,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #ba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#a4 ,T]ROR & ,!RMIDOR 

,! P[] GA9$ BY ! ,MONTAGN>DS AS A RESULT ( ! ,JUNE #b J\RNIE WAS CONSID]ABLE & 9CREAS$ ) EV]Y PASS+ MON?4 ,EV5 BE=E ! 9SURRECTION1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD ALREADY VA/LY EXP&$ ITS AU?ORITY OV] ,FRANCE BY MEANS ( ! ,FEBRU>Y CONSCRIPTION DECREE1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRIBUNAL1 ! IMPOSITION ( ! MAXIMUM PRICE = BREAD1 & ! =MATION ( A P[]FUL EXECUTIVE1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 :I* WORK$ 9 T&EM ) ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,SECURITY4 ,ONCE ! ,JACOB9S W]E ! DOM9ANT FACTION 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 ! GOV]NM5T BECAME EV5 MORE C5TRALIZ$ ?AN IT HAD EV] BE5 9 ! PA/1 & COMM5SURATELY MORE AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMM$IATE PROBLEM ! GOV]NM5T FAC$ WAS TO C\NT] ! REVOLT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,?R\<\T ! PROV9CES1 ! NEWS ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS HAD 9TIMIDAT$ ! LEGITIMATE1 ELECT$ ,CONV5TION & DRIV5 \T ! ,GIROND9S MET ) WIDESPREAD \TRAGE4 0,F$]ALI/0 UPRIS+S HAD ALREADY DISPLAC$ REPUBLICANS 9 ,M>SEILLES & ,LYON 9 ! SPR+2 !Y N[ SPREAD TO ,BORDEAUX 9 ,JUNE & ,T\LON 9 ,JULY4 ,LYON FELL UND] ! CONTROL ( ,ROYALI/S1 :O 9ITIAT$ A 0:ITE T]ROR0 BY EXECUT+ !IR REPUBLICAN PR$ECESSORS4 ,BY MID-,JUNE1 SIXTY \T ( ! EI<TY-?REE DEP>TM5TS W]E 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ( OP5 REVOLT AGA9/ ,P>IS1 & CIVIL W>S RAG$ >\ND ,LYON1 ,M>SEILLES1 & ,T\LON AS WELL AS 9 ! ,V5DEE1 :]E ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS1 PRIE/S1 & NOBLES GA9$ NOTABLE VICTORIES4 

,EAG] TO GA9 PEASANT SUPPORT1 :I* HAD BE5 DW9DL+ /EADILY AFT] #a#g#i#b1 ! ,CONV5TION ON ,JUNE #c CONFISCAT$ ! L&S ( IMIGRIS & DIVID$ !M UP 9TO SMALL LOTS = SALE ON FAIRLY ADVANTAGE\S T]MS TO ! RURAL POOR--A POLICY ?AT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY AV[$ BUT NOT 5=C$4 ,ON ,JULY #ag IT F9ALLY ABOLI%$ :AT REMA9$ ( SEIGNEURIAL DUES1 )\T COMP5SATION TO ! L&LORDS4 

,MOREOV]1 TO ASSURE ! SANS-CULOTTES 9 ,P>IS & ! PROV9CES G5]ALLY ?AT A DICTATOR%IP WAS NOT 9 ! (F+1 ! ,CONV5TION RAPIDLY COMPLET$ ITS WORK ON A NEW REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION & ACCEPT$ ! F9AL DOCUM5T ON ,JUNE #b#d4 ,GIV5 ! ]A1 ?IS FAM\S 0,CON/ITUTION ( '#i#c0 WAS AN 5LI<T5$ DOCUM5T 9DE$4 ,E*O+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 IT DECL>$ ?AT SOCIETY WAS 9/ITUT$ = ! HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE1 & IT EXP&$ ! ORIG9AL ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS BY 9CLUD+ ! RI<T TO WOR%IP & TO ACQUIRE GA9FUL EMPLOYM5T4 ,! /ATE1 SO ! ,CON/ITUTION DECL>$1 HAD A DUTY TO PROVIDE WORK TO ?OSE :O C\LD NOT ACQUIRE JOBS1 EV5 PUBLIC ASSI/ANCE TO DISABL$ P]SONS4 ,IT AFFIRM$ ! UNIV]SALITY ( PUBLIC $UCATION = ALL ! *ILDR5 ( CITIZ5S & E/ABLI%$ ANNUAL NATIONAL ELECTIONS BAS$ ON UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE4 ,:5 ! 0,CON/ITUTION ( '#i#c0 WAS SUBMITT$ TO A NATIONAL PLEBISCITE 9 ,JULY1 IT WAS APPROV$ OV]:ELM+LY BY ! VOT]S4 

,BUT ! ,CONV5TION WAS PAT5TLY TR\BL$ BY ?IS CON/ITUTION1 :I*1 HAD IT BE5 PUT 9TO EFFECT1 W\LD HAVE MEANT ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,JACOB9 REPUBLIC4 ,9DE$1 IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R NATIONAL ELECTIONS DUR+ ! HECTIC YE>S ( #agic & #agid W\LD HAVE MADE ! ,M\NTA9 ! MAJORITY 9 ! PROPOS$ ASSEMBLY4 ,?US ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS FELL[ ,MONTAGN>DS SAW TO IT ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS /OR$ AWAY 9 A PLACE ( HONOR 9 ! ,CONV5TION & DISCREETLY HELD 9 ABEYANCE AS LONG AS V>I\S CRISES CONT9U$ TO BELEAGU] ! C\NTRY4 ,NOR WAS IT EV] PUT 9TO EFFECT4 ,ITS AU?ORS W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO RETA9 ! HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & EM]G5CY DECREES ?AT KEPT !M 9 P[]4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ?US BECAME LITTLE MORE ?AN A SYMBOL = MILITANT SANS-CULOTTES :O 9CREAS+LY OPPOS$ ! ,JACOB9 GOV]NM5T & S\<T TO REPLACE ! ,CONV5TION BY A SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! ,A,S,S,A,U,L,T ,A,G,A,9,/ ,! ,5,R,A,G,E,S 

,AL?\< ! ,GIROND9 DEPUTIES W]E GONE & ! ,JACOB9S HAD AGRE$ TO SOME 5RAGE DEM&S1 MO/ ( !SE DEM&S REMA9$ UNFULFILL$4 ,NO ADDITIONAL MEASURES AGA9/ HO>D+ & SPECULATION W]E TAK5 BY ! ,CONV5TION1 NOR WAS PRICE-FIX+ EXT5D$ TO ALL /APLES ( LIFE1 AS ! 5RAGES HAD CALL$ =4 ,ON ,JUNE #b#e1 ,JACQUES ,R\X L$ A DEPUTATION ( ! RADICAL SECTIONS TO ! ,CONV5TION1 :]E HE SCA?+LY D5\NC$ ALL ! DEPUTIES = !IR FAILURE TO TAKE ACTION AGA9/ HO>D]S & SPECULATORS1 S+L+ \T ! ,MONTAGN>DS = BEHAV+ MU* LIKE !IR N[-OV]?R[N ,GIROND9 PR$ECESSORS4 ,TO ,R\X ! ,JACOB9S W]E ALL ! MORE TREA*]\S BECAUSE1 UNLIKE ! ,GIROND9S1 !Y OPPORTUNI/ICALLY APPEAL$ TO ! SANS-CULOTTES ) RADICAL RHETORIC BUT LITTLE ACTION4 ,SOMB]LY W>N+ ?AT ! ,CONV5TION WAS IGNOR+ ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1 HE /RID5TLY DECLAIM$ TO ! ,M\NTA93 0,DO NOT 5D Y\R C>E] 9 IGNOM9Y60.<#c#c#e.> ,! ?REAT P>TICUL>LY UNN]V$ ! ,MONTAGN>DS1 :O W]E ACUTELY AW>E ( PUBLIC UNRE/ OV] ,P>IS'S ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! POOR] WOM5 ( ,P>IS W]E SACK+ SOAP SUPPLI]S & SELL+ (F ! M]*&ISE1 :ILE O!R SANS-CULOTTES BROKE 9TO ! %OPS ( GROC]S1 DEM&+ L[] PRICES = ! MEANS ( LIFE4 

,BY ! SUMM] ( #a#g#i#c1 SU* EXPROPRIATE TAXATIONS POPULATES1 AS ! PILLAG+ WAS CALL$1 >\S$ ! ,CONV5TION'S FE>S ?AT ! RADICAL SANS-CULOTTES W]E REGA9+ !IR POLITICAL VIGOR1 & ! JACOB9S MADE A CONC]T$ EF=T TO REMOVE ,R\X & O!R 5RAGES FROM ! POLITICAL SC5E4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY 9/ITUT$ A MASSIVE PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ !M1 MALIGN+ ,R\X & DISCR$IT+ HIS SUPPORT]S4 ,R\X WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,CORDELI]S ,CLUB & FROM HIS POSITION AS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE'S NEWS $ITOR4 ,RA!R 9EPTLY1 HE TRI$ TO C\NT]VAIL ?IS ATTACK AFT] ,M>AT WAS ASSASS9AT$ 7,JULY #a#c7 BY LAY+ CLAIM TO ! M>TYR'S MANTLE 7AL?\< ,M>AT HAD ATTACK$ HIM VITUP]ATIVELY :ILE HE WAS ALIVE7 ?R\< ! ADOPTION ( ! SOBRIQUET 0FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE40 ,!OPHILE ,LECL]C1 9 TURN1 />T$ UP A NEWSPAP] ( ! SAME NAME4 ,APPEAL+ TO ,M>AT'S MEMORY1 ! 5RAGES G5]ALLY DEM&$ ?AT GRAN>IES BE CON/RUCT$ 9 EA* DI/RICT ( ,P>IS & ?AT FUNDS BE ALLOCAT$ TO ! PEOPLE TO PUR*ASE FROM IT4 ,FUR!R1 !Y CALL$ UPON ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY TO EXT5D PRICE CONTROLS TO ALL BASIC >TICLES = G5]AL CONSUMPTION3 A MAXIMUM G9IRAL4 

,NOR W]E ! 5RAGIS ! ONLY CONT5D]S = ,M>AT'S MANTLE4 ,! ,JACOB9S TOO TRI$ TO EXPLOIT ! MEMORY ( ! REV]$ 0FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE0 BY CRUDELY MEMORIALIZ+ HIS NAME4 ,/REETS W]E DESIGNAT$ 9 HIS HONOR1 & HIS BU/ WAS PLAC$ 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 TOGE!R ) ,DAVID'S MEMORABLE PA9T+ ( HIS DEAD BODY4 ,M>AT'S COMPANION1 ,SIMONE FIVR>D1 WAS TROTT$ \T TO D5\NCE ,R\X BE=E ! ,CONV5TION = P]PETRAT+ ! 0MURD]\S CALUMNY0 ?AT ,M>AT HAD BE5 0AN 9SANE APO/LE ( DISORD] & AN>*Y0.<#c#c#f.> COMP>ABLE1 AS !Y SAW IT1 TO ,R\X HIMSELF4 

,TO EFFECTIVELY WAGE A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! 5RAGIS )\T ALI5AT+ ! SANS-CULOTTES1 ! ,JACOB9S W]E OBLIG$ TO MAKE CONCRETE CONCESSIONS TO AT LEA/ SOME ( !IR DEM&S1 :I* !Y DID 9 AN ATT5UAT$ =M4 ,! TWO GREAT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY & ! ,COMMITTEE = ,G5]AL ,SECURITY1 9TRODUC$ SOME EXP]IM5TAL ECONOMIC MEASURES ?AT CONTRAV5$ ! DOCTR9E ( FREE TRADE & ! SANCTITY ( PROP]TY1 TO :I* ! ,JACOB9S W]E NORMALLY COMMITT$4 ,SOME EF=TS W]E MADE TO SEE TO ! NE$S ( ! 9DIG5T1 & !Y EV5 PROPOS$ TO TURN A NUMB] ( 5T]PRISES [N$ BY 05EMIES ( ! REPUBLIC0 9TO /ATE-RUN 9DU/RIES4 ,!SE 9ITIATIVES W]E CLO!D 9 RADICAL RHETORIC1 :I* VAGUELY SUGGE/$ OV]ALL VISIONS ( ECONOMIC JU/ICE4 

,H[EV]1 ! TWO COMMITTEES REFUS$ TO DEP>T 5TIRELY FROM ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS ( ! ,PHYSIOCRATS OR TO ADOPT ! 5RAGIS' MORE RADICAL DEM& = A MAXIMUM G9IRAL4 ,H]E1 ! ,MONTAGN>DS BALK$2 G5]AL PRICE CONTROLS W]E TOO BLATANT A VIOLATION ( !IR FREE-TRADE PR9CIPLES4 ,! PRICE ( BREAD CONT9U$ TO BE A MAJOR BONE ( CONT5TION1 & ! CITY REMA9$ RE/IVE4 ,RA!R ?AN IMPOS+ ! DREAD$ MAXIMUM G9IRAL.< ! ,MONTAGN>DS *OSE ! LESS DI/A/EFUL ALT]NATIVE ( E/ABLI%+ PUBLIC GRAN>IES & ALLOCAT+ A HUNDR$ ?\S& LIVRES SO ?AT ! PUBLIC C\LD PUR*ASE IT4 0,9 ?IS WAY10 OBS]VES ,ALB]T ,GOODW91 0! COMMITTEE MANAG$ TO AVOID A R5EWAL ( SECTIONAL DI/URBANCES 9 ! CAPITAL )\T CAPITULAT+ COMPLETELY TO ! ECONOMIC DEM&S ( ! ,5RAGES40.<#c#c#g.> 

,YET ! GR[+ ATTACKS UPON !M NOT)/&+1 ! 5RAGES CONT9U$ TO PRESS = ,JACQUES ,R\X'S DEM& ?AT ! ,CONV5TION MAKE IT A CAPITAL CRIME TO HO>D FOOD & SPECULATE ON ! PRICE ( ITEMS NECESS>Y = LIFE1 :I* ! ,CONV5TION WAS ,ANALLY OBLIG$ TO DO ON ,JULY #b#f1 EV5 E/ABLI%+ MUNICIPAL COMMISSIONS TO 5=CE ANTIHO>D+ MEASURES4 ,IT WAS A POORLY WRITT5 LAW3 NOT ONLY W]E ITS T]MS ILL-DEF9$1 BUT DEA? /ILL SEEM$ LIKE AN UNDULY H>% PUNI%M5T = SPECULATORS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! LAW WAS DIFFICULT TO 5=CE1 & MANY >RE/$ M]*ANTS W]E ULTIMATELY ACQUITT$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! EMB>RASS$ & CONFLICT$ ,JACOB9S HAD ESS5TIALLY TRI$ TO CO-OPT ! 5RAGES' DEM& ) LEGISLATION ?AT WAS L>GELY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! SANS-CULOTTES1 = !IR P>T1 DEM&$ ?AT ! LAW BE RESOLUTELY 5=C$4 ,JURIES1 !Y 5JO9$1 %\LD BE COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( SANS-CULOTTES1 :O PRESUMABLY W\LD NOT FL9* AT IMPOS+ ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,TO ! HESITANT ,JACOB9S1 !Y FIRMLY RESPOND$3 0,! SANS-CULOTTES >E RI* 9 VIRTUE1 & H5CE CAN BE/ APPLY ! LAW40.<#c#c#h.> 

,NOR DID IT ADD TO ! CR$IBILITY ( ! ,JACOB9S ?AT ! ,CONV5TION PASS$ A SWEEP+ ,LAW ( ,SUSPECTS1 9 :I* ALL 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E UND] SUSPICION ( BE+ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES W]E TO BE >RE/$ & TRI$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRIBUNAL4 ,YET NOT EV5 ! MU*-HAT$ ,M>IE ,ANTO9ETTE1 AS ! ETTRAGIS NOT$1 HAD BE5 TRI$ & S5T5C$1 LET ALONE ! ,GIROND9 LEAD]S4 ,AFT] ,CLAIRE ,LACOMBE SCA?+LY ATTACK$ ! ,MONTAGN>DS 9 ! ,CONV5TION = !IR LAX TREATM5T ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#b1 ,DANTON1 N[ PRESID5T ( ! ,CONV5TION1 F9ALLY 9TRODUC$ A MOTION ?AT ALL SUSPECTS BE 9DISCRIM9ATELY >RE/$ & TRI$1 :I* ! C[$ ,CONV5TION DULY PASS$4 ,BUT AGA9 ! DEF9ITION ( A SUSPECT REMA9$ TR\BL+LY VAGUE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ?IS LAW WAS ALSO DIFFICULT TO 5=CE4 

,:ILE ! ,JACOB9S W]E CYNICALLY PLAY+ C>ROT-&-/ICK ) ! 5RAGIS & !IR SANS-CULOTTE ALLIES1 ! MILIT>Y SITUATION WORS5$ S]I\SLY FOLL[+ ,DUM\RIEZ'S DEFECTION 9 ! SPR+4 ,ALSACE & ,LORRA9E AS WELL AS ,SAVOY W]E N[ HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO 9VASION1 & ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ,P>IS W\LD FALL TO ! ,AU/RIANS LOOM$ ONCE AGA94 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY UND] ,DANTON'S LEAD]%IP HAD BE5 FOLL[+ A FRUITLESS POLICY ( CONCILIATION T[>D ! 5EMY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! GREAT ORATOR1 :O HAD RALLI$ ,FRANCE A YE> E>LI] AGA9/ =EIGN 9VAD]S1 WAS SUSPECT$ ( SEEK+ A COMPROMISE ) ,FRANCE'S 5EMIES4 ,HE WAS F9ALLY REMOV$1 & 9 MID-,AUGU/ RETIR$ TO A SEMI-PRIVATE LIFE AT HIS C\NTRY HOME 9 ,>CEIS ) HIS Y\NG NEW WIFE1 TO BE REPLAC$ BY ! MORE IMPLACABLE ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,! RECON/ITUT$ ,COMMITTEE N[ PROSECUT$ ! W> ) R5EW$ VIGOR & EV5TUALLY REV]S$ ITS C\RSE1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO MOVE A SIZABLE NUMB] ( TROOPS FROM ! =EIGN FRONT TO ! ,V5DEE1 :]E !Y LAID WA/E TO L>GE >EAS ( ! DEP>TM5T4 ,REPUBLICAN BATTALIONS ALSO M>*$ ON ,LYON & F9ALLY DEPOS$ ! ROYALI/ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES :O CONTROLL$ ! CITY4 ,! ,REVOLUTION WAS ?US SCOR+ MILIT>Y SUCCESSES ON ALL ( ITS FRONTS1 DIM9I%+ ! DANG]S ( =EIGN 9VASIONS & 9T]NAL C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,! RADICAL SECTIONS1 9 TURN1 HAD BE5 WAG+ A PETITION CAMPAIGN = A LAW TO REQUIRE ! P]MAN5T & UNIV]SAL 5LI/M5T ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE 9 DEF5SE ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #bc ! ,CONV5TION ACC$$--?IS TIME FULLY--TO ! SANS-CULOTTE DEM& & DECL>$ ! LEVDE 5 MASSE1 A DECREE ?AT WAS TO 5T] 9TO HI/ORY AS ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y MOBILIZATION ( AN 5TIRE PEOPLE AGA9/ 9VAD]S & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,) ! LEVEE1 ! ,CONV5TION C\LD REQUISITION ! 5TIRE ADULT POPULATION1 MALE & FEMALE1 AS WELL AS ALL MAT]IAL RES\RCES :ATSOEV]1 = ! MILIT>Y DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ALL ABLE & S+LE Y\NG M5 CONSCRIPT$ 9TO ! >MY1 BUT ! REPUBLIC C\LD CALL UP = S]VICE ANYONE 9 ANY OCCUPATION1 & COMM&E] ANY RES\RCE IT NE$$ TO DEFEAT 5EMIES ON ! FRONTI]S & C\NT]REVOLUTION AT HOME4 ,FUNDS W]E AU?ORIZ$ TO CON/RUCT >MAM5TS FACTORIES 9 ! CITY1 :]E M>RI$ ABLE-BODI$ M5 W]E EXPECT$ TO PRODUCE A ?\S& MUSKETS DAILY1 :ILE WOM5 W]E CALL$ UPON TO SEW1 OLD M5 TO GIVE 9SPIR+ REPUBLICAN SPEE*ES1 & !IR *ILDR5 TO COLLECT RAGS4 ,! LEVIE1 TO BE SURE1 WAS MORE SWEEP+ ON PAP] ?AN IT C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 9 PRACTICE1 BUT ITS SCOPE SATISFI$ ! SANS-CULOTTES1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY FILL+ ! MILIT>Y NE$S ( ! >MY4 ,AT L5G?1 ,FR5* =CES PREVAIL$ AT ! ,BATTLE ( ,HONDS*OOTE ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#g#i#c1 REPLAY+ ! MAJOR DEFEAT ( ! 9VAD]S AT ,VALMY AT YE> E>LI] & VA/LY RAIS+ REPUBLICAN MORALE4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#g1 AN ALL-EMBRAC+ ,LAW ( ,SUSPECTS WAS PASS$1 ACCORD+ TO :I* VIGILANCE COMMITTEES C\LD N[ >RE/ ANYONE :O 0BY !IR CONDUCT1 ASSOCIATIONS1 TALK1 OR WRIT+S HAVE %[N !MSELVES P>TISANS ( TYRANNY1 ( F$]ALISM & 5EMIES ( LIB]TY40.<#c#c#i.> ,9 FACT1 !Y C\LD >RE/ ANYONE :O SEEM$ TO OPPOSE ! ,REVOLUTION EV5 PASSIVELY1 9CLUD+ 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO OBTA9 A 0C]TIFICATE ( GOOD CITIZ5%IP 7CIVISME70 FROM !IR SECTION'S VIGILANCE COMMITTEE4 ,?IS SWEEP+ LAW SOON BECAME A M&ATE = TRY+ ANYONE :O MI<T EXPRESS ! LEA/ COMPLA9T AGA9/ ,JACOB9 RULE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,MONTAGN>DS 9 CONC]T ) ! ,H#fB]TI/ ,COMMUNE UNIT$ !IR EF=TS TO F9ALLY CRU% ! 5RAGIS4 ,NOT ONLY HAD ! ,CORDELI]S BE5 P]SUAD$ BY ,ROBESPI]RE & ,HUB]T TO EXPEL ,R\X1 BUT TWO DAYS LAT]1 A RESOLUTION BY ! ,COMMUNE'S ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL EXPRESS$ ITS /RONG DISAPPROVAL ( HIS ACTIVITIES4 ,ATTACKS UPON HIM N[ FOLL[$ ONE AFT] ANO!R1 9CLUD+ D5UNCIATIONS BY ,M>AT & O!RS4 ,FOLL[+ ,M>AT'S ASSASS9ATION ON ,JULY #a#d1 ,R\X WAS TEMPOR>ILY >RE/$ AS P>T ( A R\NDUP ( 0SUSPECTS10 & WAS >RE/$ AGA9 ON ,AUGU/ #bb = A FEW DAYS AS A W>N+ AGA9/ HIS AGITATION ON FOOD %ORTAGES 9 ,P>IS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 AFT] /ILL FUR!R P]SECUTION BY ! AU?ORITIES1 ,R\X F\ND HIMSELF 9 PRISON1 FROM :]E HE CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% HIS CRITICISMS ( ! ,JACOB9 REGIME4 ,:51 AT L5G?1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT EV5 HIS SUPPORT]S AT ! SECTION ,GRAVILLI]S W]E BE+ IMPRISON$1 HE HUMBLY PETITION$ ! ,ROBESPI]RI/S = RELEASE1 ASS]T+ HIS GOOD 9T5TIONS AS A PATRIOTE1 BUT HIS APPEAL WAS IGNOR$4 ,AS ! ,T]ROR BEGAN TO REA* ITS HEI<T1 ! ,ROBESPI]RI/S1 :O HAD F9ALLY TAK5 FULL CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 SEEM$ DET]M9$ TO CRU% ! 5RAGE MOVEM5T DEF9ITIVELY4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#g#i#d1 ,R\X SUCCE$$ 9 MORTALLY /ABB+ HIMSELF 9 ,BICFLTRE PRISON RA!R ?AN FACE A HUMILIAT+ TRIAL BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRIBUNAL4 

,! O!R WELL-KN[N 5RAGES1 NOTABLY ,V>LET1 ,L$]C1 ,PAUL9E ,LEON1 & ,CLAIRE ,LACOMBC1 B>ELY MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ! ,T]ROR4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 ONLY ONE DAY AFT] ! ,LAW ( ,SUSPECTS WAS PASS$1 ,V>LET WAS >RE/$ = OP5LY OPPOS+ NEW LIMITATIONS ON ! SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY1 & HE REMA9$ 9 PRISON = NE>LY TWO MON?S BE=E HE WAS RELEAS$ AS A RESULT ( ,HUB]T'S ATTEMPT TO CURRY FAVOR ) ! RADICAL SECTIONS4 ,:5 ,LACOMBE PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ! ,COMMITTEE = ,G5]AL ,SECURITY = ITS 09FAM\S POLICY ( IMPRISON+ ! BE/ PATRIOTS0 7A CLE> REF]5CE TO ,R\X & ,V>LET71 %E TOO WAS TEMPOR>ILY >RE/$4 

,:ILE NE>LY ALL ! 5RAGES W]E TO FADE FROM ! SC5E AS ! ,T]ROR 9T5SIFI$ 9 #a#g#i#d1 ,V>LET WAS TO RE5T] REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS ) ! FALL ( ,ROBESPI]RE--AGA9 TRY+ TO REVIVE HIS *]I%$ SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY :5 IT SEEM$ LESS P]IL\S TO DO SO4 ,BUT AS ! WAN+ ,REVOLUTION WAS F9ALLY REPLAC$ BY TRIUMPHANT REACTION1 & HIS EF=TS BR\<T HIM ONLY EXT5D$ & TORM5T+ IMPRISONM5T1 ,V>LET SEEMS TO HAVE LO/ ALL HOPE = ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< BROK5 & P5NILESS1 HE REMA9$ A POLITICAL SUSPECT AS LATE AS #a#h#a#c1 LIV+ WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AS A RELIC ( A BYGONE ]A RA!R ?AN ! PROPHETIC VOICE ?AT HE REALLY HAD BE54 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,V>LET /&S ALMO/ ALONE AMONG ! LEAD+ 5RAGES ( HIS TIME4 ,JACQUES ,R\X'S VISION ( SOCIAL JU/ICE R>ELY W5T BEYOND A SIMPLI/IC1 LEVEL+ IMPULSE TO CORRECT ! GROSS ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION NEV] RESOLV$ &1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 WAS NOT UNLIKE ?AT ( RADICAL AGITATORS 9 PREVI\S & LAT] SOCIAL CONFLICTS :O DEM&$ A HAZY 0EQUALIZATION0 ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,V>LET1 BY CONTRA/1 $UCAT$ 9 :AT HE CON/RU$ TO BE ! SOCIAL EGALIT>IANISM ( ,R\SSEAU1 LOOK$ F> BEYOND ! =MAL REPUBLICANISM ( EV5 ! MO/ EXTREME ,JACOB9S & CALL$ = A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BAS$ ON ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( ALL CITIZ5S 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS4 

,! ,H,E,B,],T,I,/ ,9,T,],L,U,D,E 

,BY UND]M9+ ! 5RAGT OPPOSITION1 ! ,JACOB9S W]E PRODUC+ A POLITICAL VACUUM1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! BRAS NUS1 ?AT ,HUB]T & HIS CIRCLE W]E EAG] TO FILL4 ,! ,HEB]TI/S W]E NOT P>TICUL>LY CLOSE TO ! SECTIONS2 !IR MA9 /R5G? LAY 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE'S EXECUTIVE BODIES1 9 ! ,W> ,M9I/RY1 & 9 ! ,JACOB9 & ,CORDELI]S CLUBS4 ,9DE$1 ,HUB]T HIMSELF HAD EV5 JO9$ 9 ! CLAMOR AGA9/ ! 5RAGES & HELP$ TO SUPPRESS !M4 ,HIS RADICALISM F\ND ITS EXPRESSION MORE 9 RAMBUNCTI\S ORATORY & J\RNALISM ?AN 9 S]I\S MEASURES TO MOBILIZE POPUL> SUPPORT = A COH]5T GOAL4 ,BUT HAV+ BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 AN ELECTORAL BID TO BECOME ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR ON ,AUGU/ #b1 HE BEGAN TO TURN = SUPPORT TO ! SECTIONS--AN EF=T 9 :I* HE WAS AID$ BY S]I\S REVOLUTION>IES LIKE ,ANTO9E ,MOMORO & ,FRANCOIS ,V9C5T1 :O L$ ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,CORDELI]S4 

,?US1 ,HUB]T N[ TOOK UP MANY ( ! 5RAGE DEM&S1 SU* AS ! 5ACTM5T ( H>% MEASURES AGA9/ SPECULATORS1 SUSPECTS1 ! ,GIROND9S1 & ! QUE54 ,HE ALSO CALL$ = ! MAXIMUM G5]AL & ! =MATION ( A ,P>ISIAN 0REVOLUTION>Y >MY10 OR MILITIA1 TO GO 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO PUNI% HO>D]S & CONFISCATE !IR GRA94 ,HAV+ 9CORPORAT$ !SE 5RAGE GOALS 9TO HIS [N PROGRAM1 HIS ,PBRE ,DU*ESNE SUCCE$$ ,M>AT'S ,L',AMI DU ,PEUPLE AS ! BE/SELL+ NEWSPAP] AMONG ! SANS-CULOTTES4 

,HEB]TI/ POLICIES W]E FAC$ ) A S]I\S *ALL5GE 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#g#i#c1 :5 A SEV]E DR\<T BR\<T ! FL\R MILLS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE TO A VIRTUAL HALT1 & A SEV]E %ORTAGE ( BREAD PRODUC$ WIDESPREAD DISCONT5T 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,! PRICE ( ALL BASIC GOODS ROSE %>PLY DUR+ ,JULY & ,AUGU/4 ,BY ,SEPTEMB]1 ! BRAS NUS & POOR] SANS-CULOTTES HELD MASSIVE1 ALMO/1 9SURRECTION>Y1 DEMON/RATIONS1 DEM&+ BREAD & HI<] WAGES4 ,! %ORTAGES W]E BLAM$ ON ! 0MOD]ATES0 9 ! MUNICIPAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 & DEM&S = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,P>ISIAN 0REVOLUTION>Y >MY0 TO GET MORE GRA9 = ! CAPITAL FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE 9T5SIFI$ %>PLY4 

,ADDRESS+ DEMON/RATORS AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #d1 ,HUB]T & HIS SUPPORT]S 9 ! ,COMMUNE CALL$ UPON !M TO M>* TO ! ,CONV5TION ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 :]E A DELEGATION ( ,HDB]TI/S FROM ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB PO9T$LY DECL>$ ?AT T]ROR WAS ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y CALL$ UPON ! ,CONV5TION TO ACCEPT ! SANS-CULOTTE AG5DA1 NOTABLY1 ?AT ! ,GIROND9S BE TRI$1 ?AT SUSPECTS BE ?R[N 9 PRISON & SPE$ILY JUDG$1 ?AT A MAXIMUM GDNDRAL BE E/ABLI%$4 ,!Y ALSO CALL$ = A HUGE =C$ LOAN TO BE LEVI$ ON ! RI*4 ,AL?\< ,ROBESPI]RE1 :O WAS N[ PRESID5T ( ! ,CONV5TION1 TRI$ TO MOLLIFY ! DELEGATION BY PROPOS+ DILUT$ V]SIONS ( !SE DEM&S1 ! ,CONV5TION'S DEPUTIES W]E SO 9TIMIDAT$ ?AT !Y ASS5T$ TO MO/ ( ! PROPOSALS PRECISELY AS !Y W]E SUBMITT$4 

,NOR WAS IT LO/ ON ANYONE ?AT ! FRI<T5$ ,CONV5TION1 = ! SECOND TIME 9 ONLY A FEW MON?S1 HAD YIELD$ TO POPUL> DEM&S UND] CR[D PRESSURE-- SO MU* SO1 9 FACT1 ?AT TWO ,HLB]TI/S W]E ELECT$ TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY4 ,ONCE A ,P>ISIAN 0REVOLUTION>Y >MY0 WAS ORGANIZ$ & DEP>T$ = ! C\NTRYSIDE1 O!R 0REVOLUTION>Y >MIES0 SURFAC$ 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,FRANCE AS WELL4 ,!SE 0>MIES0 W]E MILITIAS RA!R ?AN PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y =CES2 !Y CONTA9$ ! MO/ ZEAL\S ( PATRIOTS :O1 AP>T FROM REQUISITION+ SUPPLIES = ! CITIES1 W]E EMP[]$ TO >RE/ ANY PROV9CIAL :OSE ACTIVITIES1 9 !IR VIEW1 SEEM$ HO/ILE TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,AT L5G?1 AT ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ! MAXIMUM G@&NTORAL WAS 5ACT$4 ,! ,CONV5TION IMPOS$ PRICE CONTROLS ON A WIDE RANGE ( BASIC GOODS 9CLUD+ FOOD1 FUEL1 CLO?+1 & EV5 W9E & TOBACCO1 PLAC+ ! 0SACR$ ,T]ROR10 AS IT WAS TO BE CALL$1 ON ! AG5DA ( ! REGIME4 

,A,G,A,9,/ ,! ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N,S 

,EV5 AS ! ,HEB]TI/S TRI$ TO B5EFIT FROM ! ELIM9ATION ( ! 5RAGES1 ! ,JACOB9 REGIME TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SAME OPPORTUNITY BY MOV+ RESOLUTELY AGA9/ ! SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#g#i#c1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY & ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,SECURITY TRANS=M$ VOLUNTE] OR ELECT$ SECTIONAL (FIC]S & COMMISSION]S 9TO SAL>I$ BUREAUCRATS ANSW]ABLE TO ! C5TRALIZ$ BODIES ( ! NATION-/ATE & DECID$ TO PAY ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEEM5 A DAILY ?REE-LIVRE SAL>Y4 

,AS ,SOB\L OBS]VES3 

,PAYM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMISS>S TRANS=M$ ! JOB4 ,UNTIL N[ !Y HAD BE5 ELECT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 & SEEM$ TO BE AG5TS ( ! SECTIONS1 ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ADM9I/RATIVE AU?ORITIES4 ,N[ !Y BECAME SAL>I$ (FICIALS1 RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,COMMUNE2 ON ,SEPTEMB] #e1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,CONV5TION GAVE ! COMMISS>S ! ?REE-LIVRE PAYM5T1 IT ORD]$ !M TO SUBMIT TO AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL .<( ! ,COMMUNE.>1 :I* WAS AU?ORIZ$ TO DISMISS & REPLACE !M IF NECESS>Y4.<#c#d.> 

,9 FACT1 ELECT$ (FICIALS SOON CAME TO BE APPO9T$ BY ! /ATE1 & P[]S ?AT W]E ONCE EX]CIS$ BY SECTIONAL COMMITTEES W]E TRANSF]R$ TO AG5CIES ( ! ,JACOB9 REPUBLIC4 

,AS 9 ! CASE ( ! 5RAGIS1 ! ,MONTAGN>DS N[ ADOPT$ A C>ROT-&-/ICK TE*NIQUE = DEAL+ ) ! SECTIONS4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #e1 ,DANTON PROPOS$ ?AT ALL SANS-CULOTTES :O ATT5D$ ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES BE 9DEMNIFI$ = LOS+ TIME FROM WORK4 ,TAK5 BY ITSELF1 ?IS PROPOSAL MI<T HAVE 9CREAS$ SANS@9CULOTTE P>TICIPATION 9 SECTIONAL ACTIVITIES1 BUT HIS PROPOSAL CONTA9$ A HI<LY RE/RICTIVE PROVISO3 !IR ASSEMBLIES--:I* HAD H]ET(ORE BE5 MEET+ 5 P]MAN5CE1 = CONSECUTIVE EV5+S & EV5 DAYS AT A TIME--W]E NOT P]MITT$ TO MEET MORE ?AN TWICE A WEEK1 & !IR H\RS W]E LIMIT$ TO BETWE5 FIVE & T5 9 ! EV5+4 ,?IS PLOY WAS PAT5TLY DESIGN$ TO TRIM ! ACTIVITY ( ! ASSEMBLIES & EFFECTIVELY R$UCE ! P>TICIPATION ( ! BRAS NUS 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

,9 FACT1 BE=E ,DANTON'S PROPOSAL C\LD BE ADOPT$1 ! ,CONV5TION RE/RICT$ ITS =TY-S\ 9DEMNITY EXCLUSIVELY TO POOR CITIZ5S1 0NOTABLY ?OSE :O HAVE NO?+ TO LIVE ON BUT !IR DAILY WORK10 OR1 AS ! RECORD+ SECRET>Y ( ! ,CONV5TION PUT IT3 0EV]Y CITIZ5 :O HAS NO O!R S\RCE ( 9COME SAVE HIS DAILY WAGES WAS 5TITL$1 9 CASE ( NE$1 TO AN 9DEMNITY40 .<#c#d#a.> 7,ORIG9AL EMPHASIS47 

,?IS 9DEMNITY WAS GIV5 ) PAT5T DISDA9 = ITS RECIPI5TS4 ,! ,CONV5TION EV5 APPO9T$ SECTIONAL COMMISSION]S TO DET]M9E 0! ELIGIBILITY ( ?OSE CITIZ5S0 :O QUALIFI$ = ! =TY S\S1 (T5 *ALL5G+ ! ELIGIBILITY ( SANS-CULOTTES :O W]E CLE>LY 9 NE$ ( ! 9DEMNITY4 ,O!RS W]E OBLIG$ TO OBTA9 C]TIFICATES OR LETT]S OR C>DS ?AT ATTE/$ TO !IR POV]TY1 MAK+ ! 9DEMNITY PROCESS ALL ! MORE HUMILIAT+4 ,9DE$1 SOME SANS-CULOTTES :O W]E ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE ! 9DEMNITY FLATLY REJECT$ IT1 REFUS+ TO BECOME :AT WAS DISDA9FULLY KN[N AS 0=TY-S\ PATRIOTS10 0QU>ANTE S\S40 

,CONSID]ABLE T5SION DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! FOLL[+ MON?S BETWE5 ! NONPAID & !RE=E PRESUMABLY MORE 0PATRIOTIC0 CITIZ5S1 & ! 0 QU>ANTE S\S10 :O SEEM$ TO B5EFIT MAT]IALLY FROM ATT5D+ SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,LI/S ( RECIPI5TS W]E PREP>$1 REVIS$1 CURTAIL$1 & REPEAT$LY PURG$ UNTIL ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY F9ALLY TREAT$ ! =TY-S\ /IP5D MORE AS A =M ( *>ITY ?AN AS A MODE/ RECOMP5SE = PUBLIC ACTIVITY4 ,! ,HEB]TI/S1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 (F]$ ONLY LIMIT$ RESI/ANCE TO ! ANTISECTIONAL DRIVE4 

,?US1 AFT] ,DANTON'S LAW WAS PASS$1 SECTIONAL MEET+S W]E H>DLY FLOOD$ ) 9DIG5T SANS-CULOTTES 2 9 FACT1 BEH9D ! WELT] ( REVOLUTION>Y DECREES1 ! SECTIONAL MILITANTS C\LD CLE>LY SEE A CONC]T$ ATTEMPT BY ! AU?ORITIES TO LIMIT !IR P[]S4 ,! SECTION ,?#fATRE-,FRAN