,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #e1 ,*APT] #bc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#c4 ,FROM ,RE/ORATION TO ,REVOLUTION 

,FRANCE WAS TO 5JOY PRIDE ( PLACE 9 PRODUC+ ! PR9CIPAL1 9DE$ ! LEG5D>Y REVOLUTIONS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 VIRTUALLY OV]%AD[+ UPRIS+S ELSE:]E ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,! ,FR5* KNEW IT-- P>TICUL>LY ! ,P>ISIANS--& SO DID O!R PEOPLES1 :O EI!R LOV$ OR DETE/$ ! CITY ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ACCORD+LY4 ,AMONG ?OSE :O LOV$ IT WAS ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 ! ,G]MAN PUBLICI/ & CO$ITOR ) ! Y\NG ,M>X ( ! ,DEUTS*-,FRANZDSIS*E ,JAHRBU*]1 :O EXCLAIM$ AT ! \TSET ( A J\RNEY TO ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d#f3 

,WE >E GO+ TO ,FRANCE1 ! ?RE%OLD ( A NEW WORLD4 ,MAY IT LIVE UP TO \R DREAMS6 ,AT ! 5D ( \R J\RNEY WE WILL F9D ! VA/ VALLEY ( ,P>IS1 ! CRADLE ( ! NEW ,EUROPE1 ! GREAT LABORATORY :]E WORLD HI/ORY IS =M$ & HAS ITS EV] FRE% S\RCE4 ,IT IS 9 ,P>IS ?AT WE %ALL LIVE \R VICTORIES & \R DEFEATS4 ,EV5 \R PHILOSOPHY1 ! FIELD :]E WE >E 9 ADVANCE ( \R TIME1 WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO TRIUMPH PROCLAIM$ 9 ,P>IS & IMPREGNAT$ ) ! ,FR5* SPIRIT4.<#c#f#e.> 

,NOR WAS ,RUGE'S ROMANTIC BUOYANCY )\T HI/ORICAL JU/IFICATION4 ,IF ,P>IS NEV] BECAME ! C5T] ( ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY ?AT ,RUGE NAIVELY HOP$ =1 IT WAS C]TA9LY ! !AT] = AT LEA/ ?REE REVOLUTIONS )9 A SPAN ( =TY-ODD YE>S4 ,ITS ROMANTIC AURA AS ! REVOLUTION>Y C5T] ( ,EUROPE1 9DE$ ( ! WORLD1 MADE ! CITY A MAGNET = RADICALS FROM ALL P>TS ( ! CONT95T ,G]MAN1 ,POLI%1 ,ITALIAN1 & ,RUSSIAN EXILES1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 M+L$ & E/ABLI%$ SECRET SOCIETIES 9 ! >TISANAL NEI<BORHOODS ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL EV5 DUR+ ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION1 DESPITE CLOSE SURVEILLANCE BY ! ,FR5* POLICE4 ,FOLL[+ ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! ,ORLEANI/ ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE = ! ,B\RBONS 9 #a#h#c1 ! CITY BECAME ! MECCA ( REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICS :O EI!R P]MAN5TLY--LIKE ,*OP9--OR EPISODICALLY--LIKE ,G>IBALDI-- N\RI%$ !MSELVES ON ! 0,FR5* SPIRIT0 ( CONSPIRACY & 9SURRECTION4 

,( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE W]E ! CITY'S EA/]N DI/RICTS ON ! RI<T BANK ( ! ,SE9E1 :I* W]E CR[D$ ) ATELI]S1 A WORD ?AT REF]S BO? TO ! WORK%OPS ( CRAFTSPEOPLE & TO ! /UDIOS ( >TI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 PLANT$ 9 !SE SAME DI/RICTS1 R\<LY BETWE5 ! ,PLACE ,V5DOME & ! ,PLACE DE LA ,BA/ILLE1 LAY ! PR9CIPAL ADM9I/RATIVE & F9ANCIAL BUILD+S ( ! ,FR5* NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 IMM5SE ROYAL PALACES & GRIM BUREAUCRATIC $IFICES1 ! NATIONAL BANK & ! B\RSE4 ,9 TIMES ( CRISIS1 ! V]Y PROXIMITY ( ?IS /ATE & CAPITALI/IC APP>ATUS TO ! ATELI]S 9VIT$ ! DISCONT5T$ TO SEIZE ! BUILD+S1 9DE$ TO DO NO?+ LESS ?AN SEIZE CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T ,! CITY'S ROMANTIC AURA1 H[EV]1 WAS 5G5D]$ BY V]Y REAL SOCIAL T5SIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ )9 ITS GATES4 ,! CAPITAL WAS A MAGNET NOT ONLY = REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL NATIONALITIES BUT = IMPOV]I%$ 9DIVIDUALS FROM O!R P>TS ( ,FRANCE--= >TISANS :O W]E BE+ DISPLAC$ BY NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 & = PEASANTS DISPLAC$ BY ! CONT9UAL P>CEL+ ( FAMILY-[N$ L& 9TO EV] SMALL] PLOTS ?AT W]E EV] LESS ECONOMICALLY SU/A9ABLE4 ,IMMIGRANTS SPEAK+ ,FR5* 9 =EIGN ACC5TS 9CREAS+LY 9T]M+L$ ) UPROOT$ CRAFTSPEOPLE & PEASANTS :O SPOKE 9 ! HEAVY ACC5TS ( DI/ANT PROV9CES4 ,9 ! TWO G5]ATIONS FOLL[+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ! POPULATION ( ,P>IS SO>$ FROM AB\T #f1 TO WELL OV] A MILLION2 MANY ( ! NEWCOM]S PLANT$ NO FIRM ROOTS 9 ! CITY'S ECONOMY & LIV$ 9 DE/ITUTION4 ,W&]+ NOMADS1 AS !Y W]E CALL$1 FROM ! ,AUV]GNE1 9 S\?-C5TRAL ,FRANCE1 & O!R PROV9CES P]=M$ ! MO/ M5IAL JOBS1 MA9LY AS CON/RUCTION LABOR]S1 USUALLY >RIV+ 9 ! CITY = WORK 9 SPR+ & SUMM] & RETURN+ TO !IR VILLAGES 9 W9T]4 ,?OSE :O REMA9$ BEH9D DUR+ ! COLD] MON?S T5D$ TO DRIFT 9TO ! DISEASE-RIDD5 & CRIM9ALIZ$ SLUMS >\ND ! ,RUE ,SA9T-,D5IS & O!R EA/]N QU>TI]S4 

,! SOCIAL VOLATILITY BR\<T ON BY !SE NUM]\S SEMI- & UNEMPLOY$ PEOPLE WAS HEI<T5$ BY ! >*AIC /RUCTURE ( ! ,FR5* ECONOMY ITSELF4 ,H[EV] COSMOPOLITAN ,P>IS SEEM$ TO =EIGN]S1 EV5 TO VISITORS FROM SLUM- RIDD5 ,LONDON1 ITS WORK+ CLASSES W]E HI<LY DIFF]5TIAT$4 ,BY F> ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( PRODUC]S1 AS WE HAVE SE51 W]E >TISANS1 SU* AS PR9T]S1 TAILORS1 FURNITURE MAK]S1 MASONS1 JEWEL]S1 & C>P5T]S4 ,! MAJORITY W]E EMPLOY$ BY MA/]S1 :O WORK$ ALONGSIDE !IR EMPLOYES 9 ! ATELI]S4 ,ACCU/OM$ TO RELATIVELY RELAX$ WORK RHY?MS1 !Y %\LD BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ FROM ! PROLET>IANS :O TOIL$ 9 ! NEW FACTORIES ?AT W]E EM]G+ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CAPITAL4 

,ON ! NEXT L[] RUNG ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 :AT WE W\LD N[ CALL SWEAT%OPS3 DRESSMAK]S1 LACE WORK]S1 SP9N]S1 & DY]S4 ,MA9LY WOM5 & *ILDR51 !IR /ATUS WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( FACTORY WORK]S1 & LIKE WOM5 & *ILDR5 9 ,5GLI% FACTORIES1 !Y W]E DIFFICULT TO ORGANIZE 9 OPPOSITION TO !IR RU?LESS EXPLOIT]S4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! ECONOMIC LADD] W]E ! LABOR]S 7R$OL5T ( ! BRAS NUS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION71 A MULTITUDE ( TRANSI5T NOMADS & MORE P]MAN5TLY SETTL$ WORK]S :O FILL$ ODD JOBS ON A DAILY OR WEEKLY BASIS4 ,F9ALLY1 RESID+ 9 !IR MID/ WAS A L>GE LUMP5PROLET>IAT :OSE LIVES W]E DESP]ATE1 (T5 CRIM9AL1 AS !Y PREY$ ON EA* O!R & ON MORE =TUNATE MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,CONGE/$ 9 SLUMS1 !Y W]E ILLIT]ATE1 %ORT-LIV$1 OV]WORK$ :5 NOT UND]WORK$1 & HALF-/>V$--! VICTIMS ( EPIDEMICS & FOOD %ORTAGES4 ,AS ,L\IS ,*EVALI] LACONICALLY NOTES 9 HIS /UDY ( ! ,P>ISIAN L[] CLASSES1 0,NO ONE .<9 AU?ORITY.> C>$ :AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DO+ & :AT WAS TO BECOME ( IT0.<#c#f#f.> 

,DESPITE !SE /RONG SOCIAL DIFF]5TIATIONS1 ! V>I\S CLASSES ( ! CAPITAL W]E NOT /RONGLY DEM>CAT$ BY RESID5CE OR BY A LACK ( CONTACT ) EA* O!R4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! WOR/ SLUMS ( ,P>IS W]E FILL$ ) ! 0DANG]\S CLASSES10 :I* MI<T 9CLUDE POOR & RESPECTABLE WORK]S & /UD5TS1 AS WELL AS NOMADS1 ?IEVES1 & PRO/ITUTES1 (T5 PACK$ TOGE!R 9 EXTREMELY UNHEAL?Y ROOMS & AP>TM5TS4 ,BUT 9 ! 0BETT]0 NEI<BORHOODS 9DIVIDUALS ( M>K$LY DIFF]5T SOCIAL POSITIONS 9T]M+L$ ) ONE ANO!R PHYSICALLY1 EV5 RESID+ 9 ! SAME BUILD+S4 ,! FIR/ FLOOR 7OR 9 ,AM]ICAN P>LANCE1 ! SECOND7 ( SU* A BUILD+ MI<T BE R5T$ BY AN AFFLU5T B\RGEOIS FAMILY1 ITS SPACI\S LIV+ ROOM ADORN$ ) *&ELI]S & COSDY FURNITURE4 ,! NEXT FLOOR UP W\LD H\SE A MORE MODE/ BUT /ILL WELL-TO-DO FAMILY1 :ILE ON SUCCESSIVELY HI<] FLOORS LIV$ CRAFTSPEOPLE ( LIMIT$ MEANS4 ,F9ALLY ! SMALL1 GRIM1 & VIRTUALLY UNFURNI%$ ROOMS ON ! TOP FLOOR W\LD BE OCCUPI$ BY ! IMPOV]I%$1 :O LIV$ 9 VIRTUAL DE/ITUTION4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,RE/ORATION1 ! 9T]M+L+ ( ! WELL-TO-DO ) ! POOR SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION4 

,DESPITE ?IS PHYSICAL PROXIMITY1 H[EV]1 SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE WAS BECOM+ EV] R>] 9 ! #a#h#bS & #a#h#cS4 ,9CREAS+LY1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! BETT]-(F WORK]S W]E MIGRAT+ TO NEWLY CON/RUCT$ OP5 >EAS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! WE/]N SECTORS1 :]E DWELL+S W]E MORE SUITABLE TO !IR NE$S & TA/ES1 !REBY PHYSICALLY SEGREGAT+ ! AFFLU5T FROM ! POOR4 ,IT WAS A DIFF]5TIATION ?AT W\LD CULM9ATE 9 LAT] UPRIS+S1 :5 ! WE/]N HALF ( ! CITY W\LD BE CONSID]$ B\RGEOIS & ! EA/]N HALF WORK+ CLASS4 

,C,A,B,E,T1 ,B,L,A,N,Q,U,I1 ,B,U,*,E,Z1 ,B,L,A,N,C1 ,& ,P,R,\,D,H,O,N 

,TO ! RADICAL MEMB]S ( ?IS DIFF]5TIAT$ POPULATION1 SOCIALISM1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS COM+ TO MEAN A 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC10 ONE 9 :I* ! /ATE W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = ! PUBLIC WELF>E4 ,BUT 9 ! ,NAPOLEONIC & ,RE/ORATION ]AS1 FEW IF ANY ( ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 LIKE ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI]1 HAD A LA/+ 9FLU5CE ON ! >TISANAL WORK]S & ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 ) !IR IMAG9>Y UTOPIAS & PHALAN/]IES4 ,IT WAS ! CONCRETELY POLITICAL IDEAS ( SOCIALISM ?AT GA9$ F> MORE 9FLU5CE AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ADDRESS+ AS !Y DID ! WORK]S' LIV$ CONC]NS4 ,ALONG ) ! WRIT+S & ACTIVITIES ( TRANSITIONAL SOCIALI/S LIKE ,CABET1 ?OSE ( ,BLANQUI1 ,BU*EZ1 ,BLANC1 & ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC ,PR\DHON PLAY$ V>Y+ ROLES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL ( #ahdh & 9 SOME CASES ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 AFT] :I* !IR 9FLU5CE DW9DL$ 9 FAVOR ( AN>*I/IC & ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGIES4 

,ETI5NE ,CABET1 A TRANSITIONAL UTOPIAN ?9K]1 /ILL HAD ONE FOOT 9 ,[5ITE & ,F\RI]I/ S*EMES & ANO!R 9 D[N-TO-E>? RADICALISM4 ,HIS UTOPIAN NOVEL ,VOYAGE 5 ,IC>IE 7,VOYAGE TO ,IC>IA71 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#d1 WAS BAS$ V]Y MU* ON ,?OMAS ,MORE'S CLASSIC ,UTOPIA3 IT ADVANC$ A /ATE-COMMUNI/IC VISION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 GUID$ BY ! MAXIM ?AT ADORN$ ! NOVEL'S OP5+ PAGE3 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS /R5G?2 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,! BOOK1 :I* POPUL>IZ$ ! WORD COMMUNI/E NE>LY A DECADE BE=E ,M>X & ,5GELS'S ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 5JOY$ AN IMM5SE READ]%IP :5 IT APPE>$4 

,BUT ! BOOK'S G5]\S SOCIAL IDEAS W]E M>R$ BY ! AU?OR'S PREF]5CES = UNI=MITY 9 CLO?+1 %ELT]1 & ALMO/ EV]Y DETAIL ( DAILY LIFE--A DEGREE ( /&>DIZATION ?AT ANTICIPATES DY/OPIAS RA!R ?AN !IR OPPOSITE4 ,! LIVES ( ,CABET'S ,IC>IANS >E %AP$ BY AN ELITE ( TE*NICIANS1 :O RULE ! UTOPIA FIRMLY4 ,9DE$1 ,CABET'S V]SION ( COMMUNISM WAS SO AU?ORIT>IAN ?AT IT GAVE ! WORD A DICTATORIAL & /ATI/ CONNOTATION ?AT IT NEV] FULLY %$4 ,CABET HIMSELF FIRMLY OPPOS$ 9SURRECTIONS2 NOR DID HIS S9C]ITY 9 TRY+ TO ADVANCE ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS \TWEI< HIS FAIL+S 9 ITS BEHALF4 ,YET DESPITE ! COMP>ATIVE H>MLESSNESS ( HIS VIEWS1 HE WAS TO BE H\ND$ \T ( ,FRANCE AS A RABID COMMUNI/E4 

,AMONG ! O!R RADICALS :O SURFAC$ 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?REE FIGURES %\LD BE S+L$ \T BECAUSE ( !IR DIRECT 9FLU5CE ON ,P>ISIAN WORK]S & RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS3 ,L\IS-,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 & ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON4 ,BLANQUI1 AL?\< HE HAD A MESM]IZ+ EFFECT ON Y\NG ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>IES AS A MY/]I\S FOM5T] & D>K G5IUS ( 9SURRECTION>Y PUTS*ES1 WAS LESS POPUL> AMONG WORK]S !MSELVES 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( HIS REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ! SOB] /ATESMAN ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS1 EX]CIS$ A BRIEF BUT CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON ! WORK]S ( #a#h#d#h1 9 SPITE ( HIS DI/A/E = 9SURRECTION4 ,F9ALLY1 ,PR\DHON1 A LATECOM] TO ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 KN[N TO HIS ADMIR]S AS ! FA!R ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 EX]CIS$ A CONSID]ABLE 9T]NATIONAL 9FLU5CE WELL BEYOND HIS LIFETIME4 ,DESPITE ,PR\DHON'S IMPRISONM5T & HIS FLI<TS 9TO EXILE TO ESCAPE P]SECUTION1 HE WAS MORE ( A WRIT] ?AN AN ACTIVI/ LIKE ,BLANQUI2 NOR WAS HE BY ANY MEANS AS CONSI/5T A ?9K] AS ,BLANC4 

,BLANQUI'S LIFE IS SO 5ME%$ ) ! HI/ORY ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y & WORK+-CLASS 9SURG5CIES ?AT AN ACC\NT ( ONE IS 9TEGRALLY AN ACC\NT ( BO?4 ,HE DES]V$LY P]SONIFIES ! ]A ( ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9 :I* CONSPIRACIES P]SI/5TLY ATTEMPT$--& FAIL$--TO VIOL5DY REPLACE CAPITALISM ) :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 A FAIRLY AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/ ORD]4 ,BOM 9 #a#h#e1 HE WAS A FI]Y PRODUCT ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION3 HIS FA!R1 A ,BONAP>TI/ (FICIAL1 HAD BE5 A ,GIROND9 MEMB] ( ! ,CONV5TION4 ,A /UNN+LY BRILLIANT /UD5T1 ! Y\NG ,BLANQUI RECEIV$ A CLASSICAL $UCATION AT ! LYCEE1 FROM :I* HE GRADUAT$ ) HONORS1 & W5T ON TO /UDY LAW & M$IC9E 9 ,P>IS4 ,LIKE HIS FA!R1 HE HAD A PASSION = REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS & E>LY 9 HIS Y\? JO9$ ! *>BONN]IE4 

,! Y\NG ,BLANQUI WAS ! V]Y 9C>NATION ( ! COMMITT$ & UNREL5T+ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/4 ,9 #a#h#b#g1 :ILE REPORT+ = ! LIB]AL P]IODICAL ,LE ,GLOBE1 HE WAS W\ND$ 9 POPUL> RIOTS4 ,AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,BUON>OTTI'S HI/ORY ( ! ,CONSPIRACY ( ,EQUALS 9 #a#h#b#h1 HE GAVE UP ON A CONV5TIONAL J\RNALI/IC C>E]1 ADOPT+ ESS5TIALLY ,BAB\VI/ POLITICAL VIEWS4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( #ahc HE HELP$ ORGANIZE SEV]AL ( ! CONSPIRACIES ?AT JOLT$ ! REIGN ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 & BY #ahdh HE HAD GA9$ A WIDESPREAD REPUTATION = HIS 9TRACTABLE REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES1 :I* S5T HIM 9 & \T ( PRISON = MO/ ( HIS ADULT LIFE4 ,ONLY IMPRISONM5T PREV5T$ HIM FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,ALTOGE!R ,BLANQUI SP5T SOME ?IRTY-ONE ( HIS SEV5TY-SIX YE>S BEH9D ! B>S ( ONE JAIL OR ANO!R4 

,! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE REACT$ TO ?IS D$ICAT$ MAN AS IF HE W]E A N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M>AT ,WRIT+ ( AN EV5T DUR+ ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY WAS 9VAD$ BY A 0MOB10 ! >I/OCRATIC ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE GAVE A PAT5DY HATEFUL DESCRIPTION ( HIM3 

,IT WAS !N ?AT ,I SAW APPE>1 9 HIS TURN1 9 ! TRIBUNE A MAN .<,BLANQUI.> :OM ,I HAVE NEV] SE5 S9CE1 BUT ! RECOLLECTION ( :OM HAS ALWAYS FILL$ ME ) HORROR & DISGU/4 ,HE HAD WAN1 EMACIAT$ *EEKS1 :ITE LIPS1 A SICKLY1 WICK$ & REPULSIVE EXPRESSION1 A DIRTY PALLOR1 ! APPE>ANCE ( A MOLDY FROCK CORPSE2 HE WORE NO VISIBLE L952 AN OLD BLACK FROCK COAT TI<DY COV]$ HIS LEAN1 WI!R$ LIMBS2 HE SEEM$ TO HAVE PASS$ HIS LIFE 9 A SEW]1 & TO HAVE JU/ LEFT IT #a WAS TOLD IT WAS ,BLANQUI4.<#c#f#g.> 

,! WORDS ( ! FA/IDI\S COMTE REEK ) CLASS HATR$ & SOCIAL >ROGANCE T[>D A MAN :OSE HEAL? HAD BE5 ALL BUT DE/ROY$ BY ! MALTREATM5T ( HIS JAIL]S4 ,YET AS A COMPLETE PRODUCT ( ! ,FR5* ,5LI<T5M5T ,BLANQUI WAS A COMMITT$ MAT]IALI/ A /RONG BELIEV] 9 ! P[] ( $UCATION TO *ANGE HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 & A BITT] OPPON5T ( ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,HE REG>D$ BELIEF 9 A SUP]NATURAL BE+ AS ! GREATE/ IDEOLOGICAL IMP$IM5T TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y M5TALITY & SPIRIT ,CONTR>Y TO ! CONV5TIONAL NOTION ?AT ,BLANQUI EXPECT$ TO A*IEVE A SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY BY SUDD5 PUTS*ES1 HE ACTUALLY ?\<T ?AT1 :ILE PUTS*ES & CONSPIRACIES PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE1 A LONG P]IOD ( MORAL $UCATION W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% CUPIDITY & MAT]IAL GRE$ 9 FAVOR ( A COMMUNI/IC ECONOMY4 

,LIKE ,M>X1 ,BLANQUI ABJUR$ GIV+ A DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ! K9D ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY HE HOP$ W\LD SUCCE$ ! PRES5T ONE4 0,ONE ( \R MO/ GROTESQUE PRESUMPTIONS IS ?AT WE B>B>IANS1 WE IGNORAMUSES1 POSE AS LEGISLATORS = FUTURE G5]ATIONS10 HE WROTE 9 RESPONSE TO UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S :O TRI$ TO *>T \T ! CONT\RS ( A FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,CABET'S COMMUNISM & ,PR\DHONISM 0>GUE VIGOR\SLY ON ! BANK ( A /REAM OV] :E!R !RE IS A FIELD ( COM OR :EAT ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,LET US CROSS FIR/1 WE WILL SEE :5 WE GET !RE40.<#c#f#h.> 

,YET ,BLANQUI'S PROCLIVITY = AGITATION ( A PRACTICAL NATURE (T5 CONCEAL$ A RELATIVELY 9SI<TFUL !ORY ( CLASS CONFLICT & ITS ROLE 9 HI/ORY1 9CLUD+ A RECOGNITION ?AT 0TOIL]S0 W]E A CLASS DI/9CT FROM ! OLD ,?IRD ,E/ATE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 HE WAS UNIQUE AMONG ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S ( HIS DAY4 ,HE UNEQUIVOCALLY OPPOS$ ! [N]%IP ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS CAPITALI/ =MS1 & HE VIGOR\SLY DESPIS$ RE=MS AS SOPORIFICS ?AT N>COTIZ$ ! DESIRE = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,BUT LIKE MANY ,P>ISIAN SOCIALI/ WRIT]S BE=E ,M>X1 HIS ECONOMIC !ORIES W]E FIXAT$ NOT SO MU* ON 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL AS ON F9ANCE CAPITAL1 :I* HE BELIEV$ DRA9$ ! POOR & EXPLOIT$ ( SOCIETY4 ,= HIM1 ! S\RCE ( CAPITALI/ PR(IT LAY NOT ) ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ) ! ABILITY ( CAPITALI/S TO OV]*>GE BUY]S--A VIEW ?AT DOVETAIL$ CLOSELY ) ! PREVAIL+ SOCIALI/ T5D5CY TO MAKE MORAL CONDEMNATIONS ( ! PR(IT SY/EM4 

,CONTR>Y TO MANY HI/ORIES ?AT ATTRIBUTE IT TO HIM1 ,BLANQUI DECID$LY DID NOT 9V5T ! PHRASE 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,! NOTION ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 7AS YET A V]Y SMALL M9ORITY 9 ,FRANCE7 WAS A HEGEMONIC CLASS ?AT W\LD LEAD ALL O!R 0TOIL+0 /RATA 9 TRANS=M+ SOCIETY WAS ALI5 TO HIS ?9K+4 ,BUT HE EMPHATICALLY DID BELIEVE ?AT A TEMPOR>Y DICTATOR%IP BY AN ELITE ( S+LE-M9D$ REPUBLICANS--MORE PRECISELY1 A DICTATOR%IP ( SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE ,P>IS OV] ! PEASANTRY1 :I* SEEM$ TO IMP$E ANY SOCIAL ADVANCES 9 ,FRANCE--W\LD BE NE$$ TO ABOLI% ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,HIS ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ CRITICS W]E NOT WRONG :5 !Y DESCRIB$ ,BLANQUI AS A MAN :O 5VISION$ ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] AS ! WORK ( A SMALL1 WELL- $UCAT$1 & HI<LY COMMITT$ CONSPIRATORIAL GR\P4 ,! SECRET SOCIETIES HE =M$ 9 ! #a#h#cS W]E IMPRESSIVE MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 ) COMM& SY/EMS BAS$ ON COMPLETE OB$I5CE TO A SECRET C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,H[EV] 9DIRECTLY1 !Y W]E TO 9SPIRE1 IF NOT PREFIGURE1 ! UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATIONS E/ABLI%$ OR 5VISION$ YE>S LAT] BY ,RUSSIAN POPULI/S1 EV5 AN>*I/S SU* AS ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 & ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD] ,L591 DESPITE HIS FIRM OPPOSITION TO ,BLANQUI'S PUTS*I/ TACTICS4 

,9 FAIRNESS TO ,BLANQUI1 ?IS D$ICAT$ REVOLUTION>Y DID NOT REG>D PUTS*ES AS SUB/ITUTES = POPUL> UPRIS+S4 ,NOR DID HE SEEK TO REPLACE MASS ACTION ) ! ACTIONS ( A SMALL ELITE4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y ! ESS5TIAL FUNCTION ( A ,BLANQUI/ PUTS* WAS TO IGNITE ! MASSES 9TO A WIDESPREAD UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,BLANQUI WAS ACTUALLY FOLL[+ AN IMAGE ( REVOLUTION ?AT WAS WIDELY %>$ 9 ,FRANCE1 NAMELY1 ?AT REVOLUTIONS W]E ESS5TIALLY SPONTANE\S POPUL> ACTIONS 9 :I* A M]E SP>K1 LIKE ! SEIZURE ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE OR ! RE>+ ( B>RICADES 9 WORK]S' DI/RICTS1 WAS ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ TO SET ! OPPRESS$ 9 MOTION4 ,HAD NOT ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION BEGUN AS AN IRREPRESSIBLE MASS UPRIS+ 9ITIAT$ BY ,DESM\L9S'S CRY TO 9SURRECTION AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON 9 ,JULY #a#g#h#i8 ,HAD NOT ! SPONTANE\S B>RICADES ( #ahc TOPPL$ A K+8 ,A ,BLANQUI/ PUTS* WAS 9T5D$ ESS5TIALLY AS A GE/URE ( ! SAME K9D AS ,DESM\L9S'S CRY1 BO? DEP5D+ = !IR SUCCESS ON ! 5?USIA/IC RESPONSE ( ! MASSES4 ,?IS VISION ( REVOLUTION AS BASICALLY SPONTANE\S WAS *]I%$ BY ?\S&S ( ORD9>Y ,FR5* WORK]S & MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLICANS UP TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 AFT] :I* IT FAD$ AWAY 9 FAVOR ( ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 

,F9ALLY1 :AT IS LESS KN[N IS ?AT LAT] 9 LIFE1 ,BLANQUI WAV]$ 9 HIS EMPHASIS ON PUTS*ES & SECRET CONSPIRACIES AS ! MEANS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 ! #a#h#gS HE BEGAN TO /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( POPUL> $UCATION & POPUL> SOCIAL MOVEM5TS BAS$ 9 L>GE P>T ON ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT HE ALWAYS RETA9$ A CONSI/5T COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 & IT WAS ?IS COMMITM5T RA!R ?AN HIS SOCIAL !ORIES--:I* HE LEFT UNCLE> OR CONT9UALLY MODIFI$--?AT F9ALLY 5DE>$ HIM TO ! MASSES1 ESPECIALLY ! Y\NG1 :O REV]$ LE ,VIEUX 7! 0,OLD ,MAN07 = HIS UNSW]V+ D$ICATION1 HONE/Y1 & DECISIV5ESS4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y & SELFLESS MAN SUDD5LY DI$ ( A /ROKE %ORTLY AFT] ADDRESS+ A MASS MEET+ ON BEHALF ( IMPRISON$ ,COMMUN>DS ( #a#h#g#a4 ,AL?\< HE WAS MO/ BELOV$ BY RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS & PUBLICI/S1 A VA/ CR[D ( WORK]S ACCOMPANI$ HIS REMA9S TO !IR RE/+ PLACE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#h#a4 ,FR5* WORK]S *]I%$ HIM NOT ONLY AS A LEG5D>Y SYMBOL ( ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM BUT AS A COMMITT$ REVOLUTION>Y :O MADE NO COMPROMISES ) ! OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 

,EV5 BE=E ,BLANQUI'S R$ REPUBLICAN VIEWS YIELD$ TO A CLE>LY SOCIALI/IC \TLOOK1 ,PHILIPPE-,JOSEPH-,B5JAM9 ,BU*EZ1 A PHYSICIAN & =M] *>BON- NAIRE1 WAS PROPAG&IZ+ SOCIALI/IC IDEAS ( ASSOCIATION AMONG ,FR5* WORK]S1 BAS$ ON ,*RI/IAN PR9CIPLES ( *>ITY1 FRAT]NITY1 & EQUALITY4 ,A POPULI/1 ,BU*EZ RESPOND$ ) CONSID]ABLE S5SITIVITY TO ! PLI<T ( ! WORK]S & GAVE !M PRACTICAL HELP 9 =M+ ASSOCIATIONS4 ,KN[N AS ! F\ND] ( ! ,FR5* COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T1 :AT MADE HIM DI/9CTIVE AMONG ! !ORI/S ( ! #a#h#cS WAS HIS EMPHASIS ON WORK+-CLASS 9DEP5D5CE & COOP]ATION 9 RESI/ANCE TO ! 5CROA*M5TS ( F9ANCE & 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,BU*EZ WAS SUFFICI5TLY TAME POLITICALLY TO WRITE = ! MOD]ATE REPUBLICAN P]IODICAL1 ,LE ,NATIONAL1 & TO BE ELECT$ BRIEFLY TO ! PRESID5CY ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ?AT EM]G$ \T ( ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9 CONTRA/ TO TOP-D[N ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN IDEAS ?AT FAVOR$ ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS CONTROLL$ BY 5TREPR5EURS1 HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! WORK]S MU/ =M & CONTROL !IR [N ASSOCIATIONS4 ,& 9 CONTRA/ TO HIS COLLECTIVI/ CONTEMPOR>IES ,CON/ANT9 ,PECQUEUR & ,FRANCOIS ,VIDAL1 :O 5VISION$ ! RISE ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 CALL$ = ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 & RELI$ ON ! /ATE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ASSOCIATIONI/ ECONOMY1 ,BU*EZ RELI$ ON ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 TO :OM HE TURN$ = ! F9ANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS NECESS>Y TO CREATE PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS4 

,BU*EZ'S NOTION ( ASSOCIATION WAS1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 RADICALLY COLLECTIVI/4 ,AN ASSOCIATION1 9 HIS VIEW1 %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ BY COLLECT+ DUES FROM WORK]S1 :I* W\LD !N CON/ITUTE ITS COMMON CAPITAL1 FREE ( ANY 9DIVIDUALI/IC 5CUMBRANCES OR CLAIMS4 ,MEANS ( PRODUCTION W\LD BELONG TO NO 9DIVIDUAL BUT EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ASSOCIATION AS A :OLE4 ,NOR C\LD !Y BE RE/OR$1 EV5 9 P>T1 TO AN 9DIVIDUAL WORK] :O DECID$ TO )DRAW FROM ! ASSOCIATION4 ,! PROCE$S D]IV$ FROM ?IS 9ALI5ABLE CAPITAL W\LD BE US$ TO PUR*ASE RAW MAT]IALS & MA*9ES1 ) :I* ! MEMB]S1 WORK+ COOP]ATIVELY1 W\LD PRODUCE GOODS = ! M>KET4 ,! E>N+S W\LD !N BE %>$ AMONG ALL ! ASSOCIATION'S MEMB]S 9 AN EQUITABLE & DEMOCRATIC MANN]4 

,BU*EZ'S S*EME WAS :OLLY ORI5T$ T[>D >TISANS & SMALL-SCALE =MS ( PRODUCTION1 NOT T[>D 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IANS & FACTORIES4 ,HIS SY/EM ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM WAS ANA*RONI/ICALLY C\NT]POS$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM & ! ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY ?AT W]E P]COLAT+ 9TO ,FRANCE4 ,BUT P]HAPS ,BU*EZ'S MO/ IMPORTANT HEIR WAS ,L\IS ,BLANC1 :OSE PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM GREADY ECLIPS$ HIS & :O FIGUR$ V]Y SIGNIFIC&Y 9 ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION4 

,*>ACT]IZ$ 9 HIS [N DAY AS A UTOPIAN SOCIALI/1 ,BLANC'S POLITICAL BEHAVIOR WAS ?AT ( A PRUD5T P>LIAM5T>IAN ) G5]\S BUT MOD]ATE SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,LIKE ,BLANQUI1 ,BLANC WAS ! SON ( A ,FR5* ,BONAP>TI/ (FICIAL2 HE WAS BORN 9 ,MADRID 9 #ahaa & $UCAT$ 9 ,CORSICA4 ,9 #a#h#c#g1 HAV+ MADE HIS WAY TO ,P>IS1 HE F\ND$ A RADICAL DEMOCRATIC P]IODICAL1 ,LA ,REVUE DU PROGRES1 & DUR+ ! #a#h#cS & E>LY #a#h#dS HE ACQUIR$ A MEASURE ( S*OL>LY DI/9CTION = HIS HI/ORICAL WORKS1 P>TICUL>LY HIS ACC\NT ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I* HE WAS P>TIAL TO ! ,JACOB9 REPUBLIC4 ,BUT ,BLANC WAS NO 9SURRECTION>Y4 ,HE OPPOS$ ! UPRIS+ ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S 9 ,JUNE #ahdh & ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & 9 #ahgb HE EV5 SUPPORT$ LEGISLATION AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 OR ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BY ! TIME ( HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#h#b1 HE HAD BECOME SO DOME/ICAT$ POLITICALLY ?AT ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ( :I* HE WAS A MEMB]1 VOT$ TO GIVE HIM A /ATE FUN]AL4 

,:AT 9ITIALLY WON ,BLANC WIDE ACCLAIM AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS WAS HIS BOOK ,ORGANIZATION DU TRAVAIL 7,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,WORK71 9ITIALLY PUBLI%$ AS A S]IES 9 HIS ,REVUE 9 #a#h#d1 9 :I* HE ELABORAT$ HIS S*EME ( ATELI]S SOCIAUX1 OR SODAL WORK%OPS AS A COOP]ATIVE ALT]NATIVE TO A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,9 ! F9AL =M 9 :I* ,BLANC 5VISION$ !M1 !SE WORK%OPS W\LD BE GOV]N$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES & W\LD BE F$]AT$ 9TO L>GE WORK]- CONTROLL$ PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS4 

,BUT 9ITIALLY1 ,BLANC'S SOCIAL WORK%OPS W]E TO BE AID$ BY B5EVOL5T BANKS & A SYMPA!TIC /ATE1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE ! CR$IT NE$$ TO SUBSIDIZE !M4 ,9S(> AS ?IS S*EME DEP5D$ AT FIR/ UPON /ATE SUBSIDIES1 IT HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS AN E>LY =M ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,BY COOP]AT+ ) EA* O!R & FO/]+ A HI< LEVEL ( MORALE1 ! ATELI]S W\LD ULTIMATELY BE ABLE TO GA9 A /RONG] COMPETITIVE $GE OV] CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,GRADUALLY1 ,BLANC HOP$1 CAPITALI/ FIRMS W\LD F9D IT MORE PR(ITABLE TO M]GE ) ! MORE EFFICI5T SOCIAL WORK%OPS1 = :I* !Y W\LD RECEIVE A SUITABLE PR(IT & ! ASSURANCE ( A MORE /ABLE SOCIETY4 ,CLASS CONFLICT1 9 EFFECT1 W\LD BE ABOLI%$ BY ! %E] PLAY ( M>KET =CES4 

,! COMPETITIVE SUCCESS ,BLANC 5VISION$ = HIS ATELI]S %\LD NOT BE TAK5 AS AN 9DICATION ?AT HE ?\<T HI<LY ( EI!R COMPETITION OR ! M>KET ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 HIS HORROR AT ! EFFECTS ( ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMY'S IMPACT ON ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT MADE HIM 9TO A COMMUNI/ AL?\< HE C>EFULLY ES*EW$ ?IS WORD 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALI/4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE WAS CLE>LY GUID$ BY COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,NATURAL 9EQUALITIES1 HE BELIEV$1 EXI/$ AMONG 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT !SE 9EQUALITIES MU/ BE COMP5SAT$ = 9 A FREE & HUMANE SOCIETY4 

,ALL M5 >E NOT EQUAL 9 PHYSICAL =CE1 9 9TELLIG5CE2 ALL HAVE NOT ! SAME TA/ES1 ! SAME 9CL9ATIONS1 ! SAME APTITUDES1 ANY MORE ?AN !Y HAVE ! SAME VISAGE OR ! SAME FIGURE2444 BUT EA* ONE %\LD BE PLAC$ 9 A CONDITION TO D]IVE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE FROM HIS FACULTIES1 9 SO F> AS ?IS CAN BE DONE ) DUE REG>D TO O!RS1 & TO SATISFY AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE1 )\T 9JUR+ O!RS1 ! NE$S :I* NATURE HAS GIV5 HIM4.<#c#f#i.> 

,! MORAL IMPROVEM5T ( HUMANITY1 ,BLANC BELIEV$1 W\LD SPAWN AN 5TIRELY NEW SET ( VALUES ?AT W\LD RECOGNIZE ! NE$ TO COMP5SATE 9DIVIDUALS = !SE 9EQUALITIES4 ,HE WAS VOIC+1 9 EFFECT1 A COMMUNI/IC CRITIQUE ( ! LIB]AL ASSUMPTION 7PREVI\SLY HELD BY ,JACOB9S7 ?AT FRE$OM EXI/S :5 EV]YONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( CAPACITY1 IS EQUAL BE=E ! LAW & IS COMP5SAT$ BY SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO ! WORK !Y HAVE P]=M$4 ,BLANC1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >GU$ ?AT UND] ?IS SY/EM1 SOME W\LD SUFF] PRIVATION REG>DLESS ( !IR P]=MANCE1 BECAUSE !Y W\LD BE BESET BY GREAT] MAT]IAL REQUIREM5TS4 ,9/EAD1 HE MA9TA9$1 AN 9DIVIDUAL'S REMUN]ATION %\LD DEP5D UPON HIS OR H] NE$S & ?OSE ( !IR FAMILIES1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR LABOR & SKILLS4 

,LIKE ,CABET BE=E HIM & LIKE ,M>X AFT] HIM1 ,BLANC REJECT$ ! CONTRACT>IAN NOTION ( COMP5SATION ACCORD+ TO ! AM\NT ( WORK PEOPLE P]=M$--OR :AT ,M>X W\LD LAT] CALL 0B\RGEOIS RI<T0--& REPLAC$ IT ) ! NOTION ( COMP5SATION ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ?AT !Y HAD TO SATISFY4 ,OR AS ,BLANC WAS AMONG ! FIR/ TO PUT IT3 0,FROM EV]Y MAN ACCORD+ TO HIS FACULTIES0 7:I* ,BLANC DESIGNAT$ AS 0DUTY07 & 0,TO EV]Y MAN--)9 ! LIMITS ( ! RES\RCES ( ! COMMUNITY--ACCORD+ TO HIS WANTS0 7:I* HE CALL$ 0RI<T074.<#c#g.> ,?IS PR9CIPLE BY F> \TWEI<S 9 IMPORTANCE ,BLANC'S NAIVE PRESCRIPTIONS = CLASS COLLABORATION & R5D]S HIS NAME HI<LY SIGNIFICANT 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS4 ,= ,BLANC HAD /AT$ MORE CLE>LY ?AN ANY !ORI/ ( HIS DAY ! BASIC MAXIM ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY3 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO NE$40 

,BUT GIV5 HIS RELIANCE ON ! /ATE = 9ITIAL F9ANC+ & = TE*NICAL & MANAG]IAL EXP]TIZE = HIS ATELI]S1 WAS ,BLANC COMMITT$ TO P]MAN5T /ATE CONTROL OV] SOCIETY8 ,SURPRIS+LY1 HE WAS NOT3 HE NEV] 9T5D$ ?AT HIS SOCIAL WORK%OPS W\LD BE NATIONALIZ$ OR PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( A BUREAUCRACY4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE WAS ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ,FR5* SOCIALI/S TO ADVOCATE WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION4 ,AN E>NE/ ADVOCATE ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 HE F]V5TLY BELIEV$ ?AT SOCIAL WORK%OPS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE UNLESS ! WORK]S W]E /RONGLY COMMITT$ TO SOCIALI/ IDEAS & UNLESS ALL ! WORK%OPS W]E EQUALLY COMMITT$ TO ACT+ COOP]ATIVELY 9 !IR COMMON 9T]E/--E?ICALLY AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY--TO PRODUCE A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,AS SU*1 HIS VIEWS MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE ?OSE ( SYNDICALISM1 :I* PLACES A HI< PREMIUM ON LIB]T>IAN NETWORKS ( WORK]-CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISES4 ,HIS PLAN = ATELI]S SOCIAUX1 MORE ?AN ANY SOCIALI/ IDEAS ADVANC$ 9 ! #a#h#dS1 APPROXIMAT$ ! MO/ SOCIALI/IC GOALS ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ BY ! >TISANAL SOCIETY ( HIS DAY1 & 9 LAT] DECADES1 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE AS A :OLE1 !Y 9DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ MANY CONF$]AL & DEC5TRALI/IC NOTIONS ( A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 :O HIMSELF HAS BE5 CR$IT$ ) FO/]+ SYNDICALI/ IDEAS UND] ! NAME ( 0MUTUALISM10 SEEMS TO HAVE TAK5 A REM>KABLY JAUNDIC$ VIEW ( ! 0PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION40.<#c#g#a.> ,LIKE ,F\RI] NE>LY =TY YE>S E>LI]1 ,PR\DHON WAS BORN 9 ,BESANGON1 9 HIS CASE TO P>5TS ( A WORK+-CLASS & PEASANT BACKGR\ND4 ,UNLIKE ,F\RI]1 H[EV]1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 9CAPABLE ( TRANSC5D+ ! PROV9CIALISM & P>O*IALISM ( SMALL-T[N ,FRANCE4 ,A FIRM PAT]FAMILIAS 79DE$1 A MISOGYNI/71 ,PR\DHON MY/IFI$ ! PEASANT FAMILY AS ! BASIC UNIT ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & LIKE MANY ,FR5* PEASANTS1 :OSE NOTION ( EXPLOITATION SELDOM EXT5D$ BEYOND ! NECESSITY ( PAY+ 9T]E/ TO MONEYL5D]S1 HE ?\<T ( ECONOMIC ILLS AS CAUS$ PRIM>ILY BY F9ANCE CAPITAL--P>TICUL>LY BY ,JEWI% L5D]S4 ,9 FACT1 LONG AFT] HIS DEA?1 HIS BITT] ANTI-,SEMITISM1 COMB9$ ) HIS PATRI>*AL \TLOOK1 W]E TO MAKE MANY ( HIS VIEWS CONG5IAL TO ,EUROPEAN REACTION>IES1 9CLUD+ \TRI<T FASCI/S4 

,!SE LIMITATIONS DID NOT PREV5T ,PR\DHON FROM ACQUIR+ ! L(TY TITLE ( ! 0FA!R ( AN>*ISM40 ,HIS AV[$ HO/ILITY T[>D GOV]NM5T & POLITICS1 H[EV]1 WAS BY NO MEANS UNIQUE2 IT WAS V]Y MU* 9 H>MONY ) A RURAL M5TALITY ?AT RES5T$ TAX COLLECTORS & NOT>IES AS OPPRESSORS4 ,NOR WAS HIS ATTITUDE T[>D ! /ATE CONSI/5TLY NEGATIVE4 ,DESPITE HIS FREQU5T D5UNCIATIONS ( /ATE P[] & AU?ORITY 9 G5]AL1 HE (T5 S(T5$ HIS ATTITUDE ) *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES & EV5 :IMS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HIS DEFIANT REJECTION ( MANY ECONOMIC & POLITICAL %IBBOLE?S ( ! DAY GAVE HIM NOTORIETY AS A PROVOCATIVE CONTR>IAN1 AN IMAGE ?AT HE C>EFULLY CULTIVAT$1 DESPITE HIS NUM]\S IDEOLOGICAL SELF-CONTRADICTIONS & P$E/RIAN VIEWS4 

,PR\DHON1 9 FACT1 WAS NOT QUITE ! 5FANT T]RIBLE HE MADE HIMSELF \T TO BE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT HE HOLDS A PLACE 9 ! TRAJECTORY ( ,FR5* SOCIALISM--IF SOCIALI/ HE WAS--BY VIRTUE ( HIS COMMITM5T TO A LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,BY CALL+ = EX*ANGE BAS$ ON ! AM\NT ( LABOR ?AT WAS REQUIR$ TO MANUFACTURE ! PRODUCTS 9VOLV$1 HIS IDEAS POT5TIALLY GAVE AN IMPORTANT C5TRALITY TO ! PROLET>IAT1 AL?\< HE WAS /RONGLY FOCUS$ ON >TISANS & !IR CONC]NS4 ,DESPITE HIS FAM\S CRY1 0,PROP]TY IS !FT60 H[EV]1 ,PR\DHON WAS NO SOCIALI/3 HE DEF9ITELY FAVOR$ PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ADVANC+ AN ECONOMY /RUCTUR$ >\ND SMALL PRIVATELY [N$ 5T]PRISES ?AT W\LD BE L9K$ TOGE!R BY CONTRACTS UNTA9T$ EI!R BY PR(IT CONSID]ATIONS OR BY EXPLOITATION4 

,BY MAK+ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0PROP]TY0 ACQUIR$ BY EXPLOITATION & 0POSSESSION0 ACQUIR$ BY LABOR1 ,PR\DHON ESS5TIALLY SMUGGL$ 9TO HIS VISION A BELIEF 9 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ALBEIT ) A MORAL AURA4 ,HIS /ATEM5T 0PROP]TY IS !FT0 DID NOT REF] /RICTLY TO TANGIBLE ECONOMIC PROP]TY2 NOR WAS IT 9T5D$ TO LEAD TO ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,RA!R1 9 ,PR\DHON'S ?9K+1 PROP]TY WAS A VAGUE MORAL CATEGORY--& HAD IT BE5 G5]ALLY UND]/OOD = :AT IT WAS BY HIS CAPITALI/ CRITICS 9 #a#h#d1 :5 ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 WAS PUBLI%$1 ,PR\DHON W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ 0! T]ROR ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE10 AS ,GEORGE ,LI*!IM S>DONICALLY OBS]VES4.<#c#g#b.> 

,9 FACT1 ,PR\DHON WAS A COMMITT$ 9DIVIDUALI/ & PROPRIET>IAN :O EXPRESSLY D5\NC$ 0! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION0 BECAUSE IT 0NECESS>ILY IMPLIES OBLIGATION1 COMMON RESPONSIBILITY1 FUSION ( RI<TS & DUTIES 9 RELATION TO \TSID]S40 ,AS SU*1 HE >GU$1 IT 9HIBITS ! ALLEG$LY 0/IMULAT+0 EFFECTS ( COMPETITION 9 ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ,9 FACT1 9 ORD] TO D5\NCE ASSOCIATION1 ,PR\DHON 9VOK$ NE>LY EV]Y PHILI/9E >GUM5T ?AT C\LD BE DRAWN FROM ! B\RGEOIS REP]TORY1 9CLUD+ ! CAN>D ?AT ASSOCIATION REW>DS 0! WEAK & LAZY ASSOCIATE40 ,ASSOCIATION REQUIRES1 MU* TO HIS \TRAGE1 ?AT 0ALL >E RESPONSIBLE = ALL3 ! SMALLE/ IS AS GREAT AS ! GREATE/3 ! LA/ COM] HAS ! SAME RI<TS AS ! OLDE/ MEMB]40.<#c#g#c.> ,AS = COMMUNISM1 HE CONSID]$ IT AU?ORIT>IAN 9 ALL ITS =MS1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( ,CABET'S /ATISM & ,BLANC'S ASSOCIATIONISM4 

,PR\DHON CONSI/5DY CONDEMN$ ! COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE ( DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$S RA!R ?AN ABILITY 0AS UNPRODUCTIVE & H>ASS+1 APPLICABLE TO QUITE SPECIAL CONDITIONS1 ITS 9CONV5I5CES GR[+ MU* MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ITS B5EFITS1 444 EQUALLY OPPOS$ TO ! ADVANTAGE\S USE ( LABOR & TO ! LIB]TY ( ! WORKMAN40.<#c#g#d.> ,! WORK]'S SALVATION1 HE >GU$1 LIES 9 0COMPETITION :I* GIVES .<SKILL & TAL5T.> LIFE40.<#c#g#e.> ,ONE MAY REASONABLY WOND] :Y ,PR\DHON FELT IT NECESS>Y TO PROMOTE ?IS VIEWPO9T AMONG ,FR5* WORK]S :5 B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S EV]Y:]E W]E ALSO HAIL+ COMPETITION AS HUMANITY'S SALVATION4 ,NOR IS IT QUITE CLE> ?AT WORK]S1 RA!R ?AN ! ,P>ISIAN B\RGEOISIE1 MADE ,PR\DHON'S ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 7FROM :I* ! =EGO+ PASSAGES >E TAK57 A PUBLI%+ SUCCESS UPON ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ,JULY #a#h#e#a4 

,! 0RECIPROCITY0 ?AT ,PR\DHON FAVOR$ SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 NO?+ MORE ?AN ! SOLID B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLE ( EQUIVAL5CE3 EA* P]SON %\LD RECEIVE EXACTLY :AT IS HIS OR H] DUE1 EXCLUSIVELY ON ! BASIS ( AN 0EQUAL0 EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,HIS AN>*ISM1 IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$1 REW>D$ H>D1 VIRTU\S TOIL BUT MADE NO SOCIAL ALL[ANCE = ! C>E ( ! WEAK1 9FIRM1 AG$1 OR EV5 PHYSICALLY IMPAIR$ :O W]E UNABLE TO P]=M SU* TOI,L ,!SE UNEQUAL 9DIVIDUALS W\LD BE LEFT TO ! M9I/RATIONS ( *>ITY OR1 MORE LIKELY1 TO C>E BY ! FAMILY1 ! BASIC UNIT ( ,PR\DHONI/ SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ,PR\DHON'S IMAGE ( ! GOOD SOCIETY ?AT OBLIGES A COLLECTIVE CONC]N = !IR FATE4 ,! SY/EMIC 0EQUALIZATION0 ( 9EQUALITIES 9 ABILITY AMONG REAL PEOPLE UND] A COMMUNI/ SY/EM SEEMS1 IF ANY?+1 TO HAVE AFFRONT$ ,PR\DHON1 S9CE IT VIOLAT$ HIS SACR$ PRECEPT ( ! EX*ANGE ( EQUIVAL5CES4 

,! S9EW ( ,PR\DHON'S SOCIAL VISION WAS HIS COMMITM5T TO CONTRACT3 NOT1 LET IT BE EMPHASIZ$1 A ,R\SSEAUEAN 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 BUT ! MUNDANE EV]YDAY CONTRACTS ?AT UPHOLD ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,ONLY ONE MORAL PROVISION DI/+UI%$ ! ,PR\DHONI/ CONTRACT FROM ! CAPITALI/ CONTRACT3 IT ABJUR$ PR(IT & EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ,PR\DHON'S AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 FREE & COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS1 9DE$ PROP]TY [N]S1 W\LD CONTRACT TO EX*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES ) ONE ANO!R1 TAK+ EXACDY !IR DUE-- NO MORE & NO LESS--9 T]MS ( ! VALUE ( LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ ! GOODS EX*ANG$4 ,NOR WAS CONTRACT1 = ,PR\DHON1 M]ELY AN ECONOMIC 9/RUM5T = ASSUR+ FAIR TRADE--RA!R1 IT WAS ! MA9/AY ( 9DU/RIAL LABOR AS WELL4 ,WORK]S )9 FACTORIES W\LD CONTRACT ) ONE ANO!R TO EX*ANGE !IR LABOR1 & FACTORIES W\LD CONTRACT ) ONE ANO!R TO =M F$]ATIONS1 AS W\LD COMMUNITIES1 ALL ON ! BASIS ( ! EQUAL EX*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,! NOTION ( ASSOCIAT+ ON AN E?ICAL BASIS SEEMS TO HAVE ELUD$ ,PR\DHON'S SOCIAL VISION4 ,AT ! CORE ( HIS 0MUTUALISM0 LAY NOT A MORAL CONCEPT BUT A PLAN TO F9ANCE !SE 5T]PRISES BY MEANS ( A ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK1 OR ,BANK ( ,EX*ANGE1 :I* W\LD AF=D SMALL PROPRIETORS L[-9T]E/ LOANS DRAWN FROM ! SAV+S & 9VE/M5TS ( ORD9>Y WORK]S4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ,PR\DHON'S PROPRIET>IAN VIEWS1 BAS$ ABOVE ALL ON ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY & 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION1 BR\<T HIM 9TO OPPOSITION TO COMMUNISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,:AT MADE HIM SEEM SOCIALI/IC WAS HIS HECTOR+ RHETORIC1 HIS SLOGANS =MULAT$ MORE = !IR %OCK VALUE ?AN = !IR SUB/ANCE1 & HIS MORAL 9JUNCTIONS AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT ,BUT HIS /RONG EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP1 SELF-9T]E/1 CONTRACTUAL M>KET RELATION%IPS1 & DI/RIBUTION BAS$ ON ABILITY RA!R ?AN NE$--& HIS IMPLACABLE HO/ILITY TO ASSODATIONISM & COMMUNISM--ALL W]E SURPRIS+LY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! CONV5TIONAL B\RGEOIS WISDOM ( HIS DAY4 

,NOR W]E HIS ACOLYTES BY ANY MEANS ! MO/ RADICAL 9 ,FRANCE1 R>ELY DESIGNAT+ !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S BUT PREF]R+ ! MILD] & MORE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE T]M MUTUALI/S4 ,:]E ,PR\DHON OPPOS$ /RIKES & 9SURRECTIONS AS TOO CO]CIVE1 HIS DOSE/ ADH]5TS W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO FOLL[ 9 !IR MAITRE'S PA?4 ,BAKUN91 :O REG>D$ ,PR\DHON AS A PIONE]+ !ORI/ ( AN>*ISM1 WAS NONE!LESS %>PLY CRITICAL ( 0,PR\DHONI/ 9DIVIDUALI/S40 ,SOME ,PR\DHONI/S1 LIKE HIS [N HEIR APP>5T1 ,H5RI ,TOLA91 W]E ACTUALLY V]Y CONS]VATIVE 9 !IR SODAL VIEWS4 ,TOLA91 A TRUE CONTRACT>IAN1 NOT ONLY OPPOS$ DVIL RI<TS = WOM5 BUT SAT 9 ! V]Y ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES ?AT PRESID$ OV] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 = :I* HE WAS UND]/&ABLY REVIL$ BY ,FR5* WORK]S1 MANY ( !M HIS =M] ADMIR]S4 

,GIV5 ,PR\DHON'S GRADUALI/ APPROA* TO SODAL *ANGE & HIS OPPOSITION TO MILITANT ACTIONS ( ALMO/ ANY SORT1 HIS IDEAS REQUIR$ MAJOR SURG]Y BE=E !Y C\LD BE ACCEPT$ BY NEO-,PR\DHONI/ SUPPORT]S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,:AT ,PR\DHONI/ ,COMMUN>DS ABSORB$ FROM HIS WORK WAS HIS EMPHASIS ON F$]ALISM AS ! BASIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 RA!R ?AN HIS /RID5T 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! DW9DL+ NUMB] ( ,PR\DHONI/S :O HELP$ E/ABLI% ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! DOS+ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BAS$ ON ! G5]AL OR MASS /RIKE1 W\LD HAVE %OCK$ !IR MAITRE1 HAD HE NOT DI$ SIX YE>S BE=E ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,PR\DHON'S CONNECTION ) SYNDICALISM RE/S ON AN >TIFICIALLY G5]AT$ MY?4 ,AS ,B]N>D ,H4 ,MOSS NOTES1 

,DUR+ ! HEI<T ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 A CIRCLE ( ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS1 9 OPPOSITION TO ,G]MANIC ,M>XISM1 S\<T TO DEF9E ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ TRADITION AS ,PR\DHONIAN4 ,:ILE !Y F\ND NO HI/ORICAL FILIATION BETWE5 ,PR\DHONISM & SYNDICALISM1 !Y E/ABLI%$ ! MY? ( A ,PR\DHONIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 %>$ BY LIB]AL & ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS ALIKE1 :I* HAS NEV] BE5 CONFIRM$ BY HI/ORICAL 9VE/IGATION4 ,9 ONLY ONE P]IOD1 ! E>LY #a#h#fS1 DID ,PR\DHONISM HAVE A DEF9ITE IMPACT UPON LABOR MILITANTS1 BUT ?IS WAS 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( A MOVEM5T ?AT SOON VIOLAT$ ITS PRECEPTS 9 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,! GOAL ( TRADE SOCIALISM1 ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( 9DU/RY BY TRADE F$]ATIONS1 WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) ,PR\DHON'S AN>*ISM ( SMALL 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S4 ,IF ONE IS TO ATTA* TRADE SOCIALISM TO ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 !N IT IS SURELY CLOS] TO ! 0COLLECTIVI/0 AN>*ISM ( ,BAKUN9 ?AN TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*ISM ( ,PR\DHON4.<#c#g#f.> 

,AL?\< SYNDICALI/S W]E TO BORR[ C]TA9 KEY IDEAS FROM ,PR\DHON1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 LIB]T>IAN WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,SPA91 W]E OBLIG$ TO %$ ,PR\DHON'S ESS5TIAL GRADUALISM & PROPRIET>IANISM4 ,HIS NOTION ( A L[-9T]E/ ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK1 :I* HE TRI$ 9 VA9 TO E/ABLI%1 WAS ALL BUT DROPP$ FROM ! !ORETICAL >MAM5T>IUM ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 7SEE ,*APT] #c#b74 ,LAT] AN>*I/S W]E OBLIG$ TO TURN TO FIGURES LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 = 9SPIRATION1 BO? ( :OSE \DOOKS W]E NOT ONLY COLLECTIVI/IC & COMMUNI/IC BUT DECID$LY REVOLUTION>Y4 

,BY ! #a#h#eS1 ,PR\DHON'S 9FLU5CE ON ,FR5* WORK]S HAD DECL9$ TO A NE> VANI%+ PO9T2 HIS OPPOSITION TO /RIKES1 HIS ON-(F SUPPORT ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 & O!R SU* RETREATS FROM HIS SEEM+LY MILITANT /ANCE LEFT HIM1 AFT] HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#f#e1 ) A DW9DL+ FOLL[+4 ,ONLY BECAUSE AN>*I/S1 BY SORT+ \T IDEAS ?AT HE HAD LEFT VAGUE OR CONTRADICTORY1 TURN$ HIM 9TO ONE ( !IR SA9TS DID HIS WORK MANAGE TO GA9 PO/HUM\S FAME4 ,A NUMB] ( HIS IDEAS AFFECT$ ! ?9K+ ( ,TOL/OY1 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 & ,G&HI--AS WELL AS CORPORATI/ T5D5CIES ON ! RI<T ?AT W]E TO FE$ 9TO ! FASCISM ( ,MUSSOL9I & ( ,VI*Y ,FRANCE4 ,9 MORE REC5T TIMES HE HAS BE5 REVIV$ BY AN>*I/S DRIFT+ T[>D 0M>KET SOCIALISM10 A PHRASE ?AT MAY REASONABLY BE CONSID]$ A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL WELL AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c1 :5 A SELF-CONSCI\S WORK]S' MOVEM5T APPE>$1 ?AT ,BLANQUI1 ,CABET1 ,BU*EZ1 ,BLANC1 & ,PR\DHON W]E TO BECOME VOICES1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 ( A CLASS-ORI5T$ SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< BO? ,CABET & ,BLANQUI W]E P>TICIPANTS 9 LOCAL UPHEAVALS DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION1 ,BLANC & ,PR\DHON W]E MU* TOO Y\NG TO HAVE BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ! E>LY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! P]IOD4 ,NOR DID ANY ( !M EX]CISE 9FLU5CE AMONG ACTUAL ,FR5* WORK+ PEOPLE1 BE !Y >TISANS OR 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IANS1 9 ! #a#h#bS4 ,9 FACT1 :AT MA9LY CONC]N$ ,FR5* WORK]S AT ! 5D ( ! DECADE WAS ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES & ! 9CREAS+LY REPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ( ,*>LES ,X4 

,! ,R,O,A,D ,T,O ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! FRAGILITY ( ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION IS P]HAPS MO/ DRAMATICALLY REVEAL$ BY ! EASE ) :I* ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE1 ON HIS SUDD5 RETURN FROM EXILE 9 ,ELBA1 TEMPOR>ILY DEPOS$ ,L\IS ,X,V#a#a,I 9 ! FAM\S ONE HUNDR$ DAYS ( ! EMP]OR'S RULE 9 #a#h#a#e4 ,ONLY ! EXHAU/ION ( ,FRANCE AFT] ,WAT]LOO--! LA/ BATDE 9 ! SEEM+LY 9T]M9ABLE W>S ASSOCIAT$ ) ,BONAP>TE'S NAME-- GAVE ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y ANY /AY+ P[] 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,FRANCE WANT$ PEACE--PEACE FROM IMP]IAL CONFLICTS1 AS WELL AS PEACE FROM REVOLUTION4 ,! ,CONGRESS ( ,VI5NA ?AT FOLL[$ ,NAPOLEON'S DEFEAT--A CONC]T ( ,EUROPE'S PR9CIPAL P[]S--LEFT NO D\BT ?AT ANY R5EWAL ( REVOLUTION OR W>F>E ON ! P>T ( ! ,FR5* W\LD MEET ) SWIFT REPRESSION & A /]N OCCUPATION4 ,A ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE AMONG ,PRUSSIA1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,AU/RIA1 FA%ION$ BY ,ALEX&] ,I ( ,RUSSIA & ,METT]AI* ( ,AU/RIA1 WAS E/ABLI%$ TO =E/ALL ANY ,BONAP>TI/ AMBITIONS &1 MORE SIGNIFIC&Y1 TO PREV5T ,FRANCE FROM ONCE AGA9 9ITIAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ACROSS ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 

,YET NO?+ WAS F>!R FROM ! M9DS ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE ?AN REVOLUTION4 ,NEI!R ! PEASANTRY1 :O W]E MAJOR RECIPI5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S & ,BONAP>TE'S AGR>IAN POLICIES1 NOR ! B\RGEOISIE--& LEA/ ( ALL ! GREAT F9ANCI]S1 ITS MO/ P[]FUL /RATUM--WANT$ A CONT9UATION ( W> & SOCIAL 9/ABILITY4 ,! RE/ ( ,FR5* SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 HAD BE5 DRA9$ BY TAXES & DEM&S = MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,DESPITE C]TA9 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES1 9DU/RY HAD GA9$ V]Y LITDE FROM ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,BRITI% BLOCKADE HAD APPRECIABLY R$UC$ ,FRANCE'S 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS & DOME/IC /&>D ( LIV+1 SETT+ BACK ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T = ALL /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 

,?US ,L\IS ,X,VLLL'S N9E-YE> REIGN1 FROM #ahae TO #a#h#b#d1 WAS ONE ( ECONOMIC RETR5*M5T & PEACE AT ANY CO/ ,FAT & CLUMSY1 ! BRO!R ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I MU/ HAVE KN[N HE WAS NOT LOV$1 NOT EV5 BY ! CONTEMPTU\S & >ROGANT EMIGRES :OM HE EV5TUALLY REMUN]AT$ = ! LOSS ( !IR E/ATES DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION & :O1 TOGE!R ) AN ACCOMMODAT+ NOBILITY ?AT HAD >IS5 UND] ,NAPOLEON1 =M$ ! PR$OM9ANT L&-[N+ RUL+ CLASS DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION4 ,! C\NTRY1 9 %ORT1 NE$$ TO CAT* ITS BREA? & RECOV] A MEASURE ( NORMALITY1 :I* A /ABLE MON>*Y SEEM$ ABLE TO PROVIDE4 ,! K+1 9 TURN1 WAS %REWD 5\< TO REALIZE ?AT1 :ILE HIS /ATUS WAS %AKY1 ! MON>*Y WAS DESIRABLE1 & ! BETT] P>T ( WISDOM WAS TO GOV]N HIS C\NTRY ) FAIRLY LOOSE RE9S4 

,! ECONOMIC *ANGES PRODUC$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 HE REALIZ$1 C\LD NOT BE UNDONE4 ,AL?\< HE REMUN]AT$ ! EMIGRES1 ! PEASANTS & L& SPECULATORS W\LD NEV] GIVE UP ! HOLD+S !Y HAD GA9$4 ,NOR W\LD ! B\RGEOISIE ALL[ ! JURIDICAL RI<TS IT HAD ACQUIR$ S9CE #a<i TO BE COMPLETELY EFFAC$4 ,YET ! V]Y REPUBLIC ?AT HAD 9ITIAT$ ! NEW AGR>IAN DISP5SATION & ! NEW 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS WAS H>DLY SPOK5 ( 9 POLITE COMPANY4 ,CL]ICS & SECUL> $UCATORS SAW TO IT ?AT REPUBLICANISM WAS ID5TIFI$ ) T]ROR1 CIVIL W>1 SOCIAL 9/ABILITY1 MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION1 & =EIGN CONFLICT4 ,EV5 9 ! #a#h#bS !RE W]E Y\NG M5 :O KNEW NO?+ :ATEV] AB\T ! ,GIROND9S & ,JACOB9S1 9CLUD+ MANY :OSE FA!RS HAD BE5 AMONG !IR /RONGE/ ADH]5TS4 

,BUT ! OLD NOBILITY WAS NOT TO BE /ILL$4 ,! FIR/ YE> ( ,L\IS'S REIGN SAW ! EM]G5CE ( BITT] FURY ON ! P>T ( ! >I/OCRACY1 :I* S\<T R$RESS = ITS SMOLD]+ GRIEVANCES & REPRISALS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>IES :O HAD DRIV5 !M FROM ,FRANCE A G5]ATION E>LI]4 ,9JULY #ahae ! O/5SIBLY 0FREE0 ELECTIONS TO ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 BAS$ ON A SC&AL\SLY RE/RICT$ ELECTORATE1 BR\<T A V9DICTIVE ROYALI/ MAJORITY 7OR 0ULTRAS10 AS !Y W]E CALL$7 ( #ce LEGISLATORS \T ( #db TO P[]4 ,A 0:ITE T]ROR0 5SU$ ?AT PLAC$ /R+5T RE/RICTIONS ON ! PRESS & REMOV$ 9NUM]ABLE ,BONAP>TI/S FROM ! BUREAUCRACY & O!R PUBLIC (FICES4 ,?\S&S ( HI<LY QUALIFI$ (FICIALS--FROM ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 ?R\< ! DEP>TM5TAL1 TO ! HI<E/ NATIONAL (FICES--W]E S5T 9TO A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y LIMBO1 :]E !Y W]E LEFT TO SEE! 9 FURY AGA9/ !IR OLD OPPON5TS4 ,SPECIAL MILIT>Y TRIBUNALS W]E E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY ?AT DELIV]$ NOT ONLY PRISON BUT DEA? S5T5CES4 ,EV5 ,M>%ALL ,NEY1 ,NAPOLEON'S MO/ POPUL> COMM&]1 :O HAD RECEIV$ A PE]AGE FROM ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I BUT DEFECT$ TO ! EMP]OR DUR+ ! 0HUNDR$ DAYS10 WAS EXECUT$ AFT] A TRIAL 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S4 

,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I1 H[EV]1 WAS /ILL COMMITT$ TO MAK+ COMPROMISES ) SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT HE KNEW C\LD NOT BE UNDONE )\T PLUNG+ ! C\NTRY 9TO CIVIL W>4 ,EV5 BE=E ,NAPOLEON'S 0HUNDR$ DAYS10 ,L\IS HAD ADOPT$ ! ,*>T] ( #a#h#a#d1 OR ,*>TE1 :I* ALL[$ = A C>EFULLY SELECT$ H]$IT>Y ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S1 AN ELECT$ ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 & GU>ANTEES ( EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW & FRE$OMS ( EXPRESSION1 CONSCI5CE1 & WOR%IP1 AS WELL AS ! 9VIOLABILITY ( CITIZ5S FROM >BITR>Y >RE/ & SEIZURE ( PROP]TY4 ,! ,NAPOLEONIC ,CODE1 :I* HAD RATIONALIZ$ ! C\NTRY'S LEGAL SY/EM1 WAS KEPT 9TACT1 & GIFT$ M5 LIKE ,TALLEYR&1 :O HAD S]V$ NOT ONLY ! E>LY REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T BUT ! ,DIRECTORY & ,BONAP>TE1 RETA9$ IMPORTANT (FICES4 ,L\IS1 9 FACT1 TOOK UMBRAGE AT HIS ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 :OSE ULTR>OYALI/ CONVICTIONS W]E SO EXTREME ?AT1 9 PURSU+ MON>*ICAL ABSOLUTISM1 IT GA!R$ P>LIAM5T>Y P[] = ITSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ?RONE'S AU?ORITY1 NOT UNLIKE ! NOTABLES :O TRI$ TO WEAK5 ,L\IS ,X,V,I'S P[] 9 #a#g#h#i4 

,F9ALLY1 LITTLE MORE ?AN A YE> AFT] ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES ( #ahae WAS 9/ALL$1 ,L\IS HAD HAD 5\< ( ITS PROSCRIPTIVE LEGISLATION1 & HE DISSOLV$ ! ,*AMBRE 9TR\VABLE 70,9COMP>ABLE ,*AMB]10 AS IT WAS MALICI\SLY CALL$74 ,! ELECTIONS ?AT FOLL[$ RETURN$ A MAJORITY ( MOD]ATE ROYALI/S :O1 UND] V>I\S M9I/RIES1 REMA9$ 9 P[] UNTIL #a#h#b#a1 PROVID+ ,FRANCE ) A P]IOD ( RELATIVE PROSP]ITY & /ABILITY4 

,?IS QUIET P]IOD ALSO ALL[$ = A POLITICAL REGR\PM5T 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 YIELD+ A 0,LEFT0 COMPOS$ ( RECON/RUCT$ REPUBLICANS SU* AS ! AG+ ,M>QUIS DE ,LAFAYETTE1 AS WELL AS MOD]ATE CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S SU* AS ,B5JAM9 ,CON/ANT1 ,HIPPOLYTE ,C>NOT 7:OSE FA!R HAD BE5 AN \T/&+ G5]AL DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & A MEMB] ( ! ,DIRECTORY71 & O!R M5 :O W]E LOA!D BY ! ULTR>OYALI/ M9ORITY 9 ! ,*AMB]4 ,?IS QUASI-FACTIONAL 0,LEFT0 WORK$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! L>G] GR\P ( MOD]ATE P>LIAM5T>IANS1 OR 0,9DEP5D5TS10 9 ! ,*AMB]1 9CLUD+ WEAL?Y B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS SU* AS ! BANK] ,JACQUES ,LAFFITTE1 ! COTTON & SUG> B>ON ,B5JAM9 ,DELESS]T1 ! M]*ANT ,TEMAUX1 & ! 5TREPR5EUR ,CASIMIR ,P]I]4 

,! MOD]ATE OR LIB]AL GOV]NM5TS ( !SE YE>S PROVID$ ! C\NTRY ) SUFFICI5T ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY TO KEEP ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK+ CLASS FAIRLY QUIESC5T ,AL?\< ! WRANGL+ BETWE5 ! LIB]AL COALITION & ! ULTR>OYALI/S 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES CONT9U$1 IT WAS NOT S]I\S 5\< TO BE ( MAJOR CONC]N TO ! L[] CLASSES4 ,FRANCE WAS /ILL RUL$ BY L&[N]S4 ,! NOBILITY & ITS M9IONS EX]CIS$ !IR MO/ EFFECTIVE P[] ?R\< ! PREFECTS & SUBPREFECTS :O ADM9I/]$ ! DEP>TM5TS1 ! PROV9CIAL JUDGES1 & ! MUNICIPAL HIREL+S :O G5UFLECT$ BE=E !IR AGR>IAN MA/]S4 ,CRAFTSM5 & PEASANTS1 LIV+ 9 !IR [N SELF-5CLOS$ WORLD1 W]E 9DIFF]5T TO A NATIONAL REGIME OV] :I* !Y HAD NO 9FLU5CE :ATEV]4 ,! ELECTORAL BASE = ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES WAS BRAZ5LY LIMIT$ TO WELL-TO-DO 9DIVIDUALS :O PAID A M9IMUM ( #c FRANCS 9 TAXES--:I* MEANT ?AT ONLY #a#a1 \T ( A POPULATION ( AB\T N9E MILLION ADULTS HAD ! RI<T TO VOTE4 

,BUT ?IS BASICALLY /ABLE SITUATION CAME TO AN 5D 9 #a#h#b1 :5 ! ,DUKE ( ,B]RI1 ! K+'S NEPHEW1 WAS ASSASS9AT$1 UNLEA%+ A FURI\S ROYALI/ BACKLA%4 ,L\IS1 :O WAS ALSO \TRAG$1 RE/RICT$ ! FRAN*ISE EV5 FUR!R BY E/ABLI%+ ! SO-CALL$ 0D\BLE VOTE10 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! WEAL?IE/ QU>T] ( ! ELECTORATE--AB\T #b#e1 M5--W]E GIV5 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO SELECT #afe DEPUTIES \T ( ! #bfe *OS5 BY ! 0G5]AL0 ELECTORATE = ! ,*AMB]4 7,9 ! ELECTIONS ( #ahbc ! ULTRAS W]E TO GA9 A HUGE LEGISLATIVE MAJORITY--NOT ONLY BY MEANS ( ! NEW FRAN*ISE RE/RICTIONS1 BUT BECAUSE LOCAL NOTABLES1 /ATE-APPO9T$ PREFECTS ( ! DEP>TM5TS1 & LOCAL ULTRA ?UGS 5GAG$ 9 CRASS MANIPULATION & FRAUD TO ASSURE !IR VICTORY4 ,!Y DID NOT HESITATE TO USE ! NAMES ( DEAD ROYALI/S TO PACK ! ELECTORAL LI/S 9 SUPPORT ( !IR C&IDATES4 ,?AT ! ELECTIONS W]E BLATANTLY RIGG$ WAS A WIDELY KN[N FACT TO :I* ! GOV]NM5T TURN$ A BL9D EYE47 

,9 #ahba ,L\IS ,X,V#a,I#a REPLAC$ ! MOD]ATE M9I/RY ( ,ELI ,DECAZES ) ONE PRESID$ OV] BY ! EXTREMELY REACTION>Y ,C\NT ( ,VILLELE1 ! LEAD] ( ! ULTR>OYALI/S 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES4 ,AS PRESID5T ( ! K+'S C\NCIL1 ,VILLELE FLOAT$ A /ATE LOAN TO FUR!R RECOMP5SE EMIGRES & O!RS :O HAD LO/ !IR L&S DUR+ ! ,REPUBLIC--A GE/URE ?AT MANY PEASANT & B\RGEOIS :O HAD PUR*AS$ BI5S NATIONAUX 9 ! #a#g#iS FE>$ MI<T LEAD TO A :OLESALE RE/ORATION ( ! OLD NOBLE E/ATES4 ,HIS M9I/RY /ROK$ ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* BY MAK+ OBEISANCES TO ITS AU?ORITY1 GIV+ IT EMOLUM5TS & AN 5HANC$ /ATUS AS 0! RELIGION ( ,FR5*M540 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT 9CREAS$ CL]ICAL CONTROL OV] $UCATION1 :I* CREAT$ WIDESPREAD UNEAS9ESS AMONG MANY SECUL> CITIZ5S1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O HAD B5EFIT$ FROM ! SALE ( ,*UR* L&S DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,RE/RICTIONS1 9CLUD+ UNBRIDL$ ACTS ( C5SOR%IP1 W]E PLAC$ ON ! LIB]AL PRESS2 ! T]M ( S]VICE = MEMB]S ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES WAS EXT5D$ FROM F\R TO SEV5 YE>S2 & TO ! FURY ( LIB]ALS :O /ILL CLAIM$ SOME FILIATIONS ) ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM1 ,FR5* TROOPS W]E US$ 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,SPANI% MON>*Y AGA9/ ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES DUR+ ! P59SUL> UPRIS+ ( #a#h#b#c4 ,HIS M9I/RY SPANN+ ,L\IS'S & ,*>LES ,X'S REIGNS1 ,VILLELE P]SONIFI$ ! NEW ,*AMBRE RETR\VEE1 MU* TO ! APPROVAL ( ! REACTION>Y ULTRAS4 

,UND] ,VILLELE1 ! ,RI<T C\LD ALSO SETDE ITS SCORES ) ITS LIB]AL OPPON5TS BY MAK+ USE ( LOOPHOLES 9 ! ,*>TE ( #ahad ?AT FAVOR$ ! K+4 ,AL?\< NE>LY ALL DEPUTIES AV[$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! DOCUM5T1 ITS PREAMBLE AV]R$ ?AT ! MON>* HAD GRANT$ IT 0VOLUNT>ILY0 TO ,FRANCE1 0BY ! FREE EX]CISE ( \R ROYAL AU?ORITY40 ,?IS PHRASE C\PL$ ! ,*>TE TO ! WILL ( ! MON>*1 :O !ORETICALLY C\LD RESC9D IT JU/ AS FREELY AS HE HAD GRANT$ IT4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ! ,*>TE AV]R$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T M9I/]S W]E 0RESPONSIBLE10 BUT TO :OM--! K+ OR ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES8--IT DID NOT SPECIFY4 ,?US M9I/]IAL RESPONSIBILITY SEEM$ TO FLOAT FREELY 9 ! AIR1 AT ! DISCRETION ( ! K+1 AS ! ULTRAS CLAIM$1 OR ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 AS ! OPPOSITION CLAIM$4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,*>TE CONTA9$ A /IPULATION1 ,>TICLE #a#d1 ?AT GAVE ! K+ ! AU?ORITY TO DISPAT* ! 5TIRE CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM AT WILL1 %\LD HE *OOSE3 

,! K+ IS ! SUPREME HEAD ( ! /ATE4 ,HE COMM&S ! L& & SEA =CES1 DECL>ES W>1 MAKES TREATIES ( PEACE1 ALLIANCE1 & COMM]CE1 APPO9TS ALL PUBLIC (FICIALS1 & MAKES ALL REGULATIONS & ORD9ANCES = ! EXECUTION ( ! LAWS1 & ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE4.<#c#g#g.> 

,UND] ,L\IS1 ALL ( !SE ROYALI/ =MULATIONS HAD BE5 REG>D$ AS M]E RHETORIC ?AT ASS]T$ ,FRANCE'S MON>*ICAL /ATUS4 ,BUT ,>TICLE #ad WAS WAIT+ 9 ! W+S1 AT ! DISPOSAL ( ANY AU?ORIT>IAN MON>* :O MI<T *OOSE TO EX]CISE IT4 ,& IT WAS PRECISELY SU* A MON>*1 ,*>LES ,X1 AID$ BY AN 5T\RAGE ( UN=GIV+ ULTRAS1 :O TOOK CONTROL ( ! ,FR5* ?RONE UPON ! DEA? ( ,L\IS 9 #a#h#b#d4 

,IF ,L\IS LIKELY KNEW HE WAS NOT BELOV$1 ,*>LES AT LEA/ %\LD HAVE SUSPECT$ ?AT MO/ ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE ?OR\<LY DETE/$ HIM4 ,ONLY ! MO/ FANATICAL ULTRAS ( ! EMIGRE POPULATION & !IR (FSPR+--?OSE :O ABOM9AT$ ! ,REVOLUTION & REPUBLICANISM 9 ANY =M--RALLI$ >\ND ! NEW K+1 FE$+ HIS WOR/ FE>S ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSPIRACIES4 ,ASC5D+ ! ?RONE AT ! AGE ( SIXTY-SEV51 ,*>LES HAD BE5 AN EMIGRE = TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AS ! ,C\NT ( ,>TOIS4 ,HAV+ LEFT ,FRANCE AS E>LY AS #a#g#h#i1 HE SUBSEQU5DY PLOTT$ ) ,B\RBON LOYALI/S ABROAD AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,DIRECTORY1 & ! ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #a#h#b#d1 ONCE ,*>LES BECAME K+1 HE & ,VILLELE MAT*$ EA* O!R LIKE A ROYAL H& & A P]FECTLY FITT+ M9I/]IAL GLOVE4 

,BUT EV5 )9 ! LIMIT$ & WEAL?Y ELECTORATE ON :I* ,VILLELE BAS$ HIS AU?ORITY1 A MAJOR SPLIT SOON APPE>$4 ,MANY VOT]S FELT ?AT ! PRESID5T ( ! K+'S C\NCIL WAS SP9N+ TOO F> TO ! N<T1 :ILE ! ZEAL\S ULTRAS 9 ! LEGISLATURE FELT ?AT HE WAS NOT GO+ F> 5\<4 ,BY #ahbg ,VILLELE HAD ALI5AT$ HIS ULTRA SUPPORT]S AS MU* AS HIS LIB]AL OPPON5TS 9 ! ,*AMB]1 MAK+ IT DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 = HIS M9I/RY TO GOV]N ! C\NTRY EFFECTIVELY4 ,AL?\< IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ HE C\LD HAVE HOP$ TO REALIGN ,FR5* POLITICAL LIFE 9 HIS FAVOR1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO URGE ,*>LES TO CALL NEW ELECTIONS4 

,! LIB]ALS1 9 TURN1 HAD LE>N$ ONLY TOO WELL ?AT !Y HAD TO ORGANIZE AT A GRASSROOTS LEVEL TO PREV5T MORE \TRAGE\S ELECTORAL MALFEASANCES FROM ! RI<T4 ,9 #ahbg LAWY]S1 J\RNALI/S1 & ! $ITORS ( ! LIB]AL P]IODICAL ,LE ,GLOBE CREAT$ A PUBLIC SUP]VISORY & $UCATIONAL GR\P ) ! NAME ,AIDE- TOI1 LE DEL T'AID]A 70,GOD HELPS ?OSE :O HELP !MSELVES10 OR MORE LOOSELY1 0SELF-HELP071 TO DIS5CUMB] ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS ( MANIPULATION BY NOTABLES & ROYAL PREFECTS4 ,A L>GE NETWORK ( ,AIDE-TOI COMMITTEES WAS E/ABLI%$ ALL OV] ,FRANCE TO OV]SEE ! ELECTORAL LI/S1 OB/RUCT ULTRA 9T]F]5CE 9 VOT+ ASSEMBLIES1 & PROPAG&IZE VOT]S 9 SUPPORT ( LIB]AL C&IDATES4 ,!IR HI<LY EFFECTIVE ACTIVITIES SUCCESSFULLY AUGM5T$ ! NUMB] ( LIB]AL VOT]S :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ELECTIONS ( ,NOVEMB] #a#h#b#g1 R$UC+ ! ULTRAS 9 ! ,*AMB] TO A SMALL BLOC ( #f TO #h1 AS AGA9/ #ah LIB]ALS4 ,VILLELE RESIGN$ & WAS REPLAC$ BY A ! LIB]AL ,VISC\NT ( ,M>TIGNAC 7ALBEIT (FICIALLY AS ! M9I/] ( 9T]IOR RA!R ?AN AS PRESID5T ( ! C\NCIL1 LEAV+ ! K+ FREE TO RUN ! M9I/RY AS HE *OSE74 

,! LIB]AL VICTORY 9 #ahbh HAD CAUSES ?AT W5T F> BEYOND ULTRA POLITICAL 9TRANSIG5CE ALONE4 ,S9CE #ahbg & EV5 S9CE #ahbe 9 ! NOR?1 ,FRANCE HAD BE5 S9K+ 9TO A DEEP-SEAT$ ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! NOR?1 BAD H>VE/S1 P>TICUL>LY ( GRA9 & ( POTATOES1 DEPRIV$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & ! POOR ( /APLE FOODS4 ,!SE %ORTAGES1 COMB9$ ) A MAJOR F9ANCIAL CRISIS & UNEMPLOYM5T 7P>TLY DUE TO IMPORTS ( *EAP ,BRITI% IRON71 DEEP5$ ! POPUL> HATR$ ( ,VILLELE & ,M>TIGNAC & /OK$ WIDESPREAD RIOTS & D5UNCIATIONS ( ! REGIME--9 SOME CASES ( ! K+4 ,TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ,NORM&Y & ,ALSACE W]E EI!R ?R[N \T ( WORK [+ TO =EIGN IMPORTS OR SUFF]$ CUTS 9 !IR ALREADY L[ WAGES4 ,!SE ECONOMIC AFFLICTIONS 9DUC$ FUR!R RIOT+1 & MANY CITY WORK]S1 HAV+ LO/ !IR JOBS1 W]E OBLIG$ TO RETURN TO ! VILLAGES FROM :I* !Y HAD DRIFT$ 9 ECONOMICALLY MORE HALCYON DAYS4 ,AL?\< ! WORK]S MO/ DEEPLY AFFECT$ BY ! ECONOMIC CRISIS HAD NO /AKE 9 ! POLITICAL WORLD ?AT D5I$ !M ! VOTE1 !IR ACTIONS UNN]V$ ALL ! MIDDLE & UPP] CLASSES ( ! C\NTRY1 9SPIR+ FE>S ( A NEW SOCIAL UPSURGE BY ! L[] CLASSES4 

,& = GOOD REASON3 ! #a#h#bS HAD SE5 A REVIVAL ( /RONG PUBLIC 9T]E/ 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,MEMOIRS BY P>TICIPANTS HAD BEGUN TO APPE>1 & EV5 ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S1 A GIFT$ J\RNALI/ = ! LIB]AL PRESS1 PUBLI%$ HIS ,HI/OIRE DE LA REVOLUTION ,JRAN