,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #ag 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#g4 ,! ,J\RNEES ( #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i 

,AS ! NEWS RES\ND$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 9DE$ 9 MANY ( ITS REMOTE T[NS1 ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE SEEM$ = MILLIONS TO U%] 9 A NEW HI/ORICAL ]A4 ,NE>LY ALL ?9K+ PEOPLE WAX$ 5?USIA/IC1 CELEBRAT+ 9 F]V5T PROSE & POETRY ! H]OISM ( ! ,BA/ILLE 0CONQU]ORS0 & PLANT+ LIB]TY TREES1 :]E !Y C\LD1 AS SYMBOLS NOT ONLY ( ! VICTORY OV] TYRANNY 9 ,FRANCE BUT ( A HI/ORIC /EP T[>D LIB]TY = ! 5TIRE WORLD4 

,/ILL1 NOT EV]YONE'S HE>T WAS GLADD5$ AT ! NEWS4 ,T]RIFI$ BY ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #a#d1 MANY ,FR5* NOBLES1 L$ BY ! ,C\NT ( ,>TOIS1 FL$ 9 A /EADY /REAM \T ( ! C\NTRY & SETTL$ ABROAD4 ,!SE NUM]\S >I/OCRATIC EMIGRES SUBSEQU5TLY DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO TURN+ BACK ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE4 ,AS = ! K+1 TWO DAYS ALT] ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 HE WAS /ILL CONSID]+ SUPPRESS+ ,P>IS BY =CE1 A PLAN ?AT HIS M9I/] ( W> ADVIS$ HIM WAS IMPOSSIBLE GIV5 ! UNC]TA9 LOYALTY ( HIS >MY4 ,! QUE5 BRI<TLY SUGGE/$ ?AT ,L\IS FLEE NOR!A/ TO ,METZ1 :]E HE C\LD RECONV5E ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL UND] ! PROTECTION ( TROOPS LOYAL TO HIMSELF4 ,AL?\< ,L\IS W\LD HAVE READILY ESCAP$ ! UPRO> ( HIS UNRULY CAPITAL1 HE FE>$ ! POSSIBILITY ( REPEAT+ ALL ! BLUND]S ( HIS ,5GLI% PR$ECESSOR1 ,*>LES ,I1 :O LO/ HIS HEAD 9 ! ?ROES ( AN E>LI] REVOLUTION4 ,ONCE AGA91 HIS M9I/] ( W> DISC\RAG$ ! QUE5'S PLAN1 W>N+ ?AT HE C\LD NOT GU>ANTEE ! ROYAL FAMILY'S SAFETY TRAVEL+ ?R\< A C\NTRYSIDE 9 ! ?ROES ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL4 

,F9ALLY1 SEE+ NO ALT]NATIVE1 ! K+ ACC$$ TO ! IMPLACABLE FACTS ?AT HE CONFRONT$ & )DREW ! TROOPS AT ,V]SAILLES & ! MILIT>Y CORDON ?AT R+$ ,P>IS4 ,HE DEIGN$ TO 9=M ! DELEGATES 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* WAS JUBILANT AT ?IS CONCESSION1 ?AT HE PLANN$ TO UND]TAKE NO MILIT>Y MOVES AGA9/ ! BODY4 ,P>IS1 TOO1 NAIVELY GREET$ ?IS NEWS ) 5?USIASM & ,P>ISIANS TURN$ \T 9 MASSES1 WE>+ ! REVOLUTION>Y EMBLEM3 ! TRICOLOR COCKADE ( R$ & BLUE--! TRADITIONAL BLUE & R$ COLORS ( ! CITY--& :ITE1 ! COLOR ( ! ,B\RBONS4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY WAS N[ SECURE FROM ! ?REAT ( DISSOLUTION4 ,EV5 ! JUDGES ( ! P>LEM5TS1 :O HAD REC5TLY URG$ C\NT]REVOLUTION1 QUIETLY B[$ TO ITS AU?ORITY4 ,! DELEGATES !REUPON SET AB\T !IR PRIM>Y TASK1 :I* WAS TO DRAW UP A CON/ITUTION = ,FRANCE BAS$ ON ! CAHI]S & PREV5T A RESURG5CE ( DESPOTISM & FEUDALISM4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! SIXTY ,P>ISIAN DI/RICT ASSEMBLIES1 9ITIALLY A CREATION ( ! OLD REGIME1 CONT9U$ TO MEET DAILY AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 PROVID+ REM>KABLE EVID5CE ?AT A SEEM+LY AD HOC CIVIC 9/ITUTION ( ! PA/ C\LD TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTION ( ! PRES5T & FUTURE1 A LESSON ?AT MOD]N RADICALS1 9 FACT1 HAVE YET TO ABSORB4 ,FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 ! ELECTORS *OSE ,JEAN-,SYLVA9 ,BAILLY1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 TO BE MAYOR ( ! CITY1 :ILE ! ,P]MAN5T ,COMMITTEE ( ,P>IS NAM$ ! ,M>QUIS DE ,LAFAYETTE COMM&] ( ! NEW ,NATIONAL ,GU>D--?AT IS1 ( ! MILITIA4 ,?IS IMPORTANT APPO9TM5T TRANS=M$ ,LAFAYETTE 9TO A M$IATOR BETWE5 ! K+1 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 & ! PEOPLE--A ROLE HE APP>5TLY RELI%$ 9 HIS ASPIRATIONS TO BECOME ! ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON ( ,FRANCE4 

,P,R,O,V,9,C,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,T,S 

,9 ! PROV9CIAL T[NS1 ! ASSUMPTION ( SOV]EIGN AU?ORITY BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY L$ TO ! NE>LY COMPLETE COLLAPSE ( ! ANCI5 REGIME'S C5TRALIZ$ 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 ,P>IS REVIV$ ) NEW F]VOR ! ANTIOLIG>*ICAL F]M5T ?AT HAD ]UPT$ DUR+ ! ELECTIONS ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL4 ,MUNICIPAL REVOLTS SWEPT ACROSS ! C\NTRY2 AS ,MI*ELET TELLS IT1 EV]Y:]E 0! PEOPLE GO TO ! COMMUNAL H\SE1 TAKE ! KEYS & ASSUME P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! NATION40.<#b#e#h.> ,9 SOME T[NS1 ! *ANGE 9VOLV$ A PEACEFUL BROAD5+ ( ! BASIS ( MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,P>ISIAN DI/RICTS2 9 O!RS1 *ANGE MEANT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,P]MAN5T ,COMMITTEE AS WELL AS SPECIAL COMMITTEES TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS SU* AS FOOD %ORTAGES4 ,! FIR/ ORD] ( BUS9ESS ( ! ,P]MAN5T ,COMMITTEES WAS TO E/ABLI% A MUNICIPAL MILITIA OR ,NATIONAL ,GU>D TO GU>D AGA9/ C\NT]REVOLUTION & TO MA9TA9 ORD]1 :I* 5TAIL$ TAK+ OV] LOCAL >S5ALS & :ATEV] WEAPONS W]E NE$$ TO SAFEGU>D ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 SOME T[NS IT WAS ! ELECTORS ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL DEPUTIES :O *OSE ! ,P]MAN5T ,COMMITTEE2 9 O!RS IT WAS A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! CITIZ5S1 AS AT ,DIJON1 ,MONTPELLI]1 & ,BESAN@5ON4 ,TYPICALLY1 ! MEMB]S ( !SE NEW COMMITTEES T5D$ TO COME FROM ! PROP]TY-[N+ /RATA1 NOT FROM ! POORE/ T[NSFOLK1 BUT A PREC$5T = RECREAT+ NEW & BROAD] SOV]EIGNTIES WAS BE+ CREAT$ ?AT W\LD ALSO S]VE RADICALS AS ! ,REVOLUTION MOV$ TO ! LEFT4 ,FEW ( ! OLD ROYAL ADM9I/RATORS D>$ TO PUT UP MU* RESI/ANCE2 9DE$1 ! 9T5DANTS TYPICALLY FL$ !IR (FICES4 ,BUT 9 SOME T[NS1 LIKE ,/RASB\RG & ,AMI5S1 ! OLD ORD] WAS MORE 9TRANSIG5T1 & A RIS+ ( ! PEOPLE WAS NECESS>Y TO QUELL ROYALI/ RESI/ANCE4 ,:5 EXI/+ MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS FAIL$ TO MEET ! T[NSPEOPLE'S DEM&S = PRICE CONTROLS ON FOOD1 !Y W\LD 9VADE ! ,H#fTEL DE ,VILLE & =CIBLY EXPEL ! OLD AU?ORITIES1 REPLAC+ TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS & !IR (FICEHOLD]S ) MORE DEMOCRATIC =MS & P]SONNEL4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! UNRELIABILITY ( ! >MY MADE !SE *ANGES POSSIBLE4 ,AT ,/RASB\RG1 = EXAMPLE1 ROYAL TROOPS LOOK$ ON PASSIVELY AS ! ,H#fTEL DE ,VILLE WAS SACK$ BY DEMON/RATORS4 ,BY SU* V>I\S MEANS DID ! VA/ LOCAL (FICIALDOM ( ! ANCI5 REGIME--FROM ! L(TIE/ 9T5DANT TO ! L[LIE/ BUREAUCRAT-- )DRAW FROM ! PLACES !Y HAD OCCUPI$1 CAUS+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,EFFECTIVELY1 ,FRANCE WAS N[ DEC5TRALIZ$3 ! NEW MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS AGRE$ TO ACCEPT ! DECISIONS ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 BUT ONLY ) ! PROVISO ?AT ?OSE DECISIONS ACCORD$ ) ! WI%ES ( ! LOCAL POPULATION4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! RIS+ PRICE ( BREAD 9 ,P>IS HAD PRODUC$ A HI<LY VOLATILE URBAN POPULACE1 BELEAGU]$ BY FE>S ( IMM95T C\NT]REVOLUTION & CONSPIRACIES TO CREATE FAM9E4 ,$GY NE>LY TO ! PO9T ( PANIC1 ,P>ISIANS ONCE AGA9 ]ECT$ B>RICADES 9 ! /REETS ( ! CAPITAL4 ,:5 ! LIEUT5ANT-MAYOR ( ,SA9T-,D5IS REFUS$ TO L[] ! PRICE ( BREAD1 !Y *AS$ HIM ?R\< ! /REETS & DECAPITAT$ HIM4 ,A REACTION>Y M9I/] :O SPECULAT$ 9 GRA9 & HAD ALLEG$LY DECL>$ ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD EAT HAY WAS LYN*$1 & HIS SON-9-LAW1 ! 9T5DANT ( ,P>IS1 WAS MURD]$ = MAK+ SIMIL> /ATEM5TS4 ,AS A DEPUTY FROM ,P>IS LAM5T$1 ! CITY HAD 0NO MORE >MY & NO MORE POLICE10 :ILE ,BAILLY1 ! MAYOR1 RUEFULLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT 0EV]YONE KN[S H[ TO COMM& BUT NOBODY KN[S H[ TO OBEY40.<#b#e#i.> 

,AS = ! PEASANTRY1 ! ,ASSEMBLY DELEGATES AT ,V]SAILLES HAD ASSUR$ !M ?AT !IR NE$S W\LD SOON BE ADDRESS$1 & = A FEW WEEKS ! PEASANTS' HOPES REMA9$ HI<4 ,BUT :5 ! ,ASSEMBLY PROCRA/9AT$1 ! PATI5CE ( ! PEASANTS WORE ?94 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! C\NTRYSIDE SUFF]+ FROM RIS+ FEUDAL PAYM5TS1 BUT IT HAD KN[N BAD H>VE/S FROM #a<h 9TO #a#g#h#i1 CREAT+ NE>FAM9E CONDITIONS 9 C]TA9 RURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,BREAD PRICES SO>$ UNTIL !Y W]E TWICE AS HI< 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS 9 ! T[NS 7:]E ! PRICE WAS C>EFULLY CONTROLL$71 ) ! RESULT ?AT PEASANTS CR[D$ 9TO ! T[NS TO OBTA9 BREAD AT L[] PRICES4 ,ONCE !RE1 ! MUNICIPAL REVOLTS !Y SAW 9SPIR$ !M TO FOLL[ 9 ! T[ ( URBAN DWELL]S1 & !Y N[ SURR\ND$ MANOR H\SES1 BRAZ5LY %OOT+ ! PIGEONS ( !IR SEIGNEURS 9 MANORIAL C\RTY>DS4 ,9DE$1 ?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 PEASANTS TRI$ TO RETRIEVE SEIGNEURIAL TITLE DE$S TO ! L&1 UPON :I* FEUDAL DUES HAD BE5 BAS$1 & (T5 BURN$ ! HAT$ DOCUM5TS ON ! SPOT4 ,SEIGNEURS :O REFUS$ TO H& OV] ! DOCUM5TS RISK$ ! V]Y REAL LIKELIHOOD ?AT PEASANTS W\LD BURN !IR MANOR H\SES 7A COMMON PRACTICE1 9 FACT74 ,NOR W]E L&LORDS ALONE T>GETS ( PEASANT FURY3 MILL]S & PROSP]\S F>M]S SUSPECT$ ( HO>D+ GRA9 SAW !IR PREMISES PLUND]$ & BURN$ AS WELL4 

,BY LATE ,JULY & E>LY ,AUGU/1 A PANIC SWEPT ! C\NTRYSIDE AS RUMORS SPREAD ?AT ! >I/OCRATIC #fTNIGR#fS :O HAD FL$ ,FRANCE AFT] ,JULY #ad W]E S*EM+1 IF NOT RETURN+1 TO ABOLI% ! ,ASSEMBLY1 AWAK5+ FE>S ?AT =EIGN /ATES W]E ON ! BR9K ( 9VAD+ ,FRANCE TO RE/ORE ,L\IS TO HIS =M] SOV]EIGN /ATUS4 ,P]HAPS MO/ FE>FUL ( ALL WAS ! BELIEF ?AT >I/OCRATS W]E 9CIT+ ROV+ BRIG&S TO DESPOIL CROPS & WREAK HAVOC 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,AL?\< MANY />V+ BEGG>S HAD 9DE$ BE5 R$UC$ TO ?IEV]Y1 ?IS 0,GREAT ,FE>10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 ?AT SWEPT ! C\NTRYSIDE HAD NO F\NDATION 9 FACT2 NEV]!LESS1 ! PEASANTS E/ABLI%$ PROTECTIVE VILLAGE ASSOCIATIONS 9 EV] L>G] REGIONS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 &1 AS ,MI*ELET OBS]VES1 !SE ASSOCIATIONS 

CONF$]AT$ AGA9/ ! /EW>DS1 COLLECTORS1 MANAG]S1 ATTORNEYS1 & BAILIFFS444 AGA9/ ?OSE TROOPS ( PILLAG]S1 :O W]E .<SUPPOS$LY.> OV]RUNN+ ,FRANCE1 PEOPLE />V+ = WANT ( WORK1 BEGG>S TURN$ ?IEVES1 :O1 AT NI<T1 CUT D[N ! GRA91 EV5 :5 UNRIPE1 ?US DE/ROY+ HOPE4444 ,ALL ! VILLAG]S >M$1 & PROMIS$ EA* O!R MUTUAL PROTECTION4 ,!Y AGRE$ AMONG !MSELVES TO UNITE1 9 CASE ( AL>M1 AT A GIV5 SPOT1 9 A C5TRAL POSITION1 OR ONE COMM&+ ! PR9CIPAL PASSAGE BY L& OR BY WAT]4.<#b#f.> 

,F9ALLY1 9 LATE SUMM] & E>LY AUTUMN ( #a#g#h#i1 ! PEASANTS LAUN*$ A FULL-SCALE ASSAULT ON PRIVILEGE3 !Y OP5LY RECLAIM$ 5CLOS$ L&S1 REFUS$ TO PAY FEUDAL DUES1 & N[ BEGAN 9 E>NE/ TO BURN *ATEAUX1 ABBEYS1 & TAX (FICES & DE/ROY :ATEV] FEUDAL RECORDS !Y C\LD F9D4 ,9 EFFECT1 A WIDESPREAD JACQU]IE SPREAD OV] ! L&1 A V]ITABLE PEASANT W> ?AT BUOY$ UP ! ,REVOLUTION--EV5 AS IT FRI<T5$ MANY ( ITS MIDDLE-CLASS SPOKESM54 ,9 SOME PLACES1 ! URBAN OPPRESS$ MADE COMMON CAUSE ) !IR PEASANT BRO!RS3 9 ,LYON1 = EXAMPLE1 T[N LABOR]S1 ! BRAS NUS1 JO9$ ! PEASANTS AGA9/ !IR ALLI$ 5EMIES1 ! NOBLE & B\RGEOIS /RATA ( ! CITY4 ,TYPICALLY1 ! L>GELY B\RGEOIS ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 GUID$ BY ! P]MAN5T COMMITTEES1 US$ =CE TO PUT D[N ! PEASANT REVOLT--AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,BEAUJOLAIS1 BUT NOT UNTIL ! PEASANTS HAD BURN$ SEV5TY-TWO MANOR H\SES4 

0,D,E,F,E,U,D,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N0 

,IF ! ,ASSEMBLY LOOK$ ) FAVOR ON ! REVOLTS 9 ! T[NS BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS CIVIC LEAD]S EXHIBIT$ A PRUD5T RESPECT = PROP]TY1 !Y W]E BLATANTLY HORRIFI$ BY ! PEASANT REVOLTS & EV5 PASSIONATELY ADVOCAT$ !IR REPRESSION4 ,TO MANY NOBLES1 ! PEASANT UPRIS+ BOD$ AN AGR>IAN CIVIL W>4 ,AS !IR *ATEAUX W5T UP 9 FLAMES1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT IF !Y W]E TO SAVE ANY ( !IR PROP]TY1 AT LEA/ NOM9AL CONCESSIONS W]E CALL$ =4 ,9DE$1 ! ,BRETON ,CLUB1 COMPOS$ ( DEPUTIES FROM ,BRITTANY TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 %REWDLY PLANN$ :AT WAS TO BE HAIL$ AS A SPONTANE\S & MEMORABLE EV5T3 AN (FICIAL1 SEEM+LY DIS9T]E/$ DISMEMB]M5T ( ! FEUDAL PRIVILEGES ?AT ! PEASANTS HAD 9 FACT ALREADY L>GELY A*IEV$ ) !IR PIT*=KS & SCY!S4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d1 ONE NOBLEMAN AFT] ANO!R1 9CLUD+ RANK+ MEMB]S ( ! CL]GY1 ROSE AT ! ,ASSEMBLY &1 ) HI< EMOTION & RHETORIC & !ATRICAL EXPRESSIONS ( SELF-SACRIFICE1 VOLUNT>ILY R5\NC$ !IR ANCI5T SEIGNEURIAL RI<TS & PRIVILEGES 0ON ! ALT> ( ! NATION40 ,! CL]GY GAVE UP !IR TI!S1 & ! NOBLES SURR5D]$ !IR HUNT+ & FI%+ RI<TS & !IR IMMUNITY FROM TAXATION1 ES*EW+ ! PUR*ASE ( JUDICIAL (FICES & GOV]NM5TAL S9ECURES4 0,! PEOPLE IS AT LA/ TRY+ TO CA/ (F A YOKE :I* HAS WEI<$ UPON IT = SO MANY C5TURIES PA/10 EXULT$ ! CANNY ,DUKE ( ,AIGUILLON1 ONE ( ! WEAL?IE/ ( ALL ! L&[N]S4 0,?\< ?IS .<PEASANT.> 9SURRECTION MU/ BE CONDEMN$ 444 AN EXCUSE CAN BE F\ND = IT 9 ! VEXATIONS ( :I* ! PEOPLE HAS BE5 ! VICTIM40.<#b#f#a.> ,!SE /AG$ SELF-IMMOLATIONS CONT9U$ UNTIL TWO O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+1 ) ! NOBLES *E]+ EA* O!R'S SELF-D5IAL = PRIVILEGES ?AT ! PEASANTS HAD ALREADY ABOLI%$1 & MUTUALLY CONGRATULAT+ ONE ANO!R ) TE>FUL EMBRACES4 

,9 REALITY1 9 ! WEEK ?AT FOLL[$ ,AUGU/ #d1 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 9 ! C\RSE ( RECA/+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ASS]TIONS 9TO LEGISLATIVE DECREES1 PRES]V$ MANY ASPECTS ( ! OLD ORD]4 ,:ILE IT ABOLI%$ P]SONAL S]VITUDE1 = EXAMPLE1 IT REQUIR$ ! /ATE TO COMP5SATE ! NOBLES = ! LOSS ( FEUDAL DUES RELAT$ TO ! L& ITSELF4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT M&ATE /ATE REIMBURSEM5T1 BUT IT ALL[$ FEUDAL DUES TO BE LEVI$ AS !Y ALWAYS HAD BE5 DUR+ ! 9T]IM1 EV5 UPHOLD+ ! UNPROV5 & HOTLY CONTE/$ PR9CIPLE ?AT ! L&LORDS W]E ! ORIG9AL [N]S ( PEASANT HOLD+S1 )\T ANY S]I\S REG>D TO ! EXI/5CE ( TITLE DE$S4 ,?US1 :5 IT CAME TO LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE1 ! R5UNCIATIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d W]E (T5 HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 

,! 9ITIAL RESPONSE ( ! PEASANTRY TO ! ,ASSEMBLY'S 0ABOLITION0 ( ! FEUDAL REGIME WAS TYPICALLY ONE ( NAIVE EXULTATION4 ,! PEASANTS W]E ALL TOO PRONE TO ACCEPT M]E DECL>ATIONS ( ! REGIME AS E/ABLI%$ FACT4 ,BUT AS R5TS CONT9U$ TO BE COLLECT$1 ! EVID5T SPECI\SNESS ( ! 0DEFEUDALIZATION0 DECREES QUICKLY DISABUS$ !M ( !IR 5?USIASM4 ,9DE$1 LITTLE SEEM$ TO HAVE *ANG$ FROM ! OLD REGIME1 AP>T FROM ! ABOLITION ( CL]ICAL TI!S4 ,!REAFT]1 = ?REE TORTUR\S YE>S1 ! PEASANTS W\LD HAVE TO CONT9UE TO /RUGGLE1 (T5 FRUITLESSLY1 TO GA9 ,ASSEMBLY ACCEPTANCE ( !IR LEGITIMATE CLAIMS1 & DUR+ ?AT TIME !Y W\LD RISE UP AGA9 & AGA91 EV5 AFT] EA* UPRIS+ WAS QUELL$ BY ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS FROM ! T[NS4 ,NOT UNTIL ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS REPLAC$ BY ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY &1 LAT]1 BY ! RELATIVELY RADICAL ,CONV5TION W\LD FEUDAL R5TS F9ALLY BE COMPLETELY ABOLI%$4 

,YET 9NOCU\S AS ! ,ASSEMBLY'S 0DEFEUDALIZATION0 DECREES PROV$ TO BE1 ! K+ VETO$ !M4 ,WORSE /ILL1 HE PROCE$$ TO VETO ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN & ! ,CITIZ51 :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD COMPLET$ ON ,AUGU/ #b#f4 ,! ,DECL>ATION WAS A KEY/ONE DOCUM5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT EXPRESS$ PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES ?AT BROADLY REFLECT$ ! WI%ES EXPRESS$ 9 ! CAHI]S & WAS 9T5D$ AS ! PREAMBLE TO A NEW CON/ITUTION4 ,UPHOLD+ LAW ABOVE >BITR>Y P[]1 ! ,DECL>ATION ESS5TIALLY 9V5TORI$ BASIC 0NATURAL RI<TS0 & 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY & SECURITY1 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 & TRIAL BY JURY1 AFFIRM+ ! RI<T TO RESI/ OPPRESSION & !REBY LEGITIMAT+ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( ! PREVI\S SIX MON?S4 ,ALL M51 ! ,DECL>ATION SAID1 W]E 0EQUAL 9 .<!SE.> RI<TS02 9DE$1 REFLECT+ ! DOCTR9ES ( ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 PROP]TY1 TOO1 WAS AN 09VIOLABLE & SACR$ RI<T0 ON :I* SOCIAL LIFE WAS BAS$4 

,( EQUAL IMPORTANCE1 ! ,DECL>ATION UPHELD ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! SUPREMACY ( ! K+4 ,L\IS HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 0,L\IS1 BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD1 ,K+ ( ,FRANCE & ,NAV>RE10 :I* HAD IMPLI$ ?AT ,FRANCE WAS HIS P]SONAL PROP]TY2 AFT] ,OCTOB] #a1 :5 ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY1 HIS TITLE WAS PO9T$LY *ANG$ TO 0,L\IS1 BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD & ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ,K+ ( ! ,FR5*10 A F> LESS PROPRIET>Y =MULATION ACCORD+ TO :I* MON>*ICAL AU?ORITY WAS D]IV$ FROM ! SOV]EIGN NATION3 ?AT IS1 ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,K+ ( ! ,FR5* C\LD BE !IR LEAD]1 NEV] !IR FEUDAL LORD4 ,BY VETO+ ! DOCUM5T1 ,L\IS LAID D[N A GANTLET TO ! ,ASSEMBLY1 9DE$ TO ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 ?AT NOT EV5 ! MO/ MOD]ATE ( ! DEPUTIES C\LD IGNORE4 

,! ,M,>,* ,O,N ,V,],S,A,I,L,L,E,S 

,SU* ROYAL /UPIDITY & >ROGANCE CREAT$ ! SE$B$ = ANO!R J\RNIE 2 9DE$1 ONE ?AT WAS TO HAVE F>-REA*+ CONSEQU5CES4 ,?R\<\T ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,ASSEMBLY CONT9UALLY REQUE/$ ?AT ,L\IS OV]TURN HIS VETOES ( ! ,AUGU/ 0DEFEUDALIZATION0 DECREES & ! ,DECL>ATION1 :I* ! K+ ADAMANTLY REFUS$ TO DO4 ,TO ADD FUEL TO ?IS 9C5DI>Y SITUATION1 9 MID-,SEPTEMB]1 ,L\IS1 ORD]$ ! LOYAL ,FL&]S REGIM5T TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ,V]SAILLES1 :]E IT >RIV$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#i4 ,?IS FLAGRANTLY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ACT >\S$ SU* POPUL> FE>S ?AT EV5 ,LAFAYETTE1 :OSE VIEWS W]E FAIRLY MOD]ATE1 DEM&$ ?AT ! REGIM5T BE REMOV$4 ,MOREOV]1 ! SIXTY ,P>ISIAN DI/RICTS & ! ,COMMUNE RE9=C$ ! M>QUIS'S S5TIM5TS ) SIMIL> DEM&S1 NONE ( :I* HAD ANY EFFECT ON ,L\IS'S BEHAVIOR4 ,AS IF TO EXAC]BATE ALL ( !IR SUSPICIONS1 TWO DAYS AFT] ! >RIVAL ( ?IS REGIM5T ,L\IS'S P]SONAL GU>D FET$ ! (FIC]S ( ! ,FL&]S REGIM5T ) A SUMPTU\S WELCOM+ BANQUET AT ! PALACE'S ,OP]A ,H\SE 9 ,V]SAILLES4 ,:AT %\LD HAVE BE5 A PURELY C]EMONIAL AFFAIR1 PRESID$ OV] BY ! K+ & QUE51 TURN$ 9TO A HEADY ROYALI/ DEMON/RATION4 ,FLU%$ ) W9E & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR1 ! (FIC]S ( ! NEWLY >RIV$ REGIM5T >ROGANTLY TORE (F !IR TRICOLOR COCKADES & REPLAC$ !M ) ,B\RBON :ITE1 :ILE ! C\RTI]S & LADIES :O FILL$ ! L>GE *AMB] S]5AD$ ,L\IS ) ROYALI/ AIRS4 

,RUMORS 9 ,P>IS V>I\SLY DESCRIB$ ?IS AS A 0ROYALI/ PLOT0 OR 0ORGY10 & W]E ALL ! MORE 9FLAMMATORY BECAUSE !Y SURFAC$ AT A TIME ( SEV]E BREAD %ORTAGES 9 ! CITY & L5G!N+ L9ES = FOOD4 ,POPUL> OP9ION HAD LONG BLAM$ ! NE>-FAM9E CONDITIONS 9 ! CAPITAL ON C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES & SPECULATORS1 & ! SIXTY ,P>ISIAN DI/RICTS W]E OBLIG$ TO ASK ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY = AN EXPLANATION = ! HI< PRICES4 ,CAMILLE ,DESM\L9S ONCE AGA9 M\NT$ A TABLE AT ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL1 ?IS TIME DEM&+ ?AT ! K+ MOVE FROM ,V]SAILLES TO ,P>IS1 :]E HE C\LD BE KEPT UND] ! SURVEILLANCE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,NEWSPAP]S SU* AS ,JEAN-,PAUL ,M>AT'S ,AMI DU ,PEUPLE 7,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE71 9 TURN1 CALL$ UPON ! ,P>ISIAN DI/RICTS TO >M !MSELVES1 M>* ON ,V]SAILLES1 & BR+ ! 5TIRE NATIONAL GOV]NM5T--9CLUD+ ! ,ASSEMBLY--BACK TO ! CAPITAL4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #e1 HUNDR$S ( M>KET & WORK+ WOM5 ( ,P>IS1 FI%WIVES & PRO/ITUTES1 /ORM$ ! ,H#fTEL DE ,VILLE TO GA9 >MS4 ,!N1 AS A Y\NG GIRL BEAT A TATTOO ON A DRUM1 !Y SET \T TO M>* ! FIFTE5 MILES TO ,V]SAILLES4 ,?IS J\RNIE1 ! FIR/ S9CE ,JULY #a#d1 WAS EXPRESSLY 9T5D$ TO DEM& BREAD FROM ! K+ & TO PUNI% ?OSE :O HAD DI%ONOR$ ! TRICOLOR COCKADE4 ,O!RS 9 ! CR[D DEM&$ ! REMOVAL ( ! ROYAL FAMILY TO ,P>IS4 ,BE>+ PIKES1 SCY!S1 PIT*=KS1 & MUSKETS1 SOME SIX ?\S& WOM5--9T]SP]S$ ) SYMPA!TIC M5--RESOLUTELY M>*$ ALONG ! ROAD TO ,V]SAILLES DESPITE A HEAVY D[NP\R4 ,LAFAYETTE1 COMM&] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 PRUD5TLY REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! M>* UNLESS HE RECEIV$ ! APPROVAL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE2 9DE$1 IT WAS NOT UNTIL AFT] DUSK ?AT HE SET \T ) SOME TW5TY ?\S& ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS ALONG ! ROAD ! WOM5 HAD TAK5 H\RS E>LI]4 

,! WOM5 >RIV$ AT ,V]SAILLES AT >\ND FIVE O'CLOCK1 SW>M+ 9TO ! ,ASSEMBLY1 :]E ! DELEGATES W]E DEBAT+ ! K+'S CON/ITUTIONAL /ATUS4 ,! K+ HIMSELF WAS HUNT+1 & :5 HE HE>D ! NEWS ( ! J\RNTE HE CONSID]$ FLEE+1 !N HESITANTLY AGRE$ TO RECEIVE A SMALL DEPUTATION ( ! WOM54 ,HE ANSW]$ !IR DEM& = BREAD ) FACILE EXPRESSIONS ( SYMPA?Y1 EV5 DECL>+ 9 WRIT+ ?AT HE W\LD TAKE APPROPRIATE /EPS TO FURNI% ,P>IS ) FL\R4 ,) ! >RIVAL ( ,LAFAYETTE :O SUBS]VI5TLY PROMIS$ ! K+ ?AT HE W\LD PRES]VE & EXP& HIS REMA9+ P[]S1 ,L\IS RELUCTANTLY AGRE$ TO ACCEPT ! 0DEFEUDALIZATION0 DECREES &4 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS4 ,ONCE ! K+ TOLD ! ,COMMUNE DELEGATION ?AT HE W\LD CONSID] MOV+ TO ,P>IS1 ! CRISIS SEEM$ TO BE OV]2 IRONICALLY1 9 FACT1 EV5 ! ,FL&]S REGIM5T WAS FRAT]NIZ+ ) ! CR[D4 

,AT DAWN1 H[EV]1 SOME ( ! WOM5 CAME UPON ! BODY ( A WORKMAN :OM A ROYAL BODYGU>D HAD APP>5TLY KILL$ DUR+ ! NI<T4 ,5RAG$ BY :AT !Y TOOK TO BE ! MURD] ( ONE ( !IR [N K9D1 !Y 9VAD$ ! *ATEAU1 RAC+ ?R\< ITS C\RTY>DS & UP ITS /AIRCASES4 ,A GR\P %\T+ 0,DEA? TO ! ,AU/RIAN6 ,:]E IS ! :ORE80 BROKE 9TO ! QUE5'S B$ROOM1 ONLY TO F9D IT EMPTY2 ! 0,AU/RIAN :ORE10 AS ,M>IE ,ANTO9ETTE WAS CONTEMPTU\SLY CALL$1 HAD FL$ ONLY A FEW MOM5TS E>LI] TO H] HUSB&'S QU>T]S1 LEAV+ H] B$ TO BE %R$D$ BY ! ANGRY WOM54 ,ELSE:]E1 5C\NT]S BETWE5 ! >M$ WOM5 & ! TROOPS CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( SEV]AL ROYAL BODYGU>DS4 ,TO PUT AN 5D TO ! FI<T+1 ,LAFAYETTE %[$ HIMSELF TO ! CR[D AT ! W9D[ ) ! ROYAL C\PLE1 ONLY TO BE GREET$ BY %\TS ( 0,! K+ TO ,P>IS60 ,D5I$ ANY *OICE BY N[1 ! K+ ANN\NC$ ?AT HE W\LD DEP>T ) !M4 ,HO/AGES TO ! CR[D ( >M$ WOM51 ! K+ & QUE51 ALONG ) !IR TWO *ILDR5 & GOV]NESS1 5T]$ A ROYAL C>RIAGE & W]E L$ AWAY BY ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ALONG ! MUDDY ROAD TO ,P>IS1 FOLL[$ BY WAGONLOADS ( :EAT & FL\R & BY ! DIS>M$ ,FL&]S REGIM5T4 ,BEH9D ?IS TRA9 CAME A HUNDR$ OR SO DEPUTIES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 !IR [N C>RIAGES4 ,ALL W]E RECEIV$ 9 ,P>IS BY A HUGE CR[D ?AT CONSPICU\SLY CRI$ 0,VIVE LA NATION60 RA!R ?AN 0,VIVE LE ROIF' ,! PROCESSION 9/ALL$ ! ROYAL FAMILY 9 RESID5CE--MORE PRECISELY1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 UND] H\SE >RE/--9 ! ,TUIL]IES ,PALACE1 & T5 DAYS LAT] ! ,ASSEMBLY TOO (FICIALLY MOV$ TO ,P>IS1 :]E IT TOOK UP QU>T]S 9 A =M] RID+ S*OOL1 ! ,MANAGE1 NE> ! ,TUIL]IES4 

,?IS J\RNEE M>K$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,= TWO LONG YE>S1 ,L\IS W\LD LIVE AS A CAPTIVE ( DEEPLY MI/RU/FUL ,P>ISIANS2 9DE$1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ORD]$ %E ,NATIONAL ,GU>DSM5 TO FOLL[ HIM EV]Y:]E1 UND] CLOSE SUP]VISION4 ,%ORTLY AFT] HIS REMOVAL FROM ,V]SAILLES1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ,OCTOB] #a WAS ADOPT$1 :I* TURN$ ,FRANCE 9TO A LIMIT$ CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 DIVE/+ ! K+ ( ALL HIS AUTOCRATIC P[]S4 ,AL?\< ! ,CON/ITUTION GRANT$ ,L\IS #be MILLION LIVRES A YE> TO PAY A CIVIL LI/ ( BUREAUCRATS & ADM9I/RATORS1 HE C\LD NEI!R 9ITIATE LEGISLATION NOR P]SONALLY DISPOSE ( PUBLIC FUNDS4 ,BEYOND !SE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS1 ! ,CON/ITUTION GAVE HIM A 0SUSP5SIVE VETO02 ?AT IS1 ! P[] TO SUSP5D = F\R YE>S ! EXECUTION ( LAWS ?AT ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD PASS$4 

,L\IS'S ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,AUGU/ #d DECREES & HIS NEW ROLE AS A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>* HAD BE5 BR\<T AB\T ONLY UND] ! ?REAT ( CR[D VIOL5CE4 ,NOR DID MANY BELIEVE ?AT HIS AGREEM5T WAS :OLEHE>T$4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE VIEW$ ! K+ AS A S\RCE ( OB/RUCTIVE VETOES1 S9I/] PLOTS1 & \TRI<T TREA*]Y TO ,FRANCE4 ,IF ANYONE PREP>$ ! WAY = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,FR5* REPUBLIC1 IT WAS ! FATU\S MON>*1 HIS WIFE1 ! C\RT CABAL1 & ROYALI/ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 :O UNREL5T+LY RESI/$ ! WI%ES ( AN 9CREAS+LY RADICALIZ$ PEOPLE4 

,! ,N,E,W ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T,A,L ,/,R,U,C,T,U,R,E 

,IF ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE A 0B\RGEOIS0 PHASE--0B\RGEOIS0 9 ! S5SE ( AN AMORPH\S MIDDLE CLASS ( PR(ESSIONALS1 TRADESM51 R5TI]S1 (FICIALS1 & SMALL-SCALE MANUFACTUR]S AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A DEF9ABLE SELFCONSCI\S CAPITALI/ CLASS--IT BEGAN :5 ! FULL ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY GA!R$ AT ITS P]MAN5T QU>T]S AT ! RID+ S*OOL4 

,! ,OCTOB] ,CON/ITUTION ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DIVID$ ,FRANCE 9TO EI<TY-?REE DEP>TM5TS 7DEP>TEM5TS7 ( R\<LY EQUAL SIZE & POPULATION1 EA* ( :I* WAS FUR!R SUBDIVID$ 9TO DI/RICTS1 CANTONS1 & COMMUNES4 ,! OLD SEMIM$IEVAL PROV9CIAL ,FRANCE WAS ABOLI%$4 ,ANCI5T MUNICIPAL1 CORPORATE1 & PROV9CIAL PRIVILEGES--PRIVILEGES ?AT HAD SURVIV$ ,RI*ELIEU & ,MAZ>9--W]E NO MORE1 NOR W]E !RE TO BE BAILLIAGES & GDNFLALITFL1 PAYS D'ETAT & PAYS D'FLECTIONS4 ,:]E PEOPLE 9 SOME PROV9CES HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 GOV]N$ BY ,ROMAN LAW & O!RS BY CU/OM>Y FEUDAL LAW1 !Y W\LD N[ ALL BE SUBJECT TO :AT WAS BASICALLY ,ROMAN LAW1 & ALL W\LD PAY ! SAME TAXES4 ,PRIZ$ TRADITIONS ( PROV9CIAL AUTONOMY W]E ]AS$1 & DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,PROV5CALS & ,DAUPH9OIS & ,BRETONS W]E SUBSUM$ UND] ! ALL-5COMPASS+ NATIONAL CATEGORY ( 0,FR5*04 ,! ,CON/ITUTION IMPOS$ ON ,FRANCE A PURELY LEGAL & T]RITORIAL GRID1 )9 :I* ,FRANCE REMA9$ RELATIVELY DEC5TRALIZ$ 9 ?AT EA* DEP>TM5T C\LD FUNCTION JURIDICALLY V]Y MU* ON ITS [N2 NOR 9 ! DEP>TM5TS W]E !RE ANY ROYAL AG5TS TO EXECUTE ! >BITR>Y WI%ES ( ! MON>*Y4 

,=MALLY SPEAK+1 ! NEW ,CON/ITUTION EMBODI$ ! EGALIT>IAN NOTION ?AT S9CE 0! LAW IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL WILL10 0ALL CITIZ5S HAVE ! RI<T TO CO-OP]ATE 9 ITS =MATION1 :E!R P]SONALLY OR BY !IR REPRES5TATIVES40 ,BUT SOME CITIZ5S W]E PLA9LY MORE EQUAL ?AN O!RS4 ,! SAME DOCUM5T W5T ON TO DRAW A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0ACTIVE CITIZ5S0 & 0PASSIVE CITIZ5S10 :O DIFF]$ 9 ! NUMB] & K9D ( RI<TS !Y C\LD EX]CISE4 0,ACTIVE CITIZ5S0 W]E ?OSE :O POSSESS$ 0POLITICAL RI<TS02 ?AT IS1 !Y C\LD ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,A SMALL FRACTION ( ! TOTAL POPULATION1 !Y W]E ! $UCAT$ /RATUM ?AT HAD A MODE/ LIVELIHOOD1 ADEQUATE LEISURE1 & PAID TAXES EQUAL 9 VALUE TO ?REE DAYS ( LABOR4 ,ONLY !Y C\LD BECOME MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,BY CONTRA/1 0PASSIVE CITIZ5S0 W]E PEOPLE :O POSSESS$ NO PROP]TY & W]E UN$UCAT$ OR ILLIT]ATE2 AS ORD9>Y LABOR]S & S]VANTS1 !Y 5JOY$ ONLY 0CIVIL RI<TS10 SU* AS FAIR TRIALS & FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 & DID NOT POSSESS ! FRAN*ISE OR RI<T TO HOLD PUBLIC (FICE4 ,?US1 ONLY AB\T F\R MILLION \T ( TW5TY-SIX MILLION QUALIFI$ AS 0ACTIVE CITIZ5S40 

,:5 IT CAME TO ACTUAL VOT+1 ! NEW ,CON/ITUTION 5%R9$ YET ANO!R DI/9CTION1 CREAT+ AN OLIG>*Y )9 ! OLIG>*Y IT HAD E/ABLI%$4 

,AL?\< ONLY ACTIVE CITIZ5S :O PAID TAXES ON T5 DAYS ( LABOR W]E GRANT$ ! RI<T TO VOTE1 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM WAS FRU/RAT+LY 9DIRECT4 ,ACTIVE CITIZ5S MET 9 PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES 9 ! MAJOR T[N ( !IR CANTON 7ONLY ! BETT]-(F C\LD AF=D ! J\RNEY7 & *OSE ELECTORS TO A SECOND>Y OR ELECTORAL ASSEMBLY1 :I*1 9 TURN1 MET AT ! CAPITAL ( ! DEP>TM5T & SELECT$ ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES1 JUDGES1 BI%OPS1 & O!R (FICIALS4 ,DEPUTIES TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY C\LD BE ELECT$ ONLY FROM ?OSE :O PAID TAXES EQUAL TO AT LEA/ A 0SILV] M>K0 7AB\T FIFTY FRANCS7 & [N$ SOME L&1 SO ?AT A M]E FIFTY ?\S& M5 9 ! 5TIRE C\NTRY W]E ELIGIBLE = MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,MAXIMILI5 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,JEAN-,PAUL ,M>AT1 ! FUTURE LEAD]S ( ! RADICAL ,JACOB9S1 PROTE/$ ! SY/EM1 :ILE ,CAMILLE ,DESM\L9S1 :O ALSO PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 ACIDLY OBS]V$ ?AT ,R\SSEAU C\LD NOT HAVE HELD (FICE UND] ?IS ,CON/ITUTION4 

,! TWO-/AGE SY/EM = ELECTION TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY WAS C>RI$ OV] TO ! DEP>TM5TAL LEVEL1 ) ! RESULT ?AT EA* DEP>TM5TAL GOV]NM5T WAS RUN BY A C\NCIL ( ?IRTY-SIX ELECT$ BY ! DEP>TM5TAL ELECTORAL ASSEMBLY4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( ! COMMUNES1 H[EV]1 ! NEW LOCAL REGIMES1 CREAT$ BY ! SUMM] MUNICIPAL REVOLTS1 S\<T TO PRES]VE ! POPUL> /RUCTURE ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES & T[NS4 ,UNLIKE ! OLD PROV9CES1 T[NS & P>I%ES RETA9$ !IR TRADITIONAL B\ND>IES & W]E SIMPLY R5AM$ COMMUNES4 ,BUT ! SUMM] MUNICIPAL REVOLTS HAD PRODUC$ A V>IETY ( LOCAL =MS ( SELFGOV]NM5T ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY F\ND DI/A/EFUL1 & 9 ,DECEMB] #a<i IT PASS$ A DECREE ?AT RE/RUCTUR$ ! COMMUNES ALONG UNI=M L9ES BAS$1 9 EA* CASE1 >\ND ?REE ESS5TIAL BODIES1 ALL ( :I* W]E ELECT$ BY ACTIVE CITIZ5S3 A MAYOR & MUNICIPAL (FICIALS2 ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! COMMUNE2 & ! T[N CL]K4 

,!SE *ANGES DID NOT PREV5T ! T[NS FROM REMA9+ HOTB$S ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,9DE$1 AS ,MA?IEZ OBS]VES1 0IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! 9T5SE ACTIVITY ( ITS MUNICIPAL LIFE :I* GAVE REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE ITS RESEMBLANCE TO FREE ,AM]ICA40.<#b#f#b.> ,! OLD OLIG>*S HAD FL$ DUR+ ! SUMM] REVOLTS1 & EA* T[N N[ CON/ITUT$ AN ELECTORAL ASSEMBLY4 ,ALL REMNANTS ( ! OLD ?REE-,E/ATE SY/EM W]E /RIPP$ FROM ! CON/ITUTION ( LOCAL ASSEMBLIES1 AS !Y 0MAY NOT BE =M$ ACCORD+ TO CRAFTS1 PR(ESSIONS1 OR CORPORATIONS40 ,AS ! ,DECEMB] #ad MUNICIPAL DECREE /AT$1 COMMUNES C\LD BE /RUCTUR$ 0ONLY ACCORD+ TO QU>T]S OR >RONDISSEM5TS0.<#b#f#c.> --?AT IS1 BY RESID5CE2 H5CE1 UNLIKE ! 9DIRECT VOT+ AT ! HI<] LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T1 VOT+ 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES WAS DIRECT4 ,9 L>G] T[NS1 ! DECREE NOT$1 0:]E !RE >E SEV]AL SPECIAL ASSEMBLIES ( ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 SU* ASSEMBLIES %ALL BE REG>D$ ONLY AS SECTIONS ( ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! T[N OR COMMUNITY0 7,>TICLE #a#h74 ,?US1 9 ALL ! L>GE CITIES ( ,FRANCE1 NEI<BORHOOD SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES BECAME ! BASES = MUNICIPAL LIFE4 ,LYON & ,M>SEILLES1 = EXAMPLE1 EA* HAD ?IRTY-TWO SECTIONS1 ,BORDEAUX1 TW5TY-EI<T1 & ,T\L\SE1 FIFTE51 ALL ( :I* EX]CIS$ CONTROL OV] ! C5TRAL MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE T[NS4 0,9 T[NS ) MORE ?AN TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& 9HABITANTS ! SECTIONS1 LIKE ! CANTONS 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS10 ,MA?IEZ TELLS US1 0HAD P]MAN5T (FIC]S & COMMITTEES1 & C\LD HOLD MEET+S :I* CONTROLL$ ! ACTION ( ! C5TRAL MUNICIPALITY40.<#b#f#d.> 

,MOREOV]1 ! COMMUNES HAD ! RI<T TO DEAL NOT ONLY ) LOCAL AFFAIRS BUT ) MATT]S ( NATIONAL CONC]N4 0,! COMMUNES10 CONT9UES ,MA?IEZ1 

POSSESS$ EXT5SIVE P[]S4444 ,!Y HAD ! RI<T TO CALL \T ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D & ! TROOPS4 ,!Y 5JOY$ A WIDE AUTONOMY UND] ! 9SPECTION & SUP]VISION ( ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES :I* SANCTION$ !IR F9ANCIAL 5ACTM5TS & AUDIT$ !IR ACC\NTS4 ,! MAYOR 444 MI<T BE SUSP5D$1 BUT ! MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLY C\LD NOT BE DISSOLV$4.<#b#f#e.> 

,9 EFFECT1 AB\T #d#d1 AUTONOM\S LOCAL AU?ORITIES BLANKET$ ,FRANCE1 MANY 9 ! =M ( CITIZ5 ASSEMBLIES OR SECTIONS4 

,9 ! YE>S ?AT W]E TO FOLL[1 !SE SECTIONS & COMMUNES BECAME 9CREAS+LY DEMOCRATIC & RADICAL3 

,AT ! \TSET ! MAYORS & MUNICIPAL (FIC]S W]E *OS5 FROM ! RI* MIDDLE CLASSES1 BUT !Y W]E = MORE EXPOS$ TO ! CON/ANT PRESSURE ( ! PEOPLE ?AN ! DEP>TM5TAL & DI/RICT DIRECTORIES1 SO ?AT 9 #a#g#i#b1 & ESPECIALLY AFT] ! DECL>ATION ( W>1 A C]TA9 LACK ( H>MONY WAS APP>5T BETWE5 ! COMMUNES1 :I* W]E RA!R MORE DEMOCRATIC 9 *>ACT]1 & ! ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES1 :I* W]E MORE CONS]VATIVE4.<#b#f#f.> 

,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! COMMUNES & SECTIONS =M$ ! BASES = A RADICAL POPUL>1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY--A MUNICIPALI/ DEMOCRACY--?AT1 9 ,P>IS AT LEA/1 WAS TO *ALL5GE ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE4 

,! ,F,$,],A,T,I,O,N,S 

,! =MATION ( CONF$]AL /RUCTURES CAN BE DAT$ BACK AT LEA/ TO ! TIME ( ! 0,GREAT ,FE>0 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#g#h#i1 :5 ! T[NS ( V>I\S PROV9CES SU* AS ,FRAN*E-,COMTE & ,DAUPH9E =M$ CONF$]ATIONS ) EA* O!R 9 COMMON DEF5SE AGA9/ 0BRIG&S0 & >I/OCRATS4 ,!REAFT]1 T[NS CONT9U$ TO CONF$]ATE1 P>TLY TO EVOKE ! FEEL+ ( FRAT]NITY ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD PROMOT$ AS A SPIRITUAL EXPRESSION ( ITS SOCIAL GOALS4 ,F$]ATIONS ( T[NS )9 A S+LE PROV9CE SOON =M$ F$]ATIONS ) ?OSE ( O!R PROV9CES1 TO AFFIRM !IR S5SE ( COMMON CITIZ5%IP4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g#i1 = EXAMPLE1 DELEGATES FROM ,ANJ\ JO9$ H&S ) DELEGATES FROM ,BRITTANY TO SWE> ?AT !Y W]E 0NEI!R ,ANGEV9S NOR ,BRETONS1 BUT CITIZ5S ( ONE & ! SAME COMMUNITY40.<#b#f#g.> ,! F$]ATION ( ,FRAN*E-,COMFO1 ,BURGUNDY1 ,ALSACE1 & ,*AMPAGNE1 SAYS ,MA?IEZ1 WAS 0C>RI$ \T AMID A PATRIOTIC EXALTATION :I* ASSUM$ A RELIGI\S *>ACT]40.<#b#f#h.> ,P>TLY CIVIL & P>TLY MILIT>Y1 !SE CELEBRATIONS W]E ATT5D$ BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! V>I\S PROV9CIAL ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS--! FDDDRDS OR F$]ALS--:O SWORE TO UPHOLD ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 5=CE ITS LAWS1 & SUPPRESS DISORD]4 

,9 ! YE> AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 F$]ATION BECAME 0! NEW RELIGION0 ( A ,FRANCE ?AT ABHORR$ C5TRALIZATION & ROYAL DESPOTISM4 ,ON ! FIR/ ANNIV]S>Y ( ,JULY #a#d1 PROV9CIAL F$]ATIONS FUZ$ TOGE!R TEMPOR>ILY 9TO A NATIONAL F$]ATION 9 ,P>IS ?AT WAS M>K$ BY AN 5?USIA/IC NATIONAL CELEBRATION KN[N AS ! ,FETE DE LA ,F$]ATION4 ,CONT+5TS ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS FROM ! EI<TY-?REE DEP>TM5TS P\R$ 9TO ! CAPITAL 9 A HUGE AMPHI!AT] ON ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S1 :]E1 DESPITE A HEAVY D[NP\R1 ?\S&S ASSEMBL$ ) RAIS$ BANN]S TO ! MUSIC ( A TWELVE-HUNDR$-PIECE OR*E/RA TO REAFFIRM !IR SOLID>ITY & REVOLUTION>Y COMMITM5T4 ,AFT] ,LAFAYETTE SWORE ON AN ALT> TO UPHOLD ! ,CON/ITUTION & BE FAI?FUL TO ! NATION1 ! CR[D ( DEPUTIES1 ,GU>DSM51 & SPECTATORS 9 TURN %\T$ ! SAME OA?3 0,I SWE> IT60 ,:5 ! K+ & QUE5 !MSELVES TOOK ! OA?1 ! CR[D *E]$ !M WILDLY1 AFT] :I* ALL DEP>T$ S++ 0,CA IRA10 ! LIVELY & AU!NTICALLY POPUL> SONG ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,A,S,S,E,M,B,L,Y 

,?IS %[ ( UNITY1 H[EV]1 B>ELY CONCEAL$ ! MAJOR SOCIAL & POLITICAL DIFF]5CES ?AT P]SI/$ 9 ,FRANCE1 AS C\LD EV5 BE SE5 9 ! SEAT+ >RANGEM5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ITSELF4 ,FAC+ ! TRIBUNE ON ! LEFT W]E ! MORE RADICAL DEPUTIES1 :O PRESS$ = FUR!R LIMITATIONS ON ! MON>*Y1 F>-REA*+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RE=MS1 & ! ABOLITION ( ALL /ATUS RANKS4 ,! SEATS ON ! RI<T W]E OCCUPI$ BY MON>*I/ & CONS]VATIVE DEPUTIES :O DREAD$ ! DANG] TO AU?ORITY & /ABILITY ?AT CAME FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE & /RONGLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! MON>*Y %\LD HAVE GREAT] AU?ORITY TO HOLD ! C\NTRY 9 T[4 ,FROM ?IS TIME ONW>D1 ! T]MS ,LEFT & ,RI<T BECAME P>T ( ! VOCABUL>Y ( MOD]N POLITICS4 

,BUT ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O SAT ON ! RI<T WAS RELATIVELY L[1 9 GREAT P>T [+ TO !IR [N LACK ( ORGANIZATION & TO ! HEADLONG EMIGRATION ( MON>*I/S1 :I* GAVE ! ,LEFT CONSID]ABLE LEEWAY 9 MAK+ DRA/IC *ANGES 9 ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,IT MADE !M ) ALACRITY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,ASSEMBLY ABOLI%$ ! P>LEM5TS & REPLAC$ ! H]$IT>Y JUDICI>Y ( ! ANCI5 REGIME ) A GRADUAT$ SY/EM ( TRIBUNALS 9DEP5D5T ( ! K+1 ACC\NTABLE ONLY TO ! SOV]EIGN NATION4 ,JUDGES HAD TO BE ELECT$ & DRAW !IR SAL>IES FROM ! /ATE2 TORTURE WAS ABOLI%$ AS A HAT$ RELIC ( M$IEVAL B>B>ISM4 

,P]HAPS ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY'S MO/ RADICAL ECONOMIC ACTS AT ! TIME CONC]N$ ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 ! L>GE/ L&[N] 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] ! ,ASSEMBLY CONFISCAT$ ALL ! L&$ E/ATES ( ! ,*UR*1 )\T COMP5SATION1 & AUCTION$ !M (F TO RAISE FUNDS TO AV]T ! IMM$IATE BANKRUPTCY ( ! /ATE4 ,PRESUMABLY1 !SE CONFISCAT$ L&S W]E MEANT TO UND]WRITE 9T]E/-BE>+ TREASURY BONDS--OR ASSIGNATS1 AS !Y W]E CALL$-- :I* LAT] BECAME ! LEGAL PAP] CURR5CY ( ! REALM4 

,HAV+ ALREADY ABOLI%$ ! ,GALLICAN ,*UR*'S CORPORATE /ATUS1 FEUDAL PR]OGATIVES1 9DEP5D5CE1 TI!S1 & L&$ E/ATES1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY N[ =C$ ! ,*UR* TO YIELD TO ANO!R 9NOVATION4 ,FR5* K+S HAD LONG 5JOY$ ! PR]OGATIVE ( *OOS+ ,GALLICAN BI%OPS1 BUT 9 ,JULY #agi ! ,ASSEMBLY E/ABLI%$ A ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION = ! ,CL]GY ?AT BR\<T ! ,*UR* COMPLETELY 9TO ACCORD ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT /IPULAT$ ?AT !NCE=? ALL CL]ICS1 BI%OPS & PRIE/S ALIKE1 W]E TO BE ELECT$ BY ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 ?AT IS1 BY ! LAITY1 & ! SAL>IES ( ! CL]ICS W]E N[ TO BE PAID BY ! /ATE1 ESS5TIALLY R$UC+ ! CL]GY--=M]LY A SEP>ATE E/ATE ( ! REALM--TO CIVIL S]VANTS4 ,! NUMB] ( BI%OPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY R$UC$ 9 EA* DEP>TM5T1 & ! CONTEMPLATIVE MONA/IC ORD]S W]E DISB&$ AS P>ASITIC4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION =BADE CL]ICS TO ACKN[L$GE ! SUPREMACY ( ! POPE1 :O WAS N[ SE5 AS A =EIGN MON>*1 !REBY SEV]+ ! TIES ( ! ,GALLICAN ,*UR* TO ,ROME4 ,IT WAS ) GREAT RELUCTANCE1 9DE$1 ?AT ! K+ WAS OBLIG$ =MALLY TO APPROVE ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION ON ,AUGU/ #b#d1#a#g#i4 

,= MANY ( ! CL]GY1 ?IS DRA/IC *ANGE WAS AN ABOM9ATION4 ,REACTION>Y TRADITIONALI/ BI%OPS :O HAD ACCEPT$ CIVIL *ANGES BY ! ,ASSEMBLY FLATLY REFUS$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! VALIDITY ( ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY1 9 TURN1 BY NO MEANS OBLIVI\S ( ! FACT ?AT CO]CION W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO RE=M ! ,*UR*1 REQUIR$ ALL CL]ICS TO TAKE AN OA? TO UPHOLD ! NEW ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION ON PA9 ( LOS+ !IR B5EFICES4 ,ONLY SEV5 BI%OPS & AB\T #$ P]C5T ( ! L[] CL]GY TOOK ! OA?1 & !SE MA9LY 9 ,P>IS1 & 9 ,DAUPH9@51 ,PROV5CE1 & ! ,PYR5EES4 ,9 ! WE/]N DEP>TM5TS1 ! CL]GY OV]:ELM+LY REFUS$1 OP5+ A S*ISM BETWE5 SO-CALL$ 0CON/ITUTIONAL0 CL]GY1 :O TOOK ! OA?1 & 0REFRACTORY0 CL]GY1 :O REFUS$1 ?AT WAS TO WID5 9TO AN IRRECONCILABLE RUPTURE ) 5ORM\S CONSEQU5CES = ! FUTURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION BECAME ! BASIS = A MORE WIDESPREAD C\NT]REVOLUTION AMONG DEV\T PEASANTS ?AN ANY?+ ! >I/OCRATIC EMIGRES C\LD G5]ATE1 BUT 9 #agi NEI!R OP5 C\NT]REVOLUTION NOR RADICAL J\RNEES W]E AS YET ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 

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