ANICS BECAME AL>M$ BY A PROVISION ?AT ACCEPT$ :ATEV] CON/ITUTION ! NEW ,CONGRESS PREP>$ )\T RATIFICATION BY ! PEOPLE ( ,NEW ,YORK4 ,CALL+ = SOV]EIGNTY ( 0! PEOPLE AT L>GE10 ! ,ME*ANICS 9SI/$ ?AT 09HABITANTS AT L>GE EX]CISE ! RI<T :I* ,GOD HAS GIV5 !M1 9 COMMON ) ALL M51 TO JUDGE :E!R IT BE CONSI/5T ) !IR 9T]E/ TO ACCEPT1 OR REJECT1 A ,CON/ITUTION FRAM$ = ?AT ,/ATE ( :I* !Y >E MEMB]S40 ,?IS1 !Y >GU$1 IS 0! BIR?RI<T ( EV]Y MAN40.<#a#h#d.> ,! ,ME*ANICS1 9 EFFECT1 DEM&$ A POPUL> RATIFICATION ( ! /ATE CON/ITUTION1 BUT BY ?IS TIME ! CONS]VATIVES HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS & DOM9AT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,ME*ANICS' DEM&S W]E HAU<TILY REBUFF$1 & IT MAY WELL BE ?AT 0ONLY ! TIMELY 9VASION ( ,LONG ,ISL& BY ! ,BRITI% SAV$ ! >I/OCRATS FROM A POLITICAL CRISIS ( AN EXPLOSIVE *>ACT]40.<#a#h#e.> ,A G5U9E CLASS CONFLICT EXI/$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 :I* ! ,REVOLUTION /OK$ UP 9TO A VIRTUAL CLASS W>4 

,! ,C,>,O,L,9,A,S3 ,B,A,C,K,C,\,N,T,R,Y ,L,O,Y,A,L,I,S,M 

,UNLIKE ! T5ANT F>M]S 9 RURAL ,NEW ,YORK1 YEOM5 F>M]S 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A EASILY OBTA9$ !IR [N FREEHOLDS1 BUT !IR ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE WAS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,AL?\< TWO-?IRDS ( ! POPULATION LIV$ 9 ! BACKC\NTRY ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 SMALL F>M]S W]E DRA/ICALLY UND]REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* ! NUM]ICALLY SMALL] COA/AL ELITES COMPLETELY CONTROLL$4 ,NOR WAS !RE ANY TRADITION 9 ! ,S\? ( VOT]S 9/RUCT+ !IR REPRES5TATIVES ON H[ TO VOTE1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,LOCAL GOV]NM5T1 TOO1 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A WAS EGREGI\SLY UNREPRES5TATIVE4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !RE NO T[N MEET+S 9 ! PROV9CE1 BUT ! TIDEWAT] >I/OCRACY HAD CON/RUCT$ A SY/EM 9 :I* ALL POLITICAL AU?ORITY AT ! LOCAL LEVEL RE/$ ) (FICIALS 9 ! C\NTY C\RTS1 SU* AS MAGI/RATES1 CL]KS1 REGI/]S ( DE$S1 %]IFFS1 & CON/ABLES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT PEOPLE :O HAD DIFF]5CES TO RESOLVE W]E OBLIG$ TO TRAVEL TO DI/ANT C\RTS TO TRANSACT !IR BUS9ESS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 :]E MO/ C\NTY AU?ORITIES W]E APPO9T$ BY ! GOV]NOR4 

,! C\NTY AU?ORITIES R\T9ELY OV]*>G$ ORD9>Y PEOPLE = !IR S]VICES & =M$ :AT AM\NT$ TO A SC&AL\S EXTORTION R+4 ,JU/ICES ( ! PEACE DEM&$ EXORBITANT FEES = ! DIZZY+ >RAY ( S]VICES !Y CONCOCT$1 :ILE ! %]IFFS EMBEZZL$ P>T ( ! TAX REV5UES !Y COLLECT$1 SOMETIMES *>G+ MORE ?AN ! REQUIR$ LEGAL AM\NT4 ,:5 A F>M] WAS F9ALLY *>G$ ) GREAT] FEES ?AN HE C\LD AF=D TO PAY1 HIS L& WAS EXPROPRIAT$ & SOLD (F = A PITTANCE TO FRI5DS ( ! C\R?\SE GANG4 ,9 ONE HYPO!TICAL CASE ?AT EPITOMIZ$ ! F>M]S' PLI<T1 

A MAN 444 HAS HAD EXECUTION LEVI$ ON HIM BY A M]*ANT = A FIVE P\ND DEBT SECUR$ BY A JUDGM5T NOTE4 ,P]SONAL EFFECTS TO ! AM\NT ( ! JUDGM5T >E SEIZ$1 BUT ! POOR MAN'S TR\BLES >E NOT OV]4 ,= 5T]+ ! JUDGM5T ON ! C\RT DOCKET & ISSU+ ! EXECUTION--0! WORK ( ONE LONG M9UTE0-- ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE DEM&S =TY-ONE %ILL+S & FIVE P5CE4 ,UNABLE TO PAY ! FEE1 ! UN=TUNATE DEBTOR IS CONFRONT$ ) ! ALT]NATIVE ( A DI/RA9T OR TW5TY-SEV5 DAYS WORK ON ! JU/ICE'S PLANTATION4 ,BUT EV5 AFT] HE HAS WORK$ \T HIS DEBT TO ! JU/ICE1 ! POOR MAN'S ACC\NT IS NOT SETTL$4 0,/AY1 NEI<BOR 444 Y\ MU/ NOT GO HOME4 ,Y\ >E NOT HALF DONE YET4 ,!RE IS ! DAMN$ LAWY]'S M\? TO /OP4444 ,Y\ EMP[]$ HIM TO CONFESS ?AT Y\ [$ FIVE P\NDS1 & Y\ MU/ PAY HIM ?IRTY %ILL+S = ?AT OR ELSE GO TO WORK N9ETE5 DAYS = ?AT PICKPOCKET4442 & :5 ?AT IS DONE Y\ MU/ WORK AS MANY DAYS = ! %]IFF = HIS TR\BLE .<9 LEVY+ EXECUTION & SELL+ ! DEBTOR'S GOODS.>1 & !N Y\ CAN GO HOME TO SEE Y\R LIV+ WRECK$ & TORE TO PIECES TO SATISFY Y\R M]*ANT40.<#a#h#f.> 

,! ,REGULATOR REVOLT ( #a#g#f#h-#g ]UPT$ L>GELY 9 RETALIATION AGA9/ ?IS OV]T EXTORTION R+4 ,9 #agfh ! %]IFF ( ,ORANGE ,C\NTY 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ANN\NC$ ?AT RA!R ?AN GO >\ND ! C\NTY TO COLLECT TAXES1 HE W\LD GO TO ONLY FIVE PLACES 9 ! C\NTY1 TO :I* ! F>M]S W]E OBLIG$1 (T5 AT CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES1 TO TRAVEL TO PAY HIM4 ,?OSE :O FAIL$ TO MAKE ! J\RNEY W\LD BE P5ALIZ$4 ,?IS ANN\NCEM5T1 C\PL$ ) ! NEWS ?AT ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD JU/ ALLOTT$ ,G,B,P#a#e1 TO BUILD A NEW GUB]NATORIAL PALACE1 WAS ! LA/ /RAW4 ,F>M]S MOBILIZ$ & =M$ 0ASSOCIATIONS0--A MILITIA T]M-- TO 0REGULATE0 OR RE=M ! SY/EM1 FLATLY REFUS+ TO PAY ANY MORE TAXES UNTIL ! C\R?\SE GANGS PROVID$ AN OP5 PUBLIC ACC\NT+ ( C\NTY F9ANCES--A DEM& ?AT ! MAGI/RATES DULY DECL9$4 

,HAV+ 5DUR$ ALL !Y C\LD TAKE1 ,REGULATORS 9 #agg 9VAD$ ! C\NTY SEAT ( ,ORANGE ,C\NTY1 REMOV$ ! JU/ICES1 & SIMPLY TRI$ CASES ON ! DOCKET !MSELVES1 :]EUPON ! ,ASSEMBLY PASS$ A RIOT ACT1 =BIDD+ GA!R+S ( T5 OR MORE P]SONS4 ,IF ?OSE TAK+ P>T 9 A GA!R+ ( T5 OR MORE REFUS$ TO DISP]SE :5 ORD]$1 !Y C\LD BE %OT \TRI<T4 ,:5 ! ,REGULATORS PROTE/$1 ! GOV]NOR ORGANIZ$ A MILIT>Y =CE :OSE (FIC]S CAME FROM ! G5TRY BUT :OSE UNRULY RANK-&-FILE REFUS$ TO FOLL[1 AGREE+ TO DO SO ONLY UPON ! (F] ( A B\NTY4 ,!Y 9FLICT$ A HUMILIAT+ DEFEAT ON ! ,REGULATORS AT ! T[N ( ,ALAMANCE1 DUE MA9LY TO ! LACK ( COMPET5T LEAD]%IP AMONG ! LATT]4 

,:]EAS SOME ( ! TIDEWAT] G5TRY :O HAD F\<T AT ,ALAMANCE W5T ON TO BECOME MAJOR ,:IG LEAD]S 9 ! PROV9CE1 MANY BACKC\NTRY F>M]S1 9 TURN1 BECAME 9T5SELY PRO-,BRITI%4 ,O!RS :O W\LD HAVE FAVOR$ ! PATRIOT CAUSE RAIS$ DEM&S = DEMOCRATIC RE=M1 SU* AS ! TRANSF] ( C\NTY C\RTS TO EI<TE5 0SELECTM50 ELECT$ BY :ITE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE2 /ILL O!RS DEM&$ AN UNRE/RICT$ SUFFRAGE = ALL FREEM5 & ! POPUL> ELECTION ( CL]KS & %]IFFS4 ,NONE ( !SE DEM&S1 H[EV]1 CAME TO ANY?+2 IF1 9 LAT] YE>S1 ! /ATE CON/ITUTION ULTIMATELY 9CORPORAT$ SOME ,REGULATOR DEM&S1 IT FAIL$ TO 9AUGURATE RESPONSIBLE LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! OLD C\R?\SE CABALS REMA9$ 9TACT1 & JU/ICES ( ! PEACE 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A W]E /ILL APPO9T$ BY ! GOV]NOR4 

,9 ,VIRG9IA1 ! SEABO>D PLANT]S & ! YEOM5 9 ! 9T]IOR WAG$ A CONT9UAL /RUGGLE OV] ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT W\LD EM]GE FROM ! ,REVOLUTION1 :ILE 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 AS ! ,BE>DS OBS]VE4 

SLAVE-[N]S ( ! L[L&S & M]*ANTS ( ! T[NS 5GAG$ 9 ALMO/ DAILY CONTE/S ) ME*ANICS FROM ! %OPS & F>M]S FROM ! BACK C\NTRY4444 ,SO ?REAT5+ 9 FACT WAS ! M5ACE--A GR\P ( 0LEVEL]S0 B5T ON OV]?R[+ ! >I/OCRACY ( 0WEAL? & TAL5TS0--?AT ! NOTABLES ( ! /ATE HAD TO EX]CISE CONSID]ABLE SKILL 9 SAV+ !IR PRIVILEGES & PRE/IGE4 ,ACROSS ! BORD] 9 ,GEORGIA ! SOCIAL BATTLE BETWE5 CONS]VATIVES & RADICALS WAS C>RI$ TO SU* A PIT* ?AT 9 A MOM5T ( BITT] RIVALRY ! PATRIOT P>TY C\LD BOA/ ( TWO LEGISLATURES & TWO EXECUTIVES4.<#a#h#g.> 

,B,A,C,K,C,\,N,T,R,Y ,P,A,T,R,I,O,T,S 

,NO LESS 9TRANSIG5T W]E BACKC\NTRY F>M]S 9 ,M>YL& & ,P5NSYLVANIA1 :]E RADICALS F\ND ?AT ! WEAL?Y ELITES :O CON/ITUT$ ! ,:IG RESI/ANCE MOV$ TOO SL[LY AGA9/ ! ,BRITI%1 DELAY+ OR EV5 IMP$+ ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,RA!R ?AN SID+ ) ! ,BRITI%1 AS 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 ! BACKC\NTRY F>M]S US$ ! OPPORTUNITY PRES5T$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION TO BREAK ) ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM ( POLITICAL PRIVILEGE &1 >MS 9 H&1 ACQUIRE LONG-S\<T RI<TS4 

,BE=E ! RUPTURE ) ,BRITA91 ,M>YL&'S COLONIAL ASSEMBLY HAD CONSI/$ ( L>GE L&[N]S & SLAVEHOLD+ TOBACCO PLANT]S1 :OSE BASE WAS 9 ! CAPITAL1 ,ANNAPOLIS1 & G5]ALLY 9 ,ANN ,>UNDEL ,C\NTY4 ,BUT MORE & MORE ( ! SETTL]S MOV+ 9TO NOR?WE/]N ,M>YL& W]E ,SCOTTI% ,PRESBYT]IAN YEOM5 F>M]S1 DIFF]+ FROM ! E/ABLI%$ ,EPISCOPALIAN G5TRY 9 BO? E?NICITY & RELIGION4 ,URBAN SUPPORT = !SE F>M]S CAME FROM ! CITY ( ,BALTIMORE1 FILL$ ) ITS RE/LESS POPULATION ( ME*ANICS1 :OM ! ,M>YL& ,ASSEMBLY DISDA9FULLY REFUS$ TO GRANT A CITY *>T] ?AT W\LD HAVE GIV5 IT EV5 A MODICUM ( SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,FROM #agbi TO #a#g#h#f1 ,BALTIMORE WAS GOV]N$ BY COMMISSION]S :O W]E PICK$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,NOT A S+LE LOCAL (FICIAL WAS ELECT$4 

,) ! ADV5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,BALTIMOREANS SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO /RIKE A BL[ AGA9/ ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,DUR+ ! ,/AMP ,ACT CRISIS1 MEMB]S ( ! ,ME*ANICAL ,COMPANY =M$ ! CORE ( ! ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY 9 ,BALTIMORE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! /RONGE/ IMPETUS = LOCAL DEMOCRATIZATION CAME FROM ! MILITIA3 SPECIFICALLY1 ! ,BALTIMORE ,ME*ANICAL ,VOLUNTE] ,COMPANY1 :OSE PRIVATES W]E ELECT+ !IR (FIC]S 9 #a#g#g#e4 ,! MILITIA WAS ALSO ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/ITUTION 9 POLITICIZ+ ! ME*ANICS4 ,:5 CITIZ5S ( ,BALTIMORE SUBSEQU5TLY *OSE ,COMMITTEES ( ,9SPECTION & ,OBS]VATION TO 5=CE ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION1 !Y CREAT$ AN EMBRYONIC MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T & = ! FIR/ TIME PROVID$ ! T[NSPEOPLE ) A TA/E ( HOME RULE4 

,BUT 9 ,ANNAPOLIS1 ! ,:IG LEAD]S :O CONTROLL$ ! PROV9CIAL REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T W]E CONS]VATIVES--9DE$1 SOME EV5 WANT$ A RECONCILIATION ) ,BRITA9--&1 L$ BY WEAL?Y PLANT]S & LAWY]S SU* AS ,*>LES ,C>ROLL ( ,C>ROLLTON1 !Y DIFF]$ LITTLE 9 SOCIAL /ATUS & WEAL? FROM ! ROYAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,!SE CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS MADE UP ! ,BALTIMORE & ,ANNAPOLIS ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE & ! PROV9CIAL ,C\NCIL ( ,SAFETY1 :O CALL$ ! PROV9CIAL CONV5TIONS & DOM9AT$ !IR SESSIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 A FURI\S PATRIOT ,G5]AL ,LEE WAS OBLIG$ TO TURN TO ! RADICAL ,BALTIMORE COMMITTEE--MADE UP MA9LY ( >TISANS--TO *ALL5GE ! ,PROV9CIAL ,COMMITTEE & OPPOSE ! GOV]NOR'S B>ELY DISGUIS$ SUPPORT = ! ,BRITI%4 

,NOR DID ! BACKC\NTRY F>M]S ( ,M>YL& BECOME LOYALI/S4 ,AL?\< !Y HAD BE5 GROSSLY UND]REPRES5T$ 9 ! COLONIAL ASSEMBLY & !IR RES5TM5TS MI<T WELL HAVE 9CL9$ !M T[>D ! ,BRITI%1 MANY ( !IR LOCAL COMMITTEES ISSU$ RESOLVES 9 FAVOR ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !SE =M]S /RONG PATRIOTS1 BUT !Y HAD LITTLE PATI5CE ) ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,:IGS 9 ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION1 :]E DEBATES W]E (T5 KEPT SECRET FROM ! PUBLIC4 ,! MO/ DECISIVE FACTOR ?AT SEEMS TO HAVE RALLI$ ! ,BALTIMORE ME*ANICS & BACKWOODS F>M]S AGA9/ !SE OLIG>*S1 H[EV]1 WAS ! FEET ?AT ! ,M>YL& ,:IGS SEEM$ TO FOVOR A RECONCILIATION ) ,BRITA94 ,! ,FR$]ICK ,C\NTY COMMITTEE = ! ME*ANICS & F>M]S BLUNTLY DECL>$ ?AT ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION WAS 09COMPET5T TO ! EXIG5CIES ( ! PROV9CE & DANG]\S TO \R LIB]TIES40.<#a#h#h.> ,NOT UNTIL ,JUNE #b#h1#a#g#g#f1 UND] /RONG PRESSURE FROM ,BALTIMORE RADICALS & BACKC\NTRY PATRIOTS1 DID ! CONV5TION 9/RUCT ,M>YL&'S DELEGATES TO ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS TO VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE4 

,AS TO ! NEW CONV5TION ?AT WAS TO BE HELD ON ,AUGU/ #a 9 ORD] TO DRAFT A /ATE CON/ITUTION1 ! BACKC\NTRY MILITIA DECL>$ ?AT :E!R !Y MET ! PROP]TY QUALIFICATION OR NOT1 !Y HAD ! RI<T TO VOTE = DELEGATES S9CE !Y HAD 0>M$ 9 DEF5SE ( ! C\NTRY40 ,AL?\< ?IS PR9CIPLE GUID$ ! ,FR$]ICK ,C\NTY VOT]S 9 ELECT+ !IR DELEGATES1 ! CONV5TION REFUS$ TO SEAT !M4 ,IT F9ALLY ADOPT$ A CON/ITUTION ?AT WAS BAS$ ON ! TYPICALLY CONS]VATIVE 0*ECKS & BALANCES0 MODEL ?AT PRES]V$ ! POLITICAL PRIVILEGES ( ! ELITES4 ,BUT 9 #a#g#g#g1 ! ,BALTIMORE RADICALS =M$ ! EXTRALEGAL C\NT]VAIL+ ,BALTIMORE ,:IG ,CLUB TO EXPRESS !IR DISSATISFACTION ) ! CONS]VATISM ( ! NEW /ATE GOV]NM5T & VIGOR\SLY PRESS$ IT TO H>RY ,TORIES FROM ! L&4 

,P,5,N,S,Y,L,V,A,N,I,A ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,UND\BT$LY ! MO/ RADICAL &1 = A TIME1 ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9T]NAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,AM]ICAN PROV9CES OCCURR$ 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 :]E BACKWOODS YEOM5 F\<T FURI\SLY NOT ONLY TO A*IEVE 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,BRITA9 BUT TO TAKE POLITICAL P[] FROM ! ,QUAK] & O!R OLIG>*S 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,:ILE ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,AM]ICA & ,BRITA9 OV]%AD[$ 9T]NAL CONFLICTS 9 MANY ( ! O!R COLONIES1 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA 9T]NAL CONFLICTS ULTIMATELY EV5 SUP]S$$ ! CONFLICT = 9DEP5D5CE 9 IMPORTANCE4 ,! ,REVOLUTION RADICALLY TRANS=M$ ,P5NSYLVANIANS FROM P>O*IAL & DOCILE FREEM5 :O B[$ TO !IR CULTURAL & SOCIAL BETT]S 9TO COSMOPOLITAN1 CONT5TI\S CITIZ5S4 ,MORE ?AN ANY O!R PROV9CE1 ,P5NSYLVANIA WAS TORN BY A G5U9E CLASS W>4 

,ON PAP]1 ,P5NSYLVANIA'S *>T] ( #a#g#a1 GRANT$ BY ,WILLIAM ,P5N1 HAD PROVID$ ! COLONY ) A RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T3 ANNUAL ELECTIONS1 AN UPP] H\SE ( ONLY LIMIT$ P[]S1 & AN ASSEMBLY ) A WIDE RANGE ( LEGISLATIVE P[]S4 ,9 ! BACKC\NTRY1 MOREOV]1 WE/]N ,P5NSYLVANIANS HAD F> LESS TO COMPLA9 AB\T ?AN HAD ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,C>OL9AS4 ,P5NSYLVANIA'S YEOMAN F>M]S HAD1 IF NOT T[N MEET+S1 AT LEA/ RELATIVELY RESPONSIVE LOCAL GOV]NM5T3 ! CITIZ5S ELECT$ !IR [N %]IFFS1 ! JU/ICES ( ! PEACE AS WELL AS ! MEMB]S ( C\NTY BO>DS :O LEVI$ !IR LOCAL TAXES4 ,NOR WAS ! VOT+ FRAN*ISE N>R[2 RA!R1 9 ! WE/ ! SUFFRAGE WAS SO BROAD & L& SO ABUNDANT ?AT NE>LY EV]Y F>M] ( :ATEV] E?NICITY HAD ! REQUISITE FREEHOLD TO QUALIFY = ! VOTE4 

,YET 9 PRACTICE1 ,P5NSYLVANIA AT ! PROV9CIAL LEVEL WAS AS OLIG>*ICAL AS ,NOR? ,C>OL9A4 ,AS LATE AS #a#g#g#d1 ,QUAK] M]*ANTS & LAWY]S ESS5TIALLY RUL$ ! COLONY BY MEANS ( TWO DEVICES4 ,ONE WAS A SUFFRAGE BAS$ ON A HI< PROP]TY QUALIFICATION = RESID5TS ( ! CITY ( ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,UNLIKE ! SUFFRAGE 9 ! WE/1 ?IS RE/RICTION EXCLUD$ MO/ L[]-CLASS 9HABITANTS ( ! CITY1 SO ?AT ONLY AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ! :ITE MALES C\LD VOTE4 ,SECOND1 ! ,PHILADELPHIA ELITE SAW TO IT ?AT ! WE/]N 9HABITANTS W]E GROSSLY UND]REPRES5T$ 9 ! COLONIAL ASSEMBLY4 ,AL?\< ! ,QUAK]S MADE UP ONLY ONE-T5? ( ! COLONY'S POPULATION1 !Y CONTROLL$ MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! ASSEMBLY REPRES5TATION4 ,9 #agg ! ORIG9AL EA/]N C\NTIES ( ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,BUCKS1 & ,*E/] & ! CITY ( ,PHILADELPHIA S5T A COMB9$ TW5TY-F\R REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,ASSEMBLY1 :ILE ! FIVE WE/]N C\NTIES S5T ONLY T54 ,! EV] MORE NUM]\S WE/]N]S CONT9UALLY PETITION$ ! ,ASSEMBLY TO GA9 REPRES5TATION PROPORTIONATE TO !IR NUMB]S1 BUT ! ,QUAK]S CONSI/5TLY D5I$ !IR PETITIONS LE/ REAPPORTIONM5T CO/ !M !IR POLITICAL CONTROL4 ,AT TIMES :51 UND] PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y C\LD NO LONG] AVOID ADMITT+ REPRES5TATION TO A NEWLY CREAT$ C\NTY1 ! OLIG>*Y W\LD DRAW ITS BORD]S MU* L>G] ?AN ! D5SELY POPULAT$ EA/]N C\NTIES1 & ALLOT IT ONLY A FEW REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9ASMU* AS REPRES5TATION WAS BAS$ ON A C\NTY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS >EA OR DEMOGRAPHIC NUMB]S1 WE/]N DELEGATES 9CREAS$ ONLY SLI<TLY 9 NUMB]1 EV5 ?\< !IR POT5TIAL CON/ITU5TS GREW RAPIDLY OV] TIME4 ,ANO!R S\RCE ( WE/]N DISCONT5T WAS ! FACT ?AT ! ,QUAK] ,ASSEMBLY REFUS$ TO AID ! WE/]N]S 9 !IR BACKC\NTRY W>S ) ! ,9DIANS4 ,! PACIFISM ( ! ,QUAK]S 5RAG$ ! FRONTI]SM51 :O1 AS 9 WE/]N ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 W]E ALSO E?NICALLY & RELIGI\SLY DIFF]5T FROM ! COA/AL ELITES-- PRIM>ILY ,SCOT*-,IRI% ,PRESBYT]IANS & ,G]MAN RELIGI\S DISSID5TS RA!R ?AN ,5GLI%4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD W]E V]Y TRANQUIL 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA4 ,! ,BRITI% IMP]IAL POLICIES ?AT \TRAG$ O!R PROV9CES HAD LEFT ! LOCAL1 PRESUMABLY PACIFI/1 ,QUAK] ELITE REM>KABLY UNRUFFL$4 ,9DE$1 ! ,P5NSYLVANIA LEGISLATURE WAS ! ONLY MAJOR ASSEMBLY 9 ,BRITI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ?AT 5GAG$ 9 NO %>P CONTROV]SY ) ! M9I/RY DUR+ ! YE>S BETWE5 ! PASSAGE ( ! ,/AMP ,ACT 9 #agfe & ! ,9TOL]ABLE ,ACTS 9 #a#g#g#d4 ,! ,P5NSYLVANIA ELITE MAY HAVE CONSID]$ !SE BREA*ES TO BE AFFAIRS ( ! ROYAL COLONIES2 AFT] ALL1 ,P5NSYLVANIA REMA9$ A PROPRIET>Y COLONY1 TE*NICALLY A POSSESSION ( ! ,P5N FAMILY & NOT ( ! ,CR[N4 ,AL?\< ,PHILADELPHIANS =M$ AN EFFECTIVE COMMITTEE DUR+ ! ,/AMP ,ACT CRISIS1 TO RESI/ ! ,ACT1 & HELD A NUMB] ( DEMON/RATIONS1 CITIZ5 PROTE/S W]E MILD COMP>$ ) ! FUROR ?AT ! ,ACT >\S$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK & ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,L$ MO/ NOTABLY BY ! M]*ANT ,*>LES ,?OMSON1 ,P5NSYLVANIANS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,T[N%5D ,ACT BOYCOTT 9 ,M>* #a#g#f#i1 ELECT+ A ,COMMITTEE TO 5=CE IT4 

,9 #a#g#g1 ,?OMSON1 CALL$ BY ,JOHN ,ADAMS ! 0,SAM ,ADAMS ( ,P5NSYLVANIA10 =M$ A FACTION ON ! COMMITTEE ?AT WAS COMMITT$ TO E>NE/LY RESI/+ IMP]IAL POLICY4 ,?IS FACTION BO? HELP$ & WAS HELP$ BY A GR[+ >TICULATE & UNIT$ ME*ANIC CLASS 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#g1 H[EV]1 ! ,P5NSYLVANIA M]*ANT ,:IGS1 LIKE !IR FELL[ IMPORT]S 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 UNILAT]ALLY AB&ON$ ! NONIMPORTATION BOYCOTT ( ! ,T[N%5D DUTIES4 ,! ME*ANICS' SPOKESM5 D5\NC$ ! M]*ANT ,:IGS = ?IS BETRAYAL2 S9CE ! BOYCOTT AFFECT$ ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 !Y >GU$1 ALL 0TRADESM5 7M]*ANTS & >TISANS.>1 F>M]S1 & O!R FREEM50 %\LD HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ANY DECISION ON MAK+ SU* A *ANGE4.<#a#h#i.> ,?IS ACT ( BETRAYAL DE/ROY$ ! M]*ANTS' REPUTATION AMONG ! POLITICALLY ACTIVE COMMUNITY ( ! PROV9CE1 :I* CEAS$ TO LOOK TO !M = LEAD]%IP4 

,CLE>LY A NEW1 MORE RADICAL SET ( LEAD]S & 9/ITUTIONS WAS NE$$4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,?OMSON MOBILIZ$ A NEW RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T 9 ! CITY'S NEI<BORHOODS1 & BY ,NOVEMB] #aggc ! PATRIOT FACTION =M$ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,TW5TY-F\R TO RESI/ ! PASSAGE ( ! ,TEA ,ACT1 :OSE MEMB]S 9CLUD$ ! CORE PATRIOT SPOKESM5 AT ?IS TIME3 ,*>LES ,?OMSON1 ,?OMAS ,MIFFL91 & ,JOSEPH ,RE$4 ,AL?\< ! MEMB]S ( ?IS COMMITTEE W]E LESS AFFLU5T ?AN ANY E/ABLI%$ ,P5NSYLVANIA COMMITTEE1 !Y 9CREAS+LY DEF9$ ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T MORE 9 IDEOLOGICAL RA!R ?AN ECONOMIC T]MS4 ,9 #a#g#g#d1 T[NSPEOPLE MILITANTLY REFUS$ TO ALL[ ! ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY'S TEA TO BE UNLOAD$ 9 ! ,CITY ( ,BRO!RLY ,LOVE2 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ! COMMITTEE'S EF=TS1 A L>GE NUMB] ( ,PHILADELPHIANS HAD MOV$ FROM A RESIGN$ ACCEPTANCE ( ALL ,BRITI% AU?ORITY TO OPPOSITION TO ! IMP]IAL POLICIES4 ,9 TIME1 MO/ ( ! LEAD+ WEAL?Y FAMILIES ( ! CITY1 9CLUD+ M]*ANTS1 LAWY]S1 & LIB]AL MEMB]S ( ! ,QUAK] OLIG>*Y1 CAME TO FAVOR ! ,:IG CAUSE1 BUT ! ,:IGS W]E /ILL %>PLY DIVID$ OV] H[ F> TO C>RY RESI/ANCE TO ,BRITI% IMP]IAL POLICY4 ,:ILE CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS FAVOR$ A CAUTI\S & LEGAL APPROA*1 ! RADICALS FAVOR$ BOLD & EXTRALEGAL ACTION1 ) ! RESULT ?AT BETWE5 #aggd & #a#g#g#g1 ! CONS]VATIVE & RADICAL FACTIONS BEGAN TO OP5LY /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R = CONTROL ( ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 BETWE5 ,MAY #aggd & ,JULY #a#g#g#f1 ! NEW COMMITTEES ?AT SPRANG UP 9 ! CITY NOT ONLY REFLECT$ ?IS /RUGGLE BUT GAVE ! CITIZ5RY DRAMATIC EXP]I5CE 9 SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,AS ,RI*>D ,ALAN ,RY]SON PO9TS \T1 ?IS MOVEM5T 

QUIETLY WORK$ A REVOLUTION 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA POLITICS4 ,9 !SE TW5TY-SIX MON?S MORE ?AN #ah ,PHILADELPHIANS S]V$ ON CIVILIAN COMMITTEES2 ANO!R HUNDR$ SAT ON ! CITY MILITIA'S ,COMMITTEE ( ,PRIVATES4 ,9 RURAL ,P5NSYLVANIA1 ANO!R ?\S& P]SONS W]E COMMITTEEM5 ON CIVILIAN BO>DS ALONE4 ,P]HAPS #i P]C5T ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS HAD NEV] BE=E HELD PUBLIC (FICE4 ,! COMMITTEES REVOLUTIONIZ$ ,P5NSYLVANIA POLITICS NOT ONLY BY :AT !Y PLANN$1 SAID1 & DID1 BUT BY :AT !Y W]E4.<#a#i.> 

,9 ,MAY #a#g#g#d1 WORD ( ! CLOS+ ( ! PORT ( ,BO/ON SPREAD TO ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,:5 ,PAUL ,REV]E RODE 9TO ,PHILADELPHIA BE>+ AN APPEAL FROM ! ,BO/ON ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE = ! CITY'S SUPPORT1 HE WAS GREET$ 5?USIA/ICALLY NOT ONLY BY ! RADICAL ,:IGS BUT BY ! COMMITTEES1 :O AGRE$ TO SUPPORT ! CITY4 ,ON ,JUNE #a1 ! DAY ! PORT WAS TO BE %UT D[N1 RADICAL COMMITTEEM5 TRI$ TO MOBILIZE ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 &1 AS A PUBLIC %[ ( SUPPORT = ,BO/ON1 ,?OMSON CALL$ A 0SOLEMN PAUSE0 9 :I* ALL REGUL> BUS9ESS WAS SUSP5D$ SO ?AT CITIZ5S C\LD 0POND]0 ! IMP]IAL CRISIS4 ,?OMSON1 9 EFFECT1 HAD CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,TYPICALLY1 ! ,QUAK]S REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE1 BUT MO/ ,PHILADELPHIANS CLOS$ !IR %OPS1 & *UR* BELLS RANG \T = ! 5TIRE DAY4 

,9 ANTICIPATION ( ! UPCOM+ ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS1 :I* WAS TO MEET 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,N9ETE5 DEM&$ ?AT ,GOV]NOR ,?OMAS ,P5N CALL ! ,P5NSYLVANIA ,ASSEMBLY 9TO SESSION SO ?AT IT C\LD *OOSE DELEGATES = ! ,CONGRESS1 BUT ! /UBBORN ,P5N REFUS$1 :]EUPON ! COMMITTEE CALL$ A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY ON ,JUNE #ah ?AT ELECT$ A L>G] ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE ?AT WAS EMP[]$1 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY'S /EAD1 TO CALL A PROV9CIAL CONV5TION TO ELECT ! DELEGATES4 ,?IS COMMITTEE S5T \T A LETT] TO ALL ! C\NTIES 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 URG+ !M TO =M COMMITTEES ( !IR [N4 ,! MEMB]S1 !Y ADVIS$1 %\LD BE *OS5 BY CITIZ5S 9 EV]Y DI/RICT & T[N%IP 9 ! C\NTY4 ,!SE C\NTY COMMITTEES1 9 TURN1 W]E ASK$ TO S5D DELEGATES TO ! PROV9CIAL CONV5TION1 :I* W\LD !N *OOSE DELEGATES TO ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS4 

,?US1 BETWE5 ,JUNE & ,JULY1 ) ! HELP ( ,PHILADELPHIA RADICALS1 A COMPREH5SIVE COMMITTEE SY/EM WAS CREAT$ ?AT ESS5TIALLY COORD9AT$ ! RESI/ANCE EF=T ?R\<\T ! PROV9CE4 ,P5NSYLVANIANS =M$ LOCAL COMMITTEES & ASSEMBL$ DELEGATES AT ! PROV9CIAL CONV5TION ) SU* EAG]NESS ?AT ONE CAN ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT !IR DI/RU/ ( ! ,ASSEMBLY'S ABILITY TO H&LE ! CRISIS MU/ HAVE BE5 5ORM\S4 ,! M5 !Y ELECT$ TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION MET ON ,JULY #a#e1 #a#g#g#d1 PASS$ RESOLVES AGA9/ ALL ! ABUSES ( ,BRITI% IMP]IAL POLICY1 VOT$ TO JO9 ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION1 & *OSE DELEGATES TO ! ,CONGRESS4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 REALIZ+ ?AT ! SITUATION MI<T WELL SLIP \T ( HIS & ! ,ASSEMBLY'S CONTROL4 ,GOV]NOR ,P5N DECID$ TO CALL ! ,ASSEMBLY 9TO SESSION AFT] ALL4 ,DOM9AT$ BY CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS1 ! ,ASSEMBLY MET AT ! SAME TIME AS ! RADICALS' ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION2 9DE$1 ,P5NSYLVANIA WAS ! ONLY COLONY :]E RIVAL ASSEMBLIES MET SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,! (FICIAL ,ASSEMBLY'S AIM WAS TO KEEP RESI/ANCE ACTIVITIES LEGAL3 IT IGNOR$ ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION'S EXTRALEGAL RESOLVES & ACTIVITIES & *OSE ITS [N DELEGATES TO ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS4 ,L$ BY ,JOSEPH ,GALL[AY1 !SE DELEGATES W]E DI/9CTLY CONS]VATIVE 9 \TLOOK1 & W]E GIV5 NO 9/RUCTIONS TO VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,PROVOCATIVELY1 ,GALL[AY DECL>$ ?AT ! COMPET+ EXTRALEGAL ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION HAD NO P[] :ATEV] & W\LD ONLY SET UP 0AN>*Y ABOVE ORD]40 ,?IS /ATEM5T 9FURIAT$ ! YEOM5 F>M]S1 :O RAIS$ AN \TCRY = ! COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ! PROV9CE'S POLITICAL /RUCTURE4 ,! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION1 !Y >GU$1 WAS LEGITIMATE EV5 ?\< IT WAS EXTRACON/ITUTIONAL1 &1 F> FROM BE+ AN>*IC1 ITS MEET+S W]E CONDUCT$ ) SCRUPUL\S ATT5TION TO PROC$URE1 S9CE ! DELEGATES BELIEV$ F]V5TLY 9 ! IMPORTANCE ( EXPRESS+ ! POPUL> WILL 9 PROP] =M4 ,NOR W]E ! RADICALS AV]SE TO HE>+ OPPOS+ VIEWS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E COMMITT$ TO DEBATE & S\<T TO 9VOLVE EV]YONE 9 ! G5]AL DISCUSSIONS4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 :5 ! FIR/ ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS MET 9 ,PHILADELPHIA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#g#d1 ! DELEGATES ASSEMBL$ 9 ,C>P5T]S' ,HALL1 A POPUL> COMMITTEE MEET+ PLACE1 9/EAD ( ! ,/ATE ,H\SE1 ! V5UE ( ! CONS]VATIVES4 ,AFT] ! ,CONGRESS VOT$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION & RECOMM5D$ ! =MATION ( COMMITTEES TO 5=CE IT1 ,PHILADELPHIA ELECT$ A RADICAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,OBS]VATION & ,9SPECTION ?AT HAD LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 5=C+ NON9T]C\RSE ) ,BRITA91 S9CE ! BOYCOTT WAS ALREADY V]Y POPUL> 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,DUR+ ! NEXT FEW YE>S1 :5EV] ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,COMMITTEE FAC$ ELECTIONS1 ! MEMB]S ?AT ! CITIZ5RY RETURN$ W]E EV] MORE ZEAL\S1 EV] Y\NG]1 EV] MORE RADICAL & EV] MORE ( ME*ANIC-CLASS ORIG9S4 ,9 TIME1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES BECAME ! REAL GOV]NM5T ( ! COLONY4 

,AFT] ! ,BATTLE ( ,LEX+TON & ,CONCORD 9 ,APRIL #a#g#g#e1 :5 MILITIAS W]E MOBILIZ$ 9 ALL ! ,AM]ICAN PROV9CES1 ALL C\NTIES ( ,P5NSYLVANIA =M$ VOLUNT>Y MILITIA UNITS1 CALL$ ,ASSOCIATIONS1 UND] ! AUSPICES ( EA* LOCAL COMMITTEE4 ,AL?\< !Y ACT$ ) NO LEGAL F\NDATION1 ! ,ASSOCIATION MILITIAS DRILL$ 9T5SIVELY & GREW RAPIDLY1 SO ?AT BY ,MAY #a !RE W]E MORE ?AN ?IRTY COMPANIES 9 ,PHILADELPHIA ALONE1 ASIDE FROM ! BACKC\NTRY1 :I* MU/]$ ITS [N COMPANIES ) EQUAL ZEAL4 ,:]EV] ! COMMITTEE MOVEM5T OP5$ ! WAY = POLITICAL ACTIVITY BY ! ME*ANICS1 ! MILITIA MOVEM5T BR\<T 9 /ILL POOR] >TISANS1 J\RNEYM51 APPR5TICES1 DAYLABOR]S1 & EV5 S]VANTS4 ,SU* PRIVATES W]E NOT TO ! TA/E ( ! ,ASSEMBLY ,:IGS1 :O DISDA9$ !M AS 09 G5]AL DAMN'D RIFF RAFF--DIRTY1 MUT9\S1 DISAFFECT$40.<#a#i#a.> 

,FROM ! />T1 ! RADICALISM ( ! ,P5NSYLVANIA MILITIAM5 ASSUM$ A HI<LY MILITANT =M2 9DE$1 NO LONG] A 0MOB10 !Y W]E N[ ORGANIZ+ POLITICALLY AS WELL AS MILIT>ILY4 ,DEEPLY COMMITT$ TO ! PRES]VATION ( !IR COMMUNITIES & !IR LIB]TIES1 !Y OPPOS$ ALL ?OSE :O RESI/$ !IR RI<TS 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA AT LEA/ AS MU* AS !Y OPPOS$ ,BRITI% IMP]IAL POLICY4 ,LIKE ! ,M>YL& RADICALS1 0! POLITICAL PROC$URES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL COMPANIES FO/]$ A SPIRIT ( DEMOCRACY10 AS ,ELI%A ,D\GLASS OBS]VES4 ,POLITICAL DEBATES AMONG ! ,ASSOCIATORS--AS ! ,P5NSYLVANIA MILITIAM5 W]E CALL$--WAS 9T5SE3 ! UN$UCAT$ SOLDI]S LE>N$ FROM ! RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS !Y MET 9 ! RANKS1 & PRIVATES ELECT$ ! JUNIOR (FIC]S & EV5 SOME ( ! S5IOR (FIC]S :O W]E TO COMM& !M4 0,! ASSOCIATIONS S]V$ AS A K9D ( S*OOL = DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES0.<#a#i#b.>--MU* LIKE ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,!IR COMMITM5T TO EGALIT>IANISM EV5 EXT5D$ TO UNI=MS2 AL?\< ! (FIC]S W]E DEM&+ ?AT !Y WE> EXP5SIVE & DI/9CTIVE UNI=MS1 ! ORD9>Y MILITIAM5 9 A ,MAY #agge BROADSIDE DECL>$ ?AT ALL SOLDI]S %\LD WE> *EAP HUNT+ %IRTS1 :I* W\LD 0LEVEL ALL DI/9CTIONS0 )9 ! RANKS4.<#a#i#c.> 

,PR\D ( !IR [N PATRIOTIC VIRTUE & S]VICE TO !IR COMMUNITY1 !SE M5 FELT /RONGLY ?AT S]VICE 9 ! MILITIA %\LD BE UNIV]SAL4 ,EV]Y ABLEBODI$ MAN1 !Y >GU$1 %\LD ASSOCIATE AS A MATT] ( CIVIC VIRTUE4 ,9CREAS+LY1 !Y DESPIS$ ?OSE :O REFUS$ TO ASSOCIATE AS OPPORTUNI/IC & SELF-9T]E/$1 SEEK+ ONLY TO PR(IT FROM ! W> ?AT O!RS W]E FI<T+4 ,9DE$1 A MAN'S WOR? WAS TO BE JUDG$1 !Y CONT5D$1 NOT BY HIS BIR? OR WEAL? BUT BY ! 9T5SITY ( HIS COMMITM5T TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IF A MAN C\LD NOT S]VE1 = :ATEV] REASON1 HE %\LD AT LEA/ MAKE SOME SIGNIFICANT F9ANCIAL PAYM5T TO UND]WRITE ?OSE :O DID4 

,A S\RCE ( P>TICUL> RES5TM5T = ! ,ASSOCIATORS WAS ! PACIFISM ( ! ,QUAK]S & ! PRIVILEGES ?IS IDEOLOGY CONF]R$ UPON !M1 AN IDEOLOGY = :I* ! CONS]VATIVE ,:IG ,ASSEMBLY EXHIBIT$ AN 9ORD9ATE DEGREE ( SOLICITUDE4 ,9DE$1 ! ,QUAK]S W]E EXEMPT NOT ONLY FROM S]V+ 9 ! MILITIAS BUT FROM PAY+ ANY TAXES TO SUPPORT !M4 ,! ,ASSOCIATORS VIEW$ ?IS EXEMPTION AS A DODGE BY :I* ! ,QUAK]S US$ !IR RELIGI\S SCRUPLES TO AVOID AID+ ! PATRIOT CAUSE1 A HO/ILITY ?AT WAS EXAC]BAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,QUAK] OLIG>*S [N$ SOME ( ! L>GE/ & WEAL?IE/ E/ATES 9 ! PROV9CE4 ,?US ! ,ASSOCIATORS /RONGLY FELT ?AT ! ,QUAK]S %\LD AT LEA/ BE TAX$--PREF]ABLY 9 PROPORTION TO ! PROP]TY !Y [N$--TO PAY ! SOLDI]S :O W]E PROTECT+ !IR COMMUNITY & TO SUPPORT !IR FAMILIES :ILE !Y W]E AWAY FROM !IR FIELDS4 ,TIME & AGA91 ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,COMMITTEE DEM&$ ?AT ! ,ASSEMBLY GU>ANTEE PAY = ! ,ASSOCIATORS1 :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY REPEAT$LY REBUFF$--AGA9 FE$+ ! RES5TM5TS ( ! BACKC\NTRY F>M]S4 

,ILL-FEEL+ T[>D ! ,ASSEMBLY'S FAILURES GREW1 AS IT HAD TO4 ,P]HAPS MORE ?AN 9 ANY O!R PROV9CE1 ! CONS]VATIVES ( ,P5NSYLVANIA W]E 9TRACTABLE AB\T MAK+ CONCESSIONS TO ?OSE :O W\LD *ALL5GE !IR RULE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,COMMITTEE CALL$ ANO!R ,PROV9CIAL ,CONV5TION1 :I* MET 9 E>LY #a#g#g#e1 TO PROTE/ ! TEPID WAY 9 :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS CONDUCT+ ! OPPOSITION TO ,BRITA94 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#g#g#e1 A L>GE NETWORK ( 9/ITUTIONS1 (T5 ) OV]LAPP+ MEMB]%IPS--! LOCAL ,COMMITTEES ( ,OBS]VATION & NEW ,COMMITTEES ( ,MILITIA ,(FIC]S1 EV5 ,COMMITTEES ( ,MILITIA ,PRIVATES1 SO R$OL5T ( ! ,LEVEL] AGITATORS A C5TURY & A HALF E>LI] 9 ,BRITA9--BEGAN TO FUNCTION AS ! REAL P[] 9 ! COLONY4 

,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PRIVATES WAS P>TICUL>LY MILITANT 9 DEM&+ SACRIFICES FROM ! ,QUAK]S4 ,ITS MEMB]S REFUS$ EV5 TO S]VE AS ,M9UTEM5 AS LONG AS ! ,QUAK]S W]E EXEMPT$ FROM BO? S]VICE & SPECIAL TAXATION1 A DECISION ! (FIC]S 5DORS$1 DECL>+ ?AT IT WAS 0UNREASONABLE0 TO EXPECT PRIVATES 0TO REMA9 9 ! FIELD1 :ILE A GREAT NUMB] ( M5 EQUALLY ABLE TO BE> >MS >E SUFF]$ TO REMA9 AT HOME40.<#a#i#d.> ,FUR!R1 ! (FIC]S NOT$ ?AT PEOPLE 

S9C]ELY & RELIGI\SLY SCRUPUL\S >E BUT FEW 9 COMP>ISON TO ?OSE :O UPON ?IS OCCASION1 AS WELL AS O!RS1 MAKE CONSCI5CE A CONV5I5CE2--?AT A V]Y CONSID]ABLE %>E ( ! PROP]TY ( ! PROV9CE IS 9 ! H&S ( PEOPLE PR(ESS+ TO BE ( T5D] CONSCI5CE 9 MILIT>Y MATT]S2 ?AT ! ASSOCIATORS ?9K IT EXTREMELY H>D ?AT !Y %\LD RISK !IR LIVES & 9JURE !IR =TUNES 9 DEF5SE ( ?OSE :O WILL NOT BE ( ! LEA/ ASSI/ANCE 9 ?IS GREAT /RUGGLE4.<#a#i#e.> 

,:5 ! CONS]VATIVE ,ASSEMBLY MET AGA9 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 ! PRIVATES DEM&$ ?AT IT TAX NON-,ASSOCIATORS 9 LIEU ( MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,AT L5G? ! ,ASSEMBLY GAVE 91 BUT EV5 9 MAK+ ?IS CONCESSION IT HUMILIAT$ ! ,ASSOCIATORS3 ! LEVY1 SOME FIFTY %ILL+S1 WAS NOT ONLY WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE BUT SEEM$ TO PLACE A PITIFULLY L[ PRICE ON PRIVATES :O W]E 5DANG]+ !IR LIVES 9 ! PATRIOT CAUSE4 ,GALL+LY1 IT EV5 /IPULAT$ ?AT ! PAY = ! SOLDI]S 9 ! TRA9+ P]IOD WAS TO BE DRAWN FROM POOR RELIEF RA!R ?AN FROM A SPECIAL FUND--ANO!R FLAGRANT 9SULT1 9ASMU* AS ! PRIVATES H>DLY SAW REMUN]ATION AS *>ITY & DEM&$ FULL SUPPORT = !IR 5TIRE T]M ( MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,ASSEMBLY 9SULT$ ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,ASSOCIATORS BY CONT9U+ TO D5Y !M ! RI<T TO VOTE4 ,! ,ASSOCIATORS CONSID]$ IT A SELFEVID5T TRU? ?AT EV]Y >M$ MAN :O WAS DEF5D+ ! PROV9CE %\LD HAVE ! FRAN*ISE1 REG>DLESS ( H[ MU* PROP]TY HE [N$ 79DE$1 EV5 IF HE RECEIV$ ALMS OR WAS A S]VANT OR T5ANT71 & REG>DLESS ( AGE4 ,DESPITE A RESOLVE BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PRIVATES TO ?IS EFFECT ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #a#g#g#f1 ! ,ASSEMBLY NOT ONLY D5I$ ITS REQUE/ BUT EV5 HAD ! EFFRONT]Y TO *OOSE (FIC]S = ! ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,AS ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PRIVATES DECL>$ TO ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ?OSE :O 0EXPOSE !IR LIVES 9 DEF5SE ( A C\NTRY1 %\LD BE ADMITT$ TO ! 5JOYM5T ( ALL ! RI<TS & PRIVILEGES ( A CITIZ5 ( ?AT C\NTRY :I* !Y HAVE DEF5D$ & PROTECT$40.<#a#i#f.> ,! ,ASSOCIATORS !REUPON OP5LY REPUDIAT$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,ASSEMBLY ALTOGE!R1 SETT+ ! /AGE = AN OP5 CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO CLA%+ AU?ORITIES4 

,DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,9TOL]ABLE ,ACTS ( #aggd & ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#g#g#f1 MO/ ( ! O!R COLONIES W]E ALREADY AT W> ) ,BRITA9 & HAD ALREADY %$ !IR COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS & ROYAL GOV]NORS1 :I* MEANT ALMO/ 9ESCAPABLY ?AT !Y W]E COMMITT$ TO 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! CONS]VATIVE ,P5NSYLVANIA COLONIAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ UND] ,BRITI% RULE1 /ILL HELD (FICE EV5 AS REVOLUTION>Y PASSIONS BOIL$ OV] AMONG ! CITIZ5RY4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! COLONIAL ,ASSEMBLY REFUSE TO PAY SOLDI]S ADEQUATELY BUT IT /ILL REFUS$ TO EXT5D ! FRAN*ISE TO !M &1 AS WE HAVE SE51 REFUS$ TO 9/RUCT ,P5NSYLVANIA'S DELEGATES TO VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS4 ,9DEP5D5CE N[ BECAME A CRUCIAL ISSUE 9 ! PROV9CE BECAUSE IT MEANT AN 5D TO ! EXI/+ COLONIAL GOV]NM5T AS WELL AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REPUBLIC4 ,9 %ORT1 >GUM5TS = 9DEP5D5CE 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA W]E ACTUALLY DIRECT ASSAULTS ON ! LEGITIMACY ( ! ,ASSEMBLY & E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5T BY ! SUPPORT]S ( COMMITTEE P[]4 ,! ONLY WAY TO SECURE ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE1 ! COMMITTEEM5 CONCLUD$1 WAS = ! PEOPLE TO RUN !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ,NO LONG] 9 REVOLT M]ELY AGA9/ ,BRITI% RULE1 !Y W]E CALL+ = A NEW POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORD] 9 ! COLONY ITSELF4 

,! ,ASSEMBLY PAT5TLY FE>$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL REVOLUTION MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 & ITS FE>S W]E ONLY HEI<T5$ AFT] ,PA9E'S ,COMMON ,S5SE APPE>$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#g#g#f4 ,ONE ( ! ,P5NSYLVANIA ,:IG LEAD]S1 ,JOHN ,DICK9SON1 :O HAD =M]LY WORK$ ) ! MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS1 N[ LAUD$ ! P[] ( ! K+ & ,P>LIAM5T AS 09DISP5SABLE TO PROTECT ! COLONIES FROM DISUNION & CIVIL W>40 ,)\T ! MON>*Y1 0! DEMOCRATIC P[]0 MI<T 0PRO/RATE ALL B>RI]S1 & 9VOLVE ! /ATE 9 RU940.<#a#i#g.> ,BESIDES1 ! ,:IGS >GU$1 !RE WAS NO NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T2 AFT] ALL1 !Y CONTROLL$ ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,:5 ! ,ASSEMBLY MET 9 ,MAY1 H[EV]1 IT ONCE AGA9 REFUS$ TO 9/RUCT ! DELEGATES TO VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! RADICALS N[ DECID$ TO REMOVE ! CONS]VATIVES FROM P[] BY =CE1 SEIZE SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! /ATE1 & E/ABLI% AN 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS MEET+ 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 MEAN:ILE1 WAS EM95TLY WILL+ TO HELP !M4 ,! ,CONGRESS HAD LOOK$ UPON ! ,P5NSYLVANIA ,ASSEMBLY'S OB/9ACY ) 9CREAS+ IMPATI5CE2 CLE>LY1 IF ,P5NSYLVANIA W]E EV] TO CA/ ITS VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE1 ITS DELEGATES W\LD HAVE TO BE UND] ! 9/RUCTIONS ( A DIFF]5T PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS ) ?IS SITUATION 9 M9D ?AT1 ON ,MAY #a1#a#g#g#f1 ,JOHN ,ADAMS PROPOS$ A RESOLUTION ?AT ?OSE PROV9CES ?AT HAD NOT YET ADOPT$ GOV]NM5TS 0SUFFICI5T TO ! EXIG5CIES ( !IR AFFAIRS0 %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO ADOPT SU* GOV]NM5T 0AS %ALL1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 BE/ CONDUCE TO ! HAPP9ESS & SAFETY ( !IR CON/ITU5TS 9 P>TICUL> & ,AM]ICA 9 G5]AL40.<#a#i#h.> ,NO GOV]NM5T ?AT /ILL HELD P[] UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ,BRITA9 C\LD BE CONSID]$ SATISFACTORY ANY LONG]2 NEW GOV]NM5TS %\LD BE =M$ ?AT D]IV$ !IR P[] FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ! ,CONGRESS'S ADVICE AM\NT$ TO A G5]AL RECOMM5DATION ?AT ! PROV9CES /ILL UND] ! OLD SY/EM ( COLONIAL GOV]NM5T UND]TAKE A REVOLUTION1 &1 S9CE ALL ! O!R PROV9CES HAD BY !N %$ !IR OLD GOV]NM5TS1 ! RECOMM5DATION WAS CLE>LY DIRECT$ AT ,P5NSYLVANIA4 

,ADAMS'S RESOLUTION WAS PASS$ ON ,MAY #a#e1 & A G5]AL MEET+ ( ,PHILADELPHIA 9HABITANTS ON ,MAY #ah US$ IT TO LEGITIMATE ! ABOLITION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! EXI/+ ,ASSEMBLY1 IT RESOLV$1 HAD NO RI<T TO =M A NEW /ATE GOV]NM5T1 S9CE ANY GOV]NM5T IT =M$ W\LD BE A MEANS 0( SUBJECT+ US & \R PO/]ITY TO GREAT] GRIEVANCES ?AN ANY WE HAVE HI!RTO EXP]I5C$40.<#a#i#i.> ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,COMMITTEE--N[ DIRECT$ BY ,TOM ,PA9E1 ,JAMES ,CANNON1 & ,DAVID ,RITT5H\SE--CALL$ = A ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION = ,P5NSYLVANIA TO BE HELD ! FOLL[+ MON? TO C>RY \T ! RESOLVE ( ,MAY #ae &1 9 A DEM& *E]$ BY ! F\R OR FIVE ?\S& PEOPLE :O ATT5D$ ! MEET+1 TO =M A NEW GOV]NM5T = ! PROV9CE4 

,! ,ASSEMBLY'S DAYS W]E QUICKLY RUNN+ \T4 ,= ITS ,JUNE #a MEET+ IT C\LD NOT EV5 ATTRACT A QUORUM ( MEMB]S1 & ON ,JUNE #ad ?OSE MEMB]S :O W]E PRES5T QUICKLY 9/RUCT$ ! DELEGATES TO VOTE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,COMMITTEES MET ON ,JUNE #ah & DECL>$ ! 5D ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CONF]5CE DIRECT$ ?AT ALL ADULT ASSOCIATORS & LEGAL VOT]S :O REPUDIAT$ LOYALTY TO ,BRITA9 BE ELIGIBLE TO VOTE = DELEGATES TO ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION1 :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO E/ABLI% A NEW GOV]NM5T1 0ON ! AU?ORITY ( ! PEOPLE ONLY40 ,NO UNREP5TANT ,TORY :O HAD ATTACK$ ?IS TAKEOV] ( P[] BY ! COMMITTEES C\LD VOTE1 & ! PEOPLE W]E URG$ TO M&ATE !IR DELEGATES ) 9/RUCTIONS ON H[ TO VOTE AT ! ,CONV5TION4 

,:5 ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION MET ON ,JULY #a#e1 #a#g#g#f1 ! MORE CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS DID NOT %[ UP1 !REBY AB&ON+ ! POLITICAL /AGE TO !IR RADICAL OPPON5TS4 ,! DELEGATES 9 ATT5DANCE W]E MA9LY F>M]S & >TISANS :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE ,ASSOCIATORS1 L$ *IEFLY BY ,PA9E1 ,RITT5H\SE1 ,CANNON1 & ,?OMAS ,Y\NG1 & ! CON/ITUTION !Y E/ABLI%$ WAS ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ?AT ANY ,AM]ICAN /ATE HAD CREAT$ UP TO ?AT TIME 7TO BE SURPASS$ ONLY BY ! ONE ?AT ,Y\NG SUBSEQU5TLY WROTE = ,V]MONT AFT] HE LEFT ,P5NSYLVANIA71 CLOSELY RESEMBL+ ! MODEL ?AT ,PA9E HAD RECOMM5D$ 9 ,COMMON ,S5SE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ITS PREAMBLE1 GOV]NM5T WAS TO HOLD P[] 0)\T P>TIALITY = OR PREJUDICE AGA9/ ANY P>TICUL> CLASS1 SECT OR D5OM9ATION ( M5 :ATEV]40.<#b.> ,!RE WAS TO BE ONLY A S+LE LEGISLATIVE *AMB] 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 RA!R ?AN TWO1 ELECT$ ANNUALLY BY CITIZ5S1 :OSE FRAN*ISE W\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ BY ANY PROP]TY QUALIFICATION4 ,EV]Y TAX-PAY+ FREEMAN OV] ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE C\LD BO? VOTE & HOLD (FICE4 ,! DOORS ( ! MEET+ PLACE ( ! ASSEMBLY HALL W]E TO BE OP5 TO ALL CITIZ5S AT ALL TIMES1 & BILLS PASS$ BY ! NEW ASSEMBLY W\LD NOT TAKE EFFECT UNTIL !Y HAD BE5 PUBLI%$ & !N APPROV$ BY ! NEXT ELECT$ ASSEMBLY--?AT IS1 UNTIL ! PEOPLE HAD EXPRESS$ !IR WILL ?R\< :AT APPROXIMAT$ A REF]5DUM4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ASSEMBLY !RE W\LD BE A ,SUPREME ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL ?AT HAD ONLY COORD9AT+ & ADM9I/RATIVE DUTIES1 *AIR$ BY A PRESID5T :O WAS M]ELY A FIR/ AMONG EQUALS4 ,ALL (FIC]S W]E TO BE 0S]VANTS444 AT ALL TIMES ACC\NTABLE0 TO ! PEOPLE4 ,! CON/ITUTION ALSO PROVID$ = ! CONT9UATION ( DEMOCRATIC LOCAL GOV]NM5T3 JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 %]IFFS1 CORON]S1 COMMISSION]S1 & TAX ASSESSORS W]E TO /ILL BE LOCALLY ELECT$4 

,ITS POPUL>ITY WAS IMM5SE2 AS ,LEMIS* PO9TS \T1 0,! PEOPLE *]I%$ !IR COPIES AS !Y DID ! ,BIBLE1 & !Y W\LD LAT] TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ITS DOME/IC OPPON5TS40.<#b#a.> ,AL?\< ! RADICAL CON/ITUTION W5T 9TO EFFECT1 ! /RUGGLE OV] ITS LEGITIMACY CONSUM$ /ATE POLITICS4 ,IT WAS AS BITT]LY OPPOS$ BY ! CONS]VATIVE ,:IG LEAD]S AS IT WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 & ULTIMATELY ! P[]FUL ELITES 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA SUCCE$$ 9 REPLAC+ ! #aggf CON/ITUTION ) A CONV5TIONAL 0*ECKS & BALANCES0 CON/ITUTION 9 #a#g#i4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,P5NSYLVANIA F9ALLY FULLY 5T]$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 ?R[+ ALL ( ITS RES\RCES 9TO DEFEAT+ ! ,BRITI%4 ,9 ,M>* #aggg 9SURG5T RADICALS T]M9AT$ ! MOD]ATE ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY1 :I* HAD BE5 H&L+ MILIT>Y AFFAIRS ALL ?IS TIME1 & E/ABLI%$ A REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY 9 ITS PLACE4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL TOOK OV] ! MILITIA & QU>T]$ ITS TROOPS 9 ! HOMES ( NON-,ASSOCIATORS4 ,IT >RE/$ SUSPECT$ ,TORIES & SUBJECT$ !M NOT ONLY TO IMPRISONM5T BUT EV5 TO CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 CONFISCAT+ >MS1 SUPPLIES1 & L&$ E/ATES FROM ITS KN[N OPPON5TS4 ,BETWE5 MID-,OCTOB] & E>LY ,DECEMB] #a#g#g#g1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 0DICTATOR%IP0 ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY CONDUCT$ :AT ,AGNES ,HUNT CALLS A 0REIGN ( T]ROR10 :I* CAME TO AN 5D ONLY ON ! ORD] ( ,P5NSYLVANIA'S ,SUPREME ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL4.<#b#b.> 

,E,F,F,E,C,T,S ,( ,! ,9,T,],N,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,ACTUALLY !RE WAS NO REIGN ( T]ROR 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ANY WAY COMP>ABLE TO ! UNRE/RA9$ BLOODLETT+ 9 ,FRANCE A DECADE & A HALF LAT]4 ,BUT ! GRASSROOTS NATURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ITS *RONIC FURY1 & ! DEEP-SEAT$ /RUCTURAL *ANGES IT 9TRODUC$ MADE IT AT LEA/ AS F>-REA*+ 9 ITS EFFECTS AS ! ,FR5*4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! ,REVOLUTION--:OSE EFFECTS W]E BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL--ALL ! COLONIES SAW A L>GE-SCALE CONFISCATION ( LOYALI/ PROP]TY1 9CLUD+ VA/ WE/]N T]RITORIES HELD BY LOYALI/ L& SPECULATORS4 ,AS LOYALI/S EI!R FL$ ! ,AM]ICAN PROV9CES OR W]E =C$ TO LEAVE1 ! COMMITTEES SEIZ$ & PUT UP = SALE ! L&S !Y LEFT BEH9D4 ,9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! PATROON SY/EM WAS L>GELY DEMOLI%$3 L& HOLD+S LIKE ! ?REEHUNDR$-SQU>E-MILE ,PHILIPSE E/ATE1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ( ! ,DE ,LANCEYS1 ! ,VAN ,CORTL&TS1 & ! ,COLD5S1 W]E CONFISCAT$ & PUT UP = SALE4 

,NOR DID ! PROV9CIAL & /ATE COMMITTEES & GOV]NM5TS SIMPLY RESELL CONFISCAT$ L&S TO WEAL?Y B\RGEOIS1 SU* AS OCCURR$ TO A GREAT EXT5T 9 ! SALE ( ! ,*UR* L&S DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,BY & L>GE1 9 :AT AM\NT$ TO A VIRTUAL L& R$I/RIBUTION1 ! BROK5-UP E/ATES W]E SOLD 9 SMALL P>CELS TO ORD9>Y F>M]S & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S4 ,TO SELL TRACTS ( L& 9 EXCESS ( #e ACRES WAS VIEW$ ) OPPROBRIUM4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! 5ORM\S ,DE ,LANCEY E/ATE 9 S\!RN ,NEW ,YORK WAS P>CEL$ \T AMONG #bge 9DEP5D5T BUY]S1 :ILE ! ,ROG] ,MORRIS E/ATE 9 ,PUTNAM ,C\NTY WAS ACQUIR$ 9 MODE/ PLOTS BY AB\T #be PUR*AS]S4 ,AS ,C4,H4 ,VAN ,TYNE OBS]V$ ( ! LOYALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 !IR L& POLICY W]E 0?US LEVEL+1 EQUALIZ+1 & MAK+ MORE DEMOCRATIC ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE0 ( AT LEA/ ! NOR!RN COLONIES & ?OSE ( ! MID-,ATLANTIC SEABO>D4.<#b#c.> 

,NOR WAS IT SIMPLY ! QUASI-FEUDAL E/ATES ( ! ,NEW ,YORK PATROONS ?AT W]E BROK5 UP4 ,A SIZABLE P>T ( ! L&S ( ! ,AM]ICAN L&$ >I/OCRACY AS WELL AS LESS] G5TRY W]E DISPOS$ ( 9 ?IS FA%ION4 ,! L>GE/ E/ATE CONFISCAT$ 9 ALL COLONIES WAS ?AT ( ! ,P5N FAMILY1 :I* AT #b#a4#e MILLION ACRES WAS WOR? A MILLION P\NDS4 ,UND] ! ,DIVE/+ ,ACT ( #a#g#g#i1 ,P5NSYLVANIA'S ,ASSEMBLY TOOK CONTROL ( !SE VA/ HOLD+S ( ! PROPRIETOR'S FAMILY4 ,VIRG9IA CONFISCAT$ ! SIX-MILLION-ACRE ,FAIRFAX E/ATE4 ,9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 A LAW WAS PASS$ CONFISCAT+ ! PROP]TY ( EV]YONE :O HAD F\<T AGA9/ ! COLONIES2 ! >I/OCRATIC ,WILLIAM ,PEPP]EL LO/ HIS L&S1 :I* /RET*$ = ?IRTY MILES ALONG ! COA/ ( ,MA9E 7!N P>T ( ,MASSA*USETTS74 ,9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE TW5TY-EI<T ,TORY E/ATES W]E CONFISCAT$1 9CLUD+ ! PROP]TY ( ! ROYAL GOV]NOR1 ,W5TWOR?1 :ILE 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY FIVE HUNDR$ ,TORY E/ATES W]E TAK5 OV] & SOLD 9 SMALL] PACKAGES TO O!R CITIZ5S4 ,9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 CONFISCAT$ L& WAS SOLD 9 TWO-HUNDR$-ACRE PLOTS4 ,! ,CR[N DOMA9S ALSO FELL 9TO ! H&S ( /ATE LEGISLATURES1 MO/ NOTABLY ! =E/S ( ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE4 

,?IS 9T5SIVE POLITICAL $UCATION 9 HUMAN RI<TS & LIB]TIES C\LD NOT HELP BUT CALL ATT5TION TO ! PLI<T ( ?OSE :O1 9 ,AM]ICA ITSELF1 HAD NONE4 ,! ,QUAK] OLIG>*Y 9 ,PHILADELPHIA F\<T SLAV]Y AS RESOLUTELY AS !Y OPPOS$ ! PATRIOTS1 [+ L>GELY TO !IR PACIFISM2 9DE$1 ! FIR/ ANTISLAV]Y SOCIETY 9 ! WORLD WAS =M$ AT A MEET+ ( ,QUAK]S 9 ,PHILADELPHIA ON ,APRIL #a#d1#a#g#g#e4 ,?IS SOCIETY AS WELL AS SUBSEQU5T ONES GA9$ DIRECT OR 9DIRECT SUPPORT FROM SU* PROM95T FIGURES AS ,B5JAM9 ,FRANKL91 ,B5JAM9 ,RU%1 ,ABIGAIL ,ADAMS1 ,TOM ,PA9E1 & A MULTITUDE ( SMALL RELIGI\S SECTS4 ,9 #a< ,P5NSYLVANIA PASS$ A LAW 9/ITUT+ ! GRADUAL ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y2 AS ITS PREAMBLE /AT$1 0,:5 WE CONSID] \R DELIV]ANCE FROM ! ABHORR5T CONDITION TO :I* ,GREAT ,BRITA9 HAS TRI$ TO R$UCE US1 WE >E CALL$ ON TO MANIFE/ ! S9C]ITY ( \R PR(ESSION ( FRE$OM1 & TO GIVE SUB/ANTIAL PRO( ( GRATITUDE1 BY EXT5D+ A PORTION ( \R FRE$OM TO O!RS1 :O AL?\< ( A DIFF]5T COLOR1 >E ! WORK ( ! SAME ALMI<TY ,GOD40 

,9 #a#g#h#e1 ! ,SOCIETY = ,PROMOT+ ! ,MANUMISSION ( ,SLAVES WAS =M$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK & A SIMIL> SOCIETY 9 #a<h 9 ,DELAW>E1 :I* HAD ALREADY ABOLI%$ ! SLAVE TRADE 9 #a#g#g#e4 ,CONNECTICUT & ,RHODE ,ISL& \TLAW$ ! SLAVE TRADE 9 #a#g#g#d1 :ILE ,V]MONT1 EV5 BE=E ,P5NSYLVANIA & O!R COLONIES1 =BADE ! EXI/5CE ( 9VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE 9 ANY =M :ATEV] FROM ITS 9CEPTION AS A %ORT-LIV$ REPUBLIC 9 ITS CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#g#g4 ,9 #a< ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,SUPREME ,C\RT RUL$ ?AT ! /ATE'S CON/ITUTION HAD ABOLI%$ SLAV]Y )9 ITS BORD]S :5 IT SAID 0ALL M5 >E BORN FREE & EQUAL40 ,EV5 9 ,VIRG9IA1 A LAW EAS+ MANUMISSION 9 #a<b L$ TO ! FREE+ ( MORE ?AN #a1 SLAVES 9 EI<T YE>S4 

,BUT 9 MO/ S\!RN /ATES ! V]Y OPPOSITE PATT]N PREVAIL$4 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A MADE ! MANUMISSION ( SLAVES MORE DIFFICULT ?AN BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,S\? ,C>OL9A GAVE SLAVES AS B\NTIES TO 9DUCE :ITE RESID5TS TO 5LI/ 9 ! ,CONT95TAL ,>MY1 TURN+ !M 9TO A =M ( HUMAN CURR5CY TO PAY SOLDI]S FROM ! ,S\?4 ,IF ,AM]ICANS1 TRAGICALLY1 DID NOT ABOLI% SLAV]Y 9 ! ,S\? UNTIL SOME N9ETY YE>S LAT]1 !Y LEGALLY ELIM9AT$ ALL REMA9+ FEUDAL PRIVILEGES ?AT HAD BE5 C>RI$ OV] FROM ! ,OLD ,WORLD TO ! ,NEW4 

,TO BE SURE1 MORE /ATE CON/ITUTIONS 9/ITUT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION FOLL[$ ! GUIDEL9ES PRESCRIB$ BY ,JOHN ,ADAMS 9 HIS RELATIVELY CONS]VATIVE ,?\<TS ON ,GOV]NM5T ?AN ?OSE ( ,TOM ,PA9E 9 ,COMMON ,S5SE4 ,?US1 MO/ ( ! NEW /ATES HAD TWO LEGISLATURES1 & PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS = VOT+ & HOLD+ (FICE DISFRAN*IZ$ MANY PEOPLE UNTIL DECADES LAT]1 :5 ! QUALIFICATIONS W]E DROPP$ COMPLETELY4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 ! CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS PREVAIL$ 9 ! 9T]NAL REVOLUTION4 0,! ,:IG LEAD]S ( #a#g#g#f10 OBS]VES ,D\GLASS1 0C\LD CONGRATULATE !MSELVES AFT] ! /RUGGLE ?AT !IR REVOLUTION1 LIKE ?AT ( #a#f#h#h1 WAS GLORI\S AS MU* = :AT IT LEFT UNT\*$ AS = :AT IT HAD ALT]$40.<#b#d.> ,AS 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 ! RADICAL T5D5CIES W]E ULTIMATELY DEFEAT$4 

,YET ! MOBILIZATION = ! ,REVOLUTION BR\<T ACTIVE & DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE TO ?\S&S4 ,NOT ONLY DID REPUBLICANS /& 9 OPPOSITION TO ROYALI/S1 BUT DEMOCRATS /OOD 9 OPPOSITION TO REPUBLICANS1 IF NOT 9 NAME !N 9 PRACTICE4 ,9DE$1 ! REVOLUTION BO? PRES]V$ & BUILT A DEMOCRACY )9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS DEMOCRACY TOOK ! =M ( COMMITTEES ?AT OV]SAW A WIDE V>IETY ( CRUCIAL TASKS2 ( T[N MEET+S1 :I* SWEPT FROM ,NEW ,5GL& TO ! O!R PROV9CES & :I* ! RUL+ /RATA DISMEMB]$ ONLY 9 P>T AFT] ! W>4 ,IT TOOK ! =M ( A DEMOCRATIC & POPUL> MILITIA4 ,& PEOPLE ABROAD AVIDLY WAT*$ ! ,REVOLUTION UNFOLD1 LAT] BORR[+ ITS RADICAL VOCABUL>Y AS WELL AS ITS 9SURRECTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 0,:AT AN 5G9E60 ,JOHN ,ADAMS WROTE ( ! COMMITTEES4 0,FRANCE IMITAT$ IT & PRODUC$ A REVOLUTION4444 ,& ALL ,EUROPE WAS 9CL9$ TO IMITATE IT = ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES40.<#b#e.> 

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