,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #ai 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#i4 ,! ,SECTIONS ( ,P>IS 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#g#i#b1 PRODUC$ AN EXUB]ANCE ?AT 9FECT$ NE>LY EV]Y ASPECT ( ,P>ISIAN LIFE4 ,! MORE AFFLU5T AB&ON$ !IR P[D]$ WIGS & ADORN$ CLO?+ = ! SIMPLE G>B ( >TISANS2 JEWELRY & FANS ?AT DEPICT$ REVOLUTION>Y SC5ES BECAME FA%IONABLE2 NEWBORN 9FANTS W]E GIV5 NAMES ?AT REFLECT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 ,9 CONV]SATION1 CITOY5 7CITIZ57 REPLAC$ MONSIEUR 7SIRE7 AS A =M ( ADDRESS4 ,! 0,SCY?IAN0 R$ CAP 7BONNET R\GE71 ! ANCI5T HEADGE> ( FRE$ SLAVES1 HAD ALREADY BE5 A POPUL> WAY ( PROCLAIM+ FIDELITY TO ! ,REVOLUTION2 N[1 AFT] ,AUGU/ #a1 V>I\S SECTIONS ADOPT$ IT--0! R$ CAP ( FRE$OM0--AS ! REQUIR$ HEADGE> = !IR (FICIALS TO WE>4 ,9DE$1 IT BECAME A SYMBOL ( ! SECTIONS' POLITICAL P[]4 ,MANY SECTIONS ONCE AGA9 *ANG$ !IR NAMES1 GIV+ !MSELVES MORE REVOLUTION>Y APPELLATIONS3 ! SECTION ,!AT]-,FRAN@5AIS N[ BECAME ! SECTION ,M>SEILLES1 :ILE ! SECTION ,PLACE-,ROYALE BECAME ! SECTION DES ,F$]ES1 & ! SECTION ,ROI-DE-,SICILE BECAME ! SECTION ,DROITS-DE-L',HOMME4 ,NOR WAS ! REPUBLICAN F]VOR ANY LESS 9T5SE 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,UPON HE>+ ! NEWS ?AT ! K+ WAS DE?RON$1 >MY VOLUNTE]S 9 ! ,VOSGES CRI$1 0,LONG LIVE ! NATION ) NO K+60 :ILE ! ,JACOB9S ( ,/RASB\RG DEM&$1 0,LONG LIVE EQUALITY6 ,D[N ) ! K+60.<#b#h#a.> 

,AL?\< MANY FIDIRIS HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! 9VASION ( ! ,TUIL]IES ,PALACE1 0! DE?RONEM5T ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I WAS1 9 FACT1 A VICTORY ABOVE ALL ELSE = ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS10 OBS]VES ,ALB]T ,GOODW94.<#b#h#b.> ,UP TO ?IS PO9T1 ! SECTIONS HAD LOOK$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY = LEAD]%IP & SUPPORT$ IT DUR+ E>LI] J\RNIES ) !IR >M$ /R5G?4 ,BUT ! NEWLY ELECT$ ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY HAD NOT C>RI$ \T ! J\RNIE ( ,AUGU/ #a2 9DE$1 ITS ROLE HAD BE5 HESITANT & DILATORY1 & ITS PASSIVITY & AMBIVAL5CE T[>D ! UPRIS+ MORALLY DISCR$IT$ IT4 ,! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE1 A MUNICIPAL BODY1 COORD9AT$ ! SANS-CUIOTTES ( ! SECTIONS 9 OV]?R[+ ! MON>*Y4 

,AS ! VANQUI%]S ( ROYAL TREA*]Y1 ! SECTIONS W]E ACUTELY CONSCI\S ?AT !Y HAD P]=M$ ! CULM9AT+ S]VICE TO ! ,REVOLUTION & TO ! NATION4 ,!Y HAD GONE WELL BEYOND NEI<BORHOOD1 EV5 MUNICIPAL CONC]NS1 & VIEW$ !MSELVES1 SAYS ,MA?IEZ10AS ! 9C>NATION ( ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ & AS HAV+ ACT$ 9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE AS A :OLE10.<#b#h#c.> OR1 9 ,DOYLE'S WORDS1 0AS ! GU>DIANS & WAT*DOGS ( ! NEW REPUBLIC1 & ! >BIT]S ( :AT IT %\LD /& =40.<#b#h#d.> 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! NEW ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE HAD GONE F> BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ! PREVI\S ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I* 9 ! PA/ HAD CONT9UALLY ATTEMPT$ TO 5CROA* UPON ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! SECTIONS BY TRY+ TO 0REGUL>IZE0 !M1 APPO9T !IR (FICIALS :5 IT C\LD1 & LIMIT ! SIZE ( !IR COMMITTEES & ! RANGE ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE WAS ! VISIBLE C5T] ( ! SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT CONTA9$ TWICE AS MANY MEMB]S AS ! OLD ,COMMUNE3 :]E ! SECTIONS HAD S5T ?REE DELEGATES EA* TO ! OLD ,COMMUNE1 !Y N[ S5T SIX1 EXP&+ ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE TO A TOTAL ( #bhh MEMB]S4 ,ALL W]E ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( NE>-UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! NEW MEMB]S W]E POLITICALLY MORE RADICAL & LESS WEAL?Y ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS3 AL?\< SOME W]E LAWY]S & PR(ESSIONALS1 MO/ W]E SMALL %OPKEEP]S & >TISANS--?AT IS TO SAY1 SANS-CULOTTES4 

,! NEW ,COMMUNE WAS ALSO MORE ACTIVE ?AN ! OLD ,COMMUNE HAD BE52 :]E ! OLD ,COMMUNE HAD MET IRREGUL>LY1 ! NEW ONE MET DAILY4 0,! RESULT10 OBS]VES ,GOODW91 0WAS ?AT ! SECTIONAL REPRES5TATIVES W]E N[ CONSULT$ AT EV]Y TURN ON ! SMALLE/ MATT]S ( ADM9I/RATION1 AS WELL AS ON L>GE QUE/IONS ( NATIONAL POLICY40.<#b#h#e.> ,ACCORD+LY1 ! SECTIONS 5JOY$ AN 9T5SE FEEL+ ( MORAL SUP]IORITY OV] ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y PLAY ! LEAD+ ROLE ON ,AUGU/ #a1 BUT1 :ILE ! ,ASSEMBLY DELEGATES W]E REG>D$ AS LESS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE--HAV+ BE5 *OS5 ?R\< AN 9DIRECT VOT+ SY/EM ) PROP]TY RE/RICTIONS ON ! FRAN*ISE--! SECTIONS N[ VOT$ = !IR (FICIALS DIRECTLY )\T ANY LIMIT$ FRAN*ISE4 

,NOR WAS ! SECTIONS' SUP]IORITY OV] ! ,ASSEMBLY M]ELY MORAL3 !Y ALSO POSSESS$ A MAJOR MILIT>Y =CE 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D WAS ANSW]ABLE TO ! SECTIONS & ! ,COMMUNE1 :ILE ! ,ASSEMBLY1 MEET+ 9 ,P>IS1 POSSESS$ NO RELIABLE MILIT>Y =CE BY :I* IT C\LD DEF5D ITSELF FROM POPUL> PRESSURE4 ,9 #agib & #a#g#i#c1 EV]Y MAN :O C\LD HAVE BE5 SP>$ = A SEP>ATE =CE LIKE ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D WAS S5T TO ! FRONT1 LEAV+ ! ,ASSEMBLY VULN]ABLE TO DEMON/RATIONS & FUTURE J\RNIES4 ,NOR WAS ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D NECESS>ILY EAG] TO C>RY \T ! ,ASSEMBLY'S WILL4 ,NO LONG] MADE UP ( ! SELECT$ B\RGEOIS SOLDI]S ( ! K9D :O HAD FIR$ ON ! PETITION]S AT ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S1 IT WAS N[ OP5 TO ALL CITIZ5S & CONSI/$ PRIM>ILY ( SANS-CULOTTES UND] ,SANT]RE'S COMM&4 

,! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 9 TURN1 DESPITE ITS RELUCTANCE1 WAS 9CREAS+LY OBLIG$ TO C>RY \T ! MEASURES FAVOR$ BY ! SECTIONS4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a1 IT DECRE$ ?AT 0! CLASSIFICATION ( ,FR5*M5 9 T]MS ( ACTIVE & NON-ACTIVE CITIZ5S WAS ABOLI%$10.<#b#h#f.> & IT S5T EMISS>IES \T TO ! PROV9CES TO JU/IFY ! DE?RONEM5T ( ! K+ TO GA9 POPUL> SUPPORT = ,L\IS'S REMOVAL4 ,9 MANY ( ! PROV9CES1 ?IS WAS NOT A DIFFICULT TASK3 ! COMMUNES \TSIDE ( ,P>IS W]E LOS+ !IR L>GELY B\RGEOIS MEMB]%IP & BECOM+ EV] MORE RADICALIZ$4 ,9 ,LYON & ,M>SEILLES1 AMONG O!RS1 ,COMMUNE MEMB]S HAD BE5 DISCR$IT$ BY !IR FAILURE TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( SC>CE BREAD & HI< PRICES1 LEAD+ TO ! \TBREAK ( FOOD RIOTS4 ,!RE 0! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES & EV5 ! >TISANS10 WORK+ ?R\< !IR LOCAL ,JACOB9 CLUBS1 0TOOK ! P[] 9TO !IR H&S40.<#b#h#g.> ,ON ,AUGU/ #bf & #bh ! ,ASSEMBLY ABOLI%$ ALL ! FEUDAL L&$ DUES ?AT HAD REMA9$1 EXCEPT :]E ! L&LORD C\LD PRODUCE AN ORIG9AL TITLE DE$ TO ! L&S ?AT ! PEASANTS TILL$4 ,IT DECL>$ ?AT ALL COMMON L&S BELONG$ SOLELY TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 & DIRECT$ ?AT ! L&S ( ! IMIGRIS BE DIVID$ UP 9TO SMALL LOTS4 ,9 A HELPLESS POSITION VIS-II-VIS ! ,COMMUNE1 ! ,ASSEMBLY FUTILELY TRI$ TO ASS]T ITSELF ON ,AUGU/ #c BY ISSU+ A DECREE DISSOLV+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & CALL+ = NEW ELECTIONS4 ,?IS DECREE WAS COMPLETELY IGNOR$ BY ! ,COMMUNE & SECTIONS1 & ! ,BRISSOT9S HAD TO )DRAW IT 9 IGNOM9I\S EMB>RASSM5T4 ,! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS N[ /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION1 EV5 ( ! >MIES & ! PROV9CES4 ,AS ONE RADICAL ,ASSEMBLY DEPUTY1 ,*ABOT1 /]NLY W>N$ HIS COLLEAGUES 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 0,NEV] =GET ?AT Y\ W]E S5T H]E BY ! SANS-CULOTTES40.<#b#h#h.> 

,! ,S,E,P,T,E,M,B,] ,M,A,S,S,A,C,R,E,S 

,H>DLY HAD ! K+'S DE?RONEM5T BE5 AGRE$ UPON :5 ! MILIT>Y SITUATION S]I\SLY DET]IORAT$2 DUR+ ! MON? ( ,AUGU/1 ! ,FR5* W> EF=T AT ! EA/]N FRONTI] TOOK A SEV]E TURN = ! WORSE4 ,! N[-DESPIS$ ,LAFAYETTE F9ALLY DEFECT$ TO ! 5EMY 9 MID-,AUGU/1 AS REPUBLICANS HAD LONG EXPECT$2 NOR WAS HE ALONE4 ,O!R >MY (FIC]S JO9$ ! ROYALI/S 9 EXILE & ?REW !IR SUPPORT TO ! ,AU/RIANS & ,PRUSSIANS4 ,! OLD] G5]ALS :O REMA9$ 9 ! ,FR5* >MY C\LD NO LONG] BE TRU/$1 :I* LEFT ! REVOLUTION>IES )\T 5\< RELIABLE COMM&]S4 ,UND] ! HAT$ ,DUKE ( ,BRUNSWICK1 ! ,PRUSSIANS CAPTUR$ ! =TRESS AT ,LONGWY ON ,AUGU/ #b#c1 AFT] A RESI/ANCE SO BRIEF ?AT IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,FR5* TREA*]Y HAD ASSI/$ ! 9VAD]S 9 !IR VICTORY4 ,A ,PRUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,FRANCE N[ SEEM$ IMM95T1 /OK+ DEEP FE>S AMONG ! ,P>ISIAN MASSES ( ROYALI/ CONSPIRATORS1 ,*UR* SPIES1 & ! DANG] ( A C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ! UNDEF5D$ CAPITAL4 

,A WEEK LAT]1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 NEWS REA*$ ! CAPITAL ?AT ,V]DUN WAS AB\T TO FALL1 TOGE!R ) REPORTS ?AT A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+ HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ! WE/]N DEP>TM5T ( ! ,V5DEE4 ,P>IS W5T 9TO A FR5ZY4 ,! ,COMMUNE DECRE$ TWO DAYS ( H\SE-TO-H\SE SE>*ES 9 :I* SUSPECTS W]E TO BE DIS>M$ & !IR WEAPONS GIV5 OV] TO VOLUNTE]S = ! >MY4 ,AT ITS CALL1 ! NEWLY >M$ VOLUNTE]S ASSEMBL$ 9 ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S BE=E !IR DEP>TURE = ! FRONT1 :]E ,DANTON GAVE A R\S+ SPEE*--P]HAPS HIS MO/ FAM\S--SUMMON+ ! C\NTRY TO FI<T H]OICALLY & AUDACI\SLY-- 0,L'AUDAC]0 --= ITS ,REVOLUTION4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 TWO ( ! MORE POPUL> NEWSPAP] PUBLI%]S W]E DEM&+ NOT ONLY ! DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S 5EMIES ABROAD BUT ! EXT]M9ATION ( ?OSE )9 ,P>IS AS WELL4 ,JEAN-,PAUL ,M>AT HAD BE5 5GAG$ 9 POPULI/ POLITICS ?R\< HIS [N J\RNAL1 ,L',ATNI DU ,PEUPLE 7,! FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE71 S9CE #a#g#h#i1 FOLL[$ BY ,JACQUES-,]NE ,HUB]T1 9 HIS ,LE ,PIRE ,DU*ESNE1 :I* DEM&$ ! MO/ EXTREME MEASURES AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION'S 5EMIES4 0,N\S SOMMES TRA9S0 70,WE >E BETRAY$07 WAS ,M>AT'S CON/ANT CRY1 ACTUALLY ) GREAT] ACCURACY ?AN DEMAGOG]Y AB\T ! REALITIES ( ! SITUATION AT TIMES4 ,! BETRAY]S ?AT BO? ,M>AT & ,HUB]T S+L$ \T W]E V>I\SLY ! ROYAL FAMILY1 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,BRISSOT9S1 & EV5 MOD]ATES 9 ! ,COMMUNE4 0,9 ORD] TO 5SURE PUBLIC TRANQUILITY10 ,M>AT W>N$1 0TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& HEADS MU/ BE CUT (F40.<#b#h#i.> ,BY LATE ,AUGU/ #a#g#i#b1 HE FLATLY DEM&$3 0,LET ! BLOOD ( ! TRAITORS FL[4 ,?AT IS ! ONLY WAY TO SAVE ! C\NTRY0.<#b#i.> --A DEM& ?AT WAS NOT LO/ ON ! 9CREAS+LY FURI\S SANS-CULOTTES4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ! 5EMIES ?AT ,M>AT & O!RS S+L$ \T W]E ! PRISON]S 9 ! CITY'S JAILS1 MANY ( :OM W]E DETA9$ POLITICAL SUSPECTS1 & IT SEEM$ ONLY TOO OBVI\S TO ,P>ISIANS ?AT :5 ! ,PRUSSIAN-,AU/RIAN 9VASION APPROA*$ ,P>IS1 ROYALI/ PLOTT]S W\LD ?R[ OP5 ! PRISON DOORS TO GA9 SUPPORT]S = A C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,NOT UNREASONABLY1 AL>M$ SANSCULOTTES FELT ?AT ?IS DANG] FROM )9 WAS ALL ! GREAT] BECAUSE 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( VOLUNTE]S W]E DEP>T+ = ! FRONT1 LEAV+ ! CITY ITSELF DEF5SELESS4 ,9DE$1 9 ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ! FE> ( 9T]NAL C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ! CAPITAL REA*$ SU* FR5ZI$ PROPORTIONS ?AT IT L$-- ) OR )\T PLANN+--TO :AT WAS TO GO D[N 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION AS ONE ( ITS MO/ DESP]ATE ACTS4 ,L>GE CR[DS BEGAN LIT]ALLY TO BUT*] ! CITY'S PRISON POPULATION4 ,! FIR/ TO BE KILL$ W]E RECALCITRANT PRIE/S :O W]E IMPRISON$ 9 CONV5TS & SEM9>IES1 FOLL[$ BY HUNDR$S ( 9MATES 9 ! CITY'S JAILS4 

,! ,SEPTEMB] MASSACRES1 AS !SE RUL+S CAME TO BE CALL$1 CONT9U$ = SEV5 DAYS1 DUR+ :I* TWELVE HUNDR$ PEOPLE--AB\T HALF ! 5TIRE PRISON POPULATION 9 ,P>IS--W]E KILL$1 EI!R \TRI<T OR AFT] EXTREMELY SUMM>Y TRIALS4 ,P]HAPS NO MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD ( ! DEAD W]E POLITICAL SUSPECTS1 PRIE/S1 NOBLES1 OR SPECULATORS2 MO/ ( ?OSE KILL$ W]E COMMON CRIM9ALS1 ?IEVES1 DEBTORS1 & PRO/ITUTES4 ,AL?\< ! ,COMMUNE TRI$ TO E/ABLI% TRIBUNALS TO TRY ! PRISON]S1 ITS EF=TS W]E L>GELY 9EFFECTUAL2 9DE$1 ,M>AT1 :O HAD HELP$ TO 9CITE ! MASSACRES1 WAS HIMSELF A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNE'S VIGILANCE COMMITTEE1 :ILE ONE ( ! ,COMMUNE'S DEPUTY COMMISSION]S1 ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE1 W5T TO ! PRISONS :ILE ! MASSACRES W]E UND] WAY & 5C\RAG$ !M1 EXCLAIM+1 0,Y\ >E SLAY+ Y\R 5EMIES6 ,Y\ >E DO+ Y\R DUTY60.<#b#i#a.> 

,! MASSACRES CEAS$ ONLY AFT] ! POPUL> HY/]IA RAN ITS C\RSE4 ,YET T]RIBLE & DEPLORABLE AS !Y W]E1 !Y S]V$ TO /RIKE T]ROR 9TO ! HE>TS ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES )9 ,P>IS1 UPON :OM ,BRUNSWICK SEEMS TO HAVE C\NT$ TO CAPTURE & DE/ROY ! CAPITAL1 & !IR V]Y SAVAG]Y 9ADV]T5TLY S]V$ TO UND]M9E ANY POT5TIAL RESI/ANCE TO ! CREATION ( A REPUBLIC4 

,! ,C,O,N,V,5,T,I,O,N 

,! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ A ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION ?AT W\LD GIVE ,FRANCE A REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS & ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB4 ,AL?\< ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TRI$ TO P]SUADE ! ,ASSEMBLY TO AGREE TO UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE 9 ELECT+ ! ,CONV5TION'S DELEGATES1 ! ,BRISSOT9S1 ) ! SUPPORT ( MOD]ATE ELEM5TS1 TOOK PA9S TO RE/RICT ! FRAN*ISE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 :5 ! ,CONV5TION F9ALLY ASSEMBL$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1 ! MOD]ATE & ,BRISSOT9 MEMB]S HELD ! MAJORITY4 ,[+ TO ! FACT ?AT MANY ,BRISSOT9 LEAD]S W]E ELECT$ FROM ! ,GIRONDE DEP>TM5T1 ! GR\P N[ ACQUIR$ ! NAME ( ,GIROND9S1 :O %IFT$ FROM ! ,LEFT 9 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY T[>D ! ,RI<T 9 ! NEW ,CONV5TION 9 REACTION TO ! RADICALIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,ON AT LEA/ ONE ISSUE1 ! NEW ,CONV5TION WAS VIRTUALLY UNANIM\S3 ! (FICIAL ABOLITION ( ! MON>*Y4 ,?IS NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION--! DECL>ATION ( A REPUBLIC--WAS H]ALD$ BY E/ABLI%+ A REVOLUTION>Y CAL5D> 9 :I* ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 :5 ! ,CONV5TION BEGAN TO TAKE UP ITS HI/ORIC TASKS1 WAS DESIGNAT$ AS ! FIR/ DAY ( ,YE> ,ONE ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC4 ,!REAFT]1 V]Y FEW W]E ! TASKS ?AT ! BODY C>RI$ \T ) G5]AL AGREEM5T AMONG ! MEMB]S4 ,A BREA* ALMO/ IMM$IATELY OP5$ UP BETWE5 TWO MAJOR FACTIONS3 ! PROV9CIAL ,GIROND9S & ! ,JACOB9 ,MONTAGN>DS1 :O SPECIFICALLY REPRES5T$ ,P>IS4 ,BO? FAVOR$ ! 5D ( ! MON>*Y & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! REPUBLIC1 BUT AGRE$ ON LITTLE ELSE4 ,! ,MONTAGN>DS1 :O N[ CON/ITUT$ ! ,LEFT 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 ACQUIR$ !IR NAME BECAUSE !Y OCCUPI$ ! UPP] B5*ES ( ! ,CONV5TION--H5CE ! WIDESPREAD USE ( ! T]M 0,M\NTA90 TO DESIGNATE !IR DEPUTIES & ! VIEW !Y EXPRESS$4 

,?AT !Y HAD MAJOR DIFF]5CES BECAME ESPECIALLY CLE> DUR+ ! ,CONV5TION'S DEBATE OV] ! FUTURE ( ! K+4 ,! ,GIROND9S WANT$ TO AVOID TRY+ ,L\IS = HIS TREA*]IES1 :ILE ! ,MONTAGN>DS S\<T1 & GA9$1 A TRIAL = HIM1 *>G+ HIM ) TREASON AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITUTION & ! NATION4 ,AFT] HEAT$ DEBATE1 ON ,DECEMB] #aa ! ,CONV5TION F\ND ,L\IS GUILTY1 BUT HAV+ ONCE CONDEMN$ HIM1 ITS MEMB]S C\LD NOT AGREE ON HIS PUNI%M5T3 ! ,MONTAGN>DS /RONGLY FAVOR$ A DEA? P5ALTY :ILE ! ,GIROND9S VEHEM5TLY OPPOS$ IT4 ,FOLL[+ A CLOSE VOTE FAVOR+ EXECUTION1 ,CITIZ5 ,L\IS ,CAPET--AS ! =M] K+ WAS N[ DESIGNAT$--WAS GUILLOT9$ ON ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #a#g#i#c1 AN ACT ( POPUL> SELF-ASS]TION AGA9/ ROYALTY ?AT /UNN$ ,EUROPE'S UPP] CLASSES4 

,!REAFT] ! TWO FACTIONS 9 ! ,CONV5TION BEGAN TO ATTACK EA* O!R BITT]LY1 (T5 OV] TRIVIAL AS WELL AS IMPORTANT ISSUES4 ,UND]P9N+ ! ACRIMONY ?AT SEP>AT$ !M WAS ! ,GIROND9S' FE> ?AT ,P>IS WAS PLAY+ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION--NOTABLY1 ! ,P>ISIAN SANS-CULOTTES1 ! SECTIONS1 & ! ,COMMUNE1 :OM ! ,GIROND9S DETE/$ ) UNRE/RA9$ FURY BUT UPON :OM ! ,MONTAGN>DS1 = !IR P>T1 DEP5D$ = SUPPORT1 TOGE!R ) ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 :OSE POLICIES !Y SEEM$ TO E*O4 ,9DE$1 NE>LY ALL ! TW5TY-F\R DELEGATES TO ! ,CONV5TION FROM ,P>IS W]E EI!R ,MONTAGN>DS OR ,MONTAGN>D SUPPORT]S1 AS WELL AS ,JACOB9S1 MO/ NOTABLY ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,DANTON1 ,M>AT1 & ,DESM\L9S4 ,PRESUMABLY FOLL[+ ,R\SSEAU'S NOTION ( ! 0G5]AL WILL10 !Y PR(ESS$ TO CON/ITUTE ! WILL ( ! NATION1 :I* !Y PAT5TLY ID5TIFI$ ) 9SURRECTION>Y ,P>IS4 ,?US1 :5 REBELLIONS AGA9/ ,P>IS LAT] BROKE \T 9 ! PROV9CES1 ! ,MONTAGN>DS W]E QUICK TO DESIGNATE ! REBELS AS OPPON5TS ( ! NATIONAL WILL1 :I*1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! DAY1 !Y D]OGAT$ AS 0F$]ALISM40 

,! ,GIROND9S1 = !IR P>T1 D]IV$ MO/ ( !IR SUPPORT FROM ! PROV9CIAL CITIES--AL?\< !Y W]E NOT )\T SUPPORT]S FROM ,P>IS AS WELL4 ,CONSUM$ ) AN 9T5SE HATR$ ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE & ,MONTAGN>D DOM9ANCE1 !Y (T5 QUITE PROVOCATIVELY TRI$ TO UND]M9E ! PRE/IGE ( ! CAPITAL 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE1 R$UC+ ITS HEGEMONIC ROLE 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 & LAT] FOM5T+ ANTI-,P>ISIAN & ESS5TIALLY ANTI-,JACOB9 REVOLTS4 ,9CREAS+LY1 ! ,GIROND9S PORTRAY$ ! CAPITAL AS ! VICTIM ( BLOOD?IR/Y1 PIKE-WIELD+ RADICALS :O HAD EI!R C>RI$ \T OR CONNIV$ 9 ! ,SEPTEMB] MASSACRES1 N[ A CAUSE CILIBRE = OPPON5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 9 TURN1 WAS DEPICT$ BY ! ,GIROND9S AS A NE/ FILL$ ) 0AN>*I/ES10 :O1 ) ! SUPPORT ( BLOODY L[]-CLASS RUFFIANS1 ?REAT5$ TO IMPOSE A TYRANNY ON ! NATION AS A :OLE4 

,! ,GIROND9S !MSELVES W]E OP5 TO GRAVE *>GES :I* ! ,MONTAGN>DS EAG]LY EXPLOIT$4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,MONTAGN>D LEAD]S1 P>TICUL>LY ,ROBESPI]RE1 !Y W]E PRIM>ILY ID5TIFI$ AS ! W> P>TY1 HAV+ L$ ! CALL = ,FRANCE TO TAKE UP >MS TO MA9TA9 & SPREAD ! REVOLUTION4 ,SU* A *>GE W\LD HAVE C>RI$ NO WEI<T 9 ! FALL ( #a#g#i#b1 :5 ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y >MIES WON !IR FAM\SLY IMPORTANT VICTORY OV] ! ,PRUSSIANS AT ,VALMY & OCCUPI$ ,SAVOY & ,NICE SOON !REAFT]2 9DE$1 ON ,NOVEMB] #f1 UND] ,G5]AL ,DUM\RIEZ1 ! ,FR5* DEFEAT$ ,AU/RIA AT ,JEMAPPES1 & ON ! N9ETE5?1 ! ,CONV5TION DECRE$ ?AT ,FRANCE W\LD (F] 0FRAT]NITY & ASSI/ANCE TO AIL PEOPLES :O WI% TO RECOV] !IR LIB]TY40 ,A MON? LAT]1 ! ,GIROND9S DECRE$ ?AT :5EV] ,FR5* TROOPS OCCUPI$ A C\NTRY1 !Y W\LD CONFISCATE ! PROP]TY ( ! NOBLES & ! ,*UR* & DE/ROY FEUDAL DUES & OBLIGATIONS1 A DECREE :I* WAS APPLI$ TO ,BELGIUM ! FOLL[+ MON?1 9 ! WAKE ( ADVANC+ ,FR5* TROOPS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 ! ,GIROND9S W]E NO LESS REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! ,MONTAGN>DS & ! TWO DIFF]$ V]Y LITTLE 9 !IR BASIC PR9CIPLES--9CLUD+ A %>$ FE> ( ! 0 AN>*I/ES0 9 ! POORE/ SANS-CULOTTE QU>T]S ( ,P>IS4 

,BUT :5 ! ,GIROND9-CONTROLL$ ,CONV5TION DECL>$ W> ON ,GREAT ,BRITA91 !N ON ! ,NE!RL&S1 & ,SPA91 ,FRANCE BY ,M>* #agic F\ND ITSELF AT W> ) ALMO/ EV]Y MAJOR ,EUROPEAN P[]4 ,! MILIT>Y TABLES ?AT HAD FAVOR$ ! ,FR5* >MIES N[ BEGAN TO TURN4 ,) A ,BRITI% BLOCKADE ?AT *OK$ (F ,FRANCE'S ECONOMIC LIFE & ) S]I\S REV]SES ON ! NOR!RN FRONT1 ! UNFAVORABLE MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ,P>IS1 AT LEA/1 EVOK$ GR[+ HO/ILITY T[>D ! ,GIROND9 DEPUTIES1 :O SEEM$ TO OCCUPY MO/ ( !IR TIME P\R+ V5OM\S SCORN ON ! ,M\NTA9 & ITS L[]-CLASS SUPPORT]S 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,:ILE ! SANS-CULOTTES 9 ! SECTIONS WORK$ >D5TLY TO SAVE ! ,REVOLUTION FROM =EIGN 9VASION--MANUFACTUR+ & DI/RIBUT+ PIKES1 CON/RUCT+ A CAMP = SOLDI]S \TSIDE ! CITY1 5LI/+ MORE TROOPS1 & SEIZ+ WEAPONS FROM SUSPECTS--! ,GIROND9S EXHIBIT$ LESS CONC]N AB\T ! W> & MORE 9 BOL/]+ !IR POLITICAL ADVANTAGE OV] ! ,MONTAGN>DS4 ,) EXTRAORD9>Y 9EPTNESS1 !Y /EADILY 9FURIAT$ ! RADICAL & P[]FUL ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS1 :I* !Y T>GET$ = UNREL5T+ ATTACKS4 

,IT IS >GUABLE :E!R ! DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIAL PR9CIPLES BETWE5 ! LOOSELY =M$ ,GIROND9 FACTION & ! ,MONTAGN>DS1 :O W]E TO BE ECUM5ICALLY CALL$ ! ,JACOB9S1 W]E QUITE AS BASIC AS !Y SEEM$ FROM ! H>% ,CONV5TION DEBATES BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,BRISSOT & ,ROBESPI]RE1 :O TYPIFI$ ! MEMB]%IP ( ! TWO FACTIONS1 BELONG$ TO ! SAME ,JACOB9 CLUB 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BO?1 TOO1 W]E PROV9CIAL LAWY]S1 ESS5TIALLY ( SIMIL> SOCIAL BACKGR\NDS1 ) %>$ POLITICAL VALUES4 ,DESPITE !IR POPULI/ RHETORIC1 ! ,MONTAGN>D DEPUTIES 9 ! ,CONV5TION W]E NO LESS UNEASY AB\T ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ?AN W]E ! ,GIROND9S2 9DE$1 = A TIME1 ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS ASSOCIATES W]E ESS5TIALLY ITS CAPTIVES :O SIMPLY REQUIR$ ITS SUPPORT TO PRES]VE !IR P>LIAM5T>Y DOM9ANCE4 ,DIFF]5CES 9 P]SONALITIES MAY HAVE PLAY$ AS MU* A ROLE 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO FACTIONS AS SECOND>Y ISSUES1 SU* AS ! V>I\S P[] BASES ON :I* ! TWO FACTIONS RE/$3 ON ONE H& ! ,GIROND9S1 9 RELATIVELY MOD]ATE OR CONS]VATIVE PROV9CES2 ON ! O!R ! ,M\NTA91 9 ,P>IS ) ITS EXTREMELY DEMOCRATIC SECTIONS1 :OSE P[]S ,ROBESPI]RE WAS TO EVISC]ATE AFT] ! ,GIROND9S W]E DEFEAT$4 

,! ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N,A,L ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,:AT1 !N1 W]E !SE LITTLE-KN[N =TY-EI<T SECTIONS ( ,P>IS1 :]E ! MORE RADICAL ( ! SANS-CULOTTES EX]CIS$ SO MU* 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS8 ,H[ W]E !Y ORGANIZ$8 ,& H[ DID !Y FUNCTION8 

,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! SECTIONNAIRES 7AS !IR MEMB]S W]E CALL$7 BELIEV$ PRIM>ILY 9 SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS CONCEPT ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY1 AS ,ALB]T ,SOB\L OBS]VES1 WAS = !M 0NOT AN AB/RACTION1 BUT ! CONCRETE REALITY ( ! PEOPLE UNIT$ 9 SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES & EX]CIS+ ALL ( !IR RI<TS40.<#b#i#b.> ,IT WAS 9 !IR EYES AN 9ALI5ABLE RI<T1 OR1 AS ! SECTION DE LA ,CITE DECL>$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#g#i#b1 0EV]Y MAN :O ASSUMES TO HAVE SOV]EIGNTY .<OV] O!RS.> WILL BE REG>D$ AS A TYRANT1 USURP] ( PUBLIC LIB]TY & WOR?Y ( DEA?40.<#b#i#c.> 

,SOV]EIGNTY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS TO BE 5JOY$ BY ALL CITIZ5S1 NOT PREEMPT$ BY 0REPRES5TATIVES10 AS WAS ! CASE 9 E>LI] NATIONAL BODIES & EV5 ! ,CONV5TION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! SECTIONAL MOVEM5T ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,P>IS 9 ?AT YE> WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ SELF-CONSCI\S & EXPLICITLY DEMOCRATIC PH5OM5ON TO APPE> 9 HI/ORY S9CE ANCI5T ,A!NIAN TIMES1 & C]TA9LY ! MO/ POPUL> 9 ITS COMPOSITION4 ,! RADICAL DEMOCRATS ( #agic ?US ASSUM$ ?AT EV]Y ADULT WAS1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 COMPET5T TO P>TICIPATE 9 MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,?US1 EA* SECTION1 :E!R ITS MEMB]S W]E POLITICALLY RADICAL OR NOT1 WAS /RUCTUR$ >\ND A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY3 BASICALLY1 A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE ?AT =M$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT DELIB]ATIVE BODY ( A SECTION1 & S]V$ AS ! 9C>NATION ( POPUL> P[] 9 A GIV5 P>T ( ! CITY4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! RADICAL SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY1 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY COMPRIS$ ALL MALE RESID5TS )9 A SECTION'S JURISDICTION1 :I*1 MEET+ 9 EXPROPRIAT$ *APELS & *UR*ES1 EA* ELECT$ SIX DEPUTIES TO ! ,COMMUNE1 PRESUMABLY = ! PURPOSE M]ELY ( COORD9AT+ ALL ! SECTIONS 9 ! CITY ( ,P>IS4 

,EA* SECTION ALSO HAD ITS [N V>I\S ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E ALSO RECRUIT$ FROM ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,!SE COMMITTEES P]=M$ ! FUNCTIONS ( POLICE1 SUPPLY1 F9ANCE1 & NEI<BORHOOD SURVEILLANCE4 ,BROADLY1 !Y MAY BE GR\P$ 9TO ?REE CATEGORIES4 

,! CIVIL COMMITTEES1 DAT+ FROM ! DAYS ( ! DI/RICTS1 W]E RESPONSIBLE = ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS SU* AS FOOD SUPPLY & F9ANCE1 AS WELL AS RECORDKEEP+1 & W]E NORMALLY OV]BURD5$ ) WORK 9 !SE PRACTICAL >EAS4 ,9ITIALLY1 UND] ! MAYOR%IP ( ,BAILLY 9 #a#g#h#i-#i1 ! CIVIL COMMITTEES' MEMB]S W]E DIRECTLY APPO9T$ BY ! ,COMMUNE & HAD A DUAL ACC\NTABILITY TO ! ,COMMUNE & ! ASSEMBLY1 :I* !Y SEEM TO HAVE %REWDLY NEGOTIAT$ BY /AY+ \T ( POLITICS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,!IR MEET+S W]E NORMALLY BUS9ESSLIKE1 & !IR \TLOOK WAS FAIRLY CONS]VATIVE4 ,AFT] ! SANS-CULOTTE ,POTION REPLAC$ ,BAILLY AS MAYOR1 H[EV]1 CIVIL COMMITTEE MEMB]S W]E ELECT$ BY ! SECTIONS' G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 TO :OM !Y W]E DIRECTLY ACC\NTABLE4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! ,AUGU/ #a J\MIE1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 AS EVID5CE ( ITS POPULI/ CR$5TIALS1 %IFT$ ! TASK ( PROSECUT+ POLITICAL CRIMES TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I* = ITS P>T1 DELEGAT$ MU* ( ?IS RESPONSIBILITY TO ! SECTIONS4 ,! SECTIONS !REUPON SET UP VIGILANCE COMMITTEES TO H&LE SUSPECT$ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! ASSEMBLIES1 !SE VIGILANCE COMMITTEES PROLIF]AT$ 5ORM\SLY AFT] ! ,AUGU/ J\RNIE4 ,S9CE !Y W]E EMP[]$ TO LEVY ACCUSATIONS & >RE/ SUSPECTS1 ! POLITICAL VIEWS ( ! COMMITTEE MEMB]S BECAME A S\RCE ( 9CREAS+ CONT5TION BETWE5 RADICAL & CONS]VATIVE SECTIONS--9DE$1 BETWE5 ! SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY AS A :OLE & ! ,COMMUNE1 &1 G5]ALLY1 BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE & ! ,CONV5TION--ESCALAT+ FROM ! BASE TO ! SUMMITS ( SOCIETY AS ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF BECAME MORE RADICAL4 

,A L>GE NUMB] ( AD HOC COMMITTEES W]E ORGANIZ$ = SPECIAL TASKS SU* AS PROVID+ ! UNEMPLOY$ ) WORK1 COLLECT+ GUNP[D] OR SEE+ TO ITS PRODUCTION1 MOBILIZ+ RECRUITS = ! W>1 E/ABLI%+ CONTACT ) O!R SYMPA!TIC SECTIONS1 & EV5 PLANN+ J\MIES4 ,DUR+ FE/IVE P]IODS1 OP5AIR SUPP]S = ! POOR & = NEI<BORHOOD PEOPLE G5]ALLY W]E COMMON & W]E REG>D$ AS WAYS ( FO/]+ FRAT]NITY )9 A COMMUNITY4 

,( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 EA* SECTION HAD ITS [N BATTALION ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 OV] :I* IT HAD COMPLETE CONTROL & :OSE MOVEM5TS IT ALONE C\LD AU?ORIZE4 ,USUALLY ! BATTALION WAS 5TIRELY SUBORD9ATE TO ! ORD]S ( ! SECTION'S G5]AL ASSEMBLY1 MANY ( :OSE MEMB]S W]E P>T ( ! ,GU>D ITSELF4 ,ASSEMBLY MEET+S 9 :I* ,NATIONAL ,GU>D (FIC]S W]E ELECT$ DREW HI< ATT5DANCE1 HI<] EV5 ?AN ?OSE 9 :I* CIVILIAN (FICIALS W]E ELECT$4 ,CLE>LY1 ,P>ISIANS FULLY RECOGNIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! >M$ =CE !IR SECTION COMM&$ & HELD /RONG VIEWS ON ! K9D ( COMM&] IT %\LD HAVE4 

,DUR+ ! HEI<T ( ! ,P>ISIAN RADICAL DEMOCRACY1 SECTIONAL LIFE WAS VIBRANT1 DISPUTATI\S & E>?Y1 AS ,ALB]T ,SOB\L TELLS US 9 ONE ( ! LIVELI] ACC\NTS 9 HIS /UDY ON ! SANS-CULOTTES3 

,A SECTION WAS HEAD$ BY A PRESID5T1 :OSE WORK WAS AID$ BY AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE4 ,A RECORD+ SECRET>Y *RONICL$ ! SECTION'S PROCE$+S--9DE$1 ! ACTIVITIES ( MANY ( ITS COMMITTEE MEET+S AS WELL AS ! DEBATES & DECISIONS ( ITS G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,U%]S MA9TA9$ ORD] DUR+ ASSEMBLY PROCE$+S1 :ILE TELL]S C\NT$ ! VOTES1 :I* W]E EXPRESS$ BY /&+ UP OR RECORD$ 9 ROLL CALLS4 ,DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE1 SO IMPORTANT 9 A SECTION'S LIFE1 REQUIR$ ?AT ! ASSEMBLY ELECT OR REELECT ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE EA* MON?1 (T5 BY ACCLAMATION IF !RE W]E NO COMPLA9TS AB\T ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,! PRESID5T USUALLY OCCUPI$ HIS POSITION = A YE>1 AL?\< HE RESIGN$ :5 HE DIFF]$ FROM ! DECISIONS ( ASSEMBLY1 AS OCCURR$ DUR+ ! BITT] FI<TS 9 E>LY #agic OV] PLANS TO 5GAGE 9 AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION4 ,:AT KEPT ! SECTIONS GO+1 9 REALITY1 WAS A CORE ( COMMITT$ MILITANTS :O REMA9$ AT !IR PO/S & W]E F]V5TLY DEVOT$ TO AN IDEAL ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY EV5 :5 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY DW9DL$ TO A SMALL NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS4 

,MEET+S ( ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY OP5$ ) A READ+ ( ! M9UTES1 FOLL[$ BY A READ+ ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE'S DECREES & LAWS1 & ! PROPOS$ AG5DA :I* WAS DRAWN UP BY ! PRESID5T & HIS COMMITTEE4 ,?IS WAS COMMONLY FOLL[$ BY PROTRACT$ DEBATES4.<#b#i#d.> 

,P]IODS ( CRISIS & EPISODES ?AT EVOK$ POPUL> ANG] MI<T DRAW AS MANY AS A ?\S& CITIZ5S OR MORE TO AN ASSEMBLY MEET+1 9 :I* CASE V>I\S FACTIONS CONT5D$ VIGOR\SLY ) ONE ANO!R1 DEBATES W]E HEAT$1 & EV]Y SEAT 9 ! ASSEMBLY HALL WAS OCCUPI$4 ,MEET+S W]E COMMONLY QUITE RAUC\S1 EV5 9DECOR\S1 & EXTREMELY F]V5T1 LEAD+ TO ?REATS1 %\TS1 MUTUAL RECRIM9ATION1 & EV5 FI/FI<TS4 ,DUR+ ! HEAT$ ,YE> ,I,I ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CAL5D> 7#a#g#i#c71 :5 ONE CRISIS FOLL[$ SOON UPON ANO!R1 ,SOB\L TELLS US1 

MANY CITIZ5S TALK$ AT R&OM OR SCREAM$ DEAF5+LY1 MAK+ ALL DISCUSSION IMPOSSIBLE2 ?IS WAS 9 ! ,RFYUBLIQUE SECTION4 ,9 ! ,*ALI] SECTION ON #a ,V5TDSE .<,FEBRU>Y #a#i.>1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ASSEMBLY DRANK A GLASS ( W9E 9 A *AIR1 & SOME WANT$ TO DISMISS HIM2 0,?IS PLACE IS A W9E%OP N[2 IT WILL SOON BE A TOBACCO %OP AS WELL40 ,O!RS REM>K$ ?AT SEV]AL CITIZ5S HAD DONE ! SAME2 AFT] AN H\R'S CONFUSION1 !Y M]ELY RETURN$ TO ! ORD] ( BUS9ESS4.<#b#i#e.> 

,9DE$1 ! SECTIONS W]E REAL POLITICAL BATTLEGR\NDS1 & FEW ( ! =TYEI<T W]E POLITICALLY UNIFI$4 ,)9 A P>TICUL> QU>TI] OR NEI<BORHOOD1 CITIZ5S' 9T]E/S MI<T DIFF] 5ORM\SLY ACCORD+ TO !IR ECONOMIC /ATUS1 IDEOLOGIES1 & OV]ALL SOCIAL BACKGR\ND4 ,ROYALI/S & MOD]ATES DID NOT DISAPPE> FROM SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES DUR+ EV5 ! MO/ MILITANT P]IODS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT A RELATIVE UNI=MITY ( VIEWS EXI/$ PRIM>ILY 9 ! POORE/ SECTIONS ( ,P>IS & 9 ! WEAL?IE/ ONES2 9 BETWE51 RADICAL & CONS]VATIVE VIEWS (T5 COMPET$ ) EA* O!R FURI\SLY & W]E (T5 RESOLV$ ) HI<LY 9TIMIDAT+ TACTICS4 

,NOR WAS EA* SECTION DRAWN 5TIRELY 9TO ITS [N LIFE & PROBLEMS4 ,RADICALS1 MOD]ATES1 & CONS]VATIVES (T5 COMMUNICAT$ DIRECTLY ) !IR [N K9D ACROSS SECTIONS & =M$ JO9T COMMITTEES ?AT BYPASS$ ! ,COMMUNE & ! ,CONV5TION ALTOGE!R4 ,DUR+ 9T5SE 9T]NAL DISAGREEM5TS1 SECTIONNAIRES DID NOT HESITATE TO 0CALL0 UPON !IR IDEOLOGICAL ALLIES 9 O!R SECTIONS = AID1 :I* AT TIMES L$ TO ! \TRI<T 9VASION ( ONE SECTION BY MEMB]S ( ANO!R4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT WAS ! RADICALS :O W\LD 9VADE ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( NE>BY SECTIONS ON ! PRETEXT ( FRAT]NIZ+ ) !IR COLLEAGUES BUT 9 FACT TO COMB9E =CES TO %IFT A VACILLAT+ ASSEMBLY TO !IR SIDE4 

,P,O,V,],T,Y ,& ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! POOR & RAGG$ SANS-CULOTTES1 :OM ,JULES ,MI*ELET 9 HIS FAM\S HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS TO CALL ! BRAS MIS 1 OR 0B>E >MS10 & 9 :OSE NAME ! ,MONTAGN>DS (T5 PR(ESS$ TO SPEAK1 W]E ESPECIALLY UNRULY2 ! MIDDLE CLASSES CONSI/5TLY LABEL$ !M 0LE CANAILLE0 &1 9 #a#g#i#b-#i#c1 0LES AN>*I/ES40 ,GR9D+ POV]TY />V$ & DEBILITAT$ ?\S&S ( ,P>ISIANS1 LEAD+ TO FOOD RIOTS & EV5 MORE BRUTAL BEHAVIOR 9 TIMES ( SOCIAL UNRE/ & FE>1 SU* AS ! ,SEPTEMB] MASSACRES4 ,POV]TY MAY HAVE ELEVAT$ RIOTS TO A NE>9SURRECTION>Y LEVEL1 BUT 9 ITSELF C\LD NOT SU/A9 A REVOLUTION4 ,POOR SANSCULOTTES :O W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN WAGE-E>N]S REMA9$ ACTIVE ADH]5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION & DIRECT DEMOCRACY UNTIL !IR MOVEM5T WAS CRU%$1 BUT IT WAS AN ECONOMICALLY MORE PRIVILEG$ /RATUM ?AT ACTUALLY %AP$ ! OV]ALL RADICAL T5D5CIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 >TISANS1 TRADESM51 & SMALL 5TREPR5EURS C\LD ALSO BE CALL$ SANS-CULOTTES BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT NOBLES OR M5 ( GREAT WEAL?4 ,! FAM\S 5RAGI1 ,JEAN ,V>LET1 9 FACT1 WAS WELLTO-DO4 ,YET HE WAS WILL+ TO RISK HIS LIFE = ! D[NTRODD5 &1 LIKE ,M>AT1 *OSE TO LIVE AMONG ! POOR & %>E !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 MORAL FACTORS ALONE CANNOT SU/A9 A REVOLUTION1 GIV5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! POOR] ,P>ISIAN POPULATION LIV$4 ,EV5 ) ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACTIVE & PASSIVE CITIZ5S1 ! P]C5TAGE ( MORE AFFLU5T PEOPLE :O TOOK P>T 9 ! POLITICAL PROCESS DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS /RIK+LY L[4 ,( ! FIFTY ?\S& CITIZ5S 9 ,P>IS :O HAD ! RI<T TO VOTE 9 #a#g#h#i1 LESS ?AN A QU>T] TOOK P>T 9 ! ELECTIONS = ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL1 & FEW] ?AN ONE 9 T5 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ELECT+ DEPUTIES TO ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY 9 #a#g#i#a4 ,EV5 AT SECTIONAL ASSEMBLY MEET+S1 ATT5DANCE R>ELY EXCE$$ #a P]C5T ( ! CITIZ5RY & WAS (T5 SUB/ANTIALLY LESS1 TO JUDGE FROM ! LIMIT$ AVAILABLE DATA4.<#b#i#f.> ,NORMALLY1 9 FACT1 AS FEW AS ?IRTY CITIZ5S ATT5D$--ESPECIALLY 9 AFFLU5T >EAS1 S9CE MANY CONS]VATIVE B\RGEOIS CONSID]$ NONP>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS TO BE A MORE HONORABLE C\RSE ?AN P>TICIPATION TOGE!R ) ! DESPIS$ SANS-CULOTTES4 

,NOR C\LD ! FULL P>TICIPATION ( LABOR]S & >TISANS HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 CONSID]+ ! WORK+ H\RS ?AT ! POORE/ SANS-CULOTTES HAD TO 5DURE4 0,9 MANY TRADES A SIXTE5-H\R DAY SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 NORMAL10 OBS]VES ,R4,B4 ,ROSE1 

BEG9N+ AT FIR/ LI<T 79 ! SUMM] AS E>LY AS #d A4M47 & F9I%+ AT #h P4M4 ,9 ! BUILD+ TRADES ! WORK+ DAY WAS NORMALLY AB\T TWELVE H\RS1 BUT DUR+ ! SUMM] ! WORK]S1 WOM5 & *ILDR5 9CLUD$1 W]E (T5 ON ! SITE FROM #e A4M4 TO #i P4M4 ,! WORK]S AT ! ,SA9T-,GOBA9 ROYAL MIRROR WORKS W]E SLI<DY BETT] (F3 !IR DAY /RET*$ FROM #e A4M4 TO #g P4M41 ) HALF AN H\R = BREAKFA/1 AN H\R = LUN* & A HALF-H\R = TEA4 ,WAGE RATES V>I$ FROM EI<T LIVRES A DAY = SOME GOLDSMI?S & JEWEL]S D[N TO TWO OR ?REE LIVRES = BUILD+ WORK]S & JO9]S & ONE OR TWO LIVRES = LABOR]S4.<#b#i#g.> 

,?OSE 9 ! L[] WAGE RATES--& !Y NUMB]$ 9 ! T5S ( ?\S&S--L$ LIVES ( DESP]ATE POV]TY4 ,CO/-(-LIV+ CALCULATIONS 9DICATE ?AT A DAY'S FOOD CO/ ONE LIVRE & F\R S\S ON ! AV]AGE1 :ILE 0! MO/ BASIC LODG+10 TO USE ,R4,B4 ,ROSE'S EXPRESSION1 CO/ ONE TO ?REE LIVRES A WEEK4 0,BASIC LODG+0 MI<T MEAN ?AT A FAMILY ( F\R LIV$--& SOMETIMES WORK$--9 A S+LE ROOM ON ! SIX? OR SEV5? FLOOR4 ,LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,M>CEL1 :OSE ?IRTY ?\S& CRAFTSM5 & WORK]S PROVID$ CR[DS = J\RNEES COMP>ABLE 9 NUMB]S ONLY TO ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T,ANTO9E1 W]E DESCRIB$ AS MIS]ABLE BY ,SEBA/IAN ,M]CI]1 A CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V]4 0,AN 5TIRE FAMILY OCCUPIES A S+LE ROOM10 ,M]CI] RELAT$1 

9 :I* ! F\R WALLS >E B>E1 ! WRET*$ B$S LIE )\T COV]S1 & ! KIT*5 UT5SILS >E PIL$ UP ) *AMB]-POTS4 ,ALL ! FURNITURE TOGE!R IS NOT WOR? TW5TY CR[NS4 ,EV]Y ?REE MON?S ! 9HABITANTS1 ?R[N \T = [+ BACK R5T1 MU/ F9D ANO!R HOLE TO LIVE 94 ,?US !Y W&]1 TAK+ !IR MIS]ABLE POSSESSIONS FROM REFUGE TO REFUGE4 ,NO %OES >E TO BE SE5 9 !IR LODG+S2 ! /AIRS E*O ONLY ) ! S\ND ( WOOD5 CLOGS4 ,! *ILDR5 >E NAK$ & SLEEP HELT]-SKELT]4.<#b#i#h.> 

,PEOPLE :O LIV$ UND] SU* CONDITIONS W]E NECESS>ILY PREOCCUPI$ ) OBTA9+ FOOD1 %ELT]1 CLO?+1 & ! SIMPLE/ AM5ITIES ( LIFE4 ,!Y C\LD H>DLY HAVE P>TICIPAT$ ACTIVELY 9 RUNN+ REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS OR ATT5D+ ASSEMBLY MEET+S REGUL>LY1 ESPECIALLY :5 SO MANY ( ?OSE MEET+S OV]LAPP$ ) !IR WORK+ H\RS4 ,A J\RNEYMAN OR LABOR] C\LD H>DLY REPORT TO WORK 9 FIT CONDITION AT SIX 9 ! MORN+ OR EV5 E>LI] AFT] ATT5D+ A G5]AL ASSEMBLY MEET+ UNTIL ELEV5 OR LAT] ! EV5+ BE=E4 ,:AT IS ADMIRABLE IS ! EXT5T TO :I* LABOR]S LIKE ! BRAS NUS & >TISANS DID P>TICIPATE 9 !IR SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES2 9DE$1 ! BRAS NUS & L[LY >TISANS W]E (T5 PRES5T 9 POLITICALLY PREC>I\S SITUATIONS 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S TO TIP ! BALANCE 9 FAVOR ( RADICAL POLICIES4 ,BUT !IR ABILITY TO MOLD EV5TS & DECIDE POLICIES WAS PAT5TLY LIMIT$4 ,ONLY A FEW ( !IR NAMES APPE> ON LI/S ( MEMB]S ( SECTIONAL COMMITTEES1 :I* COMMONLY MET 9 ! AFT]NOON & CONSUM$ FULL DAYS ( T$I\S WORK4 ,?US1 MEMB]S ( ! CIVIL COMMITTEES ( ! SECTIONS USUALLY HAD 9DEP5D5T 9COMES1 & ONLY FAIRLY WELL-(F OR HI<LY D$ICAT$ CITIZ5S C\LD AF=D TO /AFF ! SECTIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 /ILL LESS P>TICIPATE 9 !IR DEM&+ ACTIVITIES4 

,?AT IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE W]E NO PAID (FICIALS 9 ! SECTIONS4 ,! POLICE COMMISSION] WAS NORMALLY PAID A LIV+ SAL>Y BY ! ,COMMUNE1 AS W]E ! JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 :O H&L$ M9OR LEGAL DISPUTES1 SU* AS DEFAULTS ( DEBTS1 PETTY FRAUD1 BROK5 CONTRACTS1 & DAMAGE SUITS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #agib !SE JOBS BR\<T 9 ANNUAL SAL>IES ( #c1 & #b1#d LIVRES RESPECTIVELY1 R\<LY ! WAGE ( A HI<LY SKILL$ >TISAN4 ,RECORD+ SECRET>IES RECEIV$ MORE MODE/ SAL>IES1 APPROXIMATELY #h LIVRES A YE>4 ,O!R SECTIONNAIRES :O DID PUBLIC BUS9ESS1 :E!R AS P>T ( A CIVIL OR REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE1 W]E GIV5 /IP5DS = ! H\RS OR DAYS !Y LO/ 9 DO+ !IR REGUL> WORK4 ,BUT ON ! :OLE1 MO/ SECTION (FICIALS W]E NOT REGUL>LY PAID & RECEIV$ ONLY M9IMAL 9COMES4 

,! ,5,R,A,G,E,S 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* #a#g#i#c1 ! WORS5+ MILIT>Y SITUATION R$UC$ ! ALREADY /RAIT5$ CONDITION ( ! ,P>ISIAN SANS-CULOTTES TO CRISIS PROPORTIONS4 ,BRITI% W>%IPS SUCCESSFULLY BLOCKAD$ ,FRANCE TO A PO9T :]E ! CAPITAL WAS EXP]I5C+ SEV]E %ORTAGES ( BASIC GOODS & HI< PRICES2 GRA9 WAS ONCE AGA9 SC>CE1 & ! PRICE ( BREAD ROSE /EEPLY 9 ,P>IS AS ELSE:]E 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! ASSIGNATS W]E LOS+ VALUE SO PRECIPIT\SLY ?AT A LABOR] 9 ,REVEILLON'S WALLPAP] FACTORY1 = EXAMPLE1 SP5T #h P]C5T ( HIS 9COME ON BREAD4.<#b#i#i.> ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 :5 ! CO/ ( SOAP ROSE %>PLY1 LAUNDRESSES SIMPLY SEIZ$ :ATEV] SOAP !Y C\LD LAY !IR H&S ON & SOLD IT AT PRE-#a#g#h#i PRICES4 ,RIOTS W]E BECOM+ COMMONPLACE AS CR[DS 9 L>GE NUMB]S LOOT$ %OPS & W>EH\SES4 

,?IS GR[+ CRISIS PROVID$ F]TILE GR\ND = POPULI/ ORATORS & WRIT]S1 P>TICUL>LY ! 5RAGIS1 :O TRI$ TO >TICULATE ! IDEAS & SUSPICIONS ( ! SANS-CULOTTES4 ,BY NO MEANS DID ! 5RAGES =M A UNIT$ POLITICAL GR\P ) A COH]5T SOCIAL PROGRAM2 :AT !Y DID %>E W]E NAIVE1 (T5 =MLESS COMMITM5TS TO :AT ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN RADICALS W\LD G5]ICALLY CALL 0LEVEL+40 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y BELIEV$ 9 A BROAD R$I/RIBUTION ( GOODS FAVOR+ ! POOR AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WEAL?Y4 ,[+ TO ! ,LE ,*APELI] LAW ( #a#g#i#a1 ! LABOR+ SANS-CULOTTES W]E NOT P]MITT$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES TO /RIKE = HI<] WAGES2 ACCORD+LY1 ! 5RAGES DEM&$ ?AT ! ,CONV5TION IMPOSE HEAVY TAXES ON ! WEAL?Y1 FIX ! PRICE ( FOOD/UFFS ) A MAXIMUM1 REQUISITION FOOD FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & /R+5TLY 5=CE ! LAWS AGA9/ SPECULATION 9 :EAT 7A PRACTICE ?AT WAS V]Y WIDESPREAD74 ,BASICALLY1 !Y PLAC$ BLAME = ! WORS5+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON ?OSE :O 9TRIGU$ AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY SPECULATORS & W> PR(ITE]S1 :OM !Y (T5 ASSOCIAT$ POLITICALLY ) ! ,GIROND9S4 

,NOT ?AT BETT]-KN[N PROPAG&I/S SU* AS ,M>AT & ,HUB]T FAIL$ TO ATTACK SPECULATORS & PR(ITE]S2 9 FACT1 ?IS !ME WAS C5TRAL TO !IR SPEE*ES & WRIT+S4 ,BUT !IR PROPAG&A WAS M>K$ MORE BY MORAL \TRAGE ?AN BY DEM&S = SOCIAL MEASURES TO RELIEVE ECONOMIC DI/RESS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 A FEW 5RAGES FLIRT$ ) QUASI-SOCIALI/IC BELIEFS1 9 SOME CASES H9T+ ?AT ! PROP]TY ( ! WEAL?Y %\LD BE %>$ AMONG ! POOR ACCORD+ TO MAT]IAL NE$4 ,9 ANY CASE1 VAGUE AS !IR SOCIAL VIEWS MAY HAVE BE51 !Y C>RI$ ON AN 9T5SE & EFFECTIVE AGITATION 9 ! POOR] SECTIONS ( ,P>IS & G5]AT$ DEEP-SEAT$ FE>S 9 ! ,COMMUNE AS WELL AS ! ,CONV5TION4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ CLE>-SI<T$ ( ?IS 9*OATE GR\P ( 5RAGES WAS ,JEAN,FRAN@5OIS ,V>LET1 AN ACTIVE SECTIONNAIRE & ! SECRET>Y ( ! RADICAL SECTION ,DROITS DE L',HOMME 7,RI<TS ( ,MAN74 ,V>LET WORK$ 9 ! PO/ (FICE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT HE HAD AN 9DEP5D5T 9COME4 ,A Y\NG MAN 9 HIS E>LY TW5TIES1 HE WAS A PROLIFIC PAMPHLETE]1 AS WELL AS A REVOLUTION>Y SONGWRIT] & ORATOR2 HIS WORKS W]E IMM5SELY POPUL> AMONG ! SANS-CULOTTES1 ( :OM HE WROTE1 0,! POOR DEVILS ( ! G>RET444 REASON MORE SURELY1 MORE BOLDLY ?AN ! BE/ G5TLEM51 ! GREAT SPEE*-MAK]S1 ! GROP+ SAVANTS2 IF !Y WI% TO ATTA9 TRUE KN[L$GE1 LET !M GO AS ,I AMONG ! PEOPLE40.<#c.> ,E>LY ON1 ,V>LET CAME TO LOA! ! ,JACOB9S1 AS WELL AS ! ,CONV5TION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 = !IR POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM & C5TRALI/IC POLICIES4 

,9 FACT1 ,V>LET HAD NO FAI? 9 REPRES5TATIVE =MS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,HE WAS FASC9AT$ BY !ORIES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :I* HE DREW 9 P>T FROM HIS READ+S ( ,R\SSEAU4 ,AS ,MORRIS ,SLAV9 PUTS IT1 0,V>LET CONSI/5TLY ADVOCAT$ DIRECT DEMOCRACY AS A PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM1 :I* HE F\ND CORRUPT & NEGLECTFUL ( ! NE$S ( ! SANS-CULOTTES = :OM HE SPOKE4 ,HE DREAM$ ( A UNIV]SAL DEMOCRACY40.<#c#a.> ,?IS VIEW DOM9AT$ HIS POLITICAL ?9K+4 ,AT ! TIME ( HIS ELECTION AS SECRET>Y TO ! SECTION ,DROITS-DE-L',HOMME1 HE IS REPORT$ TO HAVE SAID1 0,WE .<! SECTIONS.> HAVE444 UNLIMIT$ P[]S2 WE >E ! SOV]EIGN .<BODIES.>4 ,WE %ALL BREAK ! 7E/ABLI%$.> AU?ORITY2 WE %ALL RECON/RUCT IT & GIVE IT SOV]EIGNTY4 ,IT WILL SMA% ! ,CONV5TION4 ,:AT IS MORE LEGAL80.<#c#b.> 

,V>LET'S MAXIMUM PROGRAM AIM$ AT NO?+ LESS ?AN ! ABOLITION ( ! ,CONV5TION & E/ABLI%M5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE1 /RUCTUR$ PROVISIONALLY >\ND T5 BUREAUS1 :OSE /RICTLY DEF9$ FUNCTIONS W\LD BE DICTAT$ BY ! ,P>IS SECTIONS4 ,! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES W]E TO MEET 5 P]MAN5CE1 ?AT IS1 EI!R DAILY1 OR :5EV] ! PEOPLE C>$ TO CONVOKE !M )\T HAV+ TO GA9 P]MISSION FROM HI<] AU?ORITIES4 ,! DELEGATES ?AT ! ASSEMBLY ELECT$ TO HIS PROPOS$ REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE HAD TO BE CLE>LY M&AT$ & SUBJECT TO RECALL1 A DOCTR9E EMBODI$ 9 ! T]M M&AT IMP]ATIF4 ,?US1 ! COMMITTEE W\LD BE DIRECTLY ACC\NTABLE TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! SECTIONS4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ,V>LET & HIS SUPPORT]S S\<T TO REPLACE ! ,CONV5TION & ITS M9I/]S ) A DIRECT COMMUNAL DEMOCRACY1 A 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 7TO USE ! REVOLUTION>Y VOCABUL>Y ( A LAT] ]A7 ( A K9D ?AT WAS TO F9D CONSID]ABLE FAVOR ) N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S4 

,!SE DEMOCRATIC VIEWS GA9$ ,V>LET LITTLE IF ANY SUPPORT FROM ! ,COMMUNE OR ! 9FLU5TIAL FACTIONS 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 BE !Y ,MONTAGN>DS OR ,GIROND9S4 ,! ,COMMUNE'S ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL OP5LY D5\NC$ HIM AS 0AN 9TRIGU]10 :ILE ,M>AT EXPRESSLY DISSOCIAT$ HIMSELF FROM ! Y\NG 5RAGI4 ,! ,JACOB9S EXPELL$ HIM FROM !IR CLUB = 0AN EXCESS ( CIVISME 40 

,ANO!R LEAD+ 5RAGI WAS ,JACQUES ,R\X1 A CON/ITUTIONAL PRIE/ :OSE PR(ESSION BR\<T HIM 9TO DAILY CONTACT ) ! POOR4 ,VIGOR\SLY CA/IGAT+ HO>D]S1 SPECULATORS1 & ! TT\VEAUX RI*ES :O W]E IMMORALLY PR(IT+ FROM ! ,REVOLUTION1 HE OP5LY ADVOCAT$ A POLICY ( T]ROR AGA9/ ! WEAL?Y & ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,HIS RHETORIC1 M>K$ BY BLOODY ?REATS AGA9/ ! RI* & RESPL5D5T1 WAS FILL$ ) APPEALS TO LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 :I* EASILY ASSUR$ HIM A W>M RECEPTION FROM ! POOR4 

,SPECULATORS1 %[ ME Y\R POCKET-BOOKS2 Y\R SUDD5 WEAL? WILL ATTE/ )\T RETORT TO Y\R L>C5IES1 Y\R BETRAYALS1 Y\R CRIMES4 ,BE=E ! CAPTURE ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 Y\ W]E COV]$ ) NO?+ BUT RAGS2 TODAY Y\ 9HABIT PALACES2 Y\ [N$ BUT A PL[ & N[ Y\ >E RI* L&LORDS4.<#c#c.> 

,! MORE RADICAL SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 9 FACT1 VOT$ TO READ AL\D HIS SPEE*ES1 NORMALLY DELIV]$ AT ! ,GRAVILLI]S SECTION1 TWICE WEEKLY1 :ILE HIS WRIT+S SOLD WIDELY 9 ,P>IS4 

,R\X'S ZEALOTRY 9 BEHALF ( ! PEOPLE'S REAL CONC]NS DISQUIET$ NOT ONLY ! AU?ORITIES BUT O!R O/5SIBLE POPUL> SPOKESM51 P>TICUL>LY ,M>AT1 :OM ,R\X1 9 FACT1 ADOR$ & TO :OM HE GAVE REFUGE :5 ! 0FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE0 WAS PURSU$ BY ! POLICE4 ,M>AT WAS BY NO MEANS FLATT]$ BY ! ATT5TION ( HIS OV]LY 5?USIA/IC ACOLYTE1 :O (T5 ACT$ POLITICALLY AS WELL AS P]SONALLY FROM IMPULSE & FAIL$ TRAGICALLY TO PROVIDE HIS SUPPORT]S ) ! F>-SEE+ LEAD]%IP !Y SO DESP]ATELY NE$$4 ,HIS SOCIAL CONCEPTS W]E NAIVE3 !Y CONSI/$ L>GELY ( A MORAL COMMITM5T TO ALLEVIATE HUNG] & FURI\S1 (T5 TACTLESS1 ATTACKS UPON ! RI*1 :OM HE BLAM$ = ! AFFLICTIONS ( ! POOR4 ,CURI\SLY1 HE F\ND NO 9CONSI/5CY 9 ! FACT ?AT HE WAS A CON/ITUTIONAL PRIE/ :O CONT9U$ TO RETA9 HIS P>I% & /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ 9COME1 :ILE ADVANC+ EM95TLY UN-,*RI/IAN & BLOODY ME?ODS = PURG+ ! ,REVOLUTION ( PR(ITE]S & C>E]I/S4 ,9 EV]Y S5SE A MAN ( BLOOD1 ,R\X WAS A RADICAL 9QUISITOR :O FRI<T5$ HIS ,MONTAGN>D 5EMIES AS MU* AS HE FRI<T5$ ! HO>D]S & SPECULATORS AGA9/ :OM HE RAIL$4 

,NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ TO LE>N ?AT ! EM95TLY EGALIT>IAN ETIRAGIS 9CLUD$ FI]Y ,P>ISIAN WOM51 SU* AS ,PAUL9E ,LEON & ,CLAIRE ,LACOMBE1 :O C(\ND$ ! ,SOCIETY ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICAN ,WOM5 & 5]GETICALLY GUID$ IT ?R\< ITS BRIEF BUT /ORMY EXI/5CE FROM ,MAY TO ,OCTOB] ( #a#g#i#c4 ,LEON1 M>RI$ TO ,!OPHILE ,LECL]C1 AN 5RAGD J\RNALI/ 9 HIS E>LY TW5TIES1 MANAG$ H] [N FAMILY'S *OCOLATE-MAK+ BUS9ESS1 & HAD BE5 RADICALIZ$ DUR+ ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE4 ,) ! *>ACT]I/IC BOLDNESS ( A ,P>ISI5NE1 %E DID NOT HESITATE TO /& BE=E ! B> ( ! ALL-MALE ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & DECL>E ?AT ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN APPLI$ TO WOM51 :O %\LD ALSO BE ABLE TO BE> >MS SO ?AT !Y TOO C\LD DEF5D !MSELVES & ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,H] ASSOCIATE1 ,CLAIRE ,LACOMBE1 HAD BE5 AN ACTRESS ( SOME DI/9CTION 9 ,T\LON1 :]E H] AV[AL ( MILITANT REPUBLICAN VIEWS DISPLEAS$ H] DIRECTOR1 & %E CAME TO ,P>IS 9 #agib 9 TIME TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,AUGU/ J\RNDE4 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICAN ,WOM5 SELF-CONSCI\SLY ADVANC$ ! RI<TS ( WOM5 AS EQUALS ( M5 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 & ONE ( ITS ORATORS :O APPE>$ BE=E ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB BLUNTLY ASS]T$ ?AT %E & H] FELL[ MEMB]S HAD CEAS$ TO BE 0S]VILE WOM51 DOME/IC ANIMALS40 

,BUT ,FRANCE WAS /ILL A PATRI>*AL SOCIETY DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & NEI!R ! ,SOCIETY ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICAN ,WOM5 NOR ITS LEAD+ FIGURES W]E P]MITT$ TO PLAY ANY IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! SANS-CULOTTES MOVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 ! ,SOCIETY (T5 EVOK$ ! ANG] ( ! M>KET WOM5 9 ,LES ,HALLES--ESPECIALLY PEASANT WOM5 :O CAME FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE TO SELL !IR PRODUCE--BY DEM&+ ?AT !Y WE> TRICOLOR COCKADES & TRY+ TO GA9 !IR SUPPORT = ! REPUBLIC4 ,NOT ?AT ! M>KET WOM5 W]E C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y OR NECESS>ILY LACK+ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ZEAL3 !Y HAD1 AFT] ALL1 BE5 AMONG ! CR[DS :O M>*$ TO ,V]SAILLES 9 ,OCTOB] #a<i & 9CIT$ MANY ( ! FOOD RIOTS ?AT ROCK$ ,P>IS OV] ! YE>S4 ,BUT A DEEP DIS5*ANTM5T ) ! ,REVOLUTION WAS SETT+ 9 AMONG ! POOR] PEOPLE ( ! CAPITAL1 M5 & WOM5 ALIKE4 ,!Y DEEPLY MI/RU/$ ! ,CONV5TION1 ! ,COMMUNE1 & EV5 ! MORE DEMON/RATIVE REPUBLICANS :O F$ !M RHETORIC 9/EAD ( BREAD4 

,?IS DI/RU/ WAS P>TLY JU/IFI$4 ,= ! SANS-CULOTTES G5]ALLY1 ! MO/ PR(\ND 9/ITUTIONAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION LAY 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 !IR [N POPUL> DEMOCRACY & ?OSE :O ATTEMPT$ TO C5TRALIZE AU?ORITY1 BE !Y ! LEAD]S ( ! ,CONV5TION OR ! ,COMMUNE4 ,NOR W]E ! H]OIC FIGURES 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION IMMUNE TO ! LURE ( P[]4 ,DANTON1 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY1 HAD LONG AB&ON$ ! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT & 5T]$ ! RUL+ M9I/RY4 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,HUB]T1 AT LEA/ 9 ! EYES ( ,JACQUES ,R\X1 W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN C>E]I/S :O MASK$ !IR APPETITE = P[] 9 RADICAL V]BIAGE4 ,AS 0! M5 AT ! BOTTOM ROSE 9 ! POLITICAL HI]>*Y10 OBS]VES ,NORMAN ,HAMPSON10!Y BECAME IMPRESS$ BY ! VIRTUES ( C5TRALIZATION1 ONLY TO F9D A NEW G5]ATION ( ASPIR+ GRASSROOTS POLITICIANS TURN+ !IR OLD WEAPONS AGA9/ !M40.<#c#d.> ,! GR[+ CONS]VATISM ( MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S DID NOT ESCAPE ! ATT5TION ( ! L[] CLASSES1 = :I* ! ,REVOLUTION HAD YET TO SUPPLY EV5 MODE/ RATIONS OR PLOTS ( L&4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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