,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #be 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

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,*APT] #b#e4 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #ahdh 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #ahc S5T %OCK WAVES ?R\<\T ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,BRITA91 ,BELGIUM1 ,PORTUGAL1 & ,SPA91 AS WELL AS A NUMB] ( /ATES 9 ! ,G]MAN ,CONF$]ATION1 MOVEM5TS = ! RE=M ( DYNA/IES OR MON>*IES FL>$ UP1 SOMETIMES TAK+ ! =M ( 9SURRECTIONS4 ,BUT MO/ ( !SE RE=MS W]E NATIONALI/ 9 *>ACT]1 OR LIB]AL--SEEK+ TO BROAD5 POLITICAL RI<TS--OR BO?1 RA!R ?AN SOCIAL UPRIS+S1 9 :I* ! MASSES F\<T = A RADICALLY NEW ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL DISP5SATION4 ,9 TIME1 NAGG+ PROBLEMS ( NATIONAL UNIFICATION W]E RESOLV$1 NOT BY POPUL> 9SURG5CIES BUT BY =CEFUL /ATESM51 SU* AS ,CAV\R 9 ,ITALY & ,BISM>CK 9 ,G]MANY1 :O FULFILL$ ! ASPIRATIONS ( E/ABLI%$ MON>*S RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( QUASI- DEMOCRATIC POPUL> MOVEM5TS4 

,IT WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & USUALLY 9 ,P>IS1 ?AT MASS >M$ REVOLTS TRANSC5D$ ESS5TIALLY NATIONALI/ GOALS & FOCUS$ ON ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 CLASS RULE1 & PROP]TY [N]%IP4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAD BY NO MEANS ELIM9AT$ ALL ( ! SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS ( ! ANCI5 REGIME4 ,IRONICALLY1 9 FACT1 IT WAS NOT ONLY ! TRADITIONS ( #a<i BUT ,FRANCE'S V]Y ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS1 AT LEA/ BY COMP>ISON ) ,5GL&1 ?AT MADE IT A HOTB$ ( REVOLUTION & RADICAL IDEOLOGIES4 

,! ,P,],S,I,/,5,C,E ,( ,O,L,D ,F,R,A,N,C,E 

,DESPITE ! ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT TOOK PLACE V]Y NOTICEABLY 9 ! #a#h#dS1 ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES ( ,FRANCE--! MIDDLE CLASSES AS WELL AS ! NOBILITY--/ILL EQUAT$ PRE/IGE & P[] ) ! [N]%IP ( L&4 ,EV5 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ) OR )\T TITLES1 ASPIR$ TO ! [N]%IP ( L>GE E/ATES1 :I* ALONE W\LD GA9 IT A PRIVILEG$ POSITION 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS HI< REG>D = L& [N]%IP WAS DIM9I%$ 9 ,FR5* CITIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,P>IS1 :]E COMM]CE & BANK+ FL\RI%$4 ,C]TA9LY 9 ! CAPITAL1 TAL5T$ M5 ) FAIRLY PLEBEIAN ORIG9S SU* AS ,JACQUES ,LAFFITTE1 ,CASIMIR ,P]I]1 ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S1 & ,FRANCOIS ,GUIZOT--BANK]S1 J\RNALI/S1 & ACADEMICS--ATTA9$ POSITIONS ( PROM95CE 9 NATIONAL AFFAIRS2 NOR W]E !SE M5 D5I$ 5TRY 9TO >I/OCRATIC CIRCLES1 OR EV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO M>RY 9TO ! NOBILITY1 AS TRADE & F9ANCE BECAME EV] MORE LUCRATIVE S\RCES ( 9COME4 

,BUT 9 ! RURAL >EAS & ! SMALL T[NS1 ,FR5* PROV9CIAL & MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS W]E ALMO/ COMPLETELY CONTROLL$ BY L&$ NOTABLES1 :O DESPIS$ URBAN BUS9ESSM5 & RUL$ OV] ! PEASANTRY & CRAFTSM5 ( !IR DI/RICTS ) PR]EVOLUTION>Y >ROGANCE4 ,TOGE!R ) ! CL]GY1 !Y DISP5S$ FAVORS & ISSU$ DIRECTIVES AS ?\< ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i HAD NEV] OCCURR$4 ,NOR W]E !IR CLAIMS TO LOCAL SOV]EIGNTY S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ BY ! PEASANTRY & LESS] URBAN CLASSES1 :O VIEW$ TIDES & ! [N]%IP ( L&$ PROP]TY ) SUBS]VI5T AWE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ROYALI/ HOTB$S ( ! WE/ & S\?4 

,?AT A GREAT DEAL ( P[] WAS EX]CIS$ ON ! PROV9CIAL & EV5 ! LOCAL LEVEL WAS NOT POLITICALLY TRIVIAL4 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#cS ,FRANCE WAS /ILL A COMP>ATIVELY DEC5TRALIZ$ C\NTRY--9 SOME RESPECTS B>ELY A MODEM NATION-/ATE4 ,TRAVEL CONDITIONS \TSIDE ! GREAT URBAN HUBS W]E V]Y PRIMITIVE1 LEAV+ MANY P>TS ( ! C\NTRY ISOLAT$ & UND] ! DOM9ION ( LOCAL L&[N]S4 ,DESPITE A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( ROAD & CANAL CON/RUCTION DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION1 09 ! #a#h#cS ! NATION'S TRANSPORTATION SY/EM 444 WAS /ILL ?AT ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY10 AS ,DAVID ,P9KNEY PO9T$LY OBS]VES4.<#c#i#e.> 

,9 #a#h#c1 = EXAMPLE1 /AGECOA*ES /ILL MOV$ AT AN AV]AGE SPE$ ( F\R MILES P] H\R1 & IT TOOK T5 TO TW5TY DAYS = FREI<T WAGONS TO MOVE FROM ,P>IS TO ,ORLEANS4 ,A /EAM%IP J\RNEY UP ! ,RHONE FROM ,>LES TO ,LYON REQUIR$ ?REE TO F\R DAYS1 & EV5 MORE IF ! RIV] WAS SWOLL5 BY FLOOD+ OR %R\D$ 9 FOG4 ,9 W9T]1 :5 ICE CLOGG$ ! WAT]WAY1 TRAFFIC MI<T BE SUSP5D$ 5TIRELY = A WEEK4 ,TRAVEL ALONG CANALS1 :OSE CON/RUCTION TRIPL$ UND] ! ,ORLEANS MON>*Y1 /ILL FAC$ ALL ! RIV]9E DIFFICULTIES ( WEA!R1 FLOOD+1 & DR\<T ,RURAL ,FRANCE ?US HAD ONLY LIMIT$1 & USUALLY V]Y LITTLE1 CONTACT ) ! CAPITAL4 ,! AFFAIRS ( L>GE >EAS ( ! C\NTRY W]E NECESS>ILY LEFT 9 ! H&S ( ! LOCAL >I/OCRACY--MANY ( :OM REMA9$ ,LEGITIMI/S1 ?AT IS1 SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD ,B\RBON DYNA/Y TO :I* ,L\IS ,X,V,I & HIS BRO!RS BELONG$4 

,! CONT9UITIES ) ! PA/1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 5COMPASS$ NOT ONLY REGIONAL ISOLATION1 POOR ROADS1 & /RONG FEEL+S ( PROV9CIALISM BUT A FAIRLY PRIMITIVE BANK+ SY/EM4 ,BY CONT9U+ TO 9VE/ MA9LY 9 SAFE GOV]NM5T BONDS & L[-RISK SECURITIES ?AT BR\<T %ORT-T]M RETURNS1 ?IS SY/EM IMP$$ ! GR[? ( MORE ME*ANIZ$1 CAPITAL-9T5SIVE 5T]PRISES4 ,EV5 SMALL 5T]PRISES SU* AS ! PRODUCTION ( IRON 9 *>COAL-FUEL$ FURNACES 7:I* /ILL SUPPLI$ MO/ ( ! C\NTRY'S IRON7 HAD TO RELY ON OV]LY CAUTI\S LOCAL BANKS OR ELSE BE SELF-F9ANC$4 ,! L>G] COAL-FUEL$ PLANTS1 SO NECESS>Y = ! PRODUCTION ( IRON = LOCOMOTIVES & RAILROAD TRACKS1 REQUIR$ L>GE CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS ?AT VA/LY EXCE$$ ! CAPACITY ( MO/ LOCAL F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9DE$1 NOT UNTIL ! ,P>IS--,SA9T-,G]MA9 ,RAILROAD PROV$ TO BE A F9ANCIAL SUCCESS W]E ! L>GE ,P>ISIAN BANKS PREP>$ TO 9VE/ HEAVILY 9 RAILROAD CON/RUCTION OR TRADE 9 RAILROAD %>ES ON ! ,P>IS ,B\RSE4 

,F9ALLY1 ANY ATTEMPT BY A PEASANT H\SEHOLD TO IMPROVE ITS LOT BEYOND SUBSI/5CE F>M+ CAME UP AGA9/ ! RESI/ANCE ( LOCAL F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* W]E EXTREMELY RELUCTANT TO MAKE L[-9T]E/ LOANS TO SMALL-SCALE FOOD CULTIVATORS4 ,FR5* PEASANT AGRICULTURE CONSEQU5TLY /AGNAT$1 IMPRISON$ 9 QUASI-M$IEVAL =MS ( F9ANCE1 SU* AS HI<-9T]E/ LOANS FROM SMALL-T[N NOT>IES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT PEASANTS W]E /ILL EASY PREY TO !IR TRADITIONAL VICISSITUDES1 SU* AS BAD H>VE/S & DR\<TS4 ,9DE$1 EV5 9 AN AGE ( RAILROADS1 /EAM%IPS1 & FACTORIES1 FOOD %ORTAGES1 SO R$OL5T ( ! ANCI5 REGIME1 W]E /ILL S]I\S PROBLEMS4 

,= ?OSE :O HAD WEAL?1 ! PUR*ASE ( L& USUALLY LEFT 9SUFFICI5T CAPITAL = 9DU/RIAL GR[? OR EV5 SOPHI/ICAT$ AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES4 ,! REAL MEASURE ( A FAMILY'S WEAL? CONT9U$ TO BE ! AM\NT ( ACREAGE IT [N$ RA!R ?AN ! LEVEL ( ITS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY4 0,! VALUES & ASPIRATIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE W]E /ILL PR$OM9ANTLY ?OSE ASSOCIAT$ ) L&[N]S & NOT ?OSE ( BUS9ESSM5 OR ! ,5GLI% CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY10 NOTES ,P9KNEY1 0FULLY COMMITT$ TO ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT & TO A REGIM5 ( WORK40.<#c#i#f.> 

,NEV]!LESS ,FRANCE C\LD NOT RESI/ *ANGE ALTOGE!R1 LEA/ ( ALL DUR+ ! LATT] DECADE ( ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 DESPITE ! OV]:ELM+LY >TISANAL NATURE ( ! MANUFACTUR+ ECONOMY1 9DU/RIAL ADVANCES C\LD NOT BE AVOID$1 BUT BY NO MEANS C\LD !Y BE 9/ITUT$ ON A SCALE COMP>ABLE TO ,5GLI% 9DU/RY4 ,! NOR? WAS HOME TO ! ME*ANIZ$ PRODUCTION ( COTTON CLO?2 ! ,LOIRE BAS9 WAS GREATLY EXP&+ ITS PRODUCTION ( COAL2 & ! SMALL =GES ?AT HAD =M]LY ACC\NT$ = MU* ( ! C\NTRY'S IRON \TPUT W]E CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO L>GE-SCALE F\NDRIES1 PRESAG+ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ?AT HAD ALREADY SWEPT OV] P>TS ( ,BRITA94 

,P]HAPS ( GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE1 RAILROADS BEGAN TO COME 9TO !IR [N1 REA*+ ISOLAT$ REGIONS ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ALL BUT COMPLETELY CLOS$ (F TO TRADE4 ,! PASSAGE ( ! #ahdb ,DUFAURE RAILWAY LAW M&AT$ ! =MATION ( A NATIONAL RAILWAY NETWORK1 9 :I* L&1 TRACK1 & /ATIONS W]E TO BE SUPPLI$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 !N LEAS$ TO PRIVATE COMPANIES ?AT W\LD PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y OP]AT+ EQUIPM5T & ROLL+ /OCK4 ,BETWE5 #ahdb & #a#h#d#h1 ! AM\NT ( TRACK 9 ,FRANCE TRIPL$ FROM R\<LY #f TO #ah KILOMET]S4 ,IT WAS A FIR/ /EP 9 OV]COM+ ! ISOLATION ( ! ,FR5* REGIONS & AT ! SAME TIME PROVID$ A /IMULUS TO ! METALLURGICAL 9DU/RY1 SO 9DISP5SABLE TO MOD]NIZATION4 

,POLITICALLY1 H[EV]1 ! REGIME ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE WAS CLOS$ TO EV]YONE BUT A FEW WEAL?Y CITIZ5S2 BY ! ELECTION LAW ( #a#h#c#a1 ONLY ?OSE ,FR5*M5 C\LD VOTE :O PAID TAXES ( AT LEA/ #b FRANCS--A FRAN*ISE QUALIFICATION ?AT EFFECTIVELY B>R$ ALL BUT #b#e1 \T ( #i MILLION ADULT MALES FROM VOT+4 ,SU* FRAN*ISE RE=MS AS W]E PROPOS$ 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES DID NOT APPLY TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* ALL P>TIES 9 ! GOV]NM5T SEEM$ TO ASSUME %\LD BE B>R$ FROM ELECTORAL P>TICIPATION4 ,MORALLY1 ! REGIME HAD BECOME SC&AL\SLY CORRUPT1 ) BRIB]Y & DI%ONE/Y RAMPANT AT ALL LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T1 9CLUD+ ! MILIT>Y4 ,! ,JULY ,MON>*Y WAS1 9 EFFECT1 A HUGE HOLD+ COMPANY1 AS ,M>X CALL$ IT1 = /OCKBROK]S & F9ANCI]S :O HAD BE5 REAP+ IMM5SE =TUNES EV] S9CE ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE ASC5D$ ! ?RONE4 ,IT BALDLY JU/IFI$ ITS EXI/5CE BY ! EXTREMELY FAVORABLE & PRIVILEG$ 5VIRONM5T IT CREAT$ = ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE & RURAL N\VEAUX RI*ES4 ,COMM]CIALISM HAD BECOME ! RUL+ E?OS ( ! ELITE1 & ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES PROCE$$ TO GORGE !MSELVES F9ANCIALLY1 ?R\< %AMELESSLY LUCRATIVE CONTRACTS1 RECKLESS SPECULATION1 & %ADY LOANS1 G5]AT+ 5ORM\S DISCREPANCIES 9 WEAL? ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 

,! ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N,S ,D,E,M,&,S ,( ,! #a#h#dS 

,9 ! YE>S DIRECDY FOLL[+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ,FRANCE HAD PRES]V$ ITS PR$OM9&Y >TISANAL ECONOMY1 SO ?AT ! MANUFACTUR+ SECTOR ( ! ,FR5* ECONOMY WAS /ILL OV]:ELM+LY MADE UP ( CRAFTSM54 ,AL?\< !IR ECONOMIC POSITION HAD *ANG$ SOME:AT BETWE5 #a<i & #a#h#d1 ! 9T]E/S & /ATUS ( >TISANS HAD REMA9$ SURPRIS+LY CON/ANT4 ,EV5 ,P>IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HAD H>DLY *ANG$ DUR+ ! FIFTY YE>S ?AT PASS$ S9CE ! ,BA/ILLE WAS TAK51 & ! ME?ODS ( MANUFACTUR+ PRODUCTION1 EV5 WORK+-CLASS LIFEWAYS1 W]E REM>KABLY SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( TWO G5]ATIONS E>LI]4 

,MA/] >TISANS USUALLY [N$ !IR [N TOOLS & MANAG$ !IR [N %OPS1 US+ ! LABOR ( !IR FAMILIES1 APPR5TICES1 & J\RNEYM5 = ASSI/ANCE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,ALL[+ = DIFF]5CES AMONG 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y %>$ C]TA9 BASIC VALUES1 HABITS1 & HOPES4 ,?OSE :O DID NOT [N PROP]TY ASPIR$1 9 TIME1 TO ACQUIRE !IR [N WORK%OPS & 5JOY ! /ATUS ( MA/] CRAFTSM54 ,! MORE WELL-TO-DO MA/] >TISANS WORK$ SIDE BY SIDE ) APPR5TICES1 J\RNEYM51 & HIR$ WORK]S1 :O NOT ONLY %>$ !IR IDEAS1 HOPES1 & LIFEWAYS BUT (T5 LIV$ 9 !IR HOMES & %>$ !IR MEALS4 

,T[>D ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 SOCIAL =CES EM]G$ TO ?REAT5 !SE 9DEP5D5T >TISANAL LIFEWAYS3 NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 MO/ NOTABLY RAIL TRANSPORTATION1 OP5$ HI!RTO ISOLAT$ M>KETS TO *EAP MASS-PRODUC$ GOODS FROM ABROAD & AT HOME4 ,M]*ANT CAPITALI/S W]E BECOM+ MORE C5TRAL FIGURES 9 ECONOMIC LIFE1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O PAID = ! >TISANS' PRODUCTS AT A GIV5 RATE1 !N TRAVEL$ ELSE:]E TO SELL !M4 ,9CREAS+LY !SE M]*ANTS BEGAN TO CONTROL ! ALLOCATION ( JOBS & ! PRICES ?AT >TISANS RECEIV$ = !IR GOODS1 (T5 ) LITTLE OR NO CONC]N = ! NE$S ( !IR PRODUC]S4 ,AS ! M]*ANTS' ROLE BECAME EV5 MORE PRON\NC$ ) ! EXPANSION ( TRADE1 !Y ?REAT5$ TO R$UCE ! >TISANS TO A L[LY1 DEP5D5T /ATUS1 AT ! BECK & CALL ( B\RGEOIS MA/]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ WORLD WAS POIS$ TO 9VADE !IR CRAFT WORLD1 ?REAT5+ TO REPLACE IT ) ! FACTORY SY/EM4 

,!SE LOOM+ *ANGES RAIS$ SEV]AL BASIC QUE/IONS ?AT URG5DY HAD TO BE ADDRESS$4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! PLACE ( >TISANAL WORK]S 9 ! *ANG+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ( ,FRANCE8 ,H[ C\LD !Y DEFLECT ! CRUEL IMPACT ( A H>%LY COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY8 ,C\LD !Y1 AS >TISANS1 CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! EM]G+ PR$ATORY & COMPETITIVE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY8 

,A SPATE ( COMMUNI/ & SOCIALI/ BOOKS & PAMPHLETS W]E PUBLI%$ ?AT TRI$ TO ADDRESS !SE SE>+ QUE/IONS4 ,BUT FOLL[+ ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c1 EXP]I5CE & NE$ C\NT$ ALMO/ AS MU* AS !ORY 9 P]SUAD+ MILITANT ,FR5* WORK]S TO JO9 TOGE!R 9 ORGANIZATIONS ( ASSOCIAT$ OR COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION ?AT W]E KN[N AS 0ASSOCIATIONS40 ,! POPUL>ITY ( ! WORD ASSOCIATION1 9/EAD ( ! MORE >*AIC1 PR]EVOLUTION>Y WORD CORPORATION1 WAS DUE 9 NO SMALL P>T TO ! WRIT+S ( ,F\RI]I/S1 & ESPECIALLY ,BU*EZ1 9 HIS V]Y POPUL> PUBLIC LECTURES 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#h#c4 

,PRECISELY :5 ,FR5* WORK]S BEGAN TO =M ASSOCIATIONS DIFF]S FROM ONE HI/ORIAN TO ANO!R4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N>D ,MOSS1 0,ASSOCIATIONISM WAS BOM DUR+ ! WAVE ( /RIKES & ORGANIZ$ PROTE/S PROVOK$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c0--SPECIFICALLY1 ) ! L>GE WAVE ( /RIKES ?AT SWEPT OV] ,FR5* CITIES1 P>TICUL>LY ,P>IS1 9 #a#h#c#c4.<#c#i#g.> ,WILLIAM ,SEWELL1 ON ! O!R H&1 DATES ASSOCIATIONS BACK TO WORK]S' PHILAN?ROPIC SOCIETIES ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY1 :I* W]E !N REVIV$ AFT] #a#h#c#a4 ,:AT IS CLE> IS ?AT 9 #ahcc AN ECONOMIC UPSW+1 & AN ACCOMPANY+ /RIKE WAVE1 BEGAN TO G5]ATE A /RONG ASSOCIATIONI/ MOVEM5T AMONG ,FR5* WORK]S4 ,IDL$ BY WORK /OPPAGES1 ! /RIK]S =M$ COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS SIMPLY 9 ORD] TO E>N AN 9COME4 

,IT WAS WORK]-MILITANTS :O =MULAT$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL CONT\RS ( !SE NEW 5TITIES4 ,9 #ahcc A MILITANT %OEMAK] KN[N TO US ONLY AS ,EFRAHEM CALL$ UPON ! 0WORK]S ( AN ETAT .<TO.> =M A CORPS AMONG !MSELVES2 !Y MU/ *OOSE1 FROM ! MID/ ( ?AT SOCIETY1 A COMMISSION *>G$ ) REPRES5T+ IT 9 DEBATES ) ! MA/]S1 TO FIX WAGES ACCORD+ TO T>IFS .<CONTRACTS SPECIFY+ WAGE RATES.>1 DISCUSS$ & DECRE$ BY ITS MEMB]S40.<#c#i#h.> ,! WORDS ETAT & CORPS >E EVID5CE ( ! >*AISMS ?AT P]SI/$ 9 >TISANS' LANGUAGE & ?9K+1 BUT ! 9T5TION ( AN ASSOCIATION LIKE ,EFRAHEM'S IS PAT5DY CLE>3 ESS5TIALLY IT WAS TO BE A LABOR UNION4 ,AL?\< SU* ASSOCIATIONS W]E (T5 M>K$ BY 9ITIATION C]EMONIES1 RITES1 SECRET SIGNALS1 & %>$ FE/IVITIES1 !Y W]E H>DLY SOCIALI/IC 5TITIES4 

,9DE$1 ASSOCIATIONS SEEM TO HAVE EM]G$ \T ( ! SIMPLE TRADE UNIONS ?AT WORK]S =M$ TO ADVANCE !IR 9T]E/S DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! /RIKES4 ,TO CONDUCT A /RIKE1 WORK]S HAD TO EAT & PROVIDE !IR FAMILIES ) ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,ASSOCIATIONS ?AT FUNCTION$ AS LABOR UNIONS OR MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES C\LD MAKE SOME SU* PROVISIONS = !IR SURVIVAL4 ,BUT AS /RIKES 9T5SIFI$1 /RIK+ WORK]S TOOK ! FUNCTION ( !IR ASSOCIATIONS FUR!R4 ,/RIK+ %OEMAK]S1 TAILORS1 & CAB9ETMAK]S 9 V>I\S ,FR5* CITIES ACTUALLY =M$ PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS OR COOP]ATIVE WORK%OPS1 BY :I* !Y C\LD GA9 EMPLOYM5T TO SUPPORT !MSELVES DUR+ /RIKES1 UNTIL !IR MA/]S OR ! M]*ANTS TO :OM !Y SOLD !IR GOODS AGRE$ TO AN ACCEPTABLE T>IF4 ,MO/ ( !SE PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES W]E NOT LONG-LIV$2 AS ,SEWELL TELLS US1 !Y 

W]E NOT 5VISAG$ AS CONT9U+ BEYOND ! 5D ( ! /RIKE4 ,EV5 ! MO/ AMBITI\S--SU* AS ! 0NATIONAL WORK%OP0 ?AT WAS =M$ BY ! ,P>ISIAN TAILORS DUR+ !IR LONG /RIKE ( ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] .<#a#h#c#c.>1 :I* !Y SAW AS BECOM+ A P]MAN5T P>T ( ! TAILORS' CORPORATION-- W]E CONCEIV$ ( AS /RICDY A SUBORD9ATE >M ( ! OV]ALL WORK]S' CORPORATION .<,LE41 TRADE UNION ( A S+LE TRADE.>4.<#c#i#i.> 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 A LIMIT$ =M ( ASSOCIATION1 ?AT HAD BE5 LITTLE MORE ?AN A PROTOTYPICAL TRADE UNION1 HAD MUTAT$ UND] /RIKE CONDITIONS 9TO A COLLECTIVI/IC PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATION4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! DISCONT5T ( WORK]S EXPRESS$ 9 SU* /RIKES & ASSOCIATIONS1 ! GOV]NM5T PASS$ A ,LAW ( ,ASSOCIATION 9 #ahcd ?AT PROHIBIT$ ASSOCIATIONS ( ALL BUT ! MO/ 9NOCU\S SORT ,= ! RE/ ( ! #a#h#cS & ! #a#h#dS1 PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES & COLLECTIVI/ ASSOCIATIONS1 :I* HAD BE5 =M$ ONLY DUR+ /RIKES 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 W]E ELEVAT$ TO A MAJOR COMPON5T ( ! IDEOLOGY ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY 5VISION$ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 :OSE ECONOMY W\LD BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 

,MOREOV]1 !SE ASSOCIATIONS W\LD BE CONF$]ALLY 9T]L9K$ 9TO A 0FRAT]NITY0 ( ALL TRADES4 ,9 A PAMPHLET TID$ ,ON ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S ( ,ALL ,TRADES1 ! %OEMAK] ,EFRAHEM CA/ HIS SI<TS BEYOND ONE P>TICUL> ETAT TO A CONFRAT]NITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,)\T BROAD] ASSOCIATION1 HE W>N$1 9DIVIDUAL 0CORPORATIONS0 W\LD 0DISSIPATE & DISSOLVE 444 ANNIHILATE !MSELVES 9 ! 9DIVIDUALISM & EGOISM ( ISOLATION40 ,ASSOCIATIONS1 ?IS REM>KABLE WORK] W5T ON TO WRITE1 %\LD 9/EAD ELECT DELEGATES TO REPRES5T ALL TRADES 9 A COORD9AT+ 0C5TRAL COMMITTEE40 ,:5 /RIKES TOOK PLACE1 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE W\LD COLLECT & DISBURSE FUNDS AMONG /RIK]S4.<#d.> 

,?AT PRACTICAL /RUCTURE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AB\T AS F> AS ,EFRAHEM WAS PREP>$ TO TAKE HIS PROPOS$ CONFRAT]NITY4 ,BUT IT WAS ONE ?AT ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y ,P>ISIAN WORK]S CAME TO REG>D AS ! ALT]NATIVE /RUCTURE TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM3 A C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( WORK]S' DELEGATES FROM ALL TRADES ?AT W\LD COORD9ATE ! FUND+ ( COLLECTIVI/ PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS & ! DI/RIBUTION ( !IR E>N+S 9 AS EGALIT>IAN A MANN] AS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ! YE>S TO COME1 !Y W\LD DEBATE FUR!R ASPECTS ( ?IS >TISANAL SOCIALISM4 ,W\LD ! E>N+S 9 SU* COLLECTIVI/ COOP]ATIVES BE %>$ AMONG ! WORK]S 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL ASSOCIATION1 OR AMONG ! MEMB]S ( A TRADE1 OR AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE8 ,W\LD !Y BE %>$ ACCORD+ TO WORK P]=M$ 7SOCIALISM7 OR ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! WORK] & HIS OR H] FAMILY 7COMMUNISM78 ,W\LD PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES DEP5D UPON ! /ATE = />TUP CR$IT1 OR ON CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! POCKETS ( ITS MEMB]S8 ,W\LD ! CONFRAT]NITY ( ! ASSOCIATIONS BE SUP]VIS$--TEMPOR>ILY OR P]MAN5TLY--BY ! /ATE 79 :AT LAT] SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS MI<T CALL A 0WORK]S' /ATE07 OR BY CONF$]AL C\NCILS ( DELEGATES FROM ! WORK%OPS !MSELVES8 

,9 ! #a#h#dS1 9 ADDITION TO !SE EXPRESSLY ASSOCIATIONI/ =MS ( SOCIALISM1 ,P>ISIAN WORK]S ALSO 5C\NT]$ ! HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 SO-CALL$ 0AN>*I/IC0 S*EME PROPOS$ BY ,PR\DHON1 :I*1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS BAS$ ON ! P]SONAL [N]%IP ( PROP]TY & ! USE ( CONTRACTS TO KNIT PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S TOGE!R4 ,A BITT] FOE ( COLLECTIVISM ( ANY K9D1 ,PR\DHON WAS NONE!LESS OBLIG$ 9 #a#h#e#a1 9 ! WAKE ( ! ASSOCIATIONI/ F]M5T ( #ahdh & AFT]1 TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ASSOCIATION ( SOME SORT WAS UNAVOIDABLE = L>GE-SCALE 5T]PRISES3 

,ASSOCIATION HAS 9DE$ ITS USE 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATIONS4 ,! WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS >E 9DE$ CALL$ UPON TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! NE> FUTURE2 & >E FULL ( HOPE BO? AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! WAGE SY/EM1 & AS AN AFFIRMATION ( RECIPROCITY4 ,?IS P>T WILL CONSI/ *IEFLY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( L>GE 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & 9 ! C>RY+ \T ( C]TA9 L>GE UND]TAK+S1 :I* REQUIRE AT ONCE M9UTE DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS1 TOGE!R ) GREAT UNIT$ EFFICI5CY2 & :I* W\LD BE SO MANY S*OOLS = ! LABOR+ CLASS IF ASSOCIATION1 OR BETT]1 P>TICIPATION1 W]E 9TRODUC$4 ,SU* UND]TAK+S1 AMONG O!RS1 >E RAILROADS4.<#d#a.> 

,PR\DHON'S L>GE-SCALE ASSOCIATIONS W]E TO BE [N$ BY ! M5 :O WORK$ 9 !M1 & !IR COMPON5TS W]E TO BE B\ND TOGE!R BY CONTRACTS RA!R ?AN BY E?ICAL OR FRAT]NAL S5TIM5TS4 

,BY #a#h#d#h1 ALL ( !SE ASSOCIATIONS--BE !Y TRADE UNIONS1 COOP]ATIVES1 OR PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS ( A SOCIALI/IC OR COMMUNI/IC TYPE1 & !IR CONFRAT]NITIES OR CONF$]ATIONS--W]E P>T ( ! V>IEGAT$ BUT PASSIONATELY HELD IDEOLOGY ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM3 !Y W]E TO CON/ITUTE ! ECONOMIC 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 ,! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS 9 ,P>IS ADOPT$ A VISION ( A REPUBLIC BAS$ ON ! 0ORGANIZATION ( WORK10 CONSI/+ ( PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS ?AT W]E SOCIALI/IC OR COMMUNI/IC 9 NATURE4 ,! LESS SOCIALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ WORK]S ADOPT$ A VISION ( A REPUBLIC ?AT W\LD BE MANAG$ BY ASSOCIATIONS RANG+ FROM MUTUAL AID SOCI$ES & SIMPLE PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS TO CONF$]ATIONS ( TRADE ASSOCIATIONS4 

,9 G5]AL1 9 ! #a#h#cS & #a#h#dS1 IT WAS ! SOPHI/ICAT$ MILITANTS :O SET ! TONE = WORK+-CLASS DEM&S1 & IT WAS ,L\IS ,BLANC'S ,ORGANIZATION ( ,WORK1 ?AT SYN!SIZ$ MANY ( !SE IDEAS1 :I* BECAME :AT ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE CALLS 0! RALLY+ CRY = ! MA9 BODY ( ! ,P>IS WORK]S40.<#d#b.> ,SO NE>LY DID ! 0ORGANIZATION ( LABOR0 9TO ASSOCIATIONS ACQUIRE QUASI-MY/ICAL PROPORTIONS ?AT EV5 REPUBLICAN SOCIETIES SU* AS ! ,DROITS DE ,V,HOMME CALL$ = A REPUBLIC :OSE PRIM>Y TASK W\LD BE TO H& OV] TO WORK]S ! MEANS BY :I* !Y C\LD REFA%ION !IR TRADES 9TO COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS ?AT !Y !MSELVES CONTROLL$4 

,BY ! W9T] ( #a#h#d#h1 ! SOCIAL CAULDRON ( ,FRANCE WAS ALREADY BOIL+ OV] ) ! M5ACE ( REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,JANU>Y ( ?AT YE>1 ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE W>N$ HIS COLLEAGUES 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES ?AT ! REVOLUTION !Y FE>$ WAS ALREADY LOOM+ ON ! HORIZON3 

,SEE :AT IS PASS+ 9 ! BREA/S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 :O1 #a GRANT1 >E AT PRES5T QUIET4444 ,DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT !RE >E GRADUALLY =M+ 9 !IR BREA/S OP9IONS & IDEAS :I* >E DE/9$ NOT ONLY TO UPSET ?IS OR ?AT LAW1 M9I/RY1 OR EV5 =M ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT SOCIETY ITSELF1 UNTIL IT TOTT]S UPON ! F\NDATIONS ON :I* IT RE/S TODAY8 ,DO Y\ NOT LI/5 TO :AT !Y SAY TO !MSELVES EA* DAY8 ,DO Y\ NOT HE> !M REPEAT+ UNCEAS+LY ?AT ALL ?AT IS ABOVE !M IS 9CAPABLE & UNWOR?Y ( GOV]N+ !M2 ?AT ! PRES5T DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS ?R\<\T ! WORLD IS UNJU/2 ?AT PROP]TY RE/S ON A F\NDATION :I* IS NOT AN EQUITABLE F\NDATION8 ,& DO Y\ NOT REALIZE ?AT :5 SU* OP9IONS TAKE ROOT1 :5 !Y SPREAD 9 AN ALMO/ UNIV]SAL MANN]1 :5 !Y S9K DEEPLY 9TO ! MASSES1 !Y >E B\ND TO BR+ ) !M SOON] OR LAT]1 ,I KN[ NOT :5 NOR H[1 A MO/ =MIDABLE REVOLUTION8.<#d#c.> 

,NOR WAS ,TOCQUEVILLE WRONG 9 ?IS W>N+ ?AT ,FRANCE WAS FAC$ ) A SOCIAL AS WELL AS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,HAV+ BE5 ROBB$ ( !IR VICTORY 9 ! #ahc UPRIS+ BY A CLIQUE ( CON/ITUTIONAL ROYALI/S & LIB]ALS1 ,FR5* WORK]S W]E NOT EAG] TO M\NT B>RICADES & SPILL BLOOD ONCE AGA9 = M]E *ANGES 9 GOV]NM5T4 ,! MAJORITY ( VET]ANS ( #ahc W]E DET]M9$1 AT A M9IMUM1 TO GA9 ! FRE$OM TO =M ASSOCIATIONS1 :I* HAD BE5 PROHIBIT$ BY ! ,LE ,*APELI] LAW ( #a#g#i#a1 & BY ! #ahcd ,LAW ( ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!IR DEM& SEEM$ TO ?REAT5 9 ! M9DS ( ! B\RGEOISIE A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION AGA9/ PROP]TY & WEAL? AS SU*4 ,MOREOV]1 WORK]S W]E LI/5+ MORE 9T5TLY TO ! IDEAS ?AT ! MILITANTS PR(F]$ 9 WORK+-CLASS CAFES & SIFT$ !M ?R\< ) GREAT] C>E1 :ILE READ+ & DISCUSS+ WORKS BY ,BLANC1 ,CABET1 & ,PR\DHON1 AS WELL AS LESS]-KN[N SOCIALI/S4 ,IT WAS !IR DEBATES ?AT ,TOCQUEVILLE URG$ ! ,*AMB] TO HE$ :5 HE ROSE TO ADDRESS IT1 B>ELY A MON? BE=E ,P>IS EXPLOD$ 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 

,P,R,E,L,U,D,E ,T,O ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,NEV]!LESS1 DESPITE ! DEBATES AMONG ,P>ISIAN WORK]S AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT SOCIALI/IC IDEAS ALONE W\LD HAVE SUFFIC$ TO PLUNGE ,P>IS 9TO 9SURRECTION4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #ahdh :AT C]TA9LY PRIM$ ! PEOPLE ( ! CAPITAL = A NEW REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL WAS ! PROLONG$ ECONOMIC CRISIS ?AT HAD BEGUN TWO YE>S BE=E4 ,REA*+ S]I\S PROPORTIONS BETWE5 #ahdf & #a#h#d#h1 IT SIGNIFIC&Y ?REAT5$ ! WELL-BE+ NOT ONLY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES BUT ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ESPECIALLY ! MULTITUDE ( SMALL %OPKEEP]S :O =M$ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! MASS MOVEM5TS 9 ! CITIES4 ,! DEPRESSION BEGAN ) AGRICULTURAL %ORTAGES1 SU* AS HAD BE5 SO COMMON DUR+ ! ANCI5 REGIME--NAMELY1 A POTATO BLI<T 9 #a#h#d#e1 FOLL[$ BY A BAD :EAT H>VE/ 9 #a#h#d#f--9CIT+ FOOD & TAX RIOTS4 ,IT SOON EXT5D$ TO COMM]CE1 F9ANCE1 & 9DU/RY1 PRODUC+ MAJOR SOCIAL 9/ABILITY AMONG ORD9>ILY MOD]ATE SECTORS ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T SO>$ AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 S]I\SLY AFFECT+ ! WELL-BE+ ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE AS WELL4 ,AS ,M>K ,TRAUGOTT NOTES3 

! CRISIS WAS MORE SEV]E 9 ,P>IS ?AN 9 ,FRANCE AS A :OLE4 ,! ANNUAL TOTAL ( BANKRUPTCIES 9 ! CAPITAL ROSE FROM #fia 9 #ahde TO #ica 9 #ahdf & #a1#a#c#i 9 #a#h#d#g4 ,A DISPROPORTIONATE %>E ( !SE FAILURES OCCURR$ 9 SMALL BUS9ESSES4.<#d#d.> 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( WORK1 ! >TISANS & ! POOR SUFF]$ 5ORM\SLY1 AS CAN BE JUDG$ BY ! FACT ?AT PETTY !FTS 9 ,P>IS ROSE 0BY MORE ?AN #f P]C5T & >RE/S = BEGG+ NE>LY TREBL$40.<#d#e.> ,DUR+ ! W9T] ( #a#h#d#f-#d#g AB\T A ?IRD ( ! CAPITAL'S MILLION RESID5TS W]E OBLIG$ TO RELY ON SOME =M ( *>ITY TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES1 :ILE ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 AB&ON$ BY !IR P>5TS SO>$4 ,BY F> ! GREAT] NUMB] ( CONSCRIPTS = ! >MY HAD TO BE REJECT$ BECAUSE !Y W]E TOO UND]N\RI%$ & PHYSICALLY UNFIT TO BE SUITABLE AS SOLDI]S4 ,A/ONI%+LY1 ! M9I/RY DID LITTLE TO ALLEVIATE ! HUMAN SUFF]+2 AS A RESULT1 :5 ! CRISIS ABAT$ AT ! 5D ( #a#h#d#g1 IT NOT ONLY LEFT ?\S&S ( PAUP]S 9 ITS WAKE BUT1 AMONG ORD9>Y ,P>ISIANS1 AN OM9\S MI/RU/ ( ! REGIME4 

,ADD+ TO !SE DISSATISFACTIONS W]E ! RE/RICTIVE POLICIES ( ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 ! MO/ PRESS+ ISSUE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T FAC$ 9 ! ,*AMB] WAS ! DEM& = EXT5D+ ! SUFFRAGE4 ,! ,LEGITIMI/S DEPUTIES1 :O CONSID]$ ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE A USURP]1 TRI$ TO EMB>RASS HIS REGIME & ATTEMPT$ TO CURRY PUBLIC FAVOR BY CALL+ = NO?+ LESS ?AN UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,NO ONE 9 ! ,*AMB] TOOK ?IS SPITEFUL DEM& S]I\SLY EXCEPT = ! MO/ RADICAL REPUBLICAN DEPUTIES1 :OSE NUMB]1 BECAUSE ( ! SUFFRAGE RE/RICTIONS1 WAS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,BUT ! NUM]ICALLY MU* L>G] ,ORLEANI/ ,C5T]--! SO-CALL$ 0DYNA/IC OPPOSITION10 ?OSE :O1 LIKE ,ODILON ,B>ROT1 W]E LOYAL TO ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE AL?\< NOT TO HIS M9I/]1 ,GUIZOT-- ADVOCAT$ BROAD5+ ! ELECTORATE TO 9CLUDE TAL5T$ & $UCAT$ AS WELL AS WEAL?Y M51 9 ! HOPE ( WID5+ ! ELECTORAL BASE = ! MON>*Y AMONG A POLITICALLY RELIABLE SECTOR ( ! POPULATION4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,M>* #a#h#d#g1 ,PROSP] ,DUV]GI] DE ,HAURANNE1 A PROTEGE ( ,?I]S & A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/1 PRES5T$ A RE=M PROPOSAL ?AT W\LD HAVE ADD$ #b1 0M5 ( TAL5T0 TO ! ELECTORAL ROLLS4 ,SO WELL RECEIV$ WAS ?IS PROPOSAL ?AT IT EV5 GA9$ ! 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT ( ,B>ROT1 ! LEAD] ( ! DYNA/IC OPPOSITION1 AS WELL AS O!R DEPUTIES4 

,9CREAS+ ! URG5CY ( !SE DEM&S1 ,FRANGOIS ,GUIZOT1 A CONS]VATIVE ,CALV9I/1 HAD = SOME EI<T YE>S BE5 PRESID+ OV] ! GOV]NM5T ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 CREAT+ AN IMPRESSIVE RECORD ( REACTION>Y OBDURACY & PUBLIC DI/RU/4 ,) M9DLESS PROVOCATION1 ! M9I/] CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ ALL ! SUFFRAGE PROPOSALS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE ,*AMB] GALVANIZ$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,COLLECTIVELY1 ! OPPOSITION DEPUTIES & !IR EXTRAP>LIAM5T>Y SUPPORT]S RESOLV$ TO REMOVE HIM FROM HIS POSITION & DEM& A BROAD5$ FRAN*ISE4 

,! PROPON5TS ( ELECTORAL RE=M RESOLV$ TO TAKE !IR CONC]NS TO ! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE1 TO GA9 A BASE ( POPUL> SUPPORT = !IR GOALS4 ,BUT 9ASMU* AS IT WAS ILLEGAL TO HOLD L>GE-SCALE POLITICAL ASSEMBLIES )\T ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?ORITIES1 !Y DEVIS$ A /RATAGEM TO SKIRT ! LAW4 ,/>T+ 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#g1 !Y ORGANIZ$ & CONDUCT$ A S]IES ( PUBLIC BANQUETS1 :OSE PURPOSE WAS O/5SIBLY APOLITICAL1 TO PROMOTE CIVIC FRAT]NITY1 BUT DUR+ ! L5G?Y 0TOA/S0 P>TICIPANTS 9 ! BANQUETS FREELY US$ ! OCCASION TO AIR !IR GRIEVANCES & EV5 EXCORIATE ! GOV]NM5T POLICIES ON SUFFRAGE & O!R QUE/IONS4 ,AT LEA/ FIFTY SU* BANQUETS W]E HELD ?R\<\T ,FRANCE 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #a#h#d#g1 /IRR+ UP PUBLIC S5TIM5T 9 FAVOR ( LIMIT$ ELECTORAL RE=M4 ,AL?\< L>GELY ATT5D$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASS--! PRICE ( ADMISSION1 SIX FRANCS1 EXCLUD$ ! POOR--! SULL5 & DESP]ATE WORK]S1 SUFF]+ BITT]LY FROM ! ECONOMIC CRISIS1 CLOSELY FOLL[$ REPORTS ( ! SPEE*ES 9 !IR CAFES & 9 ! PRESS4 

,NOT)/&+ ! POPUL>ITY ( ! BANQUET CAMPAIGN1 ! GOV]NM5T ADAM&Y RESI/$ DEM&S = RE=M4 ,AS IF TO FAN ! FLAMES /IRR$ UP BY ! BANQUET MOVEM5T1 ,GUIZOT1 :O COMPOS$ ! K+'S CU/OM>Y ADDRESSES TO ! LEGISLATURE1 ADD$ AN 9C5DI>Y PASSAGE TO ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE'S O!RWISE 9NOCU\S SPEE* TO ! ,*AMB] ( ,DECEMB] #b#h1 #a#h#d#g3 

,9 ! MID/ ( ! AGITATION F]M5T$ BY BL9D OR HO/ILE PASSIONS ONE CONVICTION ANIMATES & SU/A9S ME1 ?AT WE POSSESS 9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 9 ! UNION ( ! GREAT P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 ! SURE MEANS ( SURM\NT+ !SE OB/ACLES & ( SATISFY+ ALL ! MORAL & MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( \R DE> C\NTRY4.<#d#f.> 

,GUIZOT C\LD HAVE CONVEY$ ! SAME MESSAGE--NOTABLY1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD C\NT5ANCE NO RE=MS--)\T OP5LY 9SULT+ ! OPPOSITION DEPUTIES4 ,BUT HIS REF]5CE TO 0BL9D OR HO/ILE PASSIONS0 9DUC$ BY 0AGITATION0 NOT ONLY AFFRONT$ ! OPPOSITION DEPUTIES BUT WAS 5TIRELY GRATUIT\S4 ,NEI!R ! ,LEGITIMI/S1 NOR ! LIB]ALS1 NOR ! DYNA/IC OPPOSITION--ALL ! ALLEG$ BE>]S ( !SE 0PASSIONS0--HAD ! LEA/ 9T5TION ( *ALL5G+ ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 NOR1 = ?AT MATT]1 W]E MO/ ( !M TRY+ TO UNSEAT ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE AS K+4 ,H[EV] MU* !Y WANT$ ! FRAN*ISE EXT5D$1 DEPUTIES SU* AS ,?I]S & ,B>ROT W]E EQUALLY FE>FUL ( 9/ABILITY1 :I* MI<T WELL HAVE GIV5 ! SURLY WORK+ CLASSES ! OPPORTUNITY TO IMPOSE !MSELVES ON ! POLITICAL SC5E4 ,9 FACT1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,*AMB]'S HO/ILITY WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,GUIZOT1 NOT AGA9/ ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 :O REMA9$ 9 !IR EYES A TOL]ABLE MON>*4 

,IRONICALLY1 IT WAS PRECISELY 9 ! MON? ?AT ! SPEE* WAS MADE-- ,DECEMB] #a#h#d#g--?AT A BANQUET WAS PLANN$ = ,P>IS = ,FEBRU>Y #b ( ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,?IS BANQUET WAS 9T5D$ TO BE SOME:AT DIFF]5T FROM ! O!RS3 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT WAS ORGANIZ$ NOT BY ! OPPOSITION DEPUTIES BUT BY (FIC]S FROM ! TWELF? LEGION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 ! LEGION RECRUIT$ FROM ! TWELF? ,P>ISIAN >RONDISSEM5T1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ,SA9T-,VICTOR & ,SA9T-,M>CEL4 ,& NOT ONLY WAS ! PLANN$ BANQUET TO BE HELD 9 ?IS VOLATILE NEI<BORHOOD1 BUT IT WAS TO OCCUR ON A ,SUNDAY1 A DAY ( RE/1 PRECISELY TO 5ABLE WORK+ PEOPLE TO ATT5D4 ,! PRICE ( ADMISSION1 MOREOV]1 WAS SET AT A M]E ?REE FRANCS1 A SUM ?AT WAS )9 ! MEANS ( MANY CRAFTSM54 ,F9ALLY1 ! BANQUET WAS TO BE PREC$$ BY A 7HOPEFULLY7 DIGNIFI$ DEMON/RATION W9D+ ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,P>IS4 ,ALMO/ PROVOCATIVELY1 ! ORGANIZ]S PLANN$ = UN>M$ BUT FULLY UNI=M$ ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS--MO/ ( :OM1 TO BE SURE1 W]E %OPKEEP]S & MEMB]S ( ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES--TO MA9TA9 ORD] DUR+ ! OCCASION4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 :5 P]MISSION = ?IS DANG]\S BANQUET WAS REQUE/$1 ! AU?ORITIES FLATLY REFUS$ TO GRANT IT ,! CITY HAD ALREADY SE5 0HUNG] DEMON/RATIONS0 BY ! POOR1 PORT5D+ TR\BLE & POSSIBLY UPRIS+S4 ,DESPITE ?IS REJECTION1 ! ORGANIZ]S PROCE$$ ) !IR PLANS TO HOLD ! BANQUET1 EV5 IF IT WAS TO BE DONE ILLEGALLY4 ,! ROYAL ADM9I/RATION WAS BY NO MEANS ALONE 9 ITS UNEASE AB\T HAV+ A BANQUET 9 A WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOOD3 ! OPPOSITION DEPUTIES1 FE>FUL ?AT ! BANQUET W\LD AIR RADICAL VIEWS1 !MSELVES 9T]V5$ TO SIDETRACK ! PLAN BY P]SUAD+ ! TWELF?->RONDISSEM5T ORGANIZ]S TO ALL[ A NEW ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE TO BE =M$4 

,CONV5I5TLY = ! DEPUTIES & ! ROYAL ADM9I/RATION1 ! NEW COMMITTEE CONTA9$ A MAJORITY ( MORE RESPECTABLE MEMB]S1 :O SUCCE$$ 9 %IFT+ ! V5UE ( ! DEMON/RATION & BANQUET TO ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,*AMPS-,ELYSEES DISLRIC,L ,MOREOV]1 ! PRICE ( ADMISSION WAS RAIS$ FROM ?REE TO SUE FRANCS1 & ! DATE ( ! AFFAIR WAS RES*$UL$ = ,TUESDAY1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 A WORK DAY1 :I*--TOGE!R ) ! HI<] ADMISSION PRICE-- W\LD HOPEFULLY KEEP WORK+ PEOPLE FROM ATT5D+4 ,A GOV]NM5T (FICIAL WAS TO BE /ATION$ AT ! OP5+ ( ! BANQUET T5T TO ADVISE ! BANQUET]S ?AT !Y W]E 5GAG+ 9 AN ILLEGAL ACTION4 ,DESPITE !SE SIGNIFICANT *ANGES 9 ! PLAN1 H[EV]1 ! GOV]NM5T1 FE>+ ?AT DANG] /ILL LURK$1 PROCE$$ TO /R5G!N ! ,P>IS G>RISON BY #e1 TROOPS4 

,HAD ! DEMON/RATION & BANQUET BE5 PUBLICIZ$ M]ELY AS ! TEPID1 9=MAL PROTE/ ?AT ! OPPOSITION 9T5D$1 ! 5TIRE *>ADE MI<T HAVE SUCCE$$4 ,BUT ,>M& ,M>RA/1 A MOD]ATE BUT ]RATIC REPUBLICAN :O $IT$ ! WIDELY READ OPPOSITION NEWSPAP] ,LE ,NATIONAL1 DECID$ TO PUBLI% ! DETAILS ( ! NEXT DAY'S DEMON/RATION 9 HIS ,FEBRU>Y #ba ISSUE1 & 9 A WAY ?AT MADE IT SEEM LIKE A V]ITABLE BATTLE PLAN4 ,9DE$1 TO ! READ]S ( ,LE ,NATIONAL1 ! PLAN MU/ HAVE SEEM$ MORE LIKE ORD]S = A J\RNEE ?AN A CALL = A MILD PROTES,L ,P]EMPTORILY1 ,M>RA/ SPELL$ \T EV]Y FEATURE ( ! DEMON/RATION 9 DETAIL3 ITS ASSEMBLY PO9T 7! ,PLACE DE LA ,MADELE9E71 ITS L9E ( M>* TO ! ,*AMPS-,ELYSEES1 ! ORD] ( ! PROCESSION1 & EV5 ! EXACT POSITIONS TO BE TAK5 BY UNITS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,! PLAN WAS PUBLI%$ NOT ONLY 9 ,M>RA/'S [N PAP] BUT 9 ,LA ,RE=ME1 ! MO/ RADICAL ( ! REPUBLICAN P]IODICALS1 & EV5 9 ! ,F\RI]I/ ,LA ,DEMOCRATIC PACIFIQUE4 

,M>RA/ ALMO/ C]TA9LY ACT$ ON HIS [N 9ITIATIVE1 APP>5TLY ) ! SUPPORT ( HIS FELL[ REPUBLICAN J\RNALI/S1 BUT )\T CONSULTATION ) ! OPPOSITION DEPUTIES4 ,! BANQUET PROGRAM1 ACCORD+ TO DE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 

WAS RESOLV$ UPON1 DRAWN UP & PUBLI%$ )\T ! P>TICIPATION OR ! KN[L$GE ( ! MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES TO BE /ILL LEAD+ ! MOVEM5T :I* !Y HAD CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,! PROGRAM WAS ! HURRI$ WORK ( A NOCTURNAL GA!R+ ( J\RNALI/S & ,RADICALS1 & ! LEAD]S ( ! ,DYNA/IC ,OPPOSITION HE>D ( IT AT ! SAME TIME AS ! PUBLIC1 BY READ+ IT 9 ! PAP]S 9 ! MORN+ 444 ,M4 ,ODILON ,B>ROT1 :O DISAPPROV$ ( ! PROGRAM AS MU* AS ANYONE1 D>$ NOT DISCLAIM IT = FE> ( (F5D+ ! M5 :O1 TILL !N1 HAD SEEM$ TO BE MOV+ ) HIM4.<#d#g.> 

,! FAT WAS N[ 9 ! FIRE4 ,M>RA/'S BATDE PLAN1 WITT+LY OR NOT1 HAD PROVOCATIVELY TRANS=M$ ! AFFAIR FROM A DOME/ICAT$ DEMON/RATION 9TO A CONFRONTATION ) ! REGIME1 9DE$ A DIRECT *ALL5GE TO ! LEGITIMACY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,TO ! M9I/RY1 IT MU/ HAVE S\ND$ LIKE AN ULTIMATUM4 ,MOREOV]1 BY SUMMON+ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 AN AU?ORITY ?AT ! GOV]NM5T REG>D$ AS ITS [N EXCLUSIVE PR]OGATIVE1 ! BANQUET COMMITTEE HAD O/5TATI\SLY PREEMPT$ ! /ATE'S [N POLICE P[]S4 

,! GOV]NM5T REACT$ ACCORD+LY--& ) *>ACT]I/IC /UPIDITY4 ,ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,MONDAY1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#a1 ! M9I/RY =BADE ! BANQUET BY SUSP5D+ ALL PUBLIC MEET+S 9 ,P>IS4 ,! POLICE *IEF ( ! CAPITAL DECL>$ ?AT IF A DEMON/RATION TOOK PLACE ! NEXT DAY AS PLANN$1 IT W\LD BE VIEW$ AS AN EF=T TO CREATE AN ILLEGAL GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 :I* AM\NT$ TO DECL>+ A /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,?AT EV5+1 ! UNN]V$ OPPOSITION DEPUTIES MET FE>FULLY 9 ,B>ROT'S HOME & VOT$ UNANIM\SLY TO SUBMIT TO ! BAN BY CALL+ (F ! 5TIRE AFFAIR4 

,BUT BY N[ ! PLANS = ! NEXT DAY W]E NO LONG] 9 !IR H&S3 !IR IMM$IATE & ABJECT SURR5D] UTT]LY DISAPPO9T$1 AMONG O!RS1 ! MANY /UD5TS :O HAD !IR HE>TS SET ON ! BANQUET & W]E RESOLV$ TO HOLD A DEMON/RATION ! NEXT DAY REG>DLESS ( ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,! MANY REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/IC GR\PS ?AT W]E 9T5T NOT ONLY ON DISLODG+ ,GUIZOT BUT ON TOPPL+ ! MON>*Y W]E NO LESS DISGU/$2 9DE$1 ?AT EV5+1 AS ! SOCIALI/ ,M>C ,CAUSSIDI]E RECALLS1 

,COMMITTEES ( 9SURRECTION SAT CON/&Y 9 ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 & 9 ! (FICES ( ! ,REPUBLICAN J\RNALS4 ,WE >E IGNORANT ( :AT PASS$ !RE4 ,!Y W]E PROBABLY RA!R 5GAG$ 9 OBS]VATION ?AN 9 ACTION4 ,! LIMIT$ P[] ( ! CONSPIRATOR1 :O HAS BUT SCANTY NUMB]S AT HIS DISPOSAL1 ONLY POSSESSES 9FLU5CE AS IT M9I/]S TO A S5TIM5T G5]ALLY 5T]TA9$1 OR A PREEXI/+ PASSION4 

,9 REALITY1 ! AGGRIEV$ S5TIM5T UPON :I* ACTIVI/S DEP5D$ WAS PRES5T AMONG ORD9>Y PEOPLE AS WELL4 ,9 ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ,LA ,RE=ME A HUNDR$ PEOPLE ANXI\SLY GA!R$ TO DISCUSS :AT WAS 9 ! (F+ :5 DAYLI<T BROKE1 & AS ,CAUSSIDI]E PUTS IT1 EA* MAN RESOLV$ TO 

BETAKE HIMSELF SEP>ATELY1 & ) HIS H&S 9 HIS POCKETS1 TO ! ,PLACE DE LA ,MADELE9E1 TO WAT* ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 & TO GA9 OV] PUBLIC OP9ION AGA9/ ROYALTY4 ,9 CASE ( AN \TBREAK1 EA* MEMB] WAS TO REPAIR IMM$IATELY TO ! (FICE ( ,LA ,RE=ME1 TO ORGANIZE ! MOVEM5T ) VIGOR1 & TO GIVE IT A ,REPUBLICAN *>ACT]4.<#d#h.> 

,DESPITE ITS MILIT>Y PRECAUTIONS1 ! GOV]NM5T RADICALLY UND]E/IMAT$ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! BAN4 ,9 AN E]IE REPRISE ( ,*>LES'S NON*ALANCE SOME EI<TE5 YE>S E>LI]1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 PE]+ \T ! W9D[S ( ! ,TUIL]IES ON ! COLD1 RA9SWEPT /REETS ( ! CAPITAL1 NON*AL&Y REM>K$ ?AT ,P>ISIANS NEV] MADE REVOLUTIONS 9 ! W9T]TIME1 TAK+ COM=T 9 ! HOPE ?AT ! CAL5D> W\LD ASSURE HIS SAFETY4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #bb ! BANQUET DID NOT1 9 FACT1 TAKE PLACE4 ,MO/ WORK]S TOOK ! DAY (F TO WALK ?R\< ! /REETS1 SOMETIMES GA!R+ 9 SMALL CR[DS TO DISCUSS ! EV5TS ( ! PREVI\S WEEK4 ,9 SOME >EAS1 B>RICADES W]E ACTUALLY BUILT1 BUT NO REPUBLICAN LUM9>IES L$ !SE EF=TS2 9DE$1 ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+LY CONSI/5T FEATURES AMONG ! EYEWITNESS ACC\NTS WAS ! ABS5CE ( ANY PROM95T LEAD] AMONG ! RADICALS4 ,BLANQUI1 MO/ NOTABLY1 WAS /ILL 9 SEMIBANI%M5T 9 ,BLOIS1 SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! MA9 !AT] ( EV5TS4 ,O!R /ORIES HAVE IT ?AT1 DUR+ ! NI<T1 SECRET SOCIETIES GA!R$ TO PLOT 9SURRECTION>Y ACTS1 BUT !RE IS NO SUB/ANTIAL EVID5CE ?AT !Y W]E QUITE AS ACTIVE AS POLICE AG5TS CLAIM OR ?AT !Y PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! EV5TS4 

,ACTUALLY1 DUR+ ! MORN+1 A L>GE CR[D ( /UD5TS ASSEMBL$ 9 PROTE/ AT ! ,PLACE DU ,PAN!ON1 ON ! ,LEFT ,BANK1 9FURIAT$ MA9LY BECAUSE ?REE POPUL> TEA*]S--! HI/ORIANS ,JULES ,MI*ELET & ,$G> ,QU9ET & ! ,POLI% POET ,ADAM ,MICKIEWICZ--HAD BE5 BANN$ FROM LECTUR+4 ,AFT] A :ILE ! /UD5TS SET \T = ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 :]E ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES NORMALLY CONV5$1 ON A R\TE ?AT PASS$ ?R\< ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS ACROSS ! ,SE9E4 ,S++ ! 0,M>SEILLAISE0 & 0,M\RIR DE LA ,PATRIE0 7A ,GIROND9 *ORUS FROM A POPUL> PLAY BY ,DUMAS7 & %\T+ 0,D[N ) ,GUIZOT60 & 0,LONG LIVE RE=M60 !Y W]E JO9$ BY WORK]S1 =M+ A HUGE CR[D ?AT MADE ITS WAY ?R\< ! /REETS TO ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES4 ,:5 !Y >RIV$ AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 A SMALL GR\P TRI$1 UNSUCCESSFULLY1 TO 9VADE ! BUILD+1 BUT ?AT MORN+ IT WAS EMPTY4 ,A S]I\S ASSAULT WAS MADE ON ! ,M9I/RY = ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 BUT ALSO )\T SUCCESS4 

,?AT AFT]NOON1 ALMO/ 9EXPLICABLY1 A FR5ZY ( SPONTANE\S B>RICADE BUILD+ SWEPT OV] ! CITY1 9DUC+ ! GOV]NM5T TO S5D TROOPS \T TO OCCUPY KEY POSITIONS & BUILD+S TO ABORT ANY 9CIPI5T UPRIS+4 ,AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON A UNIT ( DRAGOONS ADVANC$ ) DRAWN SWORDS AGA9/ A CR[D4 ,BUT BE=E !Y REA*$ ! PEOPLE1 !Y ABRUPTLY HALT$ &1 PROBABLY ON ! ORD]S ( !IR (FIC]S1 %EA!D !IR WEAPONS1 TO ! EC/ATIC *E]S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT W\LD NOT HAVE REQUIR$ A V]Y P]CEPTIVE OBS]V] TO SEE 9 ?IS BEHAVIOR BY ! K+'S MO/ RELIABLE =CES A PORT5T ( HIS D[NFALL4 ,AL?\< ! TROOPS DID CAPTURE ONE B>RICADE1 AT DUSK ! FI<T+1 SU* AS IT WAS1 SEEM$ TO SUBSIDE1 & ! GOV]NM5T1 CONFID5T ?AT IT WAS 9 CONTROL ( ! CITY1 ORD]$ ! SOLDI]S TO RETURN TO !IR B>RACKS4 ,YET :ATEV] ,L\IS- ,PHILIPPE MI<T SUPPOSE ,P>ISIANS DID DUR+ ! W9T]1 HIS REGIME1 SO ?OR\<LY DESPIS$ AFT] NE>LY TWO DECADES ( MISRULE & DEMAGOGY1 WAS N[ ON ! V]GE ( AN 9SURRECTION ?AT W\LD %AKE ! F\NDATIONS ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE4 

,! ,B,>,R,I,C,A,D,E,S ,( ,F,E,B,R,U,>,Y 

,! NEXT DAY1 ,W$NESDAY1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 A DEEP S5SE ( EXPECTATION /ILL P]VAD$ ,P>IS1 S9CE ! PREVI\S DAY HAD SE5 NEI!R ! BANQUET NOR A MAJOR PROTE/4 ,%OPS REMA9$ CLOS$ & %UTT]$2 ! /REETS W]E EMPTY2 & ! ,COM$IE-,FRANGAIS BOLT$ ITS DOORS--A SURE SIGN ?AT TR\BLE WAS AFOOT4 ,! J\RNALI/S ( ,LA ,REJORME KEPT !IR 0H&S 9 !IR POCKETS10 MEAN+ ?AT !Y W]E SCATT]$ ?R\< ! CITY1 MORE AS OBS]V]S ?AN P>TICIPANTS4 ,! CLUBS ( ! ,RI<T W]E RIFE ) OM9\S FE>S ( IMP5D+ MASSACRES & 0COMMUNI/0 CONSPIRACIES--A 0R$ SPECT]0 ?AT WAS BECOM+ A HI<LY FA%IONABLE OBJECT ( FE> AMONG ! UPP] CLASSES4 ,G5]ALLY1 DEPUTIES ( ALL FACTIONS S\<T ! SAFETY ( !IR HOMES OR ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 :I* WAS WELL GU>D$ BY TROOPS & >TILL]Y4 

,BUT EV5 MORE B>RICADES N[ BEGAN TO APPE>--9 ALL1 MORE ?AN #ae W]E ]ECT$ ?R\<\T ,P>IS1 SOME ( :I* REA*$ /UP5D\S HEI<TS 9 ! MA9 B\LEV>DS & SQU>ES4 ,PRISCILLA ,ROB]TSON'S ACC\NT ( !SE TRADITIONAL B>RI]S IS TOO COLORFUL NOT TO QUOTE AT L5G?3 

,5?USIA/IC ,P>IS CITIZ5S HAD US$ B>RICADES EV] S9CE #aehh 7AGA9/ ! ,DUKE ( ,GUISE7 & N[ !Y W5T ME?ODICALLY TO WORK ) CR[B>S TO DIG UP ! FOOT-SQU>E PAV+ /ONES4 ,!Y POLITELY /OPP$ OMNIBUSES1 UNTI$ ! HORSES1 ASSI/$ ! PASS5G]S TO ALI<T1 & TURN$ ! VEHICLES OV] TO BE WEI<T$ D[N ) /ONES4 ,!Y TORE IRON RAIL+S FROM H\SES1 CUT D[N F\R ?\S& TREES ALONG ! B\LEV>DS & DE/ROY$ NE>LY AS MANY LAMPPO/S1 SO ?AT AFT]W>DS ! /REETS LOOK$ AS IF !Y HAD BE5 SWEPT BY A TORNADO4 ,BETWE5 ! B>RICADES M5 CR\*$ >\ND HUGE FIRES CA/+ LEAD BALLS .<= MUSKETS.>4 ,ALL OV] T[N1 H\SES HAD BE5 RANSACK$ = >MS1 & *ALK$ ON DOORS ONE C\LD READ1 0,>MS ,GIV5 ,UP0--SOME ADD$1 0,) ,PLEASURE40 ,?R\< ! 9CESSANT TOCS91 ! ,M>SEILLAISE S\ND$ EV]Y:]E1 OR ,M\RIR P\R LA ,PATRIE4.<#d#i.> 

,! VA/ HEAPS ( PAVES1 VEHICLES1 FURNITURE1 TREES1 & LAMPPO/S ) :I* ! 9SURG5TS BLOCK$ 5TIRE B\LEV>DS F> SURPASS$ 9 SIZE ALL PREVI\S B>RICADES4 ,LI?OGRAPHS ( ! TIME %[ B>RICADES AS TALL AS MULTI/ORI$ BUILD+S1 G5]ALLY SURM\NT$ BY A TRICOLOR & >M$ CITIZ5S CLUT*+ MUSKETS OV] !IR HEADS4 

,DUR+ ! MORN+ ! GOV]NM5T1 M9DFUL ?AT !RE MI<T BE DI/URBANCES 9 ! CAPITAL1 CALL$ \T ITS =CES TO OCCUPY /RATEGIC PLACES SU* AS ! ,PLACE DE LA ,CONCORDE1 ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ! ,PORTE DE ,SA9T-,D5IS1 & ! ,PORTE ,SA9T-,M>T9--TRADITIONAL TR\BLE SPOTS 9 TIMES ( UNRE/4 ,DRUMM]S W]E ORD]$ TO DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! CITY TO BEAT \T ! RAPPEL1 TO SUMMON TO >MS ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D FROM ! V>I\S >RONDISSEM5TS4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D WAS A =CE 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T FELT IT C\LD HAVE CONFID5CE3 IT HAD BE5 REVIV$ = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( PROTECT+ & DEF5D+ ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,! ,GU>DS HAD BE5 0! *OS51 ESPECIALLY CREAT$ 9/RUM5T ( B\RGEOIS ASC5DANCY & DEF5SE10 AS ,JOHN ,PLAM5ATZ PUTS IT4.<#d#a.> ,EV]Y CITIZ5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( TW5TY & SIXTY :O PAID A PROP]TY TAX1 H[EV] MODE/1 WAS REQUIR$ TO 5ROLL 9 ?IS LEG5D>Y CITIZ5S' MILITIA4 ,9ASMU* AS A ,GU>D WAS REQUIR$ TO BUY HIS [N UNI=M &1 IF HE WI%$ TO BE 9 ! CAVALRY1 SUPPLY HIS [N HORSE1 MO/ ,GU>DS W]E NECESS>ILY ( B\RGEOIS ORIG91 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO COV] !SE EXP5SES4 ,NOT)/&+ ! CO/S ( BELONG+ TO ! ,GU>D1 H[EV]1 ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD$ A SIZABLE NUMB] ( %OPKEEP]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & O!R MEMB]S ( ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS4 

,IRONICALLY1 H[EV]1 = WANT ( PAY+ ! #b-FRANC C5S1 MANY ( ! ,GU>DS W]E D5I$ ! FRAN*ISE UND] ! V]Y MON>*Y !Y W]E EXPECT$ TO DEF5D1 & EXCEPT = ! ELITE UNITS ( WELL-TO-DO MEMB]S1 !Y W\LD HAVE B5EFIT$ FROM ! ELECTORAL RE=M PROPOS$ BY ! ,*AMB] OPPOSITION4 ,H5CE ANY PLAN TO QUELL DI/URBANCES ?AT RELI$ ON !IR SUPPORT RE/$ ON V]Y QUE/IONABLE F\NDATIONS4 ,9 FACT1 :5 ! RAPPEL SUMMON$ ! ,GU>DS ON ! MORN+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 ONLY A FEW UNITS RESPOND$4 ,! ,CAVALRY ,LEGION1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E RELATIVELY WEAL?Y1 ANSW]$ ! CALL1 & SO DID A M]E ?REE ( ! TWELVE 9FANTRY UNITS1 BUT ! REMA9+ UNITS MU/]$ ON !IR [N1 HO/ILE TO ! PURPOSE = :I* ! GOV]NM5T N[ S\<T TO USE !M4 

,9 ! ,*AMB]1 MEAN:ILE1 ! DYNA/IC OPPOSITION1 TO ! CATCALLS ( ! CONS]VATIVE MAJORITY1 WAS DEM&+ ! RESIGNATION ( ,GUIZOT & ! 5ACTM5T ( MOD]ATE ELECTORAL RE=M4 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE N[ REALIZ$ ?AT HE HAD TO HE$ ! CRY ( 0,D[N ) ,GUIZOT60 IF ! DYNA/Y WAS TO SURVIVE4 ,ON ,W$NESDAY AFT]NOON ! SOV]EIGN1 TE>S FREELY FL[+ D[N HIS *EEKS1 9=M$ A SULL5 ,GUIZOT ?AT HE & HIS M9I/RY W]E DISMISS$ ,?IS CONCESSION TO POPUL> PRESSURE APPALL$--& ?OR\<LY ALI5AT$--! CONS]VATIVE DEPUTIES1 :O HAD WRONGLY DECID$ ?AT ! UPRIS+ C\LD EASILY BE PUT D[N BY ! MILIT>Y4 

,! NEWS ?AT ,GUIZOT HAD BE5 =C$ TO RESIGN1 H[EV]1 BR\<T PLAUDITS FROM ! LIB]AL LEAD]S4 ,!Y W]E QUITE PREP>$ TO LIVE ) ! MON>*Y1 :I*1 HAV+ FULFILL$ ! WI%ES ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 SEEM$ TO DI/ANCE !M FUR!R FROM GIV+ SUPPORT TO ANY UPRIS+4 ,BUT ! NEWS WAS GREET$ ) JOY BY ! WORK+ CLASSES1 BR++ CR[DS 9TO ! /REETS1 JUBILANT AT ! DEMISE ( ! HAT$ M9I/]4 ,9 FACT1 ,P>IS WAS 5RAPTUR$ BY A SPIRIT ( FRAT]NITE1 AS PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T CLASSES EMBRAC$ EA* O!R 9 ! /REETS1 :ILE ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! POPULATION4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT A NEW DAWN WAS BREAK+ UPON ! C\NTRY1 & MANY F\ND REASON TO HOPE ?AT ! REPUBLIC = :I* !Y HAD LONG$ WAS NOT F> (F1 EV5 ?\< ! K+ /ILL OCCUPI$ ! ?RONE2 9DE$1 IF ,GUIZOT C\LD FALL1 !N P]HAPS ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 ITSELF WAS ON ! HORIZON4 

,BUT ?IS FE/IVE ATMOSPH]E DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,>\ND N9E-?IRTY 9 ! EV5+1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,C\NTESS D',AG\LT1 AN ACUTE EYEWITNESS1 A JOY\S 0LONG COLUMN1 WAV+ TOR*ES & A R$ FLAG1 APPE>$ ON ! HEI<TS ( ! RUE ,MONTM>TRE40.<#d#a#a.> ,ALMO/ C]TA9LY A WORK+-CLASS COLUMN1 ACCOMPANI$ BY 5?USIA/IC *ILDR51 IT HAD COME FROM ! PLEBEIAN ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E4 ,! COLUMN WAS SOON JO9$ BY POPUL> PROCESSIONS COM+ FROM O!R DIRECTIONS4 ,! M]G$ CR[DS /OPP$ \TSIDE ! (FICES ( ! REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL1 :]E !Y W]E GREET$ BY ,>M& ,M>RA/1 ! PAP]'S $ITOR1 :O 0BY TURNS DELI<T$ AS A WIT & HURL$ 9 ?UND] ! S>CASMS & ! 9DIGNATION ( ! REPUBLICAN OPPOSITION0.<#d#a#b.>--BUT ALSO LAUD$ ! PACIFIC NATURE ( ! J\RNEE4 ,!N !Y CONT9U$ ON !IR WAY1 RE9=C$ BY /ILL MORE DEMON/RATORS1 UNTIL !Y >RIV$ BE=E ! ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ON ! ,B\LEV>D DES ,CAPU*9S4 ,!RE !Y 5C\NT]$ A GU>D CONSI/+ ( SOME #b M5 ( ! F\RTE5? REGIM5T ( ! L9E4 

,! COMM&] ( ! GU>D1 ONE ,LIEUT5ANT-,COLONEL ,C\RANT1 WAS APP>5DY PANICK$ BY SO L>GE A CR[D & ORD]$ HIS TROOPS TO =M A FIR+ SQU>E1 :I* ?OR\<LY A/ONI%$ ! FE/IVE M]RYMAK]S4 ,WORSE /ILL1 AS ! RESDESS PEOPLE W]E PRESS$ =W>D AGA9/ ! TROOPS BY !IR [N NUMB]S1 AN ORD] WAS GIV5 = ! SOLDI]S TO FIX BAYONETS4 ,SUDD5LY AN UN=ESEEABLE EV5T OCCURR$ ?AT TRANS=M$ ! DEM& = ,GUIZOT'S REMOVAL 9TO A DEM& = ! REMOVAL ( ! MON>*Y4 ,! ,C\NTESS D',AG\LT TELLS US :AT HAPP5$3 

,AMID ! MOVEM5TS OCCASION$ BY ! EXECUTION ( ?IS ORD]1 A %OT W5T (F2 A SOLDI] WAS HIT4 ,9/&Y1 )\T ANY PRELIM9>Y SUMMONS1 )\T ANY DRUM ROLL1 )\T ANYONE LAT] BE+ ABLE TO RECALL HAV+ HE>D ! COMM&1 444 A VOLLEY ( MURD]\S FIR+ HIT ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,IT WAS UNCLE> :E!R ! FIR/ %OT WAS AN ACCID5T OR A DELIB]ATE PROVOCATION BY ONE SIDE OR ! O!R2 MO/ LIKELY IT WAS AN ACCID5T ,BUT :ATEV] ! CAUSE1 

IT WAS 5\< TO MAKE ! SOLDI]S FEEL !MSELVES UND] ATTACK4 ,NO ONE HAD GIV5 ! ORD] = !IR VOLLEY4 ,:5 ! CL\D ( SMOKE CLE>$1 IT REVEAL$ A SPECTACLE :OSE HORROR NO?+ CAN CONVEY4 ,A HUNDR$ M5 W]E LY+ ON ! PAVEM5T2 SOME W]E DEAD1 O!RS MORTALLY W\ND$2 A GREAT NUMB] HAD BE5 KNOCK$ OV] BY ! COMMOTION2 SEV]AL HAD BE5 ?RU/ FACE-D[N 9 AN 9/9CTIVE FLI<T = SAFETY4 ,BLOOD FL[$ 9 TORR5TS4 ,! GROAN+ ( ! W\ND$1 ! *OK$ MURMUR+S ( ?OSE :O W]E TRY+ TO MOVE AWAY FROM ! MELEE ( ! DEAD & DY+1 TORE AT ! HE>T ( ! SOLDI] :O WAS ! 9NOC5T AU?OR ( ?IS MASSACRE1 :O WAT*$ IT ) EYES ( DISMAY4.<#d#a#c.> 

,FIFTY-TWO W]E KILL$1 & ! W\ND$ W]E NOT EV5 C\NT$4 ,NEWS ?AT ! SOLDI]S HAD FIR$ ON ! PEOPLE SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE4 ,BLAME WAS 9/&Y PLAC$ ON ! M9I/RY--& ON ! K+ HIMSELF1 ! V]Y SOV]EIGN :O HAD COME TO P[] AS A RESULT ( ! PEOPLE'S UPRIS+ 9 #a#h#c4 ,NUMB ) HORROR & DISBELIEF1 WORK+ PEOPLE COLLECT$ ! BODIES ( ! DEAD1 PIL$ !M ONTO WAGONS1 & P>AD$ !M ?R\< ! /REETS ( ! CAPITAL1 TO DISPLAY ! RESULTS ( ! GOV]NM5T'S BRUTALITY TO EV]YONE4 ,D',AG\LT TELLS US ?AT 0A WORK] 9 B>E >MS0 --AUX BRAS NUS--L$ A :ITE HORSE BY ! BRIDLE1 PULL+ A WAGON1 ATOP :I* 

FIVE CORPSES >E >RANG$ 9 A HORRIBLE SYMMETRY4 ,/&+ ON ! %AFT .<( ! WAGON.> A *ILD ( ! PEOPLE--( PALLID COMPLEXION1 HIS EYES >D5T & />+ FIX$LY1 HIS >MS EXT5D$1 ALMO/ IMMOBILE1 AS ONE MI<T PORTRAY ! SPIRIT ( V5GEANCE--IS ILLUM9AT+ ) ! R$DI% GL[ ( HIS TOR*1 ! BODY ( A Y\NG WOMAN :OSE NECK & BRUIS$ *E/ HAVE BE5 /A9$ BY A LONG TRAIL ( BLOOD4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME ANO!R WORK]1 AT ! RE> ( ! WAGON1 EMBRACES ! 9ANIMATE CORPSE ) HIS MUSCUL> >MS1 LIFT+ I,L ,FROM HIS %AK+ TOR* ESCAPE SP>KS1 & HE EXCLAIMS1 AS !Y MAKE !IR WAY ?R\< ! CR[D1 0,V5GEANCE6 ,V5GEANCE6 ,!Y >E SLAU<T]+ ! PEOPLE60 ,! CR[D RESPONDS1 0,TO >MS60 & ! CORPSE FALLS BACK TO ! BOTTOM ( ! WAGON1 :I* CONT9UES ON1 FOLL[$ BY SIL5CE4.<#d#a#d.> 

,SU* SC5ES W]E PROBABLY REPEAT$ ?R\<\T ! CITY AS WAGONS PASS$ FROM NEI<BORHOOD TO NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 ! WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS1 >M$ M5 APPE>$ AT ! DOORS ( HOMES1 SUMMON+ ! RESID5TS TO V5GEANCE1 & JO9$ BY MEMB]S ( ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES1 !REBY =M+ ! KEY ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! L[] PETTY B\RGEOISIE ?AT TURN$ ! UPRIS+ 9TO A POPUL> MOVEM5T4 0,SOON ! DRY NOISES ( PICK AXES C\LD BE HE>D ON ! PAVEM5TS10 D',AG\LT TELLS US1 0& ! HEAVY FELL+ ( TREES ON ! B\LEV>D40.<#d#a#e.> ,! PEOPLE W]E PULL+ UP PAVES1 ]ECT+ MORE B>RICADES1 & S\ND+ ! TOCS94 ,! PEACEFUL J\RNEE ( ,FEBRU>Y #bb HAD BECOME ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,C,O,L,L,A,P,S,E ,( ,! ,M,O,N,>,*,Y 

,) ! MASSACRE ON ! ,B\LEV>D DES ,CAPU*9S1 ! V]Y FATE ( ! MON>*Y HUNG 9 ! BALANCE4 ,OBLIVI\S TO ! S]I\SNESS ( ! SITUATION1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,W$NESDAY ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE WAS /ILL MAK+ M9I/]IAL *ANGES3 HAV+ DISMISS$ ,GUIZOT1 HE WAS SE>*+ = A M9I/] TO REPLACE HIM4 ,HIS FIR/ *OICE WAS A VACU\S & REACTION>Y ,EMPIRE C\RTI]1 ,C\NT ,MOLE1 :O >\ND MIDNI<T REFUS$ ! (F]1 M9DFUL ?AT NO CONS]VATIVE C\LD H&LE ! SITUATION ?AT WAS EXPLOD+ 9 ! /REETS4 ,A FEW H\RS LAT]1 9 DESP]ATION1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE TURN$ TO ,?I]S1 ! 9DUBITABLE LEAD] ( ! DYNA/IC OPPOSITION1 :OSE APPO9TM5T1 ! K+ HOP$1 W\LD CONCILIATE ! PEOPLE4 ,HE SEEMS NOT TO HAVE CONSID]$ ?AT ,?I]S HIMSELF WAS DESPIS$ BY ! MASSES = HIS WILL+NESS TO SUPPRESS 9SURRECTIONS4 7,?I]S HAD BE5 PRIM>ILY TO BLAME = P]PETRAT+ AN 9FAM\S MASSACRE AT ! ,RUE ,TRANSNONA9 9 #a#h#c#d47 ,BE=E HE W\LD AGREE TO =M A M9I/RY = ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 ,?I]S LAID D[N A NUMB] ( DEM&S = RE=M1 AMONG :I* WAS ?AT HIS FELL[ OPPOSITION LEAD] ,ODILON ,B>ROT BE BR\<T 9TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,DESPITE HIS DI/A/E = ,B>ROT1 ! K+ F9ALLY HAD NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO YIELD1 :]EUPON ,?I]S BECAME ! LA/ M9I/] ( ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! TROOPS ( ! L9E AS WELL AS ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS :O W]E ORD]$ TO OCCUPY /RATEGIC P>TS ( ! CITY W]E BECOM+ UNEASY2 !Y W]E NOT EAG] TO CRU% A RESOLUTE & VOCIF]\S PUBLIC 9SURG5CY4 ,AL?\< SOME ACC\NTS PUT !IR NUMB] AT #e11 ,ALPHONSE DE ,LAM>T9E1 ! POET :O LAT] BECAME HEAD ( GOV]NM5T1 HELD ?AT !RE W]E NO MORE ?AN #b#e14 ,:ATEV] !IR NUMB] MAY HAVE BE51 ! TROOPS ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 LIKE ?OSE ?AT ,*>LES ,X HAD S5T \T TO QUELL ! ,JULY #ahc UPRIS+1 W]E HUNGRY1 FATIGU$1 & DEMORALIZ$ FROM HAV+ HUDDL$ 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y COLD = =TY-EI<T H\RS--& !Y W]E DEEPLY TORN BY D\BTS AB\T !IR PURPOSE4 

,LATE ,W$NESDAY EV5+ ! K+ WAS 9=M$ ( ! MASSACRE & ! ESCALAT+ 9SURRECTION>Y SITUATION 9 ! /REETS4 ,! REPORTS COM+ 9TO ! ,TUIL]IES N[ SEEM$ TO JU/IFY DECISIVE MILIT>Y ACTION BY ! MON>*Y AGA9/ ITS CITIZ5S4 ,E>LY ON ! MORN+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 ! K+ PLAC$ ALL ! CITY'S MILIT>Y =CES UND] ! COMM& ( ! RU?LESS ,M>%AL ,?OMAS ,BUGEAUD1 :O WAS ALSO LOA!D BY ! PEOPLE = HIS LEAD+ ROLE 9 SUPPRESS+ ! #ahcd ,P>ISIAN RIOTS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9 ! E>LY H\RS ( ,?URSDAY MORN+1 AT ONE- ?IRTY A4M41 ,M>%AL ,BUGEAUD HELD A C\NCIL ( W> AT ! ,TUIL]IES 9 :I* HE LAID \T A PLAN TO SWEEP ! CAPITAL CLEAN ( ALL 9SURG5TS4 ,F\R COLUMNS ( L9E TROOPS1 >TILL]Y1 & ,MUNICIPAL ,GU>DS W]E ORD]$1 )9 H\RS1 TO LEAVE !IR B>RACKS & TRY TO CUT ?R\< ! B>RICADES1 TAK+ ! SLEEP+ 9SURG5TS BY SURPRISE4 ,SETT+ \T AT FIVE 9 ! MOM+1 ! FIR/ COLUMN1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,SEBA/IANI1 WAS TO MAKE ITS WAY PA/ ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ELIM9AT+ ANY OB/ACLES 9 ! MA9 /REETS & OCCUPY+ ! >EA >\ND ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A SECOND COLUMN1 L$ BY ,G5]AL ,B$EAU1 WAS TO M>* ?R\< ! ,GR&S ,B\LEV>DS & ! ,B\RSE TO ! ,BA/ILLE >EA4 ,BO? COLUMNS1 9 TURN1 W]E EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE COV] = A ?IRD COLUMN ?AT WAS TO CLE> AWAY ANY B>RICADES ?AT MI<T BE RAIS$ AGA9 9 ! AFT]MA? ( !IR PASSAGE1 :ILE A F\R? WAS DISPAT*$ TO OCCUPY ! /RATEGIC ,PAN!ON >EA4 

,ALL[+ = M9OR LOSSES1 ALL ! COLUMNS REA*$ !IR DE/9ATIONS EXCEPT = ,B$EAU'S1 :I* WAS /OPP$ %ORT BY A L>GE & WELL-DEF5D$ B>RICADE ?AT /RET*$ ACROSS ! ,B\LEV>D ,BONNE-,N\VELLE1 NOT F> FROM ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE4 ,TO AVOID BLOOD%$1 ! G5]AL 5T]$ 9TO P>LEY ) ! 9SURG5TS1 ) ! AID ( AN 9T]M$I>Y ,NATIONAL ,GU>D (FIC]1 ONE ,FAUVELLE-,DELAB>RE1 A LOCAL BUS9ESSMAN :O HAD GONE OV] TO ! 9SURG5TS4 ,BUT ,B$EAU C\LD ?9K ( NO BETT] >GUM5T TO P]SUADE ! 9SURG5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T'S GOOD 9T5TIONS ?AN TO TELL !M ?AT ,B>ROT HAD ASC5D$ TO P[]4 

,FAUVELLE-,DELAB>RE %REWDLY GOT ! TWO SIDES TO AGREE TO A DELAY1 SO ?AT HE C\LD GO TO ! ,TUIL]IES & SEEK A COMPROMISE ) ,M>%AL ,BUGEAUD4 ,:5 ! WILY M]*ANT MET ) ! M>%AL1 H[EV]1 HE GOT MORE ?AN HE B>GA9$ =3 ,BUGEAUD WE>ILY CONS5T$ TO )DRAW HIS COLUMN 5TIRELY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 MO/ ( ! WAIT+ TROOPS1 ALREADY DEMORALIZ$ & LISDESS1 BEGAN TO GO OV] TO ! 9SURG5TS1 :ILE O!RS H&$ OV] !IR WEAPONS & )DREW TO ! ,TUIL]IES4 ,! K+1 HAV+ AGRE$ TO ,?I]S'S CONDITION TO RECALL ! TROOPS1 ORD]$ ALL ! COLUMNS ?AT HAD BE5 S5T \T ?AT MOM+ TO RETURN TO !IR B>RACKS4 ,EV5TUALLY ! 5TIRE >MY WAS OBLIG$ TO )DRAW FROM ,P>IS4 ,! CAPITAL WAS PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 :I* BY N[ OP5LY SUPPORT$ ! 9SURRECTION4 

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION WAS F> FROM BLOODLESS4 ,S]I\S FI<T+ OCCURR$ BETWE5 WORK]S & ,MUNICIPAL ,GU>DS 7A MILIT>IZ$ POLICE =CE ?AT %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! CITIZ5 ,NATIONAL ,GU>D7 AT ! ,*ATEAU D',EAU & ! ,PALAIS-,ROYAL4 ,BO? CONFLICTS 5D$ ) A VICTORY = ! 9SURG5TS4 ,DEMON/RATORS F\<T ,MUNICIPAL ,GU>DS BE=E ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 :ILE ,G5]AL ,SEBA/IANI M]ELY /OOD BY & WAT*$2 AT >\ND ELEV5 A4M1 ! CITY HALL WAS TAK5 OV] EF=TLESSLY BY A ,NATIONAL ,GU>D (FIC] & A SMALL GR\P ( /UD5TS1 :]EUPON ,G5]AL ,SEBA/IANI & HIS COLUMN RETURN$ TO !IR B>RACKS4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ,P>IS HAD FALL5 TO ! 9SURG5TS )\T ANY S]I\S RESI/ANCE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! MA9 PROBLEM ! 9SURG5TS N[ FAC$ WAS ! CAPTURE ( ! MON>* & HIS REMA9+ FOLL[]S4 

,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 5SCONC$ 9 ! ,TUIL]IES1 C\LD HE> FIR+ MUSKETS /EADILY APPROA*+ ! PALACE1 ! SC5E ( SO MANY MEMORABLE CIVIL CONFLICTS4 ,SURR\ND$ BY DESPAIR+ M9I/]S1 C\RTI]S1 & PR9CES ( ! BLOOD1 HE TOOK ONE LA/ /EP TO SAVE HIS CR[N4 ,AT ELEV5 O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ ON ,?URSDAY1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 B$ECK$ 9 A G5]AL'S UNI=M & ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS TWO SONS & A SMALL RET9UE1 HE DECID$ TO REVIEW ! TROOPS & ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS ?AT W]E L9$ UP 9 ! SQU>E \TSIDE ! PALACE4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! TROOPS GREET$ ! K+ ) SUPPORTIVE *E]S4 ,BUT AMID CRIES ( 0,LONG LIVE ! K+60 ONE REBELLI\S CONT+5T ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS ?RU/ ITSELF BE=E ! SOV]EIGN ) CRIES ( 0,LONG LIVE RE=M60 & 0,D[N ) ! SY/EM60--EV5 BR&I%+ !IR WEAPONS 9 ! MON>*'S FACE4 ,9/&Y ! DISC\RAG$ K+ VE]$ HIS HORSE BACK T[>D ! PALACE & DISAPPE>$ 9TO ITS 9T]IOR4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! MON>*Y WAS N[ COMPLETE4 

,BE=E ! DAY WAS \T1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 HIS FAMILY1 & HIS RET9UE HAD LEFT ,P>IS = ,5GL&1 & NEV] AGA9 DID ANY MEMB] ( ! ,B\RBON OR ,ORLEANS DYNA/Y OCCUPY A ?RONE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! B>RICADES HAD PREVAIL$ & ! NATION W\LD SOON DECL>E ITSELF A REPUBLIC4 ,BUT :AT K9D ( REPUBLIC W\LD IT BE--A CONV5TIONAL1 =MAL REPUBLIC1 OR ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 = :I* ! >TISANS LONG$8 ,! REMA9+ MON?S ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION SAW AN 9T5SIFY+ & F9ALLY EXPLOSIVE CONFLICT OV] ?IS ISSUE1 BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ,P>IS & ! UPP] CLASSES :O TRI$ TO CONTA9 !M4 

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