,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #cc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c#c4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,9T]REGNUM 

,DESPITE ! CONSID]ABLE PUBLIC REPUTATION ,K>L ,M>X ACQUIR$ AS ! 0R$ T]RORI/ DOCTOR0 :O GUID$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 HIS MO/ IMPORTANT WRIT+S & !ORIES HAD ONLY LIMIT$ 9FLU5CE DUR+ HIS LIFETIME4 ,BY ! TIME ( HIS DEA? 9 #ahhc 9 ,LONDON1 ,CAPITAL HAD BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ONLY TWO LANGUAGES--,RUSSIAN & ,FR5*--& ,M>XISM AS A CR$O WAS L>GELY UNKN[N EXCEPT AMONG SMALL GR\PS ( RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,VIRTUALLY IGNOR$ 9 ,5GL&1 IT WAS POPUL>IZ$ TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T 9 ,FRANCE DUE TO ! EF=TS ( ! 9DEFATIGABLE ,GUESDE4 ,= ! RE/ ( ! CONT95T1 ,M>XISM WAS TOO EXODC TO GA9 WIDE ACCEPTANCE4 ,ITALIANS1 ,SPANI>DS1 & ,RUSSIANS W]E MORE /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM1 AS W]E A SIZABLE NUMB] ( ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S1 :O1 >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 =M$ ! MO/ MILITANT & IMPRESSIVE WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE4 

,AP>T FROM ,GUESDE'S SMALL ,P>TI ,\VRI]1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h#b1 NO ,M>XI/ P>TY CAME 9TO EXI/5CE :ILE ,M>X WAS ALIVE4 ,9 #a#h#g#e1 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T & ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 ,M>X'S PR9CIPAL SPOKESM5 9 ,G]MANY1 HAD MUT$ ! OLD MAN'S MORE RADICAL IDEAS 9 ORD] TO CREATE A UNIFI$ ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ P>TY AT ,GO?A--BUT TO ,M>X'S FURY1 ! NEW P>TY'S PROGRAM WAS SO RE=MI/ ?AT HE & ,5GELS S]I\SLY ?\<T ( D5\NC+ IT & HAD TO BE P]SUAD$ TO LIMIT !MSELVES TO CRITICIZ+ IT 9IRAMURALLY4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X'S ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM WAS NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL A DECADE AFT] HIS DEA? & ONLY AT ,5GELS'S 9SI/5CE4 ,?US NOT EV5 ,G]MAN WORK]S1 9 :OSE POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ,M>X TOOK A /RONG 9T]E/1 =M$ A ,M>XI/ P>TY DUR+ HIS LIFETIME4 ,YET )9 A DECADE ( HIS DEA?1 HIS WORKS W]E WIDELY TRANSLAT$ & C>EFULLY /UDI$1 & 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD !Y HAD COME TO BE VIEW$ REV]5TIALLY AS AN 9DISP5SABLE GUIDE TO CREAT+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 TIME1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ?AT EXPRESSLY ADH]$ TO ,M>XISM W]E =M$1 OR W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION1 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 AMONG !M ,G]MANY1 ,RUSSIA1 ,BELGIUM1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,D5M>K1 & ,SW$54 

,! ,S,E,C,O,N,D ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L 

,AS !SE P>TIES EM]G$1 A /RONG S5TIM5T DEVELOP$ TO L9K !M TOGE!R 9 ANO!R ,9T]NATIONAL1 ) CONF]5CES1 CONGRESSES1 & A SECRET>IAT TO COORD9ATE !IR 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,AL?\< 9T]NATIONAL LABOR CONGRESSES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R HAD BE5 HELD S9CE ! DEMISE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#g#b--MA9LY TO COORD9ATE A JO9T /RUGGLE = ! EI<T-H\R DAY--A ,M>XI/-ORI5T$ ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT COME 9TO BE+ UNTIL #a#h#h#i4 ,9 ?AT YE> TWO CONGRESSES W]E CALL$ 9 ,P>IS ON ! C5T5>Y ( ,BA/ILLE ,DAY1 BO? ( :I* W]E 9T5T ON CREAT+ A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ONE CONGRESS1 OV]:ELM+LY ,FR5*1 MET AT A HALL 9 ! ,RUE ,LANCRY1 UND] ! AUSPICES ( A SOCIALI/ T5D5CY KN[N AS ! ,POSSIBILI/S1 9SPIR$ BY ,PAUL ,BR\SSE4 ,BR\SSE1 A =M] AN>*I/ :OSE 5?USIA/IC EMBRACE ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 HAD MADE HIM A ZEAL\S SUPPORT] ( T]RORISM1 BECAME 9 ! #a#h#gS A MILD- MANN]$1 EV5 RESPECTABLE ADVOCATE ( MUNICIPAL SOCIALISM1 BAS$ ON RE=MS & ! PURSUIT ( :AT WAS 0POSSIBLE0--H5CE ! NAME ?AT WAS GIV5 TO HIS MOVEM5T4 

,! O!R CONGRESS CONV5$ )9 WALK+ DI/ANCE ( ! FIR/1 AT A HALL 9 ! ,RUE ,PETRELLE4 ,AL?\< ITS P>TICIPANTS W]E FEW] 9 NUMB]1 !Y W]E F> MORE 9T]NATIONAL 9 COMPOSITION3 !Y 9CLUD$ M5 & WOM5 :O W]E TO BECOME ! MAJOR FIGURES 9 9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM1 SU* AS ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 ,$U>D ,B]N/E9 7:O HAD NOT YET BECOME A ,REVISIONI/71 ,C>L ,LEGI5 7! HEAD ( ! ,G]MAN ,FREE ,UNIONS71 & ,CL>A ,ZETK91 FROM ,G]MANY1 ,ELEANOR ,M>X-,AVEL+2 ,JULES ,GUESDE1 ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE1 ,*>LES ,LONGUET1 & ,$\>D ,VAILLANT1 FROM ,FRANCE2 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 FROM ,BRITA92 ,GEORGE ,PLEKHANOV1 ! 0FA!R0 ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM2 & ,VICTOR ,ADL]1 :OSE =MATIVE ROLE 9 ,AU/RIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS COMP>ABLE TO ,BEBEL'S 9 ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS FROM ?IS GA!R+ ?AT ! SO-CALL$ ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 GREATLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,M>XISM ( !SE DELEGATES1 WAS =M$1 ) BRAN*ES--CONSI/+ MA9LY ( POLITICAL P>TIES--9 ALL MAJOR C\NTRIES :]E WORK]S' P>TIES W]E LEGAL4 

,:AT P>DY 9DUC$ ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS A =MAL ORGANIZATION WAS AN APPEAL FROM ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T TO 5DORSE A NEW PROLET>IAN 0HOLIDAY10 TO BE COMMEMORAT$ ON ,MAY #a1 #a#h#i1 ) ! OBJECT ( GA9+ ! EI<T-H\R WORK+ DAY4 ,! ,AM]ICANS HAD CALL$ UPON WORK]S ALL OV] ! WORLD TO SIMULTANE\SLY GO ON /RIKE ON BEHALF ( ! DEM&--& 9 ! PROCESS TO DEMON/RATE PROLET>IAN /R5G?1 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 & MILITANCY4 7,AS WE %ALL SEE1 H[EV]1 ! 0,MAY ,DAY0 RESOLUTION ?AT ! CONGRESS PASS$ WAS NOT EXACTLY ! ONE ?AT ITS ,AM]ICAN PROPON5TS HAD ADVOCAT$47 ,!REAFT] ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HELD PASS$ RESOLUTIONS NOT ONLY = AN EI<T-H\R WORK+ DAY & ! IMPROVEM5T ( LIV+ CONDITIONS = ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ALSO = F> MORE RADICAL DEM&S1 SU* AS ! SUB/ITUTION ( CITIZ5S' MILITIAS = REGUL> >MIES4 ,IT ALSO MADE COMMITM5TS TO FI<T = UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & 5GAGE 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 RESOLUTIONS ?AT W]E M>K$LY DI/9CT FROM ! DEM&S ( AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 ,F9ALLY1 AT ITS ,ZURI* ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#i#c1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL =MALLY ADOPT$ ,M>XISM AS ITS DOCTR9E ( *OICE1 9 ! PRES5CE ( A BEAM+ ,5GELS1 :O ?US LIV$ TO SEE HIS NAME1 TOGE!R ) ,M>X'S1 5%R9$ AS CO-F\ND]S ( ! L>GE/ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 HI/ORY1 9DE$ ONE ?AT1 9 ! DECADES FOLL[+ HIS [N DEA? TWO YE>S LAT]1 W\LD A*IEVE AN 9FLU5CE COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( A WORLD RELIGION4 

,IT SAYS SOME?+ AB\T ! POLITICAL MOOD ( ! TIME1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! CONGRESS 9 ! ,RUE ,PETRELLE WAS ALSO V]Y ECUM5ICAL4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL'S F\ND+ MEMB]S 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY MO/ ( ! WORLD'S LEAD+ ,M>XI/S BUT ALSO ,PET] ,LAVROV1 A LEAD+ ,RUSSIAN ,POPULI/2 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 :O WAS SOON TO BECOME ! MO/ \T/&+ AN>*I/ 9 ! ,NE!RL&S2 & ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ONE ( ,G]MANY'S MO/ CELEBRAT$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S4 ,TO ! *AGR9 ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! CONGRESS ALSO HAD A COMPLEM5T ( HI<LY DEMON/RATIVE 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*I/S4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ,9T]NATIONAL (FICIALLY ADOPT$ ,M>XISM 9 #a#h#i#c1 AN>*I/S--PR9CIPALLY ! SIZABLE NUMB] ( ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S ) AN EXPRESSLY AN>*I/ ORI5TATION--DOGG$LY CONT9U$ TO REAPPE> AT ,9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES4 ,ONLY 9 #a#h#i#f1 AT A /ORMY MEET+ ( ! CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON1 :]E ! TWO OPPOS+ CAMPS FROM ! OLD ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RESURFAC$1 W]E ALL AN>*I/S EXPELL$1 :]EUPON !Y AB&ON$ ANY ATTEMPT TO RE5T] ! ,9T]NATIONAL & TURN$ V>I\SLY TO T]RORISM & TO SYNDICALISM AS !IR /RATEGIES ( *OICE4 

,B,A,C,K,G,R,\,N,D ,T,O ,C,O,M,P,R,O,M,I,S,E 

,AS E>LY AS ! F\ND+ MEET+ 9 ! ,RUE ,PETRELLE1 ! ,G]MANS BEGAN TO E/ABLI% ORGANIZATIONAL & PROGRAMMATIC HEGEMONY OV] ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9DE$1 ! SWEEP ( ,M>XISM OV] ! WORLD ACTUALLY HAD ITS BEG9N+S 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ITS POPUL>ITY CLE>LY /EMM$ FROM ! FAILURE ( ! ,G]MAN RUL+ CLASSES TO >RIVE AT A MODUS VIV5DI ) ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,:ATEV] P[] & APPROPRIAT5ESS ,M>X'S IDEAS MAY HAVE HAD ON !IR [N = MOBILIZ+ ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS1 !Y W]E GIV5 AN 5ORM\S IMPETUS BY ,BISM>CK'S MANIC FE> ( SOCIALISM & HIS ATTEMPT TO SUPPRESS IT ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! SPREAD ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAD NO BETT] FRI5D ?AN ! 0,IRON ,*ANCELLOR10 :OSE UNREL5T+ EF=TS TO EFFACE !IR 9FLU5CE OV] A SPAN ( TWELVE YE>S--FROM #ah< TO #a#h#i--ULTIMATELY DID MORE TO 9VIGORATE ! REVOLUTION>Y TONE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ?AN ITS [N MO/ ELOQU5T AGITATORS & ORGANIZ]S4 

,IRONICALLY1 ONCE ! FACTORY SY/EM TOOK HOLD 9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 ,G]MANY MI<T WELL HAVE FOLL[$ A SOCIAL TRAJECTORY COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ,BRITA91 :OSE NOBILITY & B\RGEOISIE HAD %REWDLY COOPT$ ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 EV5TUALLY ABSORB+ IT 9TO ! EM]G+ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 PR9CIPLE !RE WAS NO REASON :Y ?IS C\LD NOT ALSO HAPP5 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK]S W]E NOT P>TICUL>LY MILITANT1 LET ALONE REVOLUTION>Y LIKE ! ,FR5*2 NOR DID !Y SUFF] AS BITT]LY AS DID ,BRITI% WORK]S DUR+ ! TRANSITION TO AN 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY4 ,9 ! DECADES FOLL[+ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :5 ! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION GOT FULLY UND] WAY1 ,EUROPE 5JOY$ A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( SOCIAL PEACE4 ,9 FACT1 ! PASSIVITY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S CAN BE TRAC$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y YE>S ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i1 :5 ,G]MAN CRAFTSM5--! WORK+ CLASS ( ?AT DAY--ALL[$ !MSELVES1 = ! MO/ P>T1 TO BE L$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]ALS 9 !IR ASSAULT UPON ! DESPOTIC MON>*IES & DU*IES ( C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO !IR ,FR5* BRE?R51 ! ,G]MANS PRODUC$ NO MAJOR 9DEP5D5T WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ( !IR [N1 /ILL LESS AN UPRIS+ COMP>ABLE TO ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION 9 ,P>IS4 ,?US1 ,G]MAN WORK]S REMA9$ FAIRLY TAME WELL 9TO ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 9DE$1 SU* WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT !Y =M$ W]E MA9LY $UCATIONAL & WELF>E ASSOCIATIONS1 MANY ( !M 9FLU5C$ BY ,CA?OLIC & ,PROTE/ANT CL]ICS4 

,! WRIT+S ( SOCIALI/S LIKE ,MOSES ,HESS1 ,WILHELM ,WEID+1 & ,K>L ,GRUN HAD F> MORE 9FLU5CE AMONG ,G]MAN EXILES & J\RNEYM5 ABROAD ?AN !Y DID AT HOME1 PLAY+ ONLY A M9OR ROLE AMONG CRAFTSM5 9 ! ,G]MAN UPRIS+S ( #ahdh & #a#h#d#i4 ,RADICAL >TISANAL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,V]BNID]UNG 7LIT]ALLY1 0FRAT]NIZATION07 DID SURFACE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,B]L9 & ,LEIPZIG1 BUT MO/ ,G]MAN WORK]S FOLL[$ 9 ! T[ ( ! LIB]ALS--NOTABLY1 ACADEMICS1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & BUREAUCRATS :O HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ FROM ! EXI/+ P>LIAM5TS ( V>I\S ,G]MAN SOV]EIGNTIES TO =M A %ORT-LIV$ PAN-,G]MAN NATIONAL LEGISLATURE4 ,MEET+ 9 ,FRANKFURT1 ?IS ,ASSEMBLY1 OBSESS$ ) LEGALISMS & CON/ITUTIONAL NICETIES1 9EFFECTUALLY SQU&]$ ITS OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE A MOD]N UNIFI$ NATION \T ( ! 9NUM]ABLE QUASI-FEUDAL /ATES1 DU*IES1 FREE CITIES1 & BI%OPRICS ( ! ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ WORLD \TSIDE ( ,AU/RIA4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! ,ASSEMBLY TRI$ TO BE/[ ! ROLE ( ALL-,G]MAN CON/ITUTIONAL MON>* ON ,FR$]ICK ,WILLIAM ,I,V ( ,PRUSSIA1 :O SOON BRU%$ ! (F] ASIDE1 AFT] :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY DISAPPE>$ 9 ! FLOOD ( REACTION ?AT FOLL[$ ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! P]IOD4 

,! FAILURE ( ! #a#h#d#h-#d#i REVOLUTIONS 9 ! V>I\S ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ /ATES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,PRUSSIA & ,AU/RIA1 LEFT OP5 ! PROBLEM ( =M+ A UNIT$ ,G]MAN NATION4 ,UNIFICATION1 :5 IT DID OCCUR1 WAS ULTIMATELY BR\<T AB\T NOT FROM BEL[1 BY LIB]ALS & SOCIALI/S1 BUT FROM ABOVE1 BY ! ,PRUSSIAN MON>*Y1 UND] ! /EM GUIDANCE ( ,OTTO VON ,BISM>CK & HIS COHORT ( SEMIFEUDAL REACTION>Y MILIT>I/S1 ! ,JUNK] L&[N]S FROM EA/ ( ! ,ELBE ,RIV]4 ,9DE$1 = MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 FROM #ahfb TO #a#h#i1 ,BISM>CK PRESID$ OV] ,G]MAN AFFAIRS 9 A C>E] ?AT WAS LITTLE LESS ?AN CYCLONIC4 ,HAV+ BE5 ELEVAT$ TO ! POSITION ( ,PRUSSIAN PRIME M9I/] 9 #a#h#f#b1 HE SOON TURN$ HIS WELL-TRA9$ ,PRUSSIAN >MIES ON ,AU/RIA 9 #a#h#f#f1 VICTORI\SLY REMOV+ ,VI5NA FROM ! RACE = ,G]MAN HEGEMONY & 9 ! SAME YE> ABSORB$ ,HANOV]1 ,S*LESWIG1 & ,HOL/E9 9TO ! ,PRUSSIAN CREATION KN[N AS ! ,NOR? ,G]MAN ,CONF$]ATION4 ,!SE ANNEXATIONS W]E FOLL[$1 BETWE5 #ahfh & #a#h#g#a1 BY ! ABSORPTION ( MAJOR S\!RN ,G]MAN SOV]EIGNTIES SU* AS ,SAXONY1 ,BAV>IA1 ,BAD51 & ,WURTTEMBURG &1 AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 ,ALSACE & ,LORRA9E4 ,9 LESS ?AN TWO DECADES1 ,BISM>CK HAD CREAT$ A P[]FUL ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 OR ,REI*1 UND] ! ,PRUSSIAN EMP]OR 7OR ,KAIS]7 ,WILHELM #a1 :ILE HE HIMSELF BECAME ITS FIR/ *ANCELLOR 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,?AT IT WAS ,BISM>CK & ! MILIT>I/IC & AU?ORIT>IAN ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK]S :O E/ABLI%$ & RUL$ ! ,REI*--RA!R ?AN ! LIB]AL DEMOCRATS1 :O W]E HAPLESS SPECTATORS TO ! MILIT>I/IC UNIFICATION--WAS TRAGIC NOT ONLY = ,G]MANY BUT = ,EUROPE AS A :OLE4 

,9 ! SAME YE> ?AT ,BISM>CK EMB>K$ ON HIS C>E]1 A DET]M9$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T F9ALLY BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ,G]MANY1 SOON TO BE L$ BY A BRILLIANT Y\NG ,JEWI% LAWY]1 ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE4 ,LASSALLE1 9VIT$ TO ADDRESS A ,G]MAN >TISANS' ORGANIZATION 9 ,B]L9 ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#h#f#b1 DELIV]$ A P]ORATION1 LAT] PUBLI%$ AS ! 0,WORK]S' ,PROGRAM10 ?AT WAS P>DY ROOT$ 9 ,M>X'S IDEAS & ?AT DREW ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,NOT ONLY HAD ,LASSALLE READ ,M>X'S AVAILABLE WRIT+S1 HE HAD KN[N ,M>X FAIRLY WELL FROM ! #a#h#dS ONW>D4 ,LAT]1 AS ! Y\NG LAWY] BEGAN TO GA9 CONSID]ABLE PRE/IGE AMONG ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 HE VISIT$ ,M>X 9 ,LONDON1 & ! TWO M5 MA9TA9$ AN ONGO+ CORRESPOND5CE4 ,TO ALL APPE>ANCES1 9 FACT1 ,LASSALLE SEEM$ TO REG>D ,M>X AS HIS !ORETICAL M5TOR & TRI$ TO F9D ,G]MAN PUBLI%]S = HIS WORK4 

,MOREOV]1 ,LASSALLE'S C>E] AS A LABOR LEAD] WAS TRULY METEORIC4 ,9 ! M]E TWO YE>S ?AT PASS$ BETWE5 HIS EM]G5CE AS A WORK]S' LEAD] & HIS DEA? 9 A DUEL OV] A LOVE AFFAIR 9 #a#h#f#d1 HIS ACTIVITIES GA9$ HIM A LEG5D>Y /ATUS 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,DUR+ ?AT %ORT TIME SPAN HE T\R$ ,G]MANY1 /IRR+ UP ! LAT5T S5TIM5T = A WORK+-CLASS P>TY ?AT W\LD FUNCTION 9DEP5D5DY ( ! LIB]ALS 9 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,IDOLIZ$ BY ?\S&S ( WORK]S1 HIS F]V5T1 (T5 !ATRICAL ORATORY1 HIS ORGANIZATIONAL TAL5TS 7:I* HE EX]CIS$ QUITE HI<H&$LY71 & HIS MANIFE/O DIRECDY 9SPIR$ ?\S&S ( ,G]MAN WORK]S TO CREATE !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS &1 UND] HIS GUIDANCE1 TO GA!R AT AN AD HOC WORK]S' CONGRESS 9 ,FRANKFURT 9 ,MAY #a#h#f#c1 :]E !Y AGRE$ TO E/ABLI% ! ,G5]AL ,G]MAN ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION 7,ALLGEME9E ,DEUTS*E ,>BEIT]V]E91 OR ,A,D,A,V74 ,?US1 )9 A S+LE YE>1 ,LASSALLE F\ND HIMSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! L>GE/--& = A BRIEF TIME1 ! ONLY--WORK+-CLASS P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 AS A RESULT ( :I* HE LEFT A PR(\ND IMPR9T UPON ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T = DECADES AFT] HIS DEA?4 

,BUT HIS CLOSE P]SONAL TIES TO ,M>X NOT)/&+1 ,LASSALLE WAS NOT 9 FACT A ,M>XI/4 ,9DE$1 HE & ,M>X EMBODI$ TWO DI/9CT1 EV5 OPPOS+ T5D5CIES 9 ! ,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS4 ,:]E ,M>X WAS A REVOLUTION>Y & A SOCIALI/1 ,LASSALLE WAS BASICALLY A RE=MI/1 P>LIAM5T>IAN1 & COOP]ATIVIS,L ,!SE DIFF]5CES 9 POLITICAL ORI5TATION W]E ROOT$ 9 PR(\ND DIFF]5CES 9 PHILOSOPHY & SODAL !ORY4 ,:]E ,M>X'S L>GE BODY ( ECONOMIC WRIT+S W]E NO?+ IF NOT SODAL1 ,LASSALLE'S SP>SE ECONOMIC !ORIES W]E ROOT$ F> MORE 9 PSEUDO-BIOLOGICAL FACTS--ESPECIALLY 9 ,MAL?US'S !ORIES ( POPULATION4 ,LASSALLE MORE OR LESS BELIEV$ ?AT POPULATION NUMB]S DIRECDY 9FLU5C$ ! AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & HE AGRE$ ) ,RIC>DO'S SCXALL$ 0IRON LAW ( WAGES10 ACCORD+ TO :I* WORK]S' WAGES FLUCTUAT$ >\ND ! B>E/ SUBSI/5CE LEVEL NECESS>Y TO SU/A9 LIFE4 ,IF POPULATION 9CREAS$ MORE RAPIDLY ?AN FOOD SUPPLY1 AN OV]ABUNDANCE ( WORK]S AVAILABLE = EXPLOITATION W\LD 5SUE & WAGES W\LD DECL9E4 ,?IS WAGE DECL9E W\LD !N R$UCE ! NUMB] ( AVAILABLE WORK]S1 CAUS+ A R5EW$ DEM& = LABOR ?AT W\LD 9CREASE WAGES ONCE AGA94 ,AL?\< !SE OSCILLATIONS W\LD RECUR 9DEF9ITELY1 WORK]S' WAGES W\LD REMA9 AS L[ AS POSSIBLE1 ALT]$ ONLY BY *ANGES 9 ! AVAILABILITY ( LABOR4 ,TO ,M>X1 ?IS 0IRON LAW ( WAGES0 WAS 5TIRELY SP$\S3 HE ATTRIBUT$ ! DECL9E 9 WORK+-CLASS LIV+ /&>DS PRIM>ILY TO CAPITALI/ COMPETITION & ! CAPITALI/ IMP]ATIVE TO 9CREASE PR(ITS4 ,! 0IRON LAW0 S]V$ ONLY TO CONCEAL ! REAL ROLE ( CAPITALI/ SODAL RELATIONS BY SUBSUM+ !M TO PSEUDO- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS4 

,! MA9 S\RCE ( CONFLICT+ T5D5CIES ?AT W\LD P]SI/ 9 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY = DECADES1 H[EV]1 WAS ! PR(\ND POLITICAL DIFF]5CES ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! TWO M54 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LASSALLE1 ! ONLY WAY ?AT WORK]S C\LD AVOID ! IMPACT ( ! 0IRON LAW ( WAGES0 WAS TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! /ATE = !MSELVES & E/ABLI% A GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD FO/] PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES UND] WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,SU* A /ATE W\LD PROVIDE CAPITAL & CR$IT TO A NETWORK ( PRODUC]S' & CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES1 :I* HOPEFULLY W\LD EV5TUALLY REPLACE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,9 FAIRNESS1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,LASSALLE CONTRA/$ HIS /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ COOP]ATIVES TO VOLUNT>Y PRIVATE ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% !M4 ,VOLUNT>Y 5DEAVORS1 HE BELIEV$1 W]E TOO LIMIT$ TO PRODUCE MORE ?AN ISOLAT$ 5T]PRISES1 ) LITDE EFFECT UPON CAPITALISM AS A :OLE4 ,HE EV5 REG>D$ TRADE UNIONS AS TOO LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE TO PROVIDE A BASIS = RECREAT+ SOCIETY ALONG COOP]ATIVE L9ES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,M>X HELD ?AT UNIONS W]E IMPORTANT = ATTA9+ BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS & AS LIV+ S*OOLS = 9/ILL+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AS = ,LASSALLE'S EMPHASIS ON /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 ,M>X SAW IT AS A NAIVE >*AISM R$OL5T ( ,L\IS ,BLANC'S SOCIAL WORK%OPS4 

,NOR DID ,M>X AGREE ) ,LASSALLE'S EXPECTATION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD USE ! /ATE ON ITS [N BEHALF4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,M>X VIEW$ ! /ATE AS A HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON ROOT$ 9 CLASS RULE &1 HIS [N /ATI/ SOCIALISM NOT)/&+1 HE G5]ALLY REJECT$ ! NOTION ?AT ! B\RGEOIS /ATE APP>ATUS C\LD BE AN 9/RUM5T = ANY CLASS BUT ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,LASSALLE1 BY CONTRA/1 CONT5D$ ?AT ! /ATE C\LD BE US$ BY WORK]S TO 5HANCE !IR 9T]E/S & EV5 TRANS=M SOCIETY ALONG COOP]ATIVI/ L9ES4 ,?IS BELIEF /EMM$ FROM HIS REV]5TIAL1 EV5 QUASI-MY/ICAL VIEW ( ! /ATE1 L>GELY ROOT$ 9 ! TRADITION ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM1 AS A NATIONAL EXPRESSION ( ! ,G]MAN ,VOLK & H5CE AS A NEUTRAL =CE ?AT C\LD S]VE ! 9T]E/ ( ! PEOPLE AS WELL AS !IR RUL]S4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( CONFLICT+ CLASS 9T]E/S1 ,LASSALLE'S ACCEPTANCE ( ! /ATE S]V$ TO FO/] RE=MI/ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 :ILE HIS T5D5CY TO ?9K 9 T]MS ( A ,G]MAN ,VOLKSGEI/ WAS ESS5TIALLY REACTION>Y 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS4 

,MOREOV]1 ,LASSALLE %>$ ,BISM>CK'S VIEW ?AT ,G]MAN NATIONAL UNIFICATION %\LD BE GUID$ BY ,PRUSSIA4 ,M>X1 :O EAMESDY BELIEV$ 9 ! NE$ = ,G]MAN NATIONAL UNIFICATION1 DEEPLY DI/RU/$ ! ,IRON ,*ANCELLOR'S ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE NATIONAL HEGEMONY1 ESPECIALLY ) ! BACK+ ( ,PRUSSIAN MILIT>I/S4 ,9DE$1 ,LASSALLE SO DETE/$ ! LIB]ALS1 :O REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM1 ?AT HE CAME P]IL\SLY CLOSE TO MAK+ COMMON CAUSE ) ! ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK]S :O1 = !IR [N REASONS1 AFFECT$ TO BE ANTIB\RGEOIS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ,LASSALLE'S BEHAVIOR WAS (T5 HI<LY UNPR9CIPL$ & 9CLUD$ PRIVATE NEGOTIATIONS ) ,BISM>CK AGA9/ ,G]MAN LIB]ALS4 

,H[ W\LD ! WORK]S CREATE A /ATE ?AT W\LD FO/] WORK]-CONTROLL$ COOP]ATIVES8 ,LASSALLE'S /RATEGY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS MA9LY ELECTORAL & RE=MI/4 ,LASSALLEANS CONT5D$ ?AT WORK]S %\LD E/ABLI% !IR [N P>TY & FI<T ABOVE ALL = UNIV]SAL ADULT MALE SUFFRAGE1 9 ORD] BE ABLE TO ELECT !IR [N C&IDATES TO ! LEGISLATIVE BODIES ( ! EXI/+ /ATE4 ,?IS ESS5TIALLY RE=MI/ P>LIAM5T>Y /RATEGY CONTRA/$ DRAMATICALLY ) ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y VIEW ?AT ! WORK]S HAD TO TAKE P[]1 IF NECESS>Y BY 9SURRECTION1 SMA% ! OLD /ATE MA*9]Y1 & REPLACE IT ) A NEW WORK]-CONTROLL$ /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 SU* A WORK]S' /ATE W\LD EXI/ ONLY LONG 5\< TO SUBDUE B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION1 NATIONALIZE PROP]TY1 & PLAN PRODUCTION TO MEET HUMAN NE$S1 AFT] :I* IT W\LD FADE AWAY = WANT ( ANY O!R FUNCTION TO P]=M4 ,TO USE ! FAM\S APHORISM ( ! TIME3 ! ADM9I/RATION ( M5 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S4 ,AP>T FROM ! EXCEPTIONS ,M>X MADE REG>D+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,5GL&1 & P]HAPS ,HOLL&1 !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT HE GAVE UP ON !SE /RATEGIC GOALS1 ! MANY AMBIGUITIES 9 HIS WRIT+S NOT)/&+4 

,LASSALLE'S ,A,D,A,V DID NOT LONG REMA9 ! ONLY OR EV5 ! PR9CIPAL WORK]S' P>TY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ON ,MAY #a#g1 #a#h#f#c1 A HUNDR$ & T5 DELEGATES FROM WORK]S' $UCADONAL ASSOCIATIONS 9 =TY-FIVE CITIES ?R\<\T ,G]MANY CONV5$ AT ,FRANKFURT TO =M ! ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,LEAGUES 7,V]B& ,DEUTS*] ,>BEIT]V]E91 OR ,V,D,A,V7 ) A VIEW T[>D COORD9AT+ !IR EF=TS ALONG POLITICAL L9ES4 ,BY CONTRA/ TO ! ,LASSALLEAN ,A,D,A,V1 :I* WAS HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ & MANAG$1 AS MANY WORK]S COMPLA9$1 ALONG DICTATORIAL L9ES1 ! ,V]B& WAS MORE ( A F$]ATION ?AN A P>TY1 ALL[+ ITS CON/ITU5T GR\PS TO 5JOY CONSID]ABLE LOCAL AUTONOMY4 ,9 FACT ,V,D,A,V GR\PS W]E NOT NECESS>ILY SOCIALI/ &1 IF !Y SO WI%$1 W]E FREE TO ALLY !MSELVES POLITICALLY ) PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOIS P>UES4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! ,V]B&'S GOALS W]E DIFFUSE4 ,BUT ! SOCIALI/S )9 ! ,V,D,A,V /EADILY RADICALIZ$ ITS GOALS1 & AT ! TWO CONGRESSES ?AT FOLL[$ ITS F\ND+ 7#a#h#f#g & #a#h#f#h71 IT TI<T5$ ITS /RUCTURE1 BEGAN TO FUNCTION AS A POLITICAL P>TY1 & V]Y SIGNIFIC&Y1 JO9$ ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* MEANT ?AT ! ,V]B& WAS EXPECT$ TO DEM& SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS ITS LEAD]1 ! ,V]B& ELECT$ A Y\NG WOOD-TUM] FROM ,LEIPZIG1 ! TW5TY-SEV5-YE>-OLD ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 :O W\LD GO ON TO BECOME ! MO/ DYNAMIC & 9FLU5TIAL FIGURE 9 ,G]MAN SOCIALISM AFT] ,LASSALLE DI$4 

,9 FACT1 ,BEBEL HAD BE5 WON OV] TO ,M>XISM BY ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 & BETWE5 !M ! TWO M5 W]E TO DO = ,G]MAN SOCIALISM :AT ,GUESDE DID TO FO/] ,M>XISM 9 ,FRANCE4 ,FOLL[+ 9 ,M>X'S FOOT/EPS1 ! ,V]B&1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,A,D,A,V1 REJECT$ /ATE AID 9 ANY =M AS WELL AS ! =MATION ( COOP]ATIVES4 ,9/EAD ! ORGANIZATION CALL$ = ! =MATION ( TRADE UNIONS1 :I* PLAC$ IT SQU>ELY 9 ! EM]G+ T5D5CY ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 RA!R ?AN >TISANAL SOCIALISM4 ,9 #ahfi AT ,EIS5A*1 ! ,V]B& M]G$ ) ! ,SAXON ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY1 ORIG9ALLY A POPULI/ P>TY COMPOS$ PR$OM9&Y ( WORK]S1 TO =M AN EXPLICIDY WORK]S' SOCIALI/ P>TY1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,SOZIALDEMOKRATIS*E ,>BEIT]P>TEI1 OR ,S,D,A,P74 

,[+ TO ,BEBEL'S & ,LIEBKNE*T'S CONVICTIONS1 ! ,S,D,A,P WAS UND\BT$LY ! FIR/ WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION 9 ,G]MANY TO BE L$ BY AV[$ ,M>XI/S1 AL?\< ITS PROGRAM /ILL RESEMBL$ ! RELATIVELY ECUM5ICAL MANIFE/OS ?AT ,M>X HAD WRITT5 = ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RA!R ?AN ! EXPRESSLY REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS HE HAD BE5 ADVANC+ 9 ! PAMPHLETS & BOOKS PUBLI%$ UND] HIS [N IMPRIMATUR4 ,BUT IF ! ,S,D,A,P WAS NOT =MALLY ,M>XI/1 IT WAS ! FIR/ ,G]MAN P>TY1 S9CE ! OLD ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 ) :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD A DIRECT ASSOCIATION & ON :I* !Y EX]CIS$ A MAJOR 9FLU5CE4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,S,D,A,P & ! ,A,D,A,V WAS ANY?+ BUT CORDIAL4 ,SO BITT] WAS ! RIVALIY BETWE5 ! TWO WORK]S' P>TIES & SO ACRIMONI\S ! RELATIONS BETWE5 !IR LEAD]S ?AT ANY PROSPECT ( COLLABORATION SEEM$ COMPLETELY =ECLOS$4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ITS MORE RADICAL POSITIONS--ITS /RONG 9T]NATIONALISM & ITS BITT] HO/ILITY TO ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T--?AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,S,D,A,P FROM ! RE=MI/IC ,A,D,A,V4 ,9 #a#h#g1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM HIS SEAT 9 ! ,REI*/AG ( ! ,NOR? ,G]MAN ,CONF$]ATION1 ,LIEBKNE*T AB/A9$ FROM VOT+ = W> CR$ITS TO SUPPORT ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>4 7,HIS REASON = AB/A9+ WAS ?AT HE REFUS$ TO ABET ! IMP]IALISM ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON AS WELL AS ,BISM>CK1 :I* E>N$ HIM TWO YE>S ( IMPRISONM5T = HI< TREASON47 ,9DE$1 ONCE ! TREATY T]MS W]E ANN\NC$1 HE ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ ! ANNEXATION ( ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,A,D,A,V ACCOMMODAT+LY W5T ALONG ) ,BISM>CK & GAVE ! W> ITS FULL SUPPORT--AN ACT ?AT ! ,S,D,A,P REG>D$ AS A BETRAYAL ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 H[EV]1 UNN]V$ ! ,IRON ,*ANCELLOR1 :O N[ BEGAN TO D5\NCE & H>ASS ALL SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BO? SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E CONFRONT$ BY A /ATE ?AT MEANT TO SUPPRESS !M IF IT C\LD1 & IT WAS ONLY BY OV]COM+ !IR BITT] RIVALRY & JO9+ =CES ?AT !Y C\LD HOPE TO M\NT AN EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! 9CREAS+LY REPRESSIVE IMP]IAL REGIME4 ,BETWE5 ,MAY #bb & #b#g1 #a#h#g#e1 9 ! ,?UR+IAN T[N ( ,GO?A1 ! ,A,D,A,V 7OR ,LASSALLEANS1 AS !Y W]E G5]ALLY KN[N7 & ! ,S,D,A,P 7,BEBEL & ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,EIS5A*]S7 F9ALLY CONV5$ TO =M A UNIT$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY1 9ITIALLY UND] ! NAME ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,SOZIALI/I*E ,>BEIT]P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S1 OR ,S,A,P,D74 ,ATT5D$ BY #ac DELEGATES1 ?IS ,GO?A ,CONGRESS REPRES5T$ #b#e1 MEMB]S1 ( :OM SIXTY P]C5T W]E ,LASSALLEANS & ! REMA9D] ,EIS5A*]S4 

,:AT PROBABLY MADE POSSIBLE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,S,A,P,D WAS ! 5ORM\S IDEOLOGICAL CONCESSIONS ?AT ! ,EIS5A*]S 7L$ BY ,LIEBKNE*T 9 ! NEGOTIATIONS7 MADE TO ! ,LASSALLEANS4 ,= ! ,EIS5A*]S1 ! PROGRAM ( ! NEW P>TY--KN[N AS ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM--M>K$ A DEF9ITE RETREAT = ! ,EIS5A*]S4 ,AS ,G>Y ,P4 ,/E5SON TELLS IT3 

,JUDG$ BY ITS PROGRAM1 ! NEW P>TY WAS A VICTORY = ! ,A,D,A,V1 & ?IS WAS C]TA9LY ! EVALUATION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :O W]E SITT+ 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 FACT1 ! TWO 0OLD ONES10 AS !Y W]E CALL$ 9 P>TY CIRCLES1 HAD TRI$ TO =E/ALL ! PROGRAM BY S5D+ SEV]E CRITICISMS ( ! DRAFT TO ,BEBEL1 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,BRACKE1 & O!RS 9 ! ,S,D,A,P ) :OM !Y HAD SOME 9FLU5CE4 ,EV] JEAL\S ( !IR OLD NEMESIS ,LASSALLE1 & ( :AT !Y CONSID]$ !IR SPECIAL RELATION%IP ) ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ,M>X & ,5GELS D5\NC$ ! NEW PROGRAM AS CONFUS$1 /ATE-SOCIALI/IC1 & TOO GREAT A CONCESSION = ! UNITY EV5 !Y CONSID]$ NECESS>Y4 ,AL?\< ,M>X'S CRITICISM IS N[ MORE FAM\S 444 1 ,5GELS TOO S5T DETAIL$ COMM5T>Y TO ,BEBEL & ,LIEBKNE*T4 ,ATTACK+ ! NOTION ( 0ONE REACTION>Y MASS10 ! IRON LAW ( WAGES 7) ITS IMPLICIT ANTI-TRADE UNIONISM71 ! CONCEPT ( A FREE PEOPLE'S /ATE1 & MANY O!R ASPECTS ( ! PROGRAM1 ,5GELS PR$ICT$ ?AT UNITY ON ?IS BASIS W\LD NOT LA/ A YE>4.<#e#h#g.> 

,ACTUALLY1 IT WAS H>DLY JEAL\SY ?AT 9DUC$ ,M>X & ,5GELS TO REJECT ! NEW PROGRAM4 ,! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM1 :I* ,M>X TR5*&Y CRITIQU$ 9 A L5G?Y LETT] TO A FEW ( HIS LEAD+ SUPPORT]S1 CONTA9$ MAJOR =MULATIONS ?AT W]E SO RE=MI/1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?AT HE & ,5GELS S]I\SLY CONSID]$ PUBLICLY DISSODADNG !MSELVES FROM ! DOCUM5,L ,ASIDE FROM RELATIVELY M9OR ]RORS1 ,M>X F\ND /ATEM5TS ?AT W]E OPAQUE AT BE/ & 9TOL]ABLE AT WOR/4 ,! PROGRAM COMMITT$ ! MEMB]S ( ! NEW P>TY TO 0/RIVE0 = !IR 0EMANCIPATION 444 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PRES5T-DAY NATIONAL /ATE0--A DEM& ?AT ,M>X REG>D$ AS TOTALLY 9CONSI/5T ) ! WORLDWIDE UNITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE MI<T HAVE ADD$ ?AT ! PROGRAM'S EMPHASIS ON ! 0PRES5T-DAY0 B\RGEOIS /ATE AS ! >5A ( WORK+-CLASS 0EMANCIPATION0 EXPLICIDY ACKN[L$G$ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! EXI/+ /ATE AS A DECISIVE REALM ( /RUGGLE & IMPLIDDY REJECT$ ! NE$ = REVOLUTION4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ! PROGRAM CONTA9$ A REF]5CE TO A 0FREE /ATE10 AS ?\< ! /ATE W]E EV] ANY?+ BUT AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS RULE 7EV5 BY ! WORK+ CLASS71 :OSE ULTIMATE ABOLITION W\LD NECESS>ILY FOLL[ FROM ! ABOLITION ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,F9ALLY1 TO CITE ITS MO/ COMPROMIS+ FEATURES1 ! PROGRAM DESCRIB$ ! 0SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION0 AS 0! E/ABLI%M5T ( PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES ) /ATE AID UND] ! DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE10 A COMPLETELY ,LASSALLEAN1 9DE$ A ,BLANC-ESQUE ASS]TION ( AN >TISANAL SOCIALISM1 :I* ALL[$ ?AT ! /ATE C\LD BE A S\RCE ( COOP]ATIVE NETWORKS UND] 0DEMOCRATIC0 CONTROL4 

,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( ! PROGRAM WAS WI!R+2 BUT MORE IMPORTANT1 ! FEW PAGES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! BRILLIANT ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM =M A L&M>K DOCUM5T 9 ! !ORETICAL UND]P9N+S ( ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM4.<#e#h#h.> ,LITTLE DID ,M>X KN[1 IRONICALLY1 ?AT SOME ( ! MO/ OBJECTIONABLE =MULATIONS 9 ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM HAD BE5 WRITT5 BY ,LIEBKNE*T TO PLEASE ! ,LASSALLEANS1 BUT ! ,EIS5A*]S G5]ALLY SL\<$ (F ,M>X'S CRITICISM ) ! PR$ICTION ?AT !Y W\LD NOT S]I\SLY AFFECT ! WORK+S & POLICIES ( ! NEW P>TY4 

,5GELS'S PR$ICTION ?AT ! UNIFI$ P>TY W\LD NOT LA/ ! YE> PROV$ WRONG4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,BEBEL ASSUR$ ! 0OLD ONES0 ?AT TIME W\LD ULTIMATELY BR+ ! NEW P>TY OV] TO A ,M>XI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 P>TICUL>LY 9 VIEW ( ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ?AT ! ,S,A,P,D HAD BY COMP>ISON ) ! ,A,D,A,V4 ,:E!R ,M>X'S VIEWS C\LD HAVE PREVAIL$ OV] ,LASSALLE'S IS H>D TO JUDGE3 9 ! ,S,A,P,D 7& 9 ! LAT] ,S,P,D1 AS ! P>TY F9ALLY CAME TO BE KN[N 9 #a#h#i#a71 ! ,LASSALLEAN APPROA* REFLECT$ 9 ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM P]SI/$-- C]TA9LY 9 ! P>TY'S BEHAVIOR IF NOT ITS PROGRAM1 ALBEIT NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ,LASSALLE'S LEGACY4 

,9 ! YE> FOLL[+ ! F\ND+ CONGRESS1 ,M>X'S E>LY SUPPORT]S 9 ! ,S,A,P,D NEV] DECISIVELY CONFRONT$ ! RE=MI/ \DOOK ?AT DOM9AT$ ! PROGRAM1 P>DY BECAUSE ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW ( #a#h#g#h1 9ITIAT$ BY ,BISM>CK1 MADE P>TY UNITY AT ALL CO/S A VITAL NECESSITY4 ,9 EFFECT1 = ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW WAS A MIX$ BLESS+3 AL?\< IT EXPOS$ !M TO OV] A DECADE ( REPRESSION1 IT ALSO KEPT !M FROM CONFRONT+ ! LAT5T CONFLICT ?AT SIMM]$ )9 !IR P>TY FROM ! DAY ( ITS F\ND+4 

,R,E,=,M ,O,R ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! POLITICAL $IFICE ( ! NEW ,REI* WAS DESIGN$ TO PREV5T AN 9DEP5D5T WORK+ CLASS OR ANY S]I\S DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T FROM GA9+ SUB/ANTIAL P[] 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BUT ! LA/ QU>T] ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ,EUROPE WAS A P>TICUL>LY BALMY ]A ( G5]AL SOCIAL & POLITICAL RE=M1 & NEI!R ! ,G]MAN ,KAIS] NOR ,BISM>CK WANT$ ! ,REI* TO BE VIEW$ AS A CZ>I/-/YLE TYRANNY OR AN >*AIC DESPOTISM4 ,H5CE1 ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! EMPIRE 9 #a#h#g#a1 ! ,PRUSSIAN-RUN GOV]NM5T GAVE ! NEWLY UNIT$ ,G]MAN ,REI* ! SUP]FICIAL TRAPP+S ( A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 

,= ! ,REI* AS A :OLE1 ,BISM>CK E/ABLI%$ A L[] LEGISLATIVE H\SE1 ! ,REI*/AG1 BAS$ ON UNIV]SAL ADULT MALE SUFFRAGE4 ,9 !ORY1 ?IS PAN-,G]MAN BODY1 ) DEPUTIES FROM #cig ELECTORAL DI/RICTS1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T ! WILL ( ALL MALE CITIZ5S1 REG>DLESS ( PROP]TY OR /ATUS--AL?\< SUBJECT1 TO BE SURE1 TO ! PAT]NAL OV]SI<T ( ! MON>*4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 ! ,REI*/AG WAS VIRTUALLY P[]LESS1 A FIG LEAF = AUTOCRACY1 AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS CALL$ IT4 ,EXCEPT = MILIT>Y & =EIGN POLICY QUE/IONS1 :I* FELL 5TIRELY )9 ! PURVIEW ( ! *ANCELLOR & ! MON>*1 ! ,REI*/AG WAS FREE TO DEBATE ALL POLITICAL ISSUES4 ,BUT IT C\LD NOT PASS LAWS ON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE1 & ! MA9 AU?ORITY IT HAD WAS CONF9$ TO ACCEPT+ OR REJECT+ ! NATIONAL BUDGET--:I*1 ( C\RSE1 WAS DRAWN UP 5TIRELY BY ! *ANCELLOR & HIS M9I/]S4 ,EV5 9 ?IS CAPACITY1 MOREOV]1 ! ,REI*/AG'S WI%ES C\LD SIMPLY BE IGNOR$ BY ! ,KAIS]1 :O RETA9$ ! AU?ORITY TO H&LE ALL MILIT>Y EXP5DITURES AT HIS [N DISCRETION4 

,! REAL P[] 9 ! EMPIRE WAS %>$ AMONG ! ,BUNDESRAT 7,F$]AL ,C\NCIL71 AN UPP] H\SE COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( M9I/]S FROM ! =M]LY 9DEP5D5T ,G]MAN /ATES2 ! *ANCELLOR1 :O WAS APPO9T$ BY ! ,KAIS] & WAS ANSW]ABLE EXCLUSIVELY TO HIM RA!R ?AN TO ANY LEGISLATIVE BODY2 ! UBIQUIT\S & ?OR\<LY DOME/ICAT$ BUREAUCRACY2 ! ,PRUSSIAN >MY1 ! /RONGE/ & ! MO/ SOCIALLY 5TR5*$ MILIT>Y MA*9E 9 ,EUROPE2 & ! ,KAIS] HIMSELF :O1 :5 HE SO *OSE1 C\LD EX]CISE COMPLETE P]SONAL P[] OV] ! GOV]NM5T ,) SU* A /RUCTURE & SO-CALL$ CON/ITUTION1 ! EMPIRE C\LD H>DLY BE MI/AK5 = EV5 ! MO/ LIMIT$ ( CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*IES4 ,ITS CON/ITUTION1 F> FROM EMANAT+ FROM ! PEOPLE1 WAS 9 FACT A DISP5SATION ( ! MON>*Y4 ,US+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! PLIANT ,BUNDESRAT1 ! ,KAIS] C\LD DISB& ! ,REI*/AG AT HIS WILL1 APPO9T OR REMOVE ! *ANCELLOR1 & ULTIMATELY DICTATE :ATEV] POLICY HE *OSE TO MAKE1 9CLUD+ DECISIONS ON W> & PEACE1 :E!R ! ,REI*/AG APPROV$ OR NOT4 

,! EXI/5CE ( ! ,BUNDESRAT PRES]V$ ! >GUABLE IMAGE ( ! ,BISM>CLTIAN EMPIRE AS A F$]ATION ( /ATES1 EA* ) ITS [N LEGISLATIVE DIE,L ,! F$]ATION WAS NOT 5TIRELY MY?ICAL--!SE OLD /ATES DID RETA9 SOME P[]S ( !IR [N1 RE/+ P>TLY ON LAW & P>DY ON TRADITION4 ,SOME /ATES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 S\!RN ,G]MANY1 HAD A RELATIVELY TOL]ANT POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E & OCCASIONALLY ALL[$ SOCIALI/S TO GA9 SEATS 9 ! /ATE LEGISLATURE4 ,9 ! ,REI*/AG1 ! N[-UNIT$ ,S,A,P,D BEGAN TO GET L>GE NUMB]S ( VOTES 9 NATIONAL ELECTIONS1 9CREAS+ FROM #c#e#b1 9 #ahgd TO #d#i#c1 9 #a#h#g#g1 :ILE ITS ,REI*/AG DEPUTIES 9CREAS$ FROM N9E TO TWELVE4 ,MOREOV]1 LOCAL SOCIALI/ NEWSPAP]S PROLIF]AT$ ) UNN]V+ RAPIDITY1 FROM TW5TY-?REE 9 #ahgf TO =TY-ONE ONLY A YE> LAT]4 ,%ORDY AFT] ! =MATION ( ! ,S,A,P,D 9 #a#h#g#e1 ! ,LASSALLEANS & ,EIS5A*]S COMB9$ !IR TWO NEWSPAP]S TO E/ABLI% ,VORW>TS 7,=W>D71 :I* BECAME ! P>TY'S (FICIAL NATIONAL ORGAN 

,9 #ah< ! ,IRON ,*ANCELLOR F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ ! ,S,A,P,D ILLEGAL4 ,EV] FE>FUL ( A CLASS W> 9 ,G]MANY1 ,BISM>CK WAS EAG] TO NIP ! GR[+ P>TY 9 ! BUD2 9DE$1 AS HE PUT IT 9 HIS [N WORDS1 0! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS PRODUC$1 MORE ?AN =EIGN C\NTRIES1 A DANG] = W> = MON>*Y & /ATE1 & 444 !Y %\LD BE VIEW$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 T]MS ( A MILIT>Y & P[] PROBLEM1 NOT A LEGAL PROBLEM40.<#e#h#i.> ,BUT BE=E HE C\LD \DAW ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ,BISM>CK NE$$ AN EXCUSE1 & 9 #ah< HE F\ND JU/ SU* A PRETEXT :5 TWO UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,KAIS]1 EA* )9 A MON? ( ! O!R4 ,AL?\< ! ASSASS9S W]E NOT SOCIALI/S1 ON ,OCTOB] #b#a1 #a#h#g#h1 HAV+ G5]AT$ A FURI\S 0R$ SC>E10 ,BISM>CK 9DUC$ ! IMP]IAL ,REI*/AG TO PASS ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW1 OR 0,LAW ,AGA9/ ! ,PUBLICLY ,DANG]\S ,5DEAVORS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY10 :I* EMP[]$ LOCAL POLICE AU?ORITIES 9 ,G]MAN /ATES TO DISSOLVE ALL ORGANIZATIONS1 MEET+S1 P]IODICALS1 PUBLIC ACTIVITIES1 & FE/IVE EV5TS ?AT W]E EV5 SLI<DY T9T$ ) SOCIALI/ COLORS4 ,TAV]NS ?AT W]E SUSPECT$ ( BE+ FREQU5T$ BY SOCIALI/ WORK]S C\LD BE & W]E CLOS$ D[N4 ,! PROP]TY & ASSETS ( SUPPRESS$ ORGANIZATIONS & P]IODICALS W]E FREELY CONFISCAT$1 & ORD9>Y P>TICIPANTS 9 ANY ( ! PROSCRIB$ ACTIVITIES W]E SUBJECT TO F9ES ( #e M>KS OR ?REE MON?S' IMPRISONM5T ,LEAD]S OR 9ITIATORS ( !SE ACTIVITIES1 9 TURN1 C\LD BE JAIL$ = AS LONG AS A YE>1 OBLIG+ MANY ( !M1 9CLUD+ ORD9>Y WORK]S1 TO TAKE FLI<T TO ,SWITZ]L&1 ,5GL&1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! SAME PROHIBITIONS AGA9/ OV]DY POLITICAL SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E EXT5D$ TO ALL O!R WORK+-CLASS ASSOCIATIONS ?AT C\LD BE REG>D$ AS SYMPA!TIC TO ! SOCIALI/S1 9CLUD+ ! ,FREE ,UNIONS1 :I* W]E G5]ALLY SOCIALI/IC4 ,EV5 NONPOLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS W]E PROHIBIT$1 SU* AS CULTURAL1 CALIS!NIC1 & LIT]>Y GR\PS4 ,! PROHIBITION WAS SO PAT5DY DISCRIM9ATORY AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASSES ?AT IT 9FURIAT$ MANY WORK]S :O W]E NEI!R MEMB]S ( ! ,S,A,P,D NOR EV5 NECESS>ILY SYMPA!TIC TO IT ,ODDLY1 H[EV]1 ! ANUSODALI/ LAWS1 H>% AS !Y W]E = !IR DAY1 DID NOT DEPRIVE ! ,S,A,P,D ( ITS VOICE )9 ! *AMB]S ( ! ,REI*/AG4 ,SOCIALI/S C\LD RUN = (FICE1 PROVID$ !Y PRES5T$ !MSELVES TO ! ELECTORATE AS 9DIVIDUAL C&IDATES RA!R ?AN AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! BANN$ P>TY1 & ! P>TY ITSELF1 = A TIME1 WAS ABLE TO FUNCDON AS A VOTE-GETT+ MA*9E BY RECON/ITUT+ MANY ( ITS NATIONAL1 REGIONAL1 & MUNICIPAL COMMITTEES AS M]E ELECTORAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! P>TY'S NATIONAL ,VOR/& OR ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 = EXAMPLE1 BY CALL+ ITSELF ! ELECTORAL COMMISSION ( ! ,HAMBURG >EA4 ,MANY P>TY ORGANIZATIONS ( LESS] IMPORTANCE FOLL[$ SUIT--AT LEA/ UNTIL ,BISM>CK F9ALLY H\ND$ !M \T ( ! PUBLIC >5A & DROVE !M UND]GR\ND4 

,?US1 :ILE ! ,S,A,P,D WAS =BIDD5 TO HAVE HEADQU>T]S1 HOLD MEET+S1 OR [N AN (FICIAL PRESS1 ITS C&IDATES & SPOKESP]SONS C\LD WAGE 9DIVIDUAL ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS & REA* A WIDE PUBLIC ?R\< PR9T+ E/ABLI%M5TS ?AT SEEM$ TO BE PRIVATELY [N$ BUT ?AT W]E ACTUALLY [N$ OR CONTROLL$ BY P>TY MEMB]S & P>TY SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,SIGNIFIC&Y1 ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS BECAME ONE ( ! MA9--IF NOT ! LEAD+--MEANS BY :I* ! P>TY C\LD MA9TA9 ANY K9D ( PUBLIC EXI/5CE1 H[EV] SURREPTITI\SLY1 :I* GREADY PU%$ IT T[>D P>LIAM5T>ISM1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ITS REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC WAS HEI<T5$ 9 TONE & =M BY ! OV]DY REPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 

,AL?\< ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAWS W]E APPLI$ ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( 9T5SITY OV] ! TWELVE YE>S ( !IR EXI/5CE1 ! P]SECUTION SUFF]$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS NEV]!LESS V]Y REAL & CO/LY4 ,! GOV]NM5T TRI$ &_/OR IMPRISON$ ALL ! P>TY'S LEAD]S IT C\LD F9D--MORE ?AN #a1#e PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ 9 ALL1 SOME ( :OM S]V$ L5G?Y S5T5CES4 ,BY MID-#a#h#g#i1 IT HAD CLOS$ D[N #dad P]IODICALS = !IR KN[N OR SUSPECT$ SOCIALI/ SYMPA?IES1 OBLIG+ ! P>TY PRESS TO MOVE TO ,SWITZ]L&1 & 9 ITS EF=TS TO BUILD AN UND]GR\ND NETWORK )9 ,G]MANY1 ! P>TY FAC$ CONT9UAL LOSSES 9 LEAD]S & RES\RCES4 ,EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE W]E ! GOV]NM5T'S ASSAULTS UPON ! ,FREE ,UNIONS1 :I* NECESS>ILY HAD TO FUNCTION MORE OP5LY ?AN ! P>TY 9 ORD] TO REA* NONSOCIALI/ AS WELL AS SOCIALI/ WORK]S1 A TASK ?AT MADE !M V]Y VULN]ABLE TO GOV]NM5T REPRESSION1 ) A RESULT+1 EV5 PRECIPIT\S1 DROP 9 !IR NUMB]S4 

,YET EV5 AS ,BISM>CK WAS TRY+ TO EXTIRPATE ! ,S,A,P,D1 HE WAS ALSO ATTEMPT+1 BETWE5 #ahha & #a#h#h#d1 TO BUY (F ! WORK+ CLASS BY E/ABLI%+ /ATE-RUN SOCIAL 9SURANCE PROGRAMS1 COV]+ HEAL?1 OLD AGE1 & ACCID5TS4 ,AL?\< MANY ,LASSALLEANS 9 ! P>TY'S ,REI*/AG DELEGATES W]E 9CL9$ TO VOTE 9 FAVOR ( !SE BILLS1 PRESUMABLY 9 ORD] TO HELP ! LOT ( ! WORK]S & GA9 !IR VOTES1 ! LEFT )9 ! P>TY SAW !SE RE=MS AS AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,*ANCELLOR TO LURE ! WORK]S' SYMPA?IES AWAY FROM SOCIALISM & T[>D ! ,REI*4 ,AFT] 9T]NAL DISPUTES1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES1 AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 F9ALLY DID VOTE AGA9/ ! ,*ANCELLOR'S RE=MS & REFUS$ TO 5T] 9TO COMPLICITY ) A CAPITALI/1 9DE$ REACTION>Y /ATE ?AT WAS TRY+ TO CRU% AN AV[$LY ANTICAPITALI/ WORK]S' P>TY4 

,9 TIME1 ( C\RSE1 ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW PROV$ TO BE A BOOM]ANG4 ,ITS OBVI\S CLASS BIAS ONLY S]V$ TO 9CREASE SOCIALI/ 9FLU5CE AMONG A BROAD SPECTRUM ( WORK]S1 MANY ( :OM KNEW V]Y LITDE AB\T SOCIALISM1 & TO CEM5T ! ,S,A,P,D'S TIES ) NONP>TY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W]E (T5 EQUALLY UN9=M$ AB\T SOCIALI/ IDEAS BUT 9 TIME BECAME V]Y 9FLU5TIAL 9 P>TY AFFAIRS4 ,?US 9 ! ,REI*/AG ELECTIONS ( #a#h#h#d1 AFT] SIX YE>S ( REPRESSION1 ! SOCIALI/S WON MORE ?AN HALF A MILLION VOTES1 & 9 #a#h#i1 %ORDY BE=E ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW WAS P]MITT$ TO LAPSE1 !IR ELECTORAL TALLY SO>$ TO A /UNN+ #a4#d MILLION1 L>G] ?AN ANY O!R ,REI*/AG P>TY & T5 P]C5T ( ! ELECTORATE4 ,BISM>CK1 9 EFFECT1 BY TRY+ TO SUPPRESS ! SOCIALI/S1 CREAT$ A GR[+ & ANGRY CON/ITU5CY = !M AMONG ! G5]AL VOT+ PUBLIC AS WELL AS 9 RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* 9 TIME W\LD FLOOD ! P>TY & MOBILIZE CON/ITU5CIES = C&IDATES :O W]E H>DLY COMMITT$ TO ! SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES ?AT ITS LEAD]S AV[$4 

,F9ALLY1 9 #a#h#i1 ,BISM>CK WAS OBLIG$ TO RESIGN HIS POSITION--NOT LEA/ BECAUSE ( TEMP]AM5TAL DIFF]5CES ) ! NEW1 HEAD/RONG Y\NG ,KAIS]1 ,WILHELM ,I,I1 :O WAS EAG] TO RID HIMSELF ( ! >ROGANT & PATRONIZ+ ,*ANCELLOR4 ,NOR WAS ! NEW ,KAIS] EAG] TO ANTAGONIZE A L>GE NUMB] ( HIS SUBJECTS :O W]E VOT+ =1 IF NOT JO9+1 A P>TY & A UNION MOVEM5T ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD BANN$4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9 ! SAME YE> ?AT ,BISM>CK LEFT (FICE1 ,WILHELM LIFT$ ! BAN & RE/OR$ ! P>TY'S LEGAL /ATUS4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! ANTISOTIALI/ LAW1 F> FROM WEAK5+ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 GAVE IT AN AURA ( H]OIC GLAM\R1 & A TRADITION ( HAV+ SUFF]$ P]SECUTION ?AT MADE IT AN OBJECT ( REV]5CE TO ITS MEMB]S & EXT5D$ ITS 9FLU5CE 5ORM\SLY NOT ONLY 9 ,G]MANY BUT ALSO ABROAD4 

,MOREOV]1 EV5 AS ! P>TY ATTRACT$ MANY ORD9>Y ,G]MANS--MIDDLE CLASS AS WELL AS PROLET>IAN--:O W]E MORE SYMPA!TIC TO ITS PLI<T & TO ITS CALL = RE=MS ?AN TO ITS CORE SOCIAL IDEAS1 ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW1 BY REVEAL+ ! DASS NATURE ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 ALSO 9CREAS$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES 9 ! P>TY1 NAMELY ! ,M>XI/S4 ,BY #ahi MANY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORK]S NOT ONLY REG>D$ ! /ATE AS AN UNDISGUIS$ 5EMY BUT HAD VE]$ FUR!R TO ! LEFT BECAUSE ( CONT9UAL GOV]NM5T H>ASSM5T ( !IR TRADE UNIONS4 ,?US1 ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW S]V$ TO GIVE ! P>TY A REVOLUTION>Y V5E] ?AT1 UNKN[N TO ITS MORE RADICAL LEAD]S & WORK] MILITANTS1 CONCEAL$ ! PRES5CE ( MANY MEMB]S & ELECTORAL SUPPORT]S :O W]E BASICALLY RE=MI/ 9 !IR IDEAS & BEHAVIOR4 ,?IS T5SION BETWE5 RE=MI/ BEHAVIOR & RADICAL V5E]1 :I* HAD EXI/$ 9 ! P>TY S9CE ! ADOPTION ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM1 WAS ! S\RCE ( ! SEEM+LY 9EXPLICABLE AMBIGUITIES & CONTRADICTORY BEHAVIOR ( ! P>TY UP TO ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 AT ITS #ahia ,CONGRESS 9 ,]FURT1 9 ,?UR+IA1 ! P>TY *ANG$ ITS NAME = ! LA/ TIME1 TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,SOZIALDEMOKRATIS*E ,P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S1 OR ,S,P,D71 AS WELL AS ITS PROGRAM4 ,! PASSAGES 9 ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM TO :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD SO /RONGLY OBJECT$ W]E DISC>D$1 & AN 5TIRELY NEW DOCUM5T1 PI?Y & 5TIRELY COMMITT$ TO ,M>X'S IDEAS1 WAS ADOPT$4 ,FRAM$ BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ) :OM ,5GELS HAD P]SONALLY COLLABORAT$ 9 PREP>+ ,M>X'S PO/HUM\S ,!ORIES ( ,SURPLUS ,VALUE1 IT FREELY BORR[$ ITS ANALYSIS & PHRASEOLOGY FROM ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ,CAPITAL1 (T5 ) LITDE MODIFICATION ( ,M>X'S SWEEP+ PROSE /YLE4 

,! OP5+ PASSAGES ( ! ,]FURT ,PROGRAM VIRTUALLY REPEAT1 9 ! SAME R++ LANGUAGE1 ,M>X'S L9ES ON CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION 7SEE ,*APT] #c#b7 ?AT CLOSE ) ! DEM&1 0,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$40 

,EV] GREAT] GR[S ! NUMB] ( PROLET>IANS1 EV] MORE 5ORM\S ! >MY ( SURPLUS WORK]S1 EV] %>P] ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$1 EV] BITT]] ! CLASS W> BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT1 :I* DIVIDES MODEM SOCIETY 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS & IS ! COMMON *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES4.<#e#i.> 

,! LANGUAGE IS /RID5T & COMBATIVE4 ,!RE IS NO M5TION ( ,LASSALLEAN COOP]ATIVES OR /ATE SUPPORT1 /ILL LESS ANY NOTION ?AT ! /ATE CAN /& ABOVE SOCIETY AS A NEUTRAL >BIT] ( SOCIAL DIFF]5CES4 ,9 ITS HI/ORICAL DEM&S1 ! PROGRAM IS SWEEP+LY REVOLUTION>Y3 

,ONLY ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/IC PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION--! SOIL1 M9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 & MEANS ( TRANSPORT--9TO SOCIAL [N]%IP & ! TRANS=MATION ( PRODUCTION ( GOODS = SALE 9TO SOCIALI/IC PRODUCTION MANAG$ = & ?R\< SOCIETY1 CAN BR+ IT AB\T ?AT ! GREAT 9DU/RY & ! /EADILY GR[+ PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( SOCIAL LABOR %ALL = ! HI!RTO EXPLOIT$ CLASSES BE *ANG$ FROM A S\RCE ( MIS]Y & OPPRESSION TO A S\RCE ( ! HI<E/ WELF>E & ( ALL->\ND H>MONI\S P]FECTION4.<#e#i#a.> 

,?IS RADICAL TONE WAS MA9TA9$ 9 ! P>TY'S PROGRAMMATIC LIT]ATURE & 9 P>TY PRON\NCEM5TS BY ,LIEBKNE*T 7ALBEIT SOME:AT EQUIVOCALLY7 UP TO HIS DEA? 9 #ai & BY ,BEBEL :O1 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 BECAME ! REAL LEAD] ( ! P>TY'S ORGANIZATION4 ,KAUTSKY1 AS ! P>TY'S PR9CIPAL !ORETICIAN 7& $ITOR ( ITS MA9 !ORETICAL J\RNAL1 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 OR ,NEW ,TIME71 PLAY$ ! ROLE ( ! GU>DIAN ( ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY UP TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,ALL ?REE ( !SE M51 TO BE SURE1 REPEAT$LY VACILLAT$ 9 !IR POLITICAL VIEWS &1 AS WE WILL SEE1 5G9E]$ RE=MI/ COMPROMISES ) ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,NONE!LESS1 = SEV]AL DECADES !Y ADVANC$ A /IRR+ ,M>XIAN RHETORIC1 ( A K9D ?AT DID NOT V>Y GREATLY FROM ! SPEE* ?AT ,BEBEL GAVE BE=E ! ,REI*/AG %ORDY AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE3 

,Y\ %\LD BE FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! :OLE ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT & EV]YONE ELSE :O HAS /ILL )9 HIM A FEEL+ = FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE LOOKS TO ,P>IS4 ,& ?\< ,P>IS IS SUPPRESS$ AT ! MOM5T1 #a W\LD LIKE TO REM9D Y\ ?AT ! BATTLE 9 ,P>IS IS M]ELY A SMALL SKIRMI% ( \TPO/S1 ?AT ! DECISIVE EV5TS >E /ILL TO COME1 & ?AT )9 A FEW DECADES ! BATDE CRY ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT--0,W> ON ! PALACES1 PEACE = ! HUTS1 D[N ) MIS]Y & IDL5ESS0--WILL BE ! BATTLE CRY ( ! :OLE ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT4.<#e#i#b.> 

,?IS K9D ( RHETORIC HAD P]SI/$ ?R\<\T ! 0\DAW P]IOD10 & EV5 ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 :O LAT] APPEAL$ = A RE=MI/ ORI5TATION )9 ! P>TY1 9ITIALLY E*O$ ,BEBEL'S WORDS1 OPPOS+ ANY T5D5CY )9 ! ,S,P,D TO ACCOMMODATE ITSELF TO ! /ATUS QUO4 

,BUT ! P>TY'S 5ORM\S SUCCESSES AT ! POLLS1 EV5 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ITS ILLEGALITY1 SUGGE/$ ?AT AN UND]LY+ CONS]VATISM /ILL EXI/$ AMONG L>GE SECTORS ( ! P>TY & ESPECIALLY ! TRADE UNION MEMB]%IP4 ,BEBEL'S WORDS HAD BE5 APPROPRIATELY H]OIC = ! #a#h#gS & ! 0\DAW P]IOD40 ,BUT ONCE ! P>TY BECAME A FULLY LEGAL ORGANIZATION ) AN IMM5SE FOLL[+ 7(T5 POORLY $UCAT$ 9 SOCIALI/ IDEAS7 & POSSESS$ ( CONSID]ABLE MAT]IAL HOLD+S1 AS BEFIT A MAJOR P>LIAM5T>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! BEHAVIOR ( ! P>TY BECAME LESS CONFRONTATIONAL & MORE LIB]AL4 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#iS 9 S\!RN ,G]MANY1 :]E ,BISM>CK'S REPRESSIVE MEASURES HAD BE5 LESS SEV]E1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES TO ! /ATE LEGISLATURES W]E ALREADY MAK+ OPPORTUNI/IC COMPROMISES ) !IR LIB]AL COLLEAGUES & TRY+ TO TONE D[N ! REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC ( ! NATIONAL P>TY LEAD]S4 

,AMONG ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,REI*/AG DEPUTIES1 TOO1 AN EXPLICIT RI<T W+ BEGAN TO APPE>1 :I* WAS WILL+ TO ACC$E TO ,BISM>CKIAN POLICIES :5 !Y SEEM$ TO B5EFIT ITS WORK+-CLASS ELECTORATE1 EV5 DUR+ CONDITIONS ( ILLEGALITY--AS WE HAVE SE51 :5 ,BISM>CK WAS MAK+ HIS SOCIAL 9SURANCE RE=MS4 ,IT SURFAC$ EV5 MORE M>K$LY1 DUR+ ! MID-#a#h#hS1 OV] ! QUE/ION ( GOV]NM5T SUBSIDIES = ! %IP-BUILD+ 9DU/RY4 ,:]E ! ,LEFT OPPOS$ ! SUBSIDIES AS AN ATTEMPT TO FUR!R ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM BY EXT5D+ %IPP+ R\TES TO COLONIAL C\NTRIES1 ESPECIALLY ,AFRICA1 ! NEW RI<T- W+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES VIEW$ !M AS A S\RCE ( JOBS = ,G]MAN WORK]S1 >GU+ = !IR SUPPORT )9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y CAUCUS4 ,BY ! #a#h#iS1 ! P>TY WAS BECOM+ EXCESSIVELY SUCCESSFUL1 BY PROMOT+ COSMETIC RE=MS 5TIRELY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,REI*--RE=MS ?AT PROP]LY %\LD HAVE BE5 ! CONC]NS MA9LY ( LIB]ALS & PROGRESSIVES4 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT BY *AMPION+ ! MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ ( ITS WORK+-CLASS VOT]S )\T *ALL5G+ ! SOCIAL ORD]1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY WAS BECOM+ MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN SOCIALI/ & MORE RE=MI/ ?AN REVOLUTION>Y4 

,?IS RI<TW>D %IFT--9CLUD+ AN ATTEMPT BY MOD]ATE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES TO MUZZLE ! RADICAL RHETORIC ( ONE ( ! P>TY'S NEWSPAP]S1 ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT--CAN BE EXPECT$ TO EM]GE 9 ANY O/5SIBLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T :OSE DEM&S = RE=M CO9CIDE ) ?OSE ( LIB]ALS ON SPECIFIC ISSUES4 ,) ! ,S,P,D1 ?IS OV]LAPP+ ( 9T]E/S WAS UNAVOIDABLE1 GIV5 ! P>TY'S HUGE & (T5 SOCIALLY MIX$ CON/ITU5CY4 ,BUT ! P>TY C\LD ALSO HAVE *OS5 TO USE RE=MI/ ISSUES TO HEI<T5 ! IMPORTANCE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ VISION4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#e1 9 !IR 0,ADDRESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE10 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD SUGGE/$ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS P>TY LIKE ! ,LEAGUE %\LD ADVANCE RE=MI/ DEM&S BY CONT9UALLY ESCALAT+ !M 9TO REVOLUTION>Y ONES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y WROTE ?AT IF ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS WANT$ ! /ATE TO REGULATE ASPECTS ( ! ECONOMY1 ! ,LEAGUE %\LD DEM& ITS \TRI<T NATIONALIZATION2 IF ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS CALL$ UPON ! /ATE TO PUR*ASE RAILROADS1 ! ,LEAGUE %\LD DEM& ?AT ! /ATE CONFISCATE ! RAILROADS \TRI<T4 ,! ,LEAGUE1 !Y >GU$1 0MU/ DRIVE ! PROPOSALS ( ! DEMOCRATS1 :O 9 ANY CASE WILL NOT ACT 9 A REVOLUTION>Y BUT RE=MI/ MANN]1 TO ! EXTREME & TRANS=M !M 9TO DIRECT ATTACKS UPON PRIVATE PROP]TY40.<#e#i#c.> 

,?IS POLICY ( ESCALAT+ RE=MI/ DEM&S 9TO 9CREAS+LY REVOLUTION>Y ONES WAS COMPLETELY LO/ ON ! NEW (FICIALDOM ?AT ! ,S,P,D WAS SPAWN+ 9 ! ,REI*/AG & ! /ATE LEGISLATURES4 ,A PRAGMATIC POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 EXPRESSLY DISDA9FUL ( !ORY & PR9CIPLES1 IT PREF]R$ TO CONSID] ! M]ITS ( RE=MS 9 !IR [N RI<T1 (T5 PRECISELY AS ! GOV]NM5T PRES5T$ !M4 ,9/EAD ( *ALL5G+ !IR AU!NTICITY OR REVEAL+ !IR LIMITATIONS--LET ALONE EXP&+ !M 9TO MORE RADICAL DEM&S--MORE & MORE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES T5D$ TO VOTE YEA OR NAY ) LITTLE CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE4 

,EV5TUALLY1 ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! P>TY'S RHETORICAL ADH]5CE TO ,M>XISM & ITS GR[+ OPPORTUNI/IC PRAGMATISM CAME \T 9 ! OP5 9 A !ORETICAL DEBATE1 :I* RAG$ FURI\SLY FROM AB\T #ahih TO #a#i#d1 BETWE5 ,$U>D ,B]N/E9'S ,REVISIONISM & ! UPHOLD]S ( ! ,]FURT ,PROGRAM'S REVOLUTIONISM4 ,B]N/E9 HAD BE5 AN OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ UNTIL ! E>LY #a#h#iS1 & UP TO HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#c#b1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT HE REMA9$ ONE & HAD NEV] *ALL5G$ ! CORE SOCIAL 9SI<TS ( ,M>X4 ,DUR+ ! TWELVE YE>S ( ! ANTISOCIALI/ LAW HE HAD SP5T 9 ,LONDON1 EXIL$ BY A PRISON S5T5CE1 HE HAD LIV$ ALMO/ REV]5TIALLY 9 ,5GELS'S %AD[4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE HAD QUI$Y BE5 IMBIB+ ! GRADUALI/ DOCTR9ES ( ! ,BRITI% ,FABIANS1 A SMALL NUMB] ( PROM95T 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD REJECT$ REVOLUTION AS IMPRACTICAL1 9DE$ AS UNDESIRABLE1 BECAUSE CAPITALISM SEEM$ TO OP5 IMMEASURABLE PROSPECTS = RE=M & ULTIMATELY A PEACEFUL ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 

,YET IT W\LD BE NAIVE TO ASSUME ?AT ,FABIAN DOCTR9ES ALONE TURN$ ,B]N/E9 FROM A ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y 9TO A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MI/4 ,! LA/ QU>T] ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AS A :OLE WAS A TIME ( CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL IMPROVEM5T ,F> FROM FULFILL+ ,M>X'S PR$ICTIONS 9 ,CAPITAL ?AT ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY W\LD DRIVE ! WORK+ CLASS TO DE/ITUTION & PRODUCE GR[+ ECONOMIC CRISES1 WORK]S 9 ! #a#h#iS VISIBLY 5JOY$ A RELATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY4 ,! P]IOD1 IF ANY?+1 WAS M>K$ BY CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL /ABILITY & A /RONG BELIEF 9 ! C]TA9TY ( UNIMP$$ PROGRESS4 ,WORK+ )9 ! EXI/+ /ATE /RUCTURE1 IT SEEM$1 MI<T BE A F> BETT] /RATEGY = ATTA9+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AN WAG+ A COSDY1 PREC>I\S1 & BLOODY >M$ REVOLT4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS EVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY ?AT ,B]N/E9 BEGAN TO ADVANCE 9 A LETT] TO ! ,S,P,D 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#h3 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO MAKE A REVOLUTION TO ATTA9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 SOCIALI/S %\LD WORK TO MAKE 9CREM5TAL GA9S ?AT W\LD LEAD TO A SL[ & PEACEFUL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 

,B]N/E91 TO BE SURE1 WAS NOT ! FIR/ ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT TO *ALL5GE ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9ES4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#i#a1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ADOPTION ( ! ,]FURT ,PROGRAM1 ,GEORG VON ,VOLLM> ( ,MUNI* HAD VOIC$ ! BELIEF ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE ATTA9$ ?R\< A SL[ ORGANIC EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY1 & LIKE MANY ,BAV>IAN & O!R S\? ,G]MAN MEMB]S 7:O HAD NEV] SURR5D]$ ?IS VIEW71 HE URG$ ! P>TY TO ADOPT RE=MI/ MEASURES ?AT W]E TABOO$ BY OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,HIS >GUM5TS HAD FALL5 ON DEAF E>S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,PRUSSIA1 :I* H>BOR$ ! MO/ LEFT-W+ !ORI/S & WORK]S 9 ! P>TY4 ,[+ PRIM>ILY TO HIS DI/+UI%$ POSITION 9 ! P>TY & HIS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 ,B]N/E9 HAD MANAG$ TO TURN HIS ,REVISIONI/ DOCTR9ES 7AS !Y W]E CALL$7 9TO A VOCAL & GR[+ T5D5CY1 :I*1 9 FACT1 (T5 GAVE A !ORETICAL PAT9A TO PRACTICES ?AT DIFF]$ LITDE FROM ?OSE ( ! PRAGMATI/S 9 ! P>TY & ! UNIONS & ! LEAD+ TRADE UNIONI/S4 

,:AT IS V]Y SIGNIFICANT AB\T ,B]N/E9'S ,REVISIONISM1 MOREOV]1 IS ?AT IT OP5$ UP A LONG-/&+ DEBATE OV] RE=M V]SUS REVOLUTION NOT ONLY 9 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BUT AMONG SOCIALI/ P>DES ABROAD4 ,ALL ! P>TY'S BIG GUNS1 SU* AS ,KAUTSKY & ,BEBEL1 & ESPECIALLY ITS BRILLIANT !ORI/S SU* AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 D5\NC$ ,B]N/E91 & SOME EV5 TRI$ TO DRIVE HIM \T ! P>TY ITSELF4 ,BEBEL CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,B]N/E9'S VIEWS1 :I* W]E FIR/ EXPRESS$ AT ! ,/UTTG>T ,CONGRESS ( ! ,S,P,D 9 #a#h#i#h1 W]E BY NO MEANS ! AB]RATION ( A S+LE MAN3 !Y SPOKE TO A WID] SEGM5T ( ! P>TY ?AN HIS OPPON5TS' LEAD]S W]E WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ) ,BEBEL'S AID1 ,B]N/E9 REMA9$ 9 ! P>TY & EV5 BECAME A ,REI*/AG DEPUTY1 REVEAL+ ?AT *ANGES W]E OCCURR+ NOT ONLY 9 ,BEBEL'S M9D BUT 9 ?OSE ( LEAD+ !ORI/S :O SDLL PUBLICLY PR(ESS$ TO OPPOSE ,B]N/E9'S VIEWS4 ,AL?\< ! ,REVISIONI/S ALWAYS REMA9$ A M9ORITY AT ! P>TY CONGRESSES UP TO ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 !Y HAD A MU* L>G] FOLL[+ ?AN ! VOTES !Y GA9$ AT ,S,P,D CONGRESSES W\LD SEEM TO 9DICATE1 & !Y EV5 MANAG$ TO ATTA9 A V]Y IMPORTANT /&+ 9 WORLD SOCIALISM4 

,?IS SIL5T FOLL[+ 9CLUD$ AN IMPORTANT SECTOR )9 ! P>TY--! TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP1 :O W]E SOCIALI/S 9 NAME ONLY4 ,9 #a#h#h#i1 ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! UNION LEAD]%IP HAD BE5 9FURIAT$ BY ! CALL = A WORLDWIDE G5]AL /RIKE ON ,MAY #a4 ,9 ORD] TO AVOID A WORK /OPPAGE1 !Y DEM&$ ?AT ! ,G]MAN P>TY BE GIV5 ! LEEWAY TO CALL ITS ,MAY ,DAY MEET+S DUR+ AN EV5+ OR ON A WEEK5D1 RA!R ?AN /RIKE ON ,MAY #a4 ,SIGNIFIC&Y1 ,BEBEL & HIS SUPPORT]S 9 ! P>TY ACC$$ TO !IR WI%ES1 !REBY R$UC+ ! SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DAY FROM AN EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL PROTE/ TO A TAME1 CELEBRATORY FE/IVAL4 ,9DE$1 9 LAT] YE>S IT WAS UNION DELEGATES TO CONGRESSES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL :O TURN$ ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DELEGATION 9TO A CONS]VATIVE =CE ?AT G5]ALLY OPPOS$ MILITANT RESPONSES TO MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 9CLUD+ RADICAL ANTIW> RESOLUTIONS4 ,REPEAT$LY1 ! UNION LEAD]%IP PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 COLLUSION ) P>TY MOD]ATES 9 BRIDL+ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC Y\? MOVEM5T1 :I* SUPPORT$ ! RADICALS 9 ! P>TY ON DEMOCRATIC ISSUES & AGA9/ MILIT>ISM4 

,O!RWISE1 ! UNION LEAD]S1 = ! MO/ P>T1 REMA9$ ALO( FROM P>TY DEBATES ON ,REVISIONISM--NOT BECAUSE !Y OPPOS$ ,B]N/E9 BUT BECAUSE ( !IR 9DIFF]5CE TO !ORETICAL ISSUES4 ,! 9TRAP>TY DEBATES BETWE5 ! ,REVISIONI/S & ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S G5]ALLY PROVID$ ! TRADE UNIONS ) 9TELLECTUAL JU/IFICATION = !IR CAUTI\S BEHAVIOR1 IF & :5 !Y NE$$ !ORETICAL SUPPORT2 RE=MI/ P>TY C&IDATES1 9 TURN1 DREW UPON !SE DEBATES TO GA9 IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = !IR POLICIES 9 ,G]MANY'S V>I\S LEGISLATIVE BODIES4 ,BY DEGREES1 DESPITE ! MAJORITY VOTES ?AT ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S GA9$ AGA9/ ,B]N/E9 AT P>TY CONGRESSES1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT A *RONIC MALAISE AFFLICT$ ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM--ONE ?AT WAS TO TURN 9TO AN ILLNESS1 FATAL TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9 #a#i#a#d4 

,! ,G,R,[,+ ,A,C,C,O,M,M,O,D,A,T,I,O,N 

,! MO/ S]I\S PORT5T ( ! CONS]VATIVE %IFT--ONE ?AT *ALL5G$ ! CAPACITY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO ACT AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T--DID NOT OCCUR 9 ! REALM ( !ORY4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS ! RESULT ( A /ORMY & 9NOVATIVE REVOLUTION1 ( A K9D ?AT ,EUROPE HAD NOT SE5 S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,9 #a#i#e1 AFT] ! CZ>'S MISBEGOTT5 W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN 5D$ 9 DEFEAT = ,RUSSIA1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ DASS ROSE 9 AN UPRIS+ ?AT S5T TREMORS >\ND ! WORLD4 ,AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 CONSID]ABLE /REET FI<T+ 9 ! CITIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[1 !IR PRIM>Y WEAPON 9 DE/ABILIZ+ ,EUROPE'S MO/ HAT$ AUTOCRACY WAS ! G5]AL /RIKE-- OR 0MASS /RIKE10 AS IT WAS CALL$ BY ! ,G]MANS4 ,9 WIELD+ ?IS QU9TESS5TIALLY SYNDICALI/ WEAPON1 ! WORK]S DEMON/RAT$ = ALL TO SEE ?AT !Y C\LD COMPLETELY P>ALYZE ! C\NTRY'S MAJOR 9DU/RIAL C5T]S-- & CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION UNEQUAL$ BY ANY UPSURGE = MORE ?AN A G5]ATION4 

,NO SOON] DID NEWS ( ! #aie ,REVOLUTION COME TO LI<T1 ?AN A FURI\S DEBATE OP5$ )9 ! ,G]MAN ,SODAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AB\T ! M]ITS & DEM]ITS ( G5]AL /RIKES--P>TICUL>LY ?OSE WAG$ NOT M]ELY = ECONOMIC BUT ABOVE ALL = POLITICAL 5DS--9DE$1 AS A MEANS = OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM4 ,! MO/ RADICAL PROPON5TS ( ! 0MASS /RIKE0 W]E RELATIVELY Y\NG SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ! P>TY & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL--,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T 7,WILHELM'S SON71 & ,CL>A ,ZETK91 AMONG O!RS--AS WELL AS DI/+UI%$ ELD]S SU* AS ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ &1 MORE EQUIVOCALLY1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aie BR\<T ! ,S,P,D--9DE$1 ! 5TIRE ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL--FACE TO FACE ) ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI5CE & TRADITIONS4 ,! 0MASS /RIKE0 DISPUTE N[ REPLAC$ ! ,REVISIONISM DEBATE--OR MORE PRECISELY1 GAVE IT CONCRETE MEAN+4 ,LIKE ,REVISIONISM1 ! ,REVOLUTION *ALL5G$ ! V]Y IMAGE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE1 BY FOCUS+ ATT5TION ON ! 9CREAS+ APA?Y ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS T[>D REVOLUTION4 ,! ISSUE ( ! 0MASS /RIKE0 WAS NOT SIMPLY A !ORETICAL QUE/ION AMONG A FEW 9TELLECTUALLY M9D$ LEFTI/ LEAD]S4 ,RA!R1 IT =C$ MEMB]S ( ! UNIONS & !IR LEAD]S TO RECONSID] ! ROLE ?AT UNIONS AS SU* W\LD PLAY 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM4 ,BLUNDY PUT3 H[ W\LD ! UNIONS RESPOND IF ! P>TY CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE TO A*IEVE POLITICAL 5DS RA!R ?AN M]DY ECONOMIC GOALS8 

,M>X1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HAD ALWAYS REG>D$ UNIONS AS M]E S*OOLS = $UCAT+ WORK]S 9 SOCIALI/1 ESPECIALLY ,M>XIAN POLITICS4 ,HE 9V>IABLY GAVE PRIORITY TO WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL P>TIES AS ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ & ABLE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ,BE=E ! #aie ,REVOLUTION1 ,M>XI/ !ORI/S 9 ,G]MANY C\LD REASONABLY SUPPORT ?IS VIEW )\T FE> ( CONTRADICTION1 !REBY FOCUS+ ! P>TY'S ATT5TION ON ELECTORAL CONTE/S & P>LIAM5T>Y ACROBATICS4 ,/RIKES = ECONOMIC 5DS HAD BE5 LEFT TO ! UNIONS TO DECIDE UPON & F9ANCE1 AN EMPHASIS ?AT ALL[$ BUREAUCRATS 9 ! ,FREE ,UNIONS TO OCCUPY !MSELVES ) PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS ( DAY-TO-DAY ORGANIZATION & LABOR RELATIONS :ILE !Y DISDA9FULLY LET ! !ORI/S DUEL ) EA* O!R OV] F9E PO9TS ( ,M>XIAN !ORY4 

,BUT 9 #aie ! PROBLEM ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 BY RAIS+ AN ISSUE ?AT BORE DIRECDY ON ! ROLE ( TRADE UNIONS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 C\LD NOT BE IGNOR$4 ,IT 9VAD$ ! V]Y RECESSES ( ! UNION BUREAUCRACY BY REQUIR+ ?AT ! ROLE ( UNIONS 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION BE DEF9$4 ,AS ,/E5SON OBS]VES1 0,PROBABLY NO O!R ISSUE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T PRIOR TO ! \TBREAK ( WORLD W> 9 #aiad HAD SU* A F>-REA*+ IMPACT ON 9T]NAL RELATION%IPS .<9 ! ,S,P,D.> AS DID ! MASS-/RIKE DEBATE ( #a#i#e-#a#i#f40.<#e#i#d.> ,PR$ICTABLY1 ! UNION LEAD]S CATEGORICALLY OPPOS$ ! RI<T ( ! ,S,P,D TO COMMIT !M TO ANY MASS ACTION ?AT CONFRONT$ ! SOCIAL ORD]1 LET ALONE ! MASS /RIKE4 ,SO T\*Y WAS ! UNION LEAD]%IP ON ?IS ISSUE ?AT A ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE 9 ,MAY #aie NOT ONLY D5\NC$ ! USE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE BUT BLAT&Y =BADE ! UNION PRESS & LOCALS EV5 TO DISCUSS IT4 

,= !IR P>T1 ! P>TY RADICALS SAW ! MASS /RIKE NOT ONLY AS A REVOLUTION>Y WEAPON 9 ITS [N RI<T BUT AS A WAY TO REVIVE A COMBATIVE1 REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY S$ATE & P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! TRADE UNIONS1 !Y PUBLI%$ A DEF5SE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WRITT5 BY ! ,DUT* SOCIALI/ ,H5RIETTE ,ROL&-,HOL/1 ) A PREFACE BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 AS WELL AS !IR [N LIT]ATURE1 9CLUD+ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S #aif PAMPHLET ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE4 ,BEBEL1 = HIS P>T1 /RADDL+ ! UNIONS & ! RADICALS1 OPPOS$ ! G5]AL /RIKE AS MORE ?AN A PURELY PRAGMATIC & RE=MI/IC TACTIC1 BUT HE ALL[$ = ITS USE UND] RE/RICT$ CIRCUM/ANCES--A =MULA ?AT SATISFI$ NEI!R CAMP 9 ! P>TY4 

,9ASMU* AS ! G5]AL /RIKE HAD BE5 A WEAPON ( *OICE AMONG ,BAKUN9I/ AN>*I/S1 :O HAD RESOLV$ TO USE ! MEASURE AS A REVOLUTION>Y WEAPON AT !IR ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#g#c1 & 9 ,FRANCE WAS ! REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY P> EXCELL5CE ADVOCAT$ BY ! SYNDICALI/ ,C,G,T1 LOCAL ,S,P,D BRAN*ES ?R\<\T ,G]MANY BEGAN TO 9VITE AN>*I/S TO !IR MEET+S1 PRIM>ILY TO $UCATE !M ON ! SUBJECT4 ,9 FACT1 ! IDEA ( ! MASS /RIKE WAS F> MORE APPEAL+ TO ! RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S ?AN IT WAS TO ! UNION LEAD]S4 ,?US EV5 AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aie W5T D[N 9 DEFEAT1 ! NOTION ( MASS /RIKES LIV$ ON VIGOR\SLY AT ,S,P,D MEET+S & CONF]5CES4 0,! DEBATE ?US LAUN*$ WAS LONG & ACRIMONI\S10 ,/E5SON CONCLUDES1 0& DESPITE ! BE/ EF=TS ( ! P>TY & TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 ! ISSUE W\LD CONT9UE TO CAUSE PROBLEMS RI<T UP TO #a#i#a#d40.<#e#i#e.> 

,! CRUDE MEASURES US$ BY ,S,P,D & UNION LEAD]S TO DAMP5 ANY RADICAL1 LET ALONE REVOLUTION>Y S5TIM5TS AMONG !IR FOLL[]S IS LITTLE %ORT ( APPALL+4 ,9 #a#i#f1 TO NEUTRALIZE ANY SUPPORT = ! MASS /RIKE1 ,BEBEL1 :OSE REVOLUTION>Y >DOR WAS DW9DL+ AS RAPIDLY AS HE WAS AG+1 & ,C>L ,LEGI51 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC *IEFTA9 ( ! ,FREE ,UNIONS1 CONSPIR$ BEH9D ! BACKS ( !IR RESPECTIVE MEMB]%IPS TO DRAW UP A SECRET AGREEM5T ON ! F9ANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY = /RIKES4 ,/RIKES ?AT W]E CALL$ = POLITICAL REASONS W]E TO BE ! F9ANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( ! P>TY ALONE1 :ILE /RIKES = ECONOMIC GOALS W]E TO BE FUND$ BY ! UNIONS4 ,9ASMU* AS G5]AL /RIKES W]E EXPECT$ TO BE POLITICAL 9 NATURE1 !Y OBVI\SLY FELL )9 ! PURVIEW ( ! ,S,P,D1 & TO ADD 9SULT TO 9JURY1 ! AGREEM5T /IPULAT$ ?AT POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKES W]E TO BE FIRMLY DISC\RAG$ BY ! P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,9 FACT1 UND] ! GUISE ( DIVID+ UP RESPONSIBILITY = G5]AL /RIKES1 ! UNIONS BY ?IS AGREEM5T EFFECTIVELY ANNULL$ ! ABILITY ( ! P>TY TO WAGE G5]AL /RIKES ( ANY DURATION LONG] ?AN A WEEK OR SO4 ,POSSESS$ ( ONLY A QU>T] ( ! DUES-PAY+ MEMB]%IP ( ! UNIONS1 ! ,S,P,D HAD F> FEW] F9ANCIAL RES\RCES1 & S9CE ! P>TY WAS PRECLUD$ FROM CALL+ UPON ! WELL-FUND$ UNIONS = ASSI/ANCE1 EV5 A L>GE-SCALE POLITICAL /NKE ( ANY L5G?1 /ILL LESS A G5]AL /RIKE1 WAS N[ BEYOND ITS F9ANCIAL MEANS4 ,! AGREEM5T ?US GAVE ! UNION LEAD]S1 MO/ ( :OM W]E BUREAUCRATIC MOD]ATES ) POLITICAL VIEWS F> TO ! RI<T ( ! P>TY LEAD]S1 ! MEANS TO EX]CISE 9ORD9ATE F9ANCIAL LEV]AGE ON ! P>TY'S /RIKE ACTIVITIES4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 ! ,S,P,D RADICALS W]E CONC]N$ ?AT ! UNION LEAD]%IP W\LD N[ BE MORE PRONE TO NEGOTIATE ) EMPLOY]S ?AN TO 5GAGE 9 /RIKE ACTIONS ( ANY K9D1 NOT TO SPEAK ( A G5]AL /RIKE EV5 = ECONOMIC 5DS4 

,AS AL>M+ AS ?IS AGREEM5T WAS TO ! RADICALS1 A SIMIL> AGREEM5T1 ALSO WORK$ \T BY ,BEBEL1 W5T EV5 FUR!R 9 ACCORD+ P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( ! P>TY4 ,= YE>S ! UNION LEAD]%IP HAD RES5T$ ITS SECOND>Y ROLE TO ! P>TY LEAD]%IP 9 MATT]S CONC]N+ ! POLICIES ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,) ! AID ( RIS+ P>TY PRAGMATI/S SU* AS ,FRI$RI* ,EB]T1 ,BEBEL N[ NEGOTIAT$ AN AGREEM5T ) ! UNION LEAD]S ?AT W\LD GIVE P>ITY TO ! P>TY'S ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE & ! UNIONS' ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION 9 ALL MATT]S ( POLICY--A VIRTUAL ABDICATION ( ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP TO 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E SUPPOS$ TO FUNCTION M]ELY AS ! 0S*OOLS0 = SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,9TRODUC$ TO ! ,S,P,D'S ,MANNHEIM ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#f1 ! RESOLUTIONS APPROV+ !SE AGREEM5TS PRODUC$ A FUROR 9 ! P>TY'S ,LEFT1 L$ BY ,LUXEMBURG & ,KAUTSKY1 :O APPROPRIATELY REG>D$ !M AS \TRI<T BETRAYALS ( BASIC ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,BEBEL 5GAG$ 9 V]BAL ACROBATICS ?AT \TDID HIS MO/ SUBLIME FEATS ( LOGICAL MANIPULATION4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY DAMN+ & PRAIS+ ALL P>TIES TO ! DISPUTE1 ! OLD MAN EV5TUALLY RELEGAT$ ! G5]AL /RIKE = USE AS A /RICTLY DEF5SIVE WEAPON1 DESPITE ITS PAT5DY REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& ! FACT ?AT HE MANAG$ TO W9 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES TO HIS POSIDON 7#c#b#c TO #f#b7 REVEAL$ H[ F> ! ,S,P,D AS WELL AS ITS MO/ IMPORTANT LIV+ F\ND] HAD MOV$ TO ! RI<T1 CLE>LY PLAC+ N>R[ ORGANIZATIONAL CONSID]ATIONS ABOVE ONCE-SACROSANCT PR9CIPLES4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD CEAS$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & 9 FACT WAS P]MEAT$ BY RE=MI/1 EV5 CONS]VATIVE S5TIM5TS4 

,! ,MANNHEIM ,CONGRESS WAS A DECISIVE EV5T3 IT PROVID$ (FICIAL CONFIRMATION ?AT ! UNION LEAD]%IP WAS N[ DOM9ANT 9 P>TY AFFAIRS4 ,AS ,PET] ,GAY OBS]VES3 

,! LABOR LEAD]S HAD GOOD CAUSE = CELEBRATION .<AT ,MANNHEIM.>2 !IR GREAT VICTORY GAVE !M F> MORE ?AN EQUALITY3 9 EFFECT1 IT MEANT ! SURR5D] ( ! P>TY TO ! UNIONS4 ,IT PREP>$ ! WAY = ! ASC5DANCY ( P>TY BUREAUCRATS :O W]E NOT 0!ORI/S0 & :O 0C\LD GET ALONG0 ) ! UNION LEAD]S4444 ,9 %ORT1 IT SET ! /AGE = ! FAILURE ( ! P>TY 9 #aiad & = ITS BREAKUP DUR+ ! W>4.<#e#i#f.> 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! NEW AGREEM5TS M>K$ A DE FACTO RUPTURE ) :AT REMA9$ ( ,M>XISM )9 ! P>TY4 ,! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ! ,FREE ,UNIONS1 EXPRESS+ ITS SATISFACTION AT ! VANQUI%+ ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS )9 ! P>TY1 COMM5T$3 

,IT IS TO BE HOP$ ?AT ! FREQU5T RUCTIONS DUR+ ! ,P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS BETWE5 #aie & #aif WILL HAVE A LA/+ GOOD EFFECT 9 ?AT ! COMPLETE COOP]ATION1 :I* N[ EXI/S1 WILL NEV] AGA9 BE 5DANG]$ BY !ORI/S & WRIT]S :O ATTA* A GREAT] VALUE TO M]E REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS ?AN TO PRACTICAL WORK 9SIDE ! LABOR MOVEM5T4.<#e#i#g.> 

,MOREOV]1 ! P>TY'S PREOCCUPATION ) P>LIAM5T>ISM WAS TAK+ IT EV] F>!R AWAY FROM ANY?+ ,M>X HAD 5VISION$4 ,9/EAD ( WORK+ TO OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 ! ,S,P,D1 ) ITS 9T5SE FOCUS ON ELECTIONS1 HAD VIRTUALLY BECOME AN 5G9E = GETT+ VOTES & 9CREAS+ ITS ,REI*/AG REPRES5TATION )9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,$UCATION ALONG SOCIALI/ L9ES WAS GIV+ WAY TO MOBILIZATION ALONG PRAGMATIC L9ES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! P>TY DEVOT$ EV] MORE ( ITS ATT5TION TO IMM$IATE1 EV]YDAY RE=MS AT ! EXP5SE ( FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,! MORE >DUL ! ,S,P,D BECAME 9 !SE REALMS1 ! MORE ITS MEMB]%IP & ELECTORATE 9CREAS$ &1 ) ! GR[? ( NEW PRAGMATIC & OPPORTUNI/IC ADH]5TS1 ! MORE IT CAME TO RESEMBLE A BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E = ACQUIR+ P[] UND] CAPITALISM RA!R ?AN A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION TO ELIM9ATE IT4 

,! 0,M,A,S,S ,P,>,T,Y0 

,BY #a#i#a#d1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD >\ND A MILLION MEMB]S1 & ITS AFFAIRS W]E MANAG$ BY MORE ?AN #d1 PAID FUNCTION>IES & #a#a1 ORD9>Y SAL>I$ EMPLOYES4 ,IT SUPPORT$ 9NUM]ABLE P]IODICALS-- LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL--MANY ( :I* W]E DAILIES1 O!RS WEEKLIES1 /ILL O!RS MON?LIES1 ) A COLLECTIVE CIRCULATION ( A MILLION & A HALF READ]S4 ,! PLEASURES ( BE+ A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT >E SUGGE/$ BY ! MULTITUDE ( DIFF]5T HOBBIES & VOCADONS TO :I* ! P>TY'S P]IODICALS APPEAL$3 CYCLI/S C\LD READ ! ,>BEIT]-,RADFAHR] 7,! ,WORK]-,CYCLI/71 ! ORGAN ( ! ,WORK]-,CYCLI/ ,F$]ATION 9 ,(F5BA*2 *ORAL GR\PS C\LD READ ! ,DEUTS*E ,>BEIT]-,SANG]ZEITUNG 7,! ,G]MAN ,WORK]-,S+]S' ,NEWS71 ! ORGAN ( ! ,G]MAN ,WORK]-,S+]S' ,UNION4 ,!RE W]E P]IODICALS & ORGANIZATIONS = GYMNA/S1 TEMP]ANCE ADVOCATES1 EV5 /5OGRAPH]S & 9NKEEP]S4 ,ALL ( !SE PAP]S W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! ?\S&S ( COPIES1 SOME EXCE$+ #a14 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES1 CLUBS1 ASSOCIATIONS1 & GR\PS AB\ND$ EV]Y:]E TO MEET EV]Y P]SONAL NE$1 TA/E1 OR PROCLIVITY4 ,! (FICIAL CIRCULATION ( ! P>TY'S HUMOR MAGAZ9E1 ! ,WAHRE ,JAKOB1 SO>$ TO NE>LY #d14 ,SO FREQU5DY WAS IT PASS$ FROM H& TO H& ?AT ITS TOTAL READ]%IP IS E/IMAT$ TO HAVE BE5 AB\T #a4#e MILLION DEVOT$ READ]S4 ,SIGNIFIC&Y1 ! P>TY'S !ORETICAL J\RNAL1 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 F\ND$ BY ,KAUTSKY1 DID NOT EXCE$ #a#a1 READ]S1 AL?\< IT WAS ! MO/ 9TELLECTUALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ,M>XI/ P]IODICAL 9 ! WORLD4 ,! (FICIAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC NEWSPAP]1 ! ,VORW>TS1 HAD A PEAK CIRCULATION ( #a#f#e1--A HI< FIGURE = ! ORGAN ( A NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 TO BE SURE1 BUT TRIVIAL BY COMP>ISON ) ,WAHRE ,JAKOB1 :I* ADDRESS$ ! TA/ES ( ! ORD9>Y ,S,P,D MEMB] 9 SE>* ( LI<T] F>E4 

,JO9+ ! ,S,P,D MEANT 5T]+ AN ALL-5COMPASS+ SUBCULTURE1 ) ACTIVITIES TO ACC\NT = ALMO/ ALL ( ONE'S SP>E TIME4 ,A MEMB] C\LD ATT5D HIS OR H] MON?LY LOCAL P>TY MEET+2 A UNION MEET+2 LECTURES2 LOCAL & DI/RICT CONF]5CES2 & ! MEET+S ( V>I\S CULTURAL & PR(ESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS DEVOT$ TO ANCILL>Y ACTIVITIES FROM HEAL? TO SPORTS4 ,!RE W]E FE/IVALS TO 5JOY1 DEMON/RATIONS 9 :I* TO M>*--ESPECIALLY ,MAY ,DAY P>ADES1 :I* W]E SAFELY HELD ON WEEK5DS1 EV5 IF ,MAY #a FELL ON A WEEKDAY--& PROTE/ MEET+S & ELECTORAL RALLIES TO ATT5D4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC Y\?S C\LD GO ON HIKES & 5CAMPM5TS1 & HOLD !IR [N CONF]5CES1 MEET+S1 & RALLIES4 

,ALL ( ?IS MADE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY A V]ITABLE WAY ( LIFE = ! ORD9>Y WORK]4 ,IT FO/]$ A COMMITM5T TO ! P>TY ?AT WAS NOT EASILY SWAY$ BY DISSID5T IDEAS NOR EASILY TR\BL$ BY BREA*ES ( POLITICAL 9TEGRITY4 ,ONE'S FRI5DS & EV5 ONE'S FAMILY MEMB]S W]E (T5 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & ONE'S POLITICAL RIVALS W]E ! ,CA?OLIC ADH]5TS ( ! ,C5T] ,P>TY--:I* HAD ITS [N >RAY ( POPUL> ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! TWO GR\PS C\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM EA* O!R BY !IR 9SIGNIA1 MODES ( DRESS1 & EV5 MODES ( EXPRESSION AS WELL AS BY !IR POLITICAL OP9IONS4 

,ON ! EVE ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY POLL$ #cd P]C5T ( ! VOTES = ! ,REI*/AG & GA9$ #aa \T ( ! #cif SEATS1 ?US MAK+ IT ! L>GE/ P>TY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,AB\T #bb P>TY MEMB]S SAT 9 /ATE LEGISLATURES1 MORE ?AN #b1#h 9 CITY P>LIAM5TS1 & SOME #i1 9 RURAL T[N & VILLAGE C\NCILS4 ,AL?\< SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES AT ALL LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T MADE !MSELVES ACCESSIBLE TO !IR CON/ITU5TS-- ESPECIALLY DUR+ ELECTIONS1 :5 P>TY MEMB]S MI<T BE 9DUC$ TO CAMPAIGN 9 !IR BEHALF--MEMB]S ( ! ,REI*/AG ,FRAKTION 7OR CAUCUS7 9 P>TICUL> HAD BECOME MORE & MORE REMOV$ FROM ANY LIV$ CONTACT ) ! MEMB]%IP4 ,CONSUMMATELY MOD]ATE 9 \DOOK1 !SE DEPUTIES DETE/$ ! 0WILD0 RADICALS :OSE !ORIES W]E AIR$ 9 ! P>TY PRESS & :OSE CONFRONTATIONAL NOTIONS DISCR$IT$ !M ) ,G]MANY'S 0BETT] CLASSES40 ,9 TIME1 SOME DEPUTIES EV5 TOOK ISSUE ) MOD]ATES )9 ! P>TY LEAD]%IP ITSELF :O1 9 !IR EYES1 W]E NOT QUITE MOD]ATE 5\<4 

,9DE$1 F> TOO MANY ,S,P,D ,REI*/AG DEPUTIES 7OV] TW5TY P]C5T7 W]E NOT ONLY P>TY MEMB]S BUT LEAD]S ( ! 9CREAS+LY CONS]VATIVE TRADE UNIONS4 ,!IR LONG CLIMB ?R\< ! TRADE-UNION APP>ATUS TO POSITIONS ( /ATE P[] & !IR DEAD5+ PRAGMATISM MADE !M DISDA9FUL ( !ORIES1 PR9CIPLES1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 SEEM+LY IMPRACTICAL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,PLAC+ A /RONG EMPHASIS ON REALPOLITIK1 !Y DESPIS$ ! IDEALISM ?AT HAD CEM5T$ ! P>TY DUR+ ITS 0\TLAW P]IOD10 & !Y DISDA9$--SOMETIMES ) A BAD CONSCI5CE--P>TY FIGURES :O /ILL EMBODI$ ! RADICAL BELIEFS ( !IR Y\NG] DAYS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 LIKE MO/ P>V5US1 MANY ( !M H>BOR$ A COV]T ADMIRATION = ! V]Y NOBILITY1 ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE1 & EV5 ! MILIT>Y1 :I* !IR PROGRAM COMMITT$ !M TO OPPOSE4 

,! ,REI*/AG ,FRAKTION1 9 TURN1 BECAME AN 9DEP5D5T P[] 9 ITS [N RI<T1 LIT]ALLY /&+ AP>T FROM ! P>TY & P>TY MEMB]S & DEM&+ POLITICAL AUTONOMY FROM ! P>TY'S 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y SEEM$ TO REG>D !MSELVES AS REPRES5TATIVES NOT ( ! REGUL> ,S,P,D VOT]S ALONE BUT ( ALL !IR CON/ITU5TS1 9CLUD+ TRANSITORY SUPPORT]S & ! LESS POLITICIZ$ & RADICALIZ$ ONES4 ,) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 ! RESULTS ( ?IS DEVOLUTION ( P>TY LEAD]%IP & P>LIAM5T>Y DEPUTATION ALIKE T[>D ACCOMMODATION ) ! EXI/+ SY/EM W]E TO PROVE RU9\S1 BO? TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & TO ,G]MANY4 

,DESPITE ITS 5ORM\S SIZE & FOLL[+1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS BY NO MEANS AMORPH\S4 ,CONTR>Y TO CONV5TIONAL MY?1 IT WAS A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY :OSE CONGRESSES 5=C$ /RICT DISCIPL9E :5 NECESS>Y & HAD FULL AU?ORITY TO EXPEL DISSID5TS :O !Y FELT DIV]G$ %>PLY FROM ! P>TY'S DOCTR9E4 ,?IS DISCIPL9E WAS ESPECIALLY 5=C$ )9 ! ,REI*/AG ,FRAKTION1 :]E ON ANY GIV5 ISSUE ! DELEGATES W]E OBLIG$ TO VOTE 9 FAVOR ( ! POLICY ADOPT$ BY ! CAUCUS'S MAJORITY1 :E!R !Y P]SONALLY AGRE$ ) IT OR NOT--& NO MATT] H[ RAUC\S & EV5 BITT] ! DEBATE )9 ! CAUCUS HAD BE54 ,9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 ?IS C5TRALISDC /RUCTURE SET A PREC$5T = ,L59'S VIEWS ( H[ A SOCIALI/ P>TY %\LD BE /RUCTUR$ 9 ! FACE ( OPPON5TS & 9 DMES ( CRISIS4 ,AL?\< ! P>TY CULTURE NURTUR$ BROAD P>TICIPATION BY MEMB]S 9 ITS MANY SOCIAL ACTIVITIES1 ! C5TRALISM & ! DISCIPL9E ( ! P>TY /RUCTURE S]V$ TO RE/RICT MEMB]S' 9VOLVEM5T 9 MAK+ IMPORTANT DECISIONS1 AS WITNESS ! LEAD]%IP'S BACK-ROOM CONCESSIONS TO ! UNIONS & ! 5ORM\S P[] ACCRU$ BY ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY4 

,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ITS UNIONS FROM #aie TO #aiad IS A GRAY /ORY ( MORAL DECOMPOSITION AMID /UP5D\S ECONOMIC GR[?1 & ( ! PRIMACY ( QUANTITY--9 ! =M ( MEMB]S1 ,REI*/AG DEPUTIES1 & F9ANCIAL RES\RCES 7MORE ?AN #b MILLION M>KS1 AN 5ORM\S SUM 9 ?OSE DAYS1 W]E TI$ UP 9 P>TY BUS9ESS 9VE/M5TS7--OV] QUALITY1 9 ! =M ( TAL5T1 REVOLUTION>Y RESOLUT5ESS1 & !ORETICAL 9SI<T ,BY #a#i#a#d1 ! P>TY WAS L>GELY A CONS]VATIVE ORGANIZATION1 DESPITE ITS RADICAL RHETORIC4 ,ITS REJECTION ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 AS WELL AS ITS PRAGMATIC AGREEM5TS ) ! GOV]NM5T ON DUBI\S LEGISLATION1 :I* COMPROMIS$ ! P>TY'S PR9CIPLES1 =E%AD[$ ITS COLLAPSE ) ! COM+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,NONE!LESS1 IT IS POSSIBLE1 9DE$ CU/OM>Y1 TO SPEAK ( A DISCEMABLE ,LEFT1 ,RI<T1 & ,C5T] 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY DUR+ ! YE>S BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,DAVID ,W4 ,MORGAN1 9 HIS FASC9AT+ ACC\NT1 DESCRIBES !SE ?REE BASIC DIVISIONS4 ,! ,LEFT1 BY REMA9+ )9 ! P>TY 9/EAD ( =M+ A NEW ONE1 9ADV]T5DY P]PETUAT$ ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,S,P,D WAS 9 SOME WAY ! 9H]ITOR ( ! ,M>XIAN LEGACY4 ,IT WAS L$ PRIM>ILY BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T & ,CL>A ,ZETK91 AS WELL AS ! AG+ & FEEBLE ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ & A Y\NG] G5]ATION L$ BY ! LITDE-KN[N ,PAUL ,LEVI1 ,WILHELM ,PIECK1 & O!R FUTURE F\ND]S ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4.<#e#i#h.> ,!SE LEFTI/S CONSI/5DY OPPOS$ ! ,REVISIONI/S' ATTEMPTS TO EASE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9TO POSITIONS ( P[] OR EV5 TO USE ! EXI/+ /ATE TO CREATE A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y !MSELVES DID NOT REJECT P>LIAM5T>ISM AS SU*2 RA!R1 !Y REG>D$ ELECTION CAMPAIGNS AS $UCATIONAL 5DEAVORS & ,REI*/AG DEPUTIES PRIM>ILY AS PUBLIC $UCATORS1 NOT AS M]E LEGISLATORS4 ,NOR DID ! LEFTI/S1 UNLIKE ! ,REVISIONI/S1 ACCEPT ANY AGREEM5TS ) B\RGEOIS P>TIES 9 ! ,REI*/AG4 ,!Y ADAM&Y ADH]$ TO ! P>TY'S TRADITIONAL PRECEPT ( REFUS+ TO OCCUPY M9I/]IAL POSITIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5T ,AGA91 FOLL[+ A TRADITIONAL P>TY PRECEPT ! ,LEFT OPPOS$ ANY VOTE 9 SUPPORT ( ! GOV]NM5T'S BUDGETS1 AS AN 9DICATION ( ITS NONCOOP]ATION ) ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,9 #aiad IT W\LD FIRMLY OPPOSE ! W> AS IMP]IALI/1 CALL+ = 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ALL ! CONT5D+ GOV]NM5TS & ! ULTIMATE OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,AS = ! POLITICAL TEMP]ATURE ( ! P>TY MEMB]%IP--! ORD9>Y RANK- &-FILE MEMB]S--BY F> ! MAJORITY C\LD BE F\ND 9 ! BROAD ,C5T]1 V]Y (T5 CONT5T ) ! SOCIAL 9SURANCE & O!R B5EFITS 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY ?AT ! P>TY DEF5D$ ON !IR BEHALF4 ,MO/ ( ! P>TY EXECUTIVE1 $ITORS1 & LEAD+ BUREAUCRATS W]E ALSO P>T ( ! ,C5T]1 AS W]E ,FRI$RI* ,EB]T1 ! MO/ COLORLESS1 SUPREMELY BUREAUCRATIC EMBODIM5T ( ! P>TY'S PRAGMATIC MALAISE1 & ,C>L ,LEGI51 ! *IEFTA9 ( ! ,FREE ,UNIONS1 :O 9 FACT BELONG$ TO ITS RI<T W+4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT LEAD]S ( ! ,S,P,D'S ,C5T]1 IRONICALLY1 W]E SOME ( ! V]Y M5 :O PRES5T$ !MSELVES RHETORICALLY AS GU>DIANS ( ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY1 NAMELY ,BEBEL UP TO HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#a#c1 ,HUGO ,HAASE :O REPLAC$ HIM AS P>TY *AIRMAN1 & ,K>L ,KAUTSKY4 ,:ILE ! ,C5T]1 9 !ORY1 ACCEPT$ ! BASIC P>TY PRECEPTS UPHELD BY ! ,LEFT1 9 PRACTICE IT DEALT ) !M AS NAIVE & IDEALI/IC 5CUMBRANCES4 ,LIKE A CONGREGATION RECIT+ ! ,DECALOGUE1 ! ,C5T] M\!D ! P>TY'S BASIC PRECEPTS ALL ! MORE TO IGNORE !M 9 DAILY LIFE4 ,AS ! ,S,P,D AG$ 9TO GR[+ RESPECTABILITY1 IT ?US RE9=C$ AN UGLY REIFICATION ( LANGUAGE3 EV5 ! MO/ /OLID ( ITS BUREAUCRATS & MANY ( ITS MEMB]S C\LD RHETORICALLY HAIL ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ W>1 9VOKE PROLET>IAN SOLID>ITY1 & PAY LIP S]VICE TO CLASS CONFLICT--ONLY TO FOLL[ AN OPPORTUNI/IC DIRECTION 9 ! FACE ( A CRISIS1 ) L[]$ BANN]S & SULLI$ PLAC>DS4 

,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ?IS ,C5T]1 GIV+ DUE ALL[ANCE TO ALL ITS GRADATIONS1 NEV] ACCEPT$ 9SURRECTION AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EV5 9 ! #a#h#iS1 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T 7HE DI$ 9 #ai AT ! AGE ( SEV5TY- F\R7 HAD M\!D PHRASES AB\T ! NE$ TO USE =CE 9 DISLODG+ CAPITALISM1 ONLY TO WAV] & MAKE COMPROMISES ) RE=MI/S TO PRES]VE P>TY /ABILITY4 ,KAUTSKY1 O/5SIBLY A BA/ION ( ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY1 ABHORR$ VIOL5CE & CIVIL W>2 HIS [N IDEAS ( A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY DID NOT GO BEYOND ! NE$ TO GA9 AN ELECTORAL MAJORITY 9 ! ,REI*/AG & CONFRONT ! GOV]NM5T ) HIS HI<LY C5TRALI/IC V]SION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BEBEL1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS ! >*ITECT ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT COMPROMISE ?AT ! P>TY MADE ) ITS ,M>XIAN H]ITAGE4 ,HIS POPUL>ITY AS A LEAD] ( ! ,C5T]1 H[EV]1 REMA9$ UNDIM9I%$4 ,P]HAPS MO/ ACCURATE IS ! COMM5T ?AT ,GEORGE ,L$EB\R1 A LEFT-C5TRI/ ,REI*/AG DEPUTY1 ONCE MADE TO ! Y\NG ,LEON ,TROTSKY2 ! ,S,P,D1 HE DECL>$1 CONSI/S ( 0TW5TY P] C5T RADICALS1 ?IRTY P] C5T OPPORTUNI/S--& ! RE/ FOLL[ ,BEBEL10 HONOR+ RADICAL RHETORIC 9 ! BREA*4.<#e#i#i.> 

,RE=MISM SANK SU* DEEP ROOTS 9TO ! ,S,P,D ?AT :5 A SUCCESSFUL TAKEOV] ( ,G]MANY BY AN >M$ PROLET>IAT ACTUALLY BECAME FEASIBLE1 ! P>TY COMPLETELY FAIL$ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ITS MO/ BASIC COMMITM5TS4 ,! P>TY LEAD]%IP %[$ ITSELF TO BE1 AT BE/1 LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC 9 ORI5TATION1 SEEK+ TO *ANGE AN EMPIRE 9TO A REPUBLIC BY MAK+ A NUMB] ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 & AT WOR/1 OV]DY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y1 A PROP = REACTION CYNICALLY DRAP$ 9 A R$ FLAG1 M\?+ EMPTY RADICAL V]BIAGE TO CONFUSE ITS FOLL[]S4 

,! P>TY'S IDEOLOGICAL RI<T W+1 NOTABLY ,B]N/E9'S ,REVISIONI/S1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 MADE NO ATTEMPT TO ESP\SE REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLES4 ,IT EXPRESSLY VIEW$ CAPITALISM AS A LONG-LIV$1 /ABLE SOCIAL ORD] ?AT C\LD NOT BE OV]?R[N BY REVOLUTION & S\<T TO JETTISON ,M>XI/ !ORIES ( GR[+ ECONOMIC IMMIS]ATION 7,V]EL5DUNG7 & IMP5D+ CLASS W>4 ,SO NUM]\S W]E ! VOTES CA/ AGA9/ ,REVISIONI/ PROPOSALS AT P>TY & ,9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES ?AT ! FOLL[]S ( ,B]N/E9 SOMETIMES SEEM$ TO EXI/ M]ELY AS A FOIL = ! ,LEFT & ! ,C5T] TO ATTACK4 ,BUT DESPITE !IR NUM]\S DEFEATS1 ,REVISIONI/S %>$ MORE COMMON GR\ND ) ! P>TY MEMB]%IP ?AN ! P>TY'S ,M>XIAN RHETORIC ALL[$ MO/ OBS]V]S ( ! ,S,P,D TO P]CEIVE4 

,MORE DI/URB+--& DANG]\S--?AN ! ,REVISIONI/S !MSELVES W]E \TRI<T1 RUN-(-MILL RE=MI/S SU* AS ! TRADE UNIONI/S & ! MEMB]S FROM ! S\!RN ,G]MAN /ATES1 :O SAT 9 ! /ATE LEGISLATURES1 MADE %ADY DEALS ) B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 & VOT$ = LEGISLATIVE RE=MS 9 VIRTUAL DISREG>D ( P>TY PRECEPTS & ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,9DE$1 MORE ACCURATELY ?AN ! ,LEFT & ! ,C5T]1 ?IS ,RI<T REFLECT$ BY ITS BEHAVIOR ! GR[+ DRIFT )9 ! P>TY AWAY FROM APPEALS = SOCIAL REVOLUTION & T[>D APPEALS = DEMOCRATIC RE=M4 

,! CONSI/5DY POOR %[+ ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT CAN BE P>DY EXPLA9$ BY ! 5ORM\S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL B5EFITS ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS HAD GA9$ BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,BISM>CK HAD %REWDLY C\RT$ ! PROLET>IAT ) ! MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIAL LEGISLATION 9 ! WORLD1 & ! ,S,P,D1 BY VIRTUE ( ! ADDITIONAL RE=MS IT GA9$1 PROVID$ ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS ) A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 ! PRES]VATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,APPROXIMATELY ELEV5 MILLION ,G]MAN WORK]S ACQUIR$ RETIREM5T B5EFITS & M$ICAL 9SURANCE2 & EI<TE5 MILLION W]E 9SUR$ AGA9/ ACCID5TS--B5EFITS ?AT W]E VIRTUALLY UNKN[N TO WORK]S ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y DETAIL ( WORKPLACE LIFE1 FROM MAXIMUM H\RS TO ! NUMB] ( LATR9ES 9 A %OP1 W]E REGULAT$ BY GOV]NM5TAL LEGISLATION4 ,BEBEL1 :O HAD A CANNY ABILITY TO UND]/& ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT & SEEM+LY READ ITS M9D1 ACIDLY NOT$ AS HE WAT*$ A P>ADE ( ,PRUSSIAN ,GU>DS 9 #a#h#i#b1 0,LOOK AT ?OSE FELL[S2 EI<TY P] C5T ( !M >E ,B]L9]S & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BUT IF !RE WAS TR\BLE !Y W\LD %OOT ME D[N AT A WORD ( COMM& FROM ABOVE40.<#f.> ,9 ANY CASE1 AS LONG AS NO MAJOR CRISIS COMPELL$ ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TO F9ALLY CA/ (F ITS RADICAL RHETORIC & %[ ITSELF FULLY AS A RE=MI/ P>TY1 NE>LY ALL ITS LEAD+ MEMB]S C\LD SMUGLY PAY TRIBUTE TO ,M>XIAN IDEAS & RADICAL P>TY PRECEPTS4 ,AL?\< ! ,S,P,D'S ANNUAL CONGRESSES HAD BECOME AN ONGO+ BATTLEGR\ND = DEBATES OV] EV]Y?+ FROM ,REVISIONISM TO ! ROLE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! P>TY MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 A FACADE ( IDEOLOGICAL UNITY UP TO #a#i#a#c1 :5 ,BEBEL DI$ AFT] YE>S ( BALANC+ ! ,LEFT & ,RI<T )\T ANY MAJOR DEFECTIONS4 

,HIS DEA? M>K$ ! 5D ( AN ]A & ! OV]T COLLAPSE ( ! ,S,P,D'S REVOLUTION>Y FACADE4 ,ONLY A YE> LAT]1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 ! LONG-DREAD$ *ALL5GE CAME1 :5 ! ,KAIS] DEM&$ ?AT ! ,REI*/AG VOTE = W> CR$ITS TO SUPPORT ! >MY 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,H[ W\LD ! ,S,P,D DEPUTIES VOTE8 ,W\LD !Y REMA9 TRUE TO !IR ,M>XIAN 9T]NATIONALISM & REJECT ! W> AS IMP]IALI/8 ,OR W\LD !Y SUCCUMB TO NATIONALISM & VOTE TO SUPPORT ! W> EF=T8 ,! P>TY WAS TOO HEAVILY 9VE/$ 9 ITS PRESSES1 (FICES1 & PROP]TIES1 & TOO COMMITT$ TO RE=M+ & !REBY PRES]V+ ! V]Y SOCIETY IT WAS SWORN TO UNDO1 TO RESPOND TO ! CRISIS ( #aiad 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]4 ,ITS P>LIAM5T>Y ,FRAKTION1 DESPITE BITT] DISAGREEM5TS BY A M9ORITY ( DEPUTIES1 VOT$ AS A BLOC 9 FAVOR ( CR$ITS TO F9ANCE ! W>4 

,! ONLY SURPRIS+ ASPECT ( ?IS VOTE WAS ! 9CR$ULITY EXPRESS$ BY MANY RADICALS BO? )9 & )\T ! P>TY :5 !Y HE>D ( ! ,S,P,D'S VOTE 9 ! ,REI*/AG 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d4 ,ITS CAPITULATION C\LD HAVE BE5 =ESE5 YE>S E>LI]1 ESPECIALLY AFT] IT GAVE 9 TO ! TRADE UNIONS AT ,MANNHEIM1 & ITS [N TEPID BEHAVIOR AT ! #aig ,/UTTG>T ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :]E A SIZABLE P>T ( ! ,S,P,D DELEGATION HESITAT$ TO TAKE AN ADAMANT /& AGA9/ ! ,REI* 9 ! EV5T ( A W>4 ,! A/ONI%M5T ( ! SOCIALI/ ,LEFT IS P]HAPS UND]/&ABLE ONLY BECAUSE ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS 9T]NATIONALLY REG>D$ AS ! F\NDATION1 9DE$ ! MODEL P>TY1 ( A ,M>XI/ ,9T]NATIONAL--9DE$1 0! P>TY ( ,M>X0--:OSE CONGRESSES BR\<T TOGE!R ! MO/ ADVANC$ REVOLUTION>IES ( ! P]IOD4 

,! ,S,P,D ,& ,! ,S,E,C,O,N,D ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 5JOY$ 5ORM\S EM95CE AMONG ! DELEGATES TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & %AP$ ! ORGANIZATION1 /RUCTURALLY & POLITICALLY1 9 ITS [N IMAGE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAME HEIR TO MANY ( ! SAME CONS]VATIVE T5D5CIES ?AT BELEAGU]$ ! ,G]MAN P>TY4 

,! FIR/ 9DICATION ?AT ! ,S,P,D'S 9FLU5CE ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD M>K A DRIFT TO ! RI<T APPE>$ AS E>LY AS ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ON ! ,RUE ,PETRELLE 9 #a#h#h#i4 ,! ISSUE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS ,MAY ,DAY1 ! PROLET>IAN 0HOLIDAY0 9T5D$ TO EXPRESS 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY & MILITANCY4 ,! MILITANTS AT ! CONGRESS WANT$ TO PASS A RESOLUTION SUPPORT+ FULL P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROTE/S1 CALL+ ON WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS TO JO9 9 /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS ON ,MAY #a4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,G]MANS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 W]E ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ TO ANY WORK /OPPAGE ?AT MI<T BE SUGGE/IVE ( A G5]AL /RIKE1 EV5 IF ONLY = A S+LE DAY4 ,MAY ,DAY1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,S,P,D1 WAS TO BE A 0HOLIDAY0 OR AT MO/ A WEEK5D OR EV5+ DISPLAY ( WORK+-CLASS /R5G?4 

,ACCORD+LY1 :5 ! ,RUE ,PETRELLE CONGRESS PASS$ A RESOLUTION SUPPORT+ ,MAY ,DAY1 ! ,S,P,D DELEGATES ADD$ A RID] ?AT LEFT IT TO ! DISCRETION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL NATIONAL P>TIES TO DET]M9E :AT K9D ( SPECIFIC ACTION W\LD TAKE PLACE4 ,! ,S,P,D'S ANEMIC RID] WAS ADOPT$1 AL?\< IT PRODUC$ CONSID]ABLE RES5TM5T AMONG ! MORE MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?AT ! ,G]MAN POSITION C\LD HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ AT ALL DEMON/RAT$ H[ %AKY1 AS E>LY AS #a#h#h#i1 W]E ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITM5TS ( ! PR(ESS$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ,EUROPE--EV5 9 ! MATT] ( A SYMBOLIC ONE-DAY WORK /OPPAGE4 ,! RES5TM5T ( ! MILITANTS RESURFAC$ DUR+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S ,CONGRESS AT ,ZURI* 9 #a#h#i#c1 :5 ,VICTOR ,ADL]1 *ALL5G+ ! ,S,P,D'S CAUTI\S BEHAVIOR1 C>RI$ A VOTE 9 FAVOR ( DEMON/RATIONS ON ,MAY #a1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R IT WAS A WORKDAY4 ,! ,G]MAN DELEGATION FURI\SLY OPPOS$ ,ADL]'S RESOLUTION4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 9 ,G]MANY ITSELF1 ! ,S,P,D TURN$ ! ,ADL] RESOLUTION 9TO A DEAD LETT] AT ITS ANNUAL P>TY CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE1 :]E IT OP5LY REJECT$ ! USE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE EXCEPT = V]Y RE/RICT$ GOALS4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL TO COMMIT ITSELF TO P>TICIPATION 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL DAY ( PROLET>IAN SOLID>ITY AUGUR$ ! CONS]VATIVE DRIFT ?AT WAS SOON TO COME4 

,ONCE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ADOPT$ ,M>XISM AS ITS (FICIAL IDEOLOGY 9 #ahic & EXPELL$ ! AN>*I/S 9 #a#h#i#f1 ITS MEET+S BECAME HI<LY /YLIZ$1 ) WELL- ORD]$ SPEE*ES1 COMMITTEES1 & RESOLUTIONS1 & ( C\RSE1 ! PRESCRIB$ & HI<LY DECORATIVE R$ BANN]S ( SOCIALISM4 ,=M 9CREAS+LY DOM9AT$ SUB/ANCE1 & LOYALTIES W]E (T5 BAS$ AS MU* ON ! DELEGATES' FEEL+S ( AWE = P>TICUL> SOCIALI/ LEAD]S AS ON ! CONT5T ( !IR ORATIONS4 ,AFT] #ai AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,BUREAU 9 ,BRUSSELS FUNCTION$ AS A CLE>+H\SE = REPORTS & DATA ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 *AIR$ BY ,EMILE ,V&]VELDE1 ! /ORMY PETREL ( ! ,BELGIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY4 ,IT WAS AS CLOSE TO A P]MAN5T COORD9AT+ BODY AS ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD EV] CREATE 9 ITS NE>LY ?REE DECADES ( ACTIVE EXI/5CE1 & ITS P[]S W]E M9IMAL1 EV5 MEAG]1 LEAV+ ALL ! ASSOCIAT$ P>TIES TO FOLL[ !IR [N :IMS & DESIRES1 ) LITTLE OR NO REG>D = ONE ANO!R'S BEHAVIOR4 

,9 ALL1 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HELD N9E CONGRESSES BETWE5 #ahhi & #a#i#a#b4 ,ITS RESOLUTIONS AT !SE CONGRESSES1 TO BE SURE1 E/ABLI%$ C]TA9 /&>DS ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL BEHAVIOR--AN EMPHASIS ON REVOLUTION OV] RE=M1 ! REJECTION 9 PR9CIPLE ( 5TRY 9TO B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS1 OPPOSITION TO A ,EUROPEAN W> & TO MILIT>ISM G5]ALLY1 & EV5 SUPPORT = ! G5]AL >M+ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT LIKE ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,S,P,D1 !SE /&>DS DEF9$ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM ONLY ON PAP] & W]E (T5 HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 

,NOT ONLY DID ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAME A REPLICA ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ITS RHETORICAL COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION & 9T]NATIONALISM1 BUT TO A GREAT EXT5T IT TOO WAS B$EVIL$ BY ,REVISIONI/ T5D5CIES1 ESPECIALLY OV] ! ISSUE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,:5 ! /RIKE ISSUE CAME UP1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ESS5TIALLY ?REW IT BACK 9TO ! LAPS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P>TIES1 :I* FATALLY REMOV$ IT FROM ! >5A ( WORLDWIDE PROLET>IAN ACTION4 ,BUT ! G5]AL /RIKE ISSUE REFUS$ TO DISAPPE> FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S AG5DA1 ANY MORE ?AN IT C\LD ELUDE ! AG5DA ( ! ,G]MAN P>TY1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! #aie ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & H] COMRADES CONT9UALLY PU%$1 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 = ! RI<T TO USE ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A REVOLUTION>Y WEAPON RA!R ?AN AS A MEANS TO GA9 LIMIT$ 5DS SU* AS ! EI<T-H\R DAY OR SUFFRAGE4 ,H] EF=TS W]E 5TIRELY )\T AVAIL--BUT ! ISSUE HOV]$ OV] ! ,9T]NATIONAL LIKE A <O/1 ESPECIALLY AS A WORLDWIDE W> APPROA*$4 

,9 FACT1 ! ALL-IMPORTANT QUE/ION ( H[ ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD RESPOND TO A WORLD W> PRODUC$ A MAJOR DIVISION BETWE5 ,LEFT & ,RI<T AT SEV]AL CONGRESSES4 ,! ,LEFT %\LD1 9 FACT1 HAVE PRODUC$ AN OP5 SPLIT1 BUT IT FAIL$ TO DO SO BECAUSE ( A MISPLAC$ COMMITM5T TO ! FETI% ( ORGANIZATIONAL 0UNITY40 ,AT ! #aig ,/UTTG>T ,CONGRESS1 FOLL[+ ! PASSAGE ( A TEPID ANTIW> RESOLUTION 9TRODUC$ BY ,BEBEL1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ! PR9CIPAL ,RUSSIAN DELEGATES AT ! ,CONGRESS1 ,VLADIMIR ,ILYI* ,L59 & ,JULIUS ,M>TOV1 9TRODUC$ A MORE MILITANT AM5DM5T1 :I* ! DELEGATES DUTIFULLY ADOPT$4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ?US DECL>$3 

,IF A W> ?REAT5S TO BREAK \T1 IT IS A DUTY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\NTRIES AFFECT$ 444 TO MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO PREV5T ! W> BY ALL MEANS :I* SEEM TO !M APPROPRIATE4444 ,%\LD A W> NONE ! LESS BREAK \T1 IT IS !IR DUTY TO 444 MAKE USE ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CRISIS CREAT$ BY ! W> TO /IR UP ! DEEPE/ /RATA ( ! PEOPLE & PRECIPITATE ! FALL ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4.<#f#a.> 

,?IS RESOLUTION WAS ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE4 ,IT W5T BEYOND PURELY DEF5SIVE ACTION TO PREV5T OR OPPOSE A W>1 SU* AS A REFUSAL TO VOTE = W> CR$ITS & 5GAGE 9 DEMON/RATIONS4 ,9DE$1 IT ESS5TIALLY CALL$ UPON SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO USE ! CONFLICT & ITS SOCIALLY DE/ABILIZ+ EFFECTS TO PROMOTE AN \TRI<T PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS LEFTI/ RESOLUTION WAS DILUT$1 AS ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE PO9TS \T3 

,NO?+ WAS SAID AB\T ! G5]AL /RIKE1 OR AB\T 9SURRECTION--! ,G]MANS SAW TO ?AT2 BUT ?ANKS TO ! ,RUSSIAN ADDITION ! PRESCRIPTION = ACTION W5T A LONG WAY BEYOND ! M]E P>LIAM5T>Y PROTE/S :I* ALONE HAD BE5 EXPLICIDY SET =? 9 ,BEBEL'S DRAFT4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE WAS NOT RUL$ \T--IT WAS PASS$ OV] 9 SIL5CE2 & ! SAME CAN BE SAID ( 9SURRECTION1 :I* CAN 9DE$ BE REG>D$ AS IMPLICIT 9 ! F9AL RESOLUTION4.<#f#b.> 

,H5CE1 ON ! W> ISSUE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL COMMITT$ ITSELF TO NO?+--& AS TIME WAS TO %[1 IT W\LD DO NO?+ :5 HO/ILITIES BROKE \T1 TO ITS LA/+ DISGRACE4 

,NO LESS HAUNT+ ?AN ! G5]AL /RIKE ISSUE WAS ! FAILURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO DECISIVELY REJECT ! 5TRY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9TO B\RGEOIS CAB9ETS1 A CRISIS ?AT WAS PRECIPITAT$ BY ,ALEX&RE ,MILL]& A SOCIALI/ MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 :O AGRE$ TO BECOME A M9I/] 9 ,R5E ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU'S GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#i#i4 ,AL?\< ,MILL]& WAS EV5TUALLY EXPELL$ FROM ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ITS ,FIF? ,CONGRESS 9 ,P>IS 9 #ai PASS$ A RESOLUTION 7PREP>$ BY ,KAUTSKY7 AGA9/ 05TRISM10 AS IT WAS CALL$--BUT V]Y NOTICEABLY1 )\T CONDEMN+ IT 5TIRELY4 ,! RESOLUTION1 %EPH]D$ ?R\< ! ,CONGRESS BYJEAN ,JAURES 7:O LAT] BECAME ! 9DUBITABLE LEAD] ( ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S71 WAS SYMPTOMATIC ( ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,LEFT REVOLUTION>IES TO %AKE (F ! 9FLU5CE ( GOV]NM5TAL OPPORTUNI/S )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! EQUIVOCAL RESOLUTION SATISFI$ NEI!R ! ,RI<T NOR ! ,LEFT AT ! ,CONGRESS3 :ILE ! ,LEFT WAS APPALL$ BY ANY P>TICIPATION 9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 ,FR5* & S\? ,G]MAN RE=MI/S W]E PIQU$ ?AT ANY RE/RICTION AT ALL WAS PLAC$ ON !IR FRE$OM TO =M GOV]N+ COALITIONS ) B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL REPEAT$LY & RITUALI/ICALLY CONDEMN$ ,B]N/E9'S ,REVISIONISM & !REBY DECL>$ ITS NOM9AL ADH]5CE TO REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,BUT AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,G]MAN ,S,P,D1 SU* R\T9E DECL>ATIONS C>RI$ LESS & LESS WEI<T 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 NE>LY EV]Y ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 REVOLUTION>IES ( ! WORD W]E MAK+ P>LIAM5T>Y & POLITICAL COMPROMISES ?AT AM\NT$ TO A DE FACTO ACCEPTANCE ( ,B]N/E9'S APPROA*4 ,MILL]&'S 5TRY 9TO ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T WAS FOLL[$ BY ?AT ( ,>I/IDE ,BRI&1 :O BECAME M9I/] ( $UCATION 9 #a#i#f2 !N BY ,JOHN ,BUMS1 ! ,BRITI% LABOR LEAD]1 :O SIMPLY AB&ON$ SOCIALISM ALTOGE!R & 5T]$ ! ,LIB]AL M9I/RY 7IRONICALLY1 RESIGN+ FROM IT BECAUSE ( HIS OPPOSITION TO ! W> 9 #a#i#a#d74 ,!SE W]E ONLY ! MORE NOTABLE & EXPLICIT DEFECTIONS TO 0,MILL]&ISM10 AS ! DISEASE WAS CALL$4 ,B]N/E9'S ,REVISIONISM REFLECT$ PRACTICES ?AT W]E ALREADY ADOPT$ 9 NE>LY ALL ! P>TIES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ! \TBREAK ( W> 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,9DE$1 MANY ( ! P>TIES AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL EV5TUALLY PROVID$ ,EUROPE1 DUR+ & AFT] ! W> YE>S1 ) PROM95T B\RGEOIS /ATESM51 SOME ( :OM BECAME \TRI<T PATRIOTIC *AUV9I/S4 

,AS ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! NEW C5TURY DREW TO ITS CLOSE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS FAC$ ) ! GRIMME/ PRACTICAL TE/ ( ALL4 ,! LIKELIHOOD ( W> *ALL5G$ IT TO TAKE AN ANTIW> POSITION LESS TEPID ?AN ! ONE IT HAD ADOPT$ AT ,/UTTG>T4 ,AT ITS ,COP5HAG5 ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#a1 ,KEIR ,H>DIE1 ! ,BRITI% SOCIALI/1 TOGE!R ) ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S & DELEGATES ( ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY1 9TRODUC$ AN AM5DM5T TO ! ANTIW> RESOLUTION ?AT RECOMM5D$ ! USE ( A G5]AL /RIKE 9 CASE ( W>4 ,AL?\< ,H>DIE TRI$ TO LIMIT ! APPLICABILITY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE TO WORK]S 5GAG$ ONLY 9 W> 9DU/RIES & ONLY 9 BELLIG]5T C\NTRIES RA!R ?AN ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 HIS RESOLUTION F\ND]$ ON ! OBJECTIONS ( ! RI<T-W+ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* REG>D$ ! G5]AL /RIKE AS TOO PROVOCATIVE4 ,NOR DID ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ,H>DIE 7:O WAS MORE ( A PACIFI/ ?AN A REVOLUTIONI/7 SATISFY ! ,LEFT1 :I* SUPPORT$ ! G5]AL /RIKE BUT ALSO ?\<T ! RESOLUTION %\LD /ATE1 AS ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59'S DID1 ?AT A W> W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY WEAK5 CAPITALISM & PROVIDE ! OPPORTUNITY = A PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION4 ,AFT] MU* /ORMY DEBATE1 ALL M5TION ( A G5]AL /RIKE WAS EV5TUALLY WRITT5 \T ( ! ANTIW> RESOLUTION1 & ! ,9T]NATIONAL W5T ON ) BUS9ESS AS USUAL4 

,9 ! 5D1 ! ,COP5HAG5 ,CONGRESS DID :AT IT ALL TOO (T5 DID3 IT LEFT ! QUE/ION ( ANTIW> ACTIVITIES TO ! DISCRETION ( ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB] P>TIES4 ,?IS REPEAT$ AVOIDANCE ( ! MO/ PRESS+ ISSUE FAC+ ! WORLD PROLET>IAT--BY %IFT+ ITS RESPONSIBILITY = OPPOS+ W> TO ITS CON/ITU5T ORGANIZATIONS--CLE>LY REVEAL$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S REFUSAL TO DEAL ) A W> CRISIS ?AT CONC]N$ ALL ( ,EUROPE3 9DE$1 IT ABDICAT$ ITS DUTY TO ACT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE1 CRASSLY SUBV]T+ ! V]Y 9T]NATIONALISM ON :I* ITS EXI/5CE WAS PR$ICAT$4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD COMMITT$ SUICIDE LONG BE=E ,EUROPE'S >MIES W]E S5T 9TO A HORRIFY+ F\R-YE> BLOODBA? 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d4 ,AN EM]G5CY CONGRESS HELD AT ,BASEL 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiab TO TAKE UP ! W> ISSUE AGA9 PRODUC$ NO?+ MORE ?AN RUM9ATIONS AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( PREV5T+ A !N-RAG+ ,BALKAN CONFLICT FROM TURN+ 9TO A CONT95TAL W>4 ,AP>T FROM PI\S PLATITUDES AB\T 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL /ILL HAD NO FIRM /RATEGY 9 PLACE %\LD A G5]AL ,EUROPEAN W> ]UPT4 

,! SPIRIT ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT 5TIRELY DEAD 9 ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,%ORDY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 ,LEON ,J\HAUX1 ! *IEF ( ! ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ ,C,G,T1 APPEAL$ TO ,C>L ,LEGI51 ! *IEF ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,G]MAN ,FREE ,UNIONS1 TO JO9 HIM 9 CALL+ = A G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ! ONCOM+ CONFLICT4 ,SO DEEPLY WAS ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AFFLICT$ ) ! PA?OLOGIES ( NATIONALISM & EXP$I5CY ?AT ,LEGI5 RESPOND$ ONLY ) AN ICY SIL5CE4 ,9DE$1 ,LEGI5'S SIL5CE 9 ! FACE ( ,J\HAUX'S PLEA WAS BRUTALLY ELOQU5T3 SO CORRUPT WAS ! ,G]MAN P>TY ?AT IT 9DIRECDY PROMOT$ ! \TBREAK ( W> BY FREE+ ! ,KAIS]'S H&S TO S5D HIS >MIES PLUNG+ 9TO ,BELGIUM4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #aiad ! 9T]NATIONALI/ EFFUSIONS ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BECAME *AFF 9 ! W9D1 AS SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 MO/ C\NTRIES VOT$ 9 !IR LEGISLATURES OR RESOLV$ 9 !IR P>TIES TO SUPPORT ! W> EF=T ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 ,%AP$ L>GELY BY ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IGNOM9I\SLY DISSOLV$2 9DE$1 MANY ( ITS LEAD]S1 ) A RUD5ESS BOM ( *AUV9ISM1 REFUS$ EV5 TO SPEAK TO !IR ]/:ILE COLLEAGUES 9 BELLIG]5T C\NTRIES1 :O HAD SUDD5LY BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! W> FROM COMRADES 9TO 5EMIES4 0,WE/]N ,M>XISM10 AS ITS ACADEMIC ACOLYTES W]E TO CALL IT SOME SEV5TY YE>S LAT]1 PROV$ COMPLETELY BANKRUPT 9 ! FACE ( ! FIR/ GREAT CRISIS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,:5 ! ,S,P,D DECID$ TO VOTE = W> CR$ITS 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 UNI=M$ ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S1 ) ! BLESS+ ( !IR P>TY1 M>*$ (F TO SLAU<T] !IR ,BELGIAN & ,FR5* COMRADES 9 ! TR5*ES ( ! ,WE/]N ,FRONT4 ,EV5 MANY LEAD+ AN>*I/S1 M5 ( ! /ATURE ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 SUPPORT$ ! ,ALLI$ CAUSE1 TO ! CON/]NATION ( !IR ANTI-/ATI/ COMRADES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL DISAPPE>$ )\T A :IMP]1 LEAV+ ITS C>EFULLY =G$ PROCLAMATIONS ( CLASS SOLID>ITY TO ! GNAW+ TEE? ( MICE4 

,! =TY-?REE-YE> P]IOD BETWE5 ! CRU%+ ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> PROV$ TO BE A TRAGIC 9T]REGNUM 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,YET DESPITE ! BASIC CONS]VATISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT DID NOT DISAPPE> COMPLETELY4 ,IT RESURFAC$ ) FURI\S 9T5SITY 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E CAPITALISM HAD ONLY BEGUN TO 9TRUDE1 5D+ ! P>ALYZES ?AT HAD BE5 PRODUC$ BY ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY = NE>LY ?REE DECADES4 

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