,! ,TRIUMPH ( ,CAPITAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,WATSON 

,TEXT 3 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

  
  

0,ACTUALLY1 AS ,W9/ON WELL KNEW1 IT WAS ONLY F\R YE>S S9CE ,OCEANIA HAD BE5 AT W> ) ,EA/ASIA & 9 ALLIANCE ) ,EURASIA4 ,BUT ?AT WAS M]ELY A PIECE ( FURTIVE KN[L$GE :I* HE HAPP5$ TO POSSESS BECAUSE HIS MEMORY WAS NOT SATISFACTORILY UND] CONTROL40 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 #aihd  
  

,AL?\< ,ORWELL'S 9T5T 9 WRIT+ #aihd WAS TO %ATT] ILLUSIONS HELD BY /AL9I/S & LIB]ALS AB\T ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 HIS BOOK QUICKLY BECAME A METAPHOR = ALL MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,U4,S4--&1 ) REC5T EV5TS 9 M9D1 P]HAPS ESPECIALLY ! ,U4,S4 

,W9/ON ,SMI?1 ,ORWELL'S HAPLESS PROTAGONI/1 Y\ MAY REMEMB]1 WORK$ AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ,TRU? 9 ! SECTOR RESPONSIBLE = ! ALT]ATION ( (FICIAL HI/ORY TO SUIT :ATEV] HAPP5$ TO BE ! IMM$IATE PROPAG&A NE$S ( ! RUL+ ,P>TY4 ,SMI? W\LD S5D PREVI\S1 BUT N[ (F5SIVE1 V]SIONS ( EV5TS D[N ! 0MEMORY HOLE0 & LEAVE NEW HI/ORIES 9 PLACE AS ! ONLY AVAILABLE ACC\NTS4 ,:AT REMA9$ WAS MU% = ! TOO?LESS MASSES--SOO?+ HALF-TRU?S & \T-RI<T LIES--TO AFFIRM ! VALIDITY ( :AT WAS N[ PRES5T$ = CONSUMPTION4 ,YE/]DAY DISAPPE>$ AS IF IT HAD NEV] OCCURR$4 

,GEORGE ,BRAD=D'S >TICLE BEL[ S]VES TO RETA9 MEMORY & TO MAKE US CONFRONT ! CONT5TS ( ! POLITICS & CULTURE :I* %AP$ ! RAG+ BATTLES ( ! #b? ,C5TURY4 ,EV5TS & !IR CONSEQU5CES--! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! ATTEMPTS TO EXT5D IT WORLD-WIDE1 /AL9ISM1 ! ,COLD ,W>1 & ! EV5TUAL COLLAPSE ( ! ,U4,S4 EMPIRE'S RIVAL-->E TOO IMPORTANT TO ?OSE :O DESIR$ A DEFEAT ( BO? LEVIA?ANS TO LET ! TELL+ BE LEFT TO ! (FICIAL LI>S :OSE ACC\NTS S]VE AS SELF-JU/IFICATION = ! VICTOR 9 ! 9T]-IMP]IAL CONTE/4 

,ALSO1 ! QUE/IONS 5G5D]$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION--! NATURE ( ITS ECONOMY1 ! ROLE ( ,/AL9 & ,TROTSKY1 ! AU!NTICITY ( ITS REVOLUTION1 ! ,P>TY--HAVE BE5 ! T\*/ONE = ?REE G5]ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BRAD=D EXAM9ES NOT ONLY EA* ( !SE !MES 9 A MANN] :I* PROVIDES A TR5*ANT HI/ORY ( ! IMM5SE SWEEP ( EV5TS1 HE REIT]ATES MANY CORE ,FIF? ,E/ATE !MES :I* SUGGE/S A P]SPECTIVE C\NT] TO ! FAIL$ ONES ( ! LEFT4 

,BRAD=D HAS PROVID$ US ) A CLE> YET DEM&+ LOOK AT ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,) ! FALSE OPPOSITION ( M>XI/ IDEOLOGY & ITS SOCIALI/ MANIFE/ATION SEEM+LY SWEPT FROM ! WORLD /AGE1 ! EMPIRE ( CAPITAL N[ REIGNS TRIUMPHANT4 

,! FOLL[+ EXAM9ES ! SOCIALI/ WRECKAGE & POSES :AT IS NECESS>Y TO *ALL5GE ! CONT9U+ D>K AGE ( /ATE SOCIETY ) ITS UN5D+ W>S1 ITS 9CREAS+ PRIVATION1 & ITS REL5TLESS DE/RUCTION ( NATURE4 

,9DE$1 = ! =CES ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & R5EWAL1 ?IS MAY BE A SMALL MOM5T ( RESPITE BE=E ! TORR5T ( *AOS & DE/RUCTION DESC5DS UPON US4 ,\R DREAMS ( A TRULY NEW WORLD 7DIS7ORD] 9 :I* EMPIRES >E DE/ROY$ & HUMAN COMMUNITY IS RE/OR$ MU/ BE %>PLY FOCUS$ IF WE >E NOT TO BE SWEPT ALONG ) ! IMP5D+ MADNESS4 ,BRAD=D'S >TICLE MOVES T[>D SANITY4 

,E4,B4 ,MAPLE 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N #a4 

  
  

0,GOV]NM5TS COME & GO1 BUT BUS9ESS /AYS40 ,ANATOLY ,SKOP5KO1 PRESID5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,R5AISSANCE ,BANK1 TO A GLOBAL 9VE/M5T SC\T = ! ,ASIA ,BANK 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 #ca ,AUGU/ #a#i#i#a4  
  
  

0,! ,U4,S4 & ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 ,I UND]/OOD1 W]E ! TWO PORTIONS ( ! ,EMPIRE AS DIVID$ BY ! ,EMP]OR ,DIOCLETIAN = PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE PURPOSES2 AT HE>T IT WAS A S+LE 5TITY1 ) A S+LE VALUE SY/EM40 ,PHILIP ,K4 ,DICK1 ,RADIO ,FREE ,ALBEMU?  
  

,:5 ! ,WALL CAME D[N 9 ,B]L91 ! PEOPLE IMM$IATELY W5T %OPP+4 ,9 ?IS APP>5TLY MUNDANE ACT ( ACQUIR+ :AT HAS A PRICE1 !Y 5T]$1 9 A MANN] :OSE SYMBOLISM WAS AS MAT]IAL AS ITS MAT]IALITY WAS SYMBOLIC1 ?AT WORLD :I* IS CALL$ 0FREE40 ,!Y W]E N[ FREE TO GO 9 SE>* ( PRODUCTS UNOBTA9ABLE 9 ! SOCIETY CALL+ ITSELF ,M>XI/1 IRONICALLY RECALL+ ,M>X HIMSELF 7WISE 5\< ONCE UPON A TIME TO D5Y BE+ A M>XI/71 :O WROTE1 QUOT+ HIMSELF 9 ! FIR/ L9E ( ! FIR/ *APT] ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL3 0,! WEAL? ( ?OSE SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PREVAILS1 PRES5TS ITSELF AS 'AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES'4440 

,N[ ?IS IMM5SE ACCUMULATION PRES5T$ ITSELF AS ! KEY TO !IR DESIRES4 ,IT WASN'T ONLY DICTATOR%IP1 SECRET POLICE & ?\<T CONTROL !Y HAD OV]?R[N1 BUT EV]Y?+ ?AT HAD KEPT !M FROM EV]Y?+ BEYOND ! ,WALL4 ,EV5 ! ,WALL ITSELF SUCCUMB$ TO M>KET =CES1 WAS *IPP$ AWAY & SOLD AS S\V5IRS ( A MOM5T RAPIDLY FAD+ 9TO ! VACUUM VORTEX ( M$IATIZ$ HI/ORY4 

,SIMPLY PUT1 CAPITALISM HAD TRIUMPH$4 ,PRICES1 ( C\RSE1 ROSE4 0,) ! BETT] PACKAG+ & ! GREAT] V>IETY ( ! NEW GOODS FROM ! ,WE/ !RE >E ALSO HI<] CO/S10 REPORT$ ,! ,TORONTO ,GLOBE & ,MAIL 7#g_/#c_/#i74 ,ONLY ) TIME WILL ! FECKLESS %OPP]S DISCOV] :AT ! REAL CO/S ACTUALLY >E4 ,!Y >E EX*ANG+ A DICTATOR%IP ( PAUP]S = 9T5SIFI$ PAUP]IZATION UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( MONEY4 ,!IR SOCIALISM FAIL$1 & N[ !Y >E BE+ RE$UCAT$ TO ! FIR/ LESSONS ( CAPITAL1 =EMO/ BE+ ?AT ,MONEY ,TALKS1 ,BULL%IT ,WALKS4 ,& UN=TUNATELY = !M1 !Y >E AT ! BULL%IT 5D ( ! SPECTRUM 9 QUE/ION4 ,:AT WAS ALWAYS POT5T 9 ,M>X--HIS CRITIQUE ( ! COMMODITY1 ! M>KET1 & ALI5ATION--N[ WEI<S LIKE A NI<TM>E ON ! BRA9 & BACKS ( ! LIV+ NOT BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS ! DEAD WEI<T ( ! PA/ BUT BECAUSE IT REVEALS ! DEAD WEI<T ( ! PRES5T4 

0,! EX*ANGEABILITY ( ALL PRODUCTS1 ACTIVITIES1 & RELATIONS ) A ?IRD1 OBJECTIVE 5TITY :I* CAN BE RE-EX*ANG$ = EV]Y?+ )\T DI/9CTION--?AT IS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( EX*ANGE VALUES 7& ( MONEY RELATIONS7 IS ID5TICAL ) UNIV]SAL V5ALITY1 CORRUPTION10 WROTE ,M>X 9 HIS NOTEBOOKS 7,GRUNDRISSE74 0,UNIV]SAL PRO/ITUTION APPE>S AS A NECESS>Y PHASE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( P]SONAL TAL5TS1 CAPACITIES1 ABILITIES1 ACTIVITIES4 ,MORE POLITELY EXPRESS$3 ! UNIV]SAL RELATION ( UTILITY & USE444 0 ,! =M] 9MATES ( ! ,EA/ ,BLOC LO/ !IR *A9S1 BUT ! WORLD !Y WON WAS ?AT UNIV]SAL PRO/ITUTION DESCRIB$ BY !IR (FICIAL PROPHET--A WORLD WE 9MATES ( ! ,WE/ ,BLOC KN[ TOO WELL4 0,WE'RE GO+ TO ,MC,DONALDIZE !M10 COMM5T$ A ,MC,DONALD'S EXECUTIVE TO ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 7#a_/#b#h_/#i7 9 A SUMM>Y ( ! COMPANY'S 0CULTURAL CONQUE/0 ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ITS OP5+ ( A RE/AURANT 9 ,MOSC[4 

,CAPITALISM TRIUMPH$4 ,! 0,FREE ,WORLD0 TRIUMPH$4 ,! =M] ,EA/ ,BLOC IS N[ FREE--FREE TO BE ,MC,DONALDIZ$4 

,9 ! SAME PASSAGE ( ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 ,M>X OBS]V$ ?AT 9 SOCIETIES ) 0UND]DEVELOP$0 SY/EMS ( EX*ANGE 7FEUDALISM1 TRADITIONAL OR V]NACUL> SOCIETIES1 & ONE MI<T N[ T5TATIVELY ADD BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETIES ( ! ,EA/71 9DIVIDUALS 5T] 9TO RELATIONS ) ONE ANO!R 0IMPRISON$0 )9 C]TA9 RIGIDLY DEF9$ ROLES 7& H]E HE REVEAL$ HIS [N IMPRISONM5T )9 ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ( PROGRESS TO ! DEGREE ?AT HE SAW ALL SU* RELATIONS AS RIGIDLY DEF9$1 DESPITE ! VALIDITY ( ! CONTRA/ HE WAS TRY+ TO ELABORATE74 ,! ROLES TO :I* ,M>X REF]R$ MI<T 9CLUDE LORD & VASSAL1 OR ?OSE SPECIFICALLY DEF9$ BY CLAN RELATIONS1 BUT P]HAPS C\LD ALSO SUGGE/ ?OSE ( P>TY BUREAUCRAT & WORK] 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC P>TY /ATES ( ! ,EA/4 

,UND] DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 H[EV] 70& ?IS SEMBLANCE S$UCES ! DEMOCRATS10 HE SAYS1 AS IF REF]R+ TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y VICTORY ( 0DEMOCRACY0 OV] 0COMMUNISM071 0! TIES ( P]SONAL DEP5D5CE1 ( DI/9CTIONS ( BLOOD1 $UCATION1 ETC41 >E 9 FACT EXPLOD$1 RIPP$ UP444 & 9DIVIDUALS SEEM 9DEP5D5T 7?IS IS AN 9DEP5D5CE :I* IS AT BOTTOM M]ELY AN ILLUSION1 & IT IS MORE CORRECTLY CALL$ 9DIFF]5CE7 FREE TO COLLIDE ) ONE ANO!R & TO 5GAGE 9 EX*ANGE )9 ?IS FRE$OM2 BUT !Y APPE> ?US ONLY = SOMEONE :O AB/RACTS FROM ! CONDITIONS1 ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE )9 :I* !SE 9DIVIDUALS 5T] 9TO CONTACT444 0 ,PUT AGA9 MORE SIMPLY 9 ! ,A,B,C'S ( CAPITALISM1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A FREE LUN*2 ! FRE$OM PROMIS$ BY CAPITAL ALSO HAS ITS HIDD5 CO/S4 ,! 0FREE RELATIONS0 >E !MSELVES DET]M9$ BY A MORE COMPLEX K9D ( DICTATOR%IP ?AN ! /ATE-COLLECTIVI/ DICTATOR%IPS C\LD EV] MU/]4 

0,A P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL MAY BY *ANCE GET ON TOP ( !SE RELATIONS10 CONT9U$ ,M>X--& ONE IS REM9D$ ( ! MYRIAD =M] FUNCTION>IES ( ! COMMUNI/ BUREAUCRACY N[ BECOM+ BUDD+ CAPITALI/S--0BUT ! MASS ( ?OSE UND] !IR RULE CANNOT1 S9CE !IR M]E EXI/5CE EXPRESSES SUBORD9ATION1 ! NECESS>Y SUBORD9ATION ( ! MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,MC,DONALDIZATION DEM&S L[-PAID %IT-WORK]S IF !RE >E TO BE HI<-PAID 9VE/ORS4 ,EV]YBODY CAN'T BE RI*4 ,CAPITALISM NE$S A COLONY1 & SOMEONE HAS TO BE ?AT COLONY4 

,?US1 :5 RESE>*] ,DAVID ,LEMP]T ASK$ A ,SOVIET ECONOMI/ :AT K9D ( ECONOMIC RI<TS & PROTECTION AGA9/ EXPLOITATION !RE W\LD BE = PEOPLE LACK+ CAPITAL AFT] ! TRANSITION TO A 0FREE M>KET0 HE WAS TOLD1 0,!Y WILL HAVE ! RI<T TO WORK4 ,!Y WILL WORK = PEOPLE :O HAVE CAPITAL40 ,9 ,L5+RAD 7N[ ,/4 ,PET]SBURG71 A 0,FREE ,ECONOMIC ,ZONE0 WAS CREAT$ TO MAKE ! CITY1 9 ! WORDS ( ONE ELECT$ CITY-C\NCIL MEMB]1 0JU/ LIKE ,MEXICO40 ,A LAW /UD5T 0PUT IT TO ME EV5 MORE BLUNTLY10 ,LEMP]T GOES ON4 0,WE'RE NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! IDEAS ( DEMOCRACY10 ! /UD5T TOLD HIM4 0,WE NE$ TO EAT4 ,HELP US ) \R ,5GLI% SO WE CAN WORK = JO9T V5TURES40 70,SOVIET ,SELL\T10 ,MO!R ,JONES1 ,SEPTEMB]_/,OCTOB] #a#i#i#a7 

,! M>KET ECONOMY EV5 HAS ITS ,/AKHANOVITE H]OES4 7,/AKHANOV WAS ! LEG5D>Y SELF-SACRIFIC+ WORK] ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION47 ,DR[SY FROM WORK+ LONG LATE-NI<T H\RS AT A KIOSK US$ AS AN ALL-NI<T CONV5I5CE /ORE 9 VIEW ( ! ,KREML91 AN 5TREPR5EUR DISPLAYS HI<-PRIC$ VODKA1 *EW+ GUM1 US$ CLO!S1 & O!R DESIR$ ITEMS4 7,! KIOSKS CANNOT CLOSE AT NI<T OR !Y W\LD BE LOOT$1 & >E 0PROTECT$0 FROM SMALL 0MAFIAS0 BY BIGG] ONES4 ,ONE CAN ALMO/ HE> ! ,GODFA!R :ISP]1 0,IT'S ONLY BUS9ESS44407 ,! KIOSK [N] DREAMS ( A L>GE WALK-9 /ORE 7HIS V]Y [N ,SEV5-,ELEV587 & TELLS A ,WE/]N]1 0,WE MU/ GR[ BY /AGES1 ) SETBACKS & PROGRESS UNTIL MAYBE1 9 #ae OR #b YE>S1 WE REA* Y\R KNEES10 ?US REVEAL+ ?AT NOT ONLY ! 5TREPR5EURIAL SPIRIT1 BUT ! 5VY & S5SE ( 9F]IORITY BR$ BY COLONIALISM1 >E MAK+ HEADWAY 9 ! =M] P[]FUL EMPIRE4 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 #a_/#b#d_/#i#b7 

0,IT'S 9EVITABLE10 :ISP]$ A NEWSPAP] $ITOR TO ,LEMP]T4 0,WE'RE GO+ TO BE A COLONY40 ,& AN OLD ,SIB]IAN EXCLAIM$1 0,SELL ! =E/S4 ,SELL ! M9]ALS444 ,LET ! ,WE/ TAKE :AT !Y WANT4 ,LET !M COME 9 & GIVE US :AT WE NE$ TO />T OV]40 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,WE/ HAS EV]Y 9T5TION ( GIV+ !M :AT !Y NE$444 TO BE JU/ LIKE ,MEXICO4 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N #b4 

  
  

0,! !AT]1 LIKE ! PLAGUE444 RELEASES CONFLICTS1 DIS5GAGES P[]S1 LIB]ATES POSSIBILITIES1 & IF !SE POSSIBILITIES & !SE P[]S >E D>K1 IT IS ! FAULT NOT ( ! PLAGUE NOR ( ! !AT]1 BUT ( LIFE40 

,ANTON9 ,>TAUD1 ,! ,!AT] & ,ITS ,D\BLE  
  
  

0,AN EMPIRE 9 DIS>RAY1 ! MONUM5TS LUR*+ 9 HI/ORY'S :IRLW9D & FALL+4 ,! /ATUES ( NOTORI\S EXECUTION]S BE+ SL$GEHAMM]$ BY A GIDDY CR[D4 ,UN>M$ PEOPLE FAC+ D[N TANKS1 & ! TANKS )DRAW+4 ,P]HAPS ! EMPIRE IS ACTUALLY FALL+2 = N[ !RE IS ONLY ! :IRLW9D1 DANG]\S1 9TOXICAT+4 

0,& ! MIRACUL\S COMES SO 

0CLOSE 

0TO ! RU9$1 DIRTY H\SES-- 

0SOME?+ NOT KN[N TO 

0ANYONE AT ALL1 

0BUT WILD 9 \R BREA/ = 

0C5TURIES40 

7,ANNA ,AKHMATOVA1 #a#i#b#a7  
  

,! PEOPLE TRIUMPH$ OV] ! DICTATORS 9 ! /REETS ( ! ,EA/ ,BLOC CITIES1 IF ONLY = A TIME4 ,!IR GREAT REFUSAL CRIPPL$ ! GULAG /ATE MOM5T>ILY1 EV5 IF IT DID NOT BREAK ITS BACK4 

,H[ & :Y EV5TS UNFOLD$ 9 ! WAY !Y DID WILL REMA9 A SPECULATIVE QUE/ION4 ,A COMB9ATION ( ELEM5TS SEEMS TO HAVE BR\<T AB\T :AT NO S+LE ONE C\LD4 ,!RE WAS A REBELLION FROM BEL[1 A 0C\NT]REVOLUTION0 FROM ! \TSIDE1 A PALACE C\P FROM ABOVE1 & A G5]ALIZ$ ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,ALL ( ! ASPECTS >E WOV5 TOGE!R2 NONE IS 5TIRELY DI/9CT FROM ! O!RS4 ,ALL MAKE ! SITUATION MORE A MULTIPLICITY ( UNIQUE 9COMM5SURABLE SITUATIONS--GEOGRAPHICALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & POLITICALLY--:I* MAY EXPLA9 :Y NO S+LE =CE OR SECTOR 9 ,EA/ ,BLOC SOCIETIES CAN YET RESPOND COH]5TLY TO ! *ANGES4 

,! POPUL> REVOLUTION ?AT CO9CID$ ) NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY HAD BE5 SIMM]+ = DECADES1 9 FACT1 = G5]ATIONS4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! FANTASIES ( RI<T-W+ ACADEMICS 7SOME ( !M =M] LEFTI/S7 9 ! ,WE/1 EV5 SOVIET TOTALIT>IANISM C\LD NOT A*IEVE ! NI<TM>E ( A TOTAL1 IRRESI/IBLE MONOLI?4 7,! 0AU?ORIT>IAN-TOTALIT>IAN0 CONTRA/ SO FA%IONABLE AMONG REACTION>Y ,U4,S4 ACADEMIC & DIPLOMATIC CIRCLES UND] REAGANISM WAS ?US ?OR\<LY DISCR$IT$ )\T ANY COMM5T FROM ITS PURVEYORS47 

,AS HI/ORIAN ,GE(FREY ,HOSK+ PO9TS \T1 ! ANCI5T =MS ( MUTUAL AID ( ! TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY 7! MIR7 & ! COOP]ATIVES =M$ BY PEASANTS :O MOV$ TO ! CITIES 7! >TELI71 W]E ! DEEP ROOTS ( ! NEW =MS ( ASSOCIATION 9 ! LATE/ UPHEAVALS1 %[+ ! 0EXTRAORD9>Y CAPACITY TO IMPROVISE HUMANE & FUNCTION+ GRASSROOTS 9/ITUTIONS 9 EXTREMELY ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,HE >GUES ?AT LOCAL LABOR GR\PS1 9TELLECTUALS1 & M>G9ALS :O CREAT$ C\NT]-CULTURE OPPOSITION HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY2 0! TRADITIONS ( ! PEASANTRY & ! 9TELLIG5TSIA444 UND]LIE SU* HABITS ( COMMUNITY AS HAVE SURVIV$ AT ALL 9TO ! MOD]N ,SOVIET ,UNION40 7,SEE ,! ,AWAK5+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 #a#i#i#a2 REVIEW$ BY ,PET] ,R$DAWAY 9 0,ME ,5D ( ! ,EMPIRE10 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 #a#a_/#g_/#i#a74 

,EV5 ! 9FRA/RUCTURE & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS W]E AT LEA/ 9 P>T A CONSEQU5CE ( WORK RESI/ANCE & WORK REFUSAL1 RA!R ?AN SIMPLY ( ! FAILURE ( 0SOCIALISM0 OR BUREAUCRACY4 7,)9 ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL & SPACE 9DU/RY COMPLEXES1 :]E SU* REFUSAL W\LD HAVE BR\<T AB\T MU* H>%] REPRISALS & REPRESSION1 ! MA*9E FUNCTION$ QUITE EFFICI5TLY4 ,! 9EFFICI5CY ( ! CIVILIAN SECTOR BECAME A L[ GRADE K9D ( SABOTAGE OR CLASS W> & A P>T ( ! UNSPOK5 SOCIAL CONTRACT1 AN 9EVITABLE FE$BACK47 

,9 ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ! POPULATION SL[LY & 9EXORABLY APPLI$ ! BRAKES2 :5 ?IS WAS COMB9$ ) A C]TA9 LACK ( WILL ON ! P>T ( ! RUL+ ELITES1 P[] T5D$ TO ]ODE4 ,EV5 REPRESSION PROBABLY CEAS$ TO WORK AS EFFECTIVELY4 ,?IS ITSELF C\LD BE ATTRIBUT$ TO AN ASPECT ( CA/E OR CLASS /RUGGLE AS WELL1 PROBABLY AGGRAVAT$ BY ! W> 9 ,AF<ANI/AN & ! CONCOMITANT GR[? 9 C\NT]-CULTURE MOVEM5TS AGA9/ ! W> & = NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T1 ECOLOGICAL JU/ICE1 FREE EXPRESSION1 DEMOCRACY1 & CULTURAL AUTONOMY 79CLUD+ NATIONALI/ 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS74 ,MANY ,WE/]N]S COMM5T$ ON ! RESEMBLANCE ( #a#i#hS MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 TO #a#i#fS MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,! BREAKD[N ( AU?ORITY WAS P>TLY1 AT LEA/1 BO? A CONSEQU5CE & A CAUSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S 0,AF<ANI/AN ,SYNDROME40 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE EM]G$ A K9D ( CAUTI\S REFUSAL AT ONE 5D ( ! P[] SPECTRUM & A T5U\S LACK ( WILL AT ! O!R ?AT T5D$ TO RE9=CE ONE ANO!R4 ,A LACK ( RESOLVE AT ONE 5D EMBOLD5$ ?OSE AT ! O!R4 ,NO ONE C\LD HAVE KN[N :]E IT WAS LEAD+1 ?\< ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE BE+ P]SUAD$ BY ! DISSID5TS 7PEOPLE1 SAY1 :O MI<T SIMPLY WANT TO KN[ :AT REALLY HAPP5$ TO ,UNCLE ,VANYA AFT] HE WAS DISAPPE>$ BY ! 0WORK]S' /ATE07 C>RI$ \T !IR [N P]SONAL & COLLECTIVE ACTS ( REFUSALS ) FEW CLE> GOALS1 & EV5 LESS ) ! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ ,WE/]N-/YLE CORPORATE CAPITAL4 ,!Y W]E MORE 9CL9$ TO SOME K9D ( 0SOCIALISM ) A HUMAN FACE40 ,!IR GE/URE WAS NOT A 0YES0 TO ANY PROGRAMMATIC *ANGE1 BUT RA!R A BROAD 0NO0 TO :AT P[] & UNIV]SAL S]VILITY HAD DONE TO LIFE4 7,SEE 0,!Y JU/ ,SAID ',NO1'0 9 ! ,W9T] #a#i#i-#i#a ,F,E47 ,!Y W]E TIR$ ( ! COPS & ! BOSSES1 SICK ( LIES4 ,ONCE GRANT$ A MOM5T ( 9DECISION FROM ! RUL]S1 !Y W]E NEV] GO+ BACK4 

,?IS1 MORE ?AN AN ABID+ LOYALTY TO ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,YELTS91 EXPLA9S MU* ( ! CR[D 7AS SMALL AS IT WAS7 9 FRONT ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>LIAM5T BUILD+ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#i#a4 ,! C\P PLOTT]S W]E AS 9T]E/$ 9 GO+ AHEAD ) PRIVATIZATION AS ,YELTS9 & HIS GANG--BUT ) !IR [N P[] /RUCTURE & PRIVILEGES 9TACT4 ,!Y WANT$ TO PRES]VE ! E/ABLI%$ 5SEMBLE ( ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL-POLICE APP>ATUS & W]E C]TA9 ?AT ! IMP5D+ ,ALL ,UNION ,TREATY SPELL$ !IR DOOM1 AS WELL AS SIGNAL+ FUR!R IMP]IAL FRAGM5TATION4 ,BUT IT WAS TOO LATE2 ! REFUSAL HAD ALREADY SPREAD EV5 TO !IR RANKS4 ,PEOPLE W]E NOT FOLL[+ ORD]S4 ,?OSE :O /OOD 9 FRONT ( ! TANKS MU/ HAVE 9CLUD$ DIE-H>D ,YELTS9 LOYALI/S1 BUT MO/ MU/ HAVE BE5 *OOS+ TO L& A BL[ AGA9/ ! OLD GU>D & = FRAGM5TATION4 

,MANY IGNOR$ BO? ,YELTS9 & ! C\P ORGANIZ]S4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 WORK]S DID NOT /RIKE1 & ONLY A FEW BLOCKS FROM ! CONFRONTATION1 PEOPLE W]E GO+ AB\T !IR DAILY R\T9E4 7,SOME FAMILIES TOOK TURNS /&+ 9 FOOD L9ES & AT ! B>RICADES47 ,9 SOME S5SE1 TOO1 ?IS MU/ HAVE REFLECT$ AN UNWILL+NESS TO BE DRAWN 9TO ! S*EMES ( POLITICIANS4 ,HATR$ & CONTEMPT = POLITICIANS ( ALL /RIPES IS ! ATTITUDE MO/ %>$ BY ! POPULATION4 

,( C\RSE !RE WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT = ! C\P--A REACTION1 C]TA9LY FROM 0LAW & ORD]0 TRADITIONALI/S1 AMONG !M PROBABLY ! ,RUSSIAN NATIONALI/S :O WAVE PLAC>DS ) ,/AL9'S PICTURE AT DEMON/RATIONS1 BUT ALSO FROM ?OSE :O >E SEE+ !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS BE+ %R$D$ AS =M] COMMUNI/ BUREAUCRATS & O!RS 5RI* !MSELVES AT ! RE/ ( SOCIETY'S EXP5SE4 ,& BECAUSE ALL ! AG5TS ( REPRESSION1 9 P[] & \T1 HATE A 0P[] VACUUM0 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 !Y >E ACTIVELY RECRUIT+1 EA* = ITS [N MILL5NIUM4 ,?IS 9CLUDES EV]YONE FROM REORGANIZ$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY GR\PS & O!R LEFTI/ P>TIES1 TO NATIONALI/ P>TIES & RELIGI\S GR\PS1 FASCI/S1 CRIM9AL MAFIAS1 EV5 ! ,H>E ,KRI%NAS4 ,ONE LOOKS ALMO/ 9 VA9 = EVID5CE ( ?OSE =CES :O PLAY$ SU* A L>GE ROLE 9 ! HUMANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY & ! SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT FOLL[$--! PEACE & ECOLOGICAL GR\PS1 = EXAMPLE--BUT NOT ONLY >E !Y BLOCK$ \T ( ! ,WE/]N PRESS = ALL ! USUAL REASONS1 ! :IRLW9D SEEMS TO HAVE KEPT !M MO/LY AT ! M>G9S4 7,SEE 0,! ,AN>*I/ ,SPECT] 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE10 9 ! ,W9T] #a#i#i-#i#a ,F,E47 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! *ANGES REFLECT$ JU/ AS MU* A PALACE C\P AMONG ! ELITES2 SEE+ ! 9CREAS$ DIFFICULTY 9 PROCE$+ 9 ! OLD WAY1 A FACTION ( ! /AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY *OSE TO RIDE ! CRE/ ( *ANGE RA!R ?AN TO RESI/ IT4 ,= !M1 IT WAS PREF]ABLE TO FACE ! UNKN[N ( TRANSITION TO AN ECONOMY MORE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO GLOBAL CAPITAL ) !M /ILL 9 COMM& ?AN TO %>E ! FATE ( SOME ( !IR CRONIES 9 ,POL&1 ,EA/ ,G]MANY1 & ,ROMANIA4 ,:AT HAS FOLL[$ HAS BE5 AN 5VIRONM5T ( G5]ALIZ$ PIRACY1 ) ! LITTLE MAFIAS ONLY REFLECTIONS ( ! BIG ONES1 & ! SALE ( O/5SIBLY PUBLIC PROP]TY TO JO9T V5TURES & ! CREATION ( NEW BUS9ESS CONC]NS ) COMMUNI/ BUREAUCRATS AT ! HELM & ! CA% REGI/]4 

0,DEMOCRACY0 IS ! CODE WORD1 SIGNAL+ ! FRE$OM TO ,MC,DONALDIZE4 0,DEMOCRACY0 IS ! HI< C>D !Y PLAY 9 A HI< /AKES GAME TO KEEP !IR P[] & PRIVILEGE4 ,LIKE ,YELTS91 ) ! RI<T-W+ ,WE/]N ?9K-TANK TE*NOCRATS :O ADVISE HIM1 !Y M\? ! RHETORIC ( 0FREE M>KET DEMOCRACY0 EFFECTIVELY 5\< TO PASS AS /OLID ,ROT>IAN ,REPUBLICANS 7) AB\T ! SAME AM\NT ( G5U9E CONC]N & RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & SOCIAL WELL-BE+74 ,9 ONE WELL-KN[N E/IMATION1 ONLY A RAPID1 #e-DAY TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM AS G5TLE AS ,/AL9'S COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! PEASANTS--A BITT] 0%OCK TREATM5T10 AS IT HAS BE5 CALL$ 9 ! PRESS--WILL WORK TO BR+ ! =M] EMPIRE 9TO L9E ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD444 ?AT IS1 ) ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 & ! WORLD ( ! BRUTALIZ$ 9N] CITIES ( ! ,U4,S4 ,YELTS9 & O!RS1 D[N TO ! 5TREPR5EUR 9 ! KIOSK1 CALL = SACRIFICE ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE TO BR+ AB\T ?IS ,LAT9-,AM]ICANIZATION4 ,SOME WILL GET RI*2 SOME WILL GET *OL]A4 ,?AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS :AT MADE ,AM]ICA GREAT4 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,YELTS9 & ,GORBA*EV1 OR BETWE5 !M & ! HAPLESS MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#i#a1 IS NOT ONE ( TOTALIT>IAN SOCIALISM V]SUS DEMOCRACY4 ,YELTS9 WAS A P>TY ?UG FROM ! BEG9N+ & REMA9S A ?UG2 HE EXPECTS TO MA9TA9 A MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL-POLICE APP>ATUS ( HIS [N 7TO USE1 IF NECESS>Y1 AGA9/ HIS RIVALS 9 ,TAT>/AN & ,UKRA9E1 OR TO SMA% /RIKES74 ,:AT NATION /ATE DOESN'T8 ,?IS IS CLE> FROM ! NATURE ( ! C\NT]-C\P ?AT HE C>RI$ \T FROM HIS (FICE 9 ! P>LIAM5T1 BANN+ P>TIES & CLOS+ NEWSPAP]S1 & BEG9N+ TO CREATE SPECIAL PRESID5TIAL P[]S = HIMSELF1 9 ! MANN] ( HIS RIVAL1 ,GORBA*EV4 

,9 ,OCTOB]1 ,YELTS9 ASK$ = EXTRAORD9>Y P[]S TO 5ACT DRA/IC ECONOMIC 0RE=MS0 & TO LIMIT POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 AS WELL AS TO RULE BY DECREES & TO BAN ANY ELECTION 9 ! ,RUSSIAN F$]ATION UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#i#b4 ,HE ALSO CREAT$ AN EXECUTIVE SECRET>IAT AU?ORIZ$ TO VETO ALL ADM9I/RATIVE DECISIONS & OV]RIDE ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>LIAM5T1 & APPO9T$ V>I\S CRONIES TO ITS /AFF4 ,9 AN ACT ( VANITY & PETULANCE1 HE EV5 PRIVATIZ$ ,GORBA*EV'S AP>TM5T 9 ,MOSC[ RI<T AFT] ! LATT]'S RESIGNATION 9 ,DECEMB] & IMM$IATELY MOV$ 9TO ! =M] PRESID5T'S (FICE BE=E IT C\LD BE CLEAN$ \T4 7,ABRAHAM ,BRUMB]G1 0,! ,ROAD TO ,M9SK10 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 #a_/#c_/#i#b74 

,! C\P & C\NT]-C\P W]E MO/LY A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ELITE FACTIONS4 ,AS HI/ORIAN ,JAMES ,PETRAS COMM5T$1 0,! REAL CONFLICT WAS & IS BETWE5 A DY+ PATRONAGE MA*9E CONTROLL$ BY P>TY BUREAUCRATS & A RIS+ CLASS ( PR(ESSIONALS 9T5T ON TURN+ ! /ATE 9TO A VEHICLE = PRIVATIZ+ NATIONAL RES\RCES1 PROMOT+ PRIVILEGES & 9C5TIVES = PRIVATE BUS9ESS [N]S1 ESPECIALLY =EIGN ONES--P>TICUL>LY BY SELL+ (F VA/ AM\NTS ( 5]GY RES\RCES40 

,= ! VA/ MAJORITY1 ?IS WILL MEAN 0DECADES ( SACRIFICE = ! M>KET0--NOT MU* ( A PROSPECT4 0,! PROBLEM ) ! M>KETE]S10 ,PETRAS CONT9UES1 0IS ?AT !RE >E NO RISK-TAK+ CAPITALI/S :O MAKE LONG-T]M 9VE/M5TS CAPABLE ( REORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMY & REPLAC+ ! DIS9TEGRAT+ BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS4 ,& =EIGN 9VE/ORS WILL NOT MAKE L>GE-SCALE1 LONG-T]M 9VE/M5TS UND] A RUL+ ELITE ?AT LACKS DECISIVE CONTROL OV] ! SOCIETY1 EXCEPT 9 A FEW /RATEGIC SECTORS4 ,! RESULT IS LIKELY TO BE ECONOMIC CANNIBALISM1 ) EA* FIRM MANAG] GRABB+ A PIECE ( ! ACTION--LEAV+ ! ECONOMY 9 *AOS40 70,DECADES ( ,SACRIFICE = ,FREE ,M>KET80 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #i_/#a#a_/#i#a7 

,! NATIONALI/ POLITICIANS 9 ! V>I\S REPUBLICS >E NO BETT]4 ,9 ,UZBEKI/AN1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY APP>ATUS1 FIRMLY 5TR5*$1 ANN\NC$ PLANS TO FOLL[ ! 0,*9ESE MODEL0 = 0ECONOMIC RE=M40 ,GEORGIA IS N[ 9 A LULL 9 :AT APPE>S TO BE A CIVIL W> AFT] ELECT+ A NATIONALI/-FASCI/ TO P[] & !N OV]?R[+ HIM4 ,BALTIC1 ,UKRA9IAN1 ,RUSSIAN & O!R NATIONALI/S >E ?REAT5+ ONE ANO!R 9 V>I\S REGIONS :]E DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES HAVE LONG MIX$ & COEXI/$ 9 RELATIVE PEACE4 ANTI-,SEMITISM & ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN ,*AUV9ISM >E ON ! RISE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,HELS9KI ,WAT*1 ! SOCIETY IS 9CREAS+LY MILIT>IZ$1 0A DOZ5 >EAS ( ! C\NTRY >E N[ UND] /ATES ( EM]G5CY0 & MORE ?AN A ?\S& PEOPLE HAVE BE5 KILL$ 9 SECT>IAN VIOL5CE4 ,! SPECT] ( ,YUGOSLAVIA--A ,YUGOSLAVIA ) NUKES1 AS ,U4,S4 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,BAK] DECL>$ OM9\SLY--HOV]S OV] ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,EV5 ,YELTS9 IS N[ LOS+ GR\ND1 AS FASCISM GR[S & ! MILIT>Y TURNS RE/IVE4 

,AS SOCIAL *AOS & RESI/ANCE ?REAT5 ! SMOO? TRANSITION TO COLONY /ATUS1 MANY W\LD WELCOME A MILIT>Y C\P--P>TICUL>LY ! ,RUSSIAN NATIONALI/S & SOME ( ! MANAG]IAL BUREAUCRATS :O WANT PRIVATIZATION ) ! IRON FI/ ?AT ! ,AUGU/ JUNTA PROMIS$4 ,AS ONE WRIT] >GU$ 9 ,PRAVDA 9 E>LY ,JANU>Y1 IF SOCIAL UNRE/ CANNOT BE CONTA9$ BY ! NEWLY =M$ LEFTI/ P>TIES CLAIM+ TO SPEAK = ! WORK]S1 TWO SC5>IOS >E LIKELY3 0AN ABSOLUTELY DE/RUCTIVE SPONTANE\S UPSURGE ( ! L[] LAY]S OR FASCI/ ME?ODS ( RULE BY ! UPP] LAY]S4 ,! ELEM5TS ( BO? ALREADY EXI/40 

,A 0C5TRI/0 MILIT>Y C\P W\LD NOT ONLY BE WELCOM$ BY ELEM5TS )9 =M]LY SOVIET SOCIETY1 BUT BY ! ,WE/]N P[]S AS WELL1 ! BANK]S AS MU* AS ! MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T & ! POLITICIANS4 ,AFT] ALL1 LIKE O!R MILIT>Y /RONGM5 SU* AS ,P9O*ET & ,SADDAM ,HUSSE91 !SE >E PEOPLE ) :OM !Y CAN DO BUS9ESS4 ,& BUS9ESS IS ! PRIORITY4 ,NO ELITE FACTION1 ,EA/ OR ,WE/1 5T]TA9S ! IDEA ( A RETURN TO ! DAYS PRIOR TO ! UNRAVEL+ ( ! /AL9I/ /ATE1 NOT)/&+ ! FANTASIES ( ! UN=TUNATES :O WAVE PLAC>DS ) PHOTOS ( ,/AL9 & ,L594 ,! RECON/RUCT$ /AL9I/S NE$ ! ,WE/ TO GET !IR NOSES B>ELY ABOVE ! QUICKS&2 NOT EV5 A 0SPONTANE\S UPSURGE ( ! L[] LAY]S0 C\LD PUT !IR 9DU/RIAL MA*9E BACK TOGE!R4 

,BUT = ITS [N SAKE ! ,WE/ NE$S TO GET !M ON !IR FEET1 IF ONLY ON ! LEVEL ( ,MEXICO OR ,BRAZIL 7:]E SPONTANE\S UPSURGES >E DEALT ) =?RI<TLY & EXPLOITATION GOES ON UNH9D]$74 JU/ AS SOME /ABILITY WAS ESS5TIAL DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W>1 :5 ! RIVAL BLOCS PLAY$ \T !IR EXT]M9I/ /&(F1 ROCKETS AT ! READY1 /ABILITY IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE N[1 :5 EV5TS 9 ! =M] ,EA/ ,BLOC C\LD ?REAT5 NOT ONLY ! RELATIVE SOCIAL PEACE BUT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,WE/ ,BLOC4 

,( C\RSE1 ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT HAS KEPT SU* A C\P FROM ALREADY OCCURR+ IS ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT1 LIKE SO MANY O!R ATTEMPTS AT AU?ORIT>IAN RESPONSE 7OR P]HAPS1 ( ANY COH]5T1 GLOBAL RESPONSE71 C\LD BE SUCK$ D[N ! BLACK HOLE ( ! PO/-IMP]IAL :IRLW9D4 ,W\LD ! >MY SPLIT ALONG NATIONAL L9ES1 OR ITS MO/LY ,RUSSIAN (FIC] CORPS BOG D[N 7A MEGA-,AF<ANI/AN87 9 AN ATTEMPT TO QUELL UNRE/ & NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS 9 ! REPUBLICS8 

,! SO-CALL$ ,COMMONWEAL? ( ,9DEP5D5T ,/ATES IS A =MIDABLE OBJECT LESSON 9 MISCALCULAT$ 9T5TIONS & UN=ESE5 CONSEQU5CES4 ,ALREADY ! REPUBLICS >E WRANGL+ OV] :O CONTROLS :AT SECTION ( ! MILIT>Y1 :I* L$ ONE ADMIRAL TO W>N1 0,?IS IS A M9E ?AT WILL SL[LY EXPLODE40 ,CIVIL W>8 ,A ,YUGOSLAVIA ) NUKES8 ,DUR+ NEGOTIATIONS1 ! COMM&] ( /RATEGIC =CES 9 ,UKRA9E1 ,MAJOR ,G5]AL ,VLADIMIR ,BA%KIROV1 REM9D$ /AL9I/-TURN$-NATIONALI/ ,UKRA9IAN PRESID5T ,LEONID ,KRAV*UCK ) A SMIRK1 0,9 MY DIVISION ,I HAVE MORE BUTTONS ?AN ! ,PRESID5T1 SO Y\ BETT] BE C>EFUL ( ME40 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 #a_/#a_/#i#b7 

0,! !AT] LIKE ! PLAGUE IS A CRISIS :I* IS RESOLV$ BY DEA? OR CURE10 WROTE ,ANTON9 ,>TAUD4 ,9 ! PO/-IMP]IAL !AT] ( CRUELTY1 AS 9 ! IMP]IAL ONE1 NO CURE APPE>S TO BE =?COM+4 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N #c4 

  

0,:IL/ 9 ORD9>Y LIFE EV]Y %OPKEEP] IS V]Y WELL ABLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 :AT SOMEBODY PR(ESSES TO BE & :AT HE REALLY IS1 \R HI/ORIANS HAVE NOT YET WON EV5 ?IS TRIVIAL 9SI<T4 ,!Y TAKE EV]Y EPO* AT ITS WORD & BELIEVE ?AT EV]Y?+ IT SAYS & IMAG9ES AB\T ITSELF IS TRUE40 

,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY 

,?+S >E R>ELY :AT !Y SEEM4 ,AN EPO* 9H]ITS A LANGUAGE ?AT 9 TURN BECOMES A MY/IQUE1 A FALSIFICATION4 ,?US ! ,*RI/IANS1 TURN+ !IR BACKS ON ! CRUMBL+ ,ROMAN COLOSSUS1 US$ ! ANTI-IMP]IAL MESSAGE ( !IR PROPHET TO F\ND NEW IMP]IAL CITIES ( GOD4 

,SO TOO 9 ! AGE ( ! WORLD-HI/ORIC /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM4 ,APPE>ANCES MASK$ REALITY2 ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ CAPITALISM ONLY GAVE IT NEW EXPRESSION4 ,! COMMUNI/S W]E NOT COMMUNI/S & ! FREE WORLD NEV] FREE4 

,! POLITICAL TYPOLOGY S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( HI]>*S & HIREL+S 9 BO? CAMPS4 ,! /AL9I/ >I/OCRAT'S ACTUAL ROLE AS FUNCTION>Y 9 A NEW /ATIFI$1 HYBRID =M ( CAPITAL WAS CONCEAL$ BEH9D A REVOLUTION>Y RUBRIC ?AT G>N]$ HIM 5ORM\S SACRIFICES ( A QUASI-RELIGI\S *>ACT]1 FROM BO? )9 ! REGIME & SUPPORT]S \TSIDE4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! OLD RUL+ CLASSES ( ! ,WE/ HAD A GODLESS EXT]NAL 5EMY TO SCAPEGOAT :]EV] IMP]IAL PILLAGE & MILIT>Y ADV5TURES W]E QUE/ION$4 ,IT WAS AN ELEGANT IF GRUESOME SY/EM1 & IT SURVIV$ = MO/ ( ! C5TURY4 

,!IR ESS5TIAL CONV]G5CE DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! TWO BLOCS W]5'T DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$4 ,!RE WAS AN ONGO+ EF=T BY ! ,WE/ 7PUNCTUAT$ BY ALLIANCE & ECONOMIC EX*ANGE7 TO UND]M9E & OV]?R[ ITS RIVALS 9 ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ SOCIALI/ WORLD4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ALL EMPIRES /RUGGLE RU?LESSLY = DOM9ANCE4 ,BUT ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ P[]S HAD EV5 GREAT] REASONS TO OPPOSE ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ REGIMES4 ,! ,WE/ LONG$ TO REOP5 ?OSE SAME C\NTRIES TO 9T]IMP]IAL EXPLOITATION & TO ELIM9ATE ! REVOLUTION>Y MY/IQUE ?AT 9SPIR$ COLONIAL NATIONALI/S TO IMP$E PRIVATE CAPITAL'S SMOO? ACCUMULATION ( VALUE AT B>GA9 RATES4 

,BUT ! ULTIMATE COLLAPSE ( ! SOVIET REGIME WAS P>TLY ! RESULT ( ! #g#e-YE> W> AGA9/ A /ATE :I*1 DESPITE ITS FAIL$ PROMISE TO U%] 9 A TOIL]S' P>ADISE1 DID PHYSICALLY LIQUIDATE ! TRADITIONAL HI]>*IES1 S5D+ ! SAME %IV] ( DREAD ?R\< ! RUL]S ( ! ,WE/ ?AT NEWS ( ! ,FR5* GUILLOT9E HAD CAUS$ AMONG ,5GLI% & ,RUSSIAN WEAL?Y CLASSES AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,! OPPRESSORS1 LIKE MILLIONS ( ! WORLD'S OPPRESS$1 TOOK ! COMMUNI/S AT !IR WORD4 ,9 FACT1 ANY *ALL5GE TO E/ABLI%$ P[] WAS AUTOMATICALLY LABEL$ COMMUNI/ & DEALT ) BY ! SAME IRON FI/4 

,! ,COLD ,W> 9T5SIFI$ & 0RATIONALIZ$0 :AT WAS ALREADY ESS5TIALLY A W> ( AGGRESSION BY ! ,WE/ AGA9/ ANY /RIPE ( REBEL ?REAT5+ TO C>RY \T ! K9DS ( NATIONALIZATIONS ( ,WE/]N-CONTROLL$ RES\RCES ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD 9 ! #a#i#bS1 AS WELL AS AGA9/ ! ONLY REGIMES WILL+ TO ALLY ) SU* NATIONALI/ UP/>TS4 ,?IS P]MAN5T1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CAMPAIGN TURN$ ! ,WE/]N RE/ORATIONI/ PROJECT 9TO A V]ITABLE CULTURE4 ,P>ANOIA1 BRUTALITY1 CON=MISM1 & REGIM5TATION ASSUR$ OB$I5CE TO ! EMPIRE & SOCIAL PEACE AT HOME1 :ILE ! GREATE/ >MS RACE 9 HI/ORY 7L9K$ TO CONT9U\S MILIT>Y BLOODBA?S 9 ! SO-CALL$ P]IPH]IES7 WAS G5]AT$ TO ASSURE DOM9ATION ( ! PO/-,WORLD-,W> NEOCOLONIES1 TO MA9TA9 ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL BASIS ( ! ECONOMY1 & TO =CE BO? A SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY CO/LY DEF5SE PO/URE ON ! /ATE CAPITALI/ ADV]S>Y4 ,?IS >MS RACE PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 F9ALLY DO+ 9 ! /AL9I/ REGIME4 

,PRESID5T ,REAGAN WAS ONCE ASK$ IF ! ,U4,S4 /RATEGY ( 0SP5D+ ,RUSSIA 9TO A DEPRESSION0 MI<T BACKFIRE ON ! ALREADY TR\BL$ ,U4,S4 ECONOMY4 ,HE REPLI$1 0,YES1 BUT !Y WILL BU/ FIR/40 7,M4 ,KAKU1 0,NO ,MILK & ,HONEY 9 ! ,SOVIET ,FUTURE20 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #i_/#a#a_/#i#a7 ,?AT IS ESS5TIALLY :AT OCCURR$2 ! ,U4,S4 ECONOMY ALSO />T$ D[N ! TUBES 9 ! PROCESS1 JU/ A FEW /EPS BEH9D ITS ADV]S>Y4 ,FROM #aidi TO #a#i#h#i1 ! TOTAL MILIT>Y BUDGET ( ! ,U4,S4 9 #aihb DOLL>S WAS @s#h4#b TRILLION--AS ONE COMM5TATOR NOT$1 0MORE MONEY ?AN IT W\LD CO/ TO REPLACE ALL ( ! HUMAN-MADE MA*9ES & /RUCTURES 9 ! 5TIRE C\NTRY40 7,MORRIS ,GLEI*]1 0,AM]ICA 9 ,DECL9E10 ,DETROIT ,METRO ,TIMES1 ,JULY #b#d-#c1 #a#i#i#a7 ,NOT ?AT ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL C\LD REALLY DO )\T ITS MILIT>Y BUDGET )\T UNRAVEL+ ! :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM ITSELF2 AS SOMEONE ONCE REM>K$1 ! ,U4,S4 DOESN'T HAVE A W> MA*9E1 IT IS A W> MA*9E4 

,YET DESPITE ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO RIVAL BLOCS1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ULTIMATELY ONLY A POOR] V]SION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 9DE$ ! ONLY K9D ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T G5]ALLY AVAILABLE TO POOR] NATIONS LAGG+ BEH9D 9 ! RACE = 9DU/RIAL GR[?4 ,& BECAUSE IT WAS A POOR] V]SION1 A K9D ( WEAK L9K 9 A WAY P]HAPS ?AT CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA WAS 9 #a#i#a#g1 & BECAUSE ! NEW SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CONFIGURATION C\LD NEI!R RETREAT TO ITS =M] COLONIAL POSITION NOR RISE TO BECOME A COMPETITIVE EMPIRE1 IT FELL VICTIM TO ! FABUL\SLY EXP5SIVE >MS RACE & TO A DEEP5+ 9T]NATIONAL RECESSION ?AT T5D$ TO MAKE ALL WEAK NATIONAL CAPITALS TEET] ON ! $GE ( BANKRUPTCY4 ,:5 ITS ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN CLI5T /ATES BEGAN TO FALL UND] ! SWAY ( ! VAMPIRES AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND & ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 ! WRIT+ WAS ON ! WALL4 

,ECONOMIC /AGNATION & A WEAK RUBLE1 L[ PRODUCTIVITY & SOCIAL UNRE/ FL[+ FROM ! /ALEMATE 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION & O!R GRIEVANCES ALL COMB9$ TO BR+ AB\T ! *ANGES ?AT W\LD CONSIGN ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 TO ! 0DU/B9 ( HI/ORY40 ,BUT IT WAS1 TO BE PRECISE1 NEI!R A REVOLUTION NOR A C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY A M9USCULE AM\NT ( PROP]TY HAS SO F> BE5 PRIVATIZ$ TO 9DIVIDUALS1 & MORE OR LESS ! SAME CA/E REMA9S 9 P[]1 ) AN 9FUSION 7USUALLY A HEAL?Y DEVELOPM5T = ANY P[] /RUCTURE7 ( CRITICS & RE=M]S FROM \TSIDE4 ,HAD ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 BE5 A CLI5T RA!R ?AN A RIVAL ( ! ,U4,S4--SAY1 A ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 OR A ,M>COS OR A JUNTA-RUN /ATE LIKE ! ,SALVADORAN--MAJOR LOANS W\LD HAVE BE5 EXP$IT$ & ! ,C,I,A S5T 9 TO CRU% ! TR\BLEMAK]S4 ,?AT DIDN'T HAPP51 ( C\RSE1 & ! RE/ IS TELEVISION4 

,& SO ! ,FALL ( ,COMMUNISM_/ ,TRIUMPH ( ,CAPITALISM IS ! (FICIAL IMP]IAL HI/ORY AS CONCEIV$1 PRODUC$1 & DIRECT$ BY ! VICTORS4 ,& ! VICTORS >E NOT ! COMMON PEOPLE ( ! TWO BLOCS :OSE LIV+ CONDITIONS DECL9E AS 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL REORGANIZES >\ND A /ILL MORE EXPLOITATIVE 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 BUT RA!R ! CLASS & CA/E HI]>*S :O ADM9I/] & :O B5EFIT FROM 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,! N>R[ DEF9ITION ( CAPITALISM ?AT S]V$ ! MANAG]S ( BO? BLOCS MU/ BE REJECT$ = A BROAD] ONE IF ?IS EPO* IS EV] TO BE UND]/OOD4 

,IDEOLOGY ,EA/ & ,WE/ HAS REASONS TO D5Y IT1 BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT TO FOCUS ON JURIDICAL PROP]TY RELATIONS & ! T]MS BY :I* HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES NAME !MSELVES IS TO COMMIT A GRAVE1 =MALI/IC ]ROR4 MOD]N /ATE SOCIALISM WAS ONLY A MANIFE/ATION ( ! CAPITALISM IT CLAIM$ TO SUP]S$E4 ,CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL S5SE ?AT SEES ?R\< ! VEILS ( IDEOLOGICAL MY/IFICATION4 ,BY DO+ SO1 WE UND]/& NOT ONLY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! BLOCS BUT !IR FUNDAM5TAL ID5TITY4 ,:AT WAS CAPITALI/ AB\T ,SOVIET SOCIALISM8 

,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS >GU$ 9 #aigg ?AT ! SOCIAL REGIME 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD BETT] BE DESCRIB$ AS 0TOTAL BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM0 9 CONTRA/ ) PRIVATE 0FRAGM5T$ BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM0 9 ! ,WE/ 7?\< 'TOTAL0 DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT !RE IS NO OPPOSITION OR ANTAGONISM )9 ! REGIME74 ,IT WAS 7& REMA9S7 0AN ASYMMETRICAL & ANTAGONI/ICALLY DIVID$ SOCIETY--OR 9 TRADITIONAL T]MS1 A 'CLASS SOCIETY'444 SUBJECT TO ! DOM9ATION ( A P>TICUL> SOCIAL GR\P1 ! BUREAUCRACY40 

,?IS DOM9ATION1 ,CA/ORIADIS CONT9UES1 WAS 0CONCRETIZ$ 9 AN ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 & M5TAL 5SLAVEM5T ( ! POPULATION0 = ! BUREAUCRACY'S B5EFIT4 ,EXPLOITATION--! EXTRACTION ( VALUE FROM NATURE & HUMAN LABOR = RE9VE/M5T 9 ! 5T]PRISE & = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! RUL+ GR\P1 FL[S FROM ANTAGONI/IC RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 0BAS$ ON .<A.> DIVISION BETWE5 MANAG]S & OP]ATIVES0 SEP>ATE FROM =MAL OR LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS4 ,:E!R ! FACTORY MANAG] HOLDS ! DE$ TO ! PLACE OR RUNS IT ON BEHALF ( AN AB/RACTION CALL$ ! ,/ATE 79 REALITY A C\NTRY CLUB TO :I* HE & HIS CRONIES BELONG7 IS IRRELEVANT4 ,! RESULT IS ! SAME = HIM & = ?OSE :O WORK UND] HIM4 

,SUBJECT 0TO A 'WAGE' RELATION ,AS ANY O!R WORK+ CLASS10 ! OP]ATIVES 0HAVE CONTROL ( NEI!R ! MEANS NOR ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 NOR ( !IR [N ACTIVITY AS WORK]S4 ,!Y 'SELL' !IR TIME1 !IR VITAL =CES1 & !IR LIFE TO ! BUREAUCRACY1 :I* DISPOSES ( !M ACCORD+ TO ITS 9T]E/S40 ,! BUREAUCRACY USES ! SAME BASIC ME?ODS AS ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ ,WE/ TO 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( VALUE IT EXTRACTS & R$UCE ! WORK]S' %>E AS WELL AS :ATEV] %R$S ( AUTONOMY ?AT MI<T EXI/ 9 ! WORKPLACE ?R\< MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES & ! TE*NICIZATION ( WORK4 

,?AT ! SY/EM IS CALL$ SOCIALISM MEANS NO?+4 ,RA!R1 ! CONT5T ( ! SOCIETY--HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 ALI5ATION1 & PRODUCTION--& NOT ITS =MAL 9TEGUM5TS1 IS KEY4 ,IT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT TO SPEAK ( ! CONT5T ( CAPITALISM 9 A CULTURAL MODE1 NOT ONLY N>R[LY 9 T]MS ( ! WORK RELATION4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY & MO/ BROADLY1 & AS ,CA/ORIADIS >GUES1 

0,! ,RUSSIAN REGIME IS P>T ( ! SOCIO-HI/ORICAL UNIV]SE ( CAPITALISM BECAUSE ! MAGMA ( SOCIAL IMAG9>Y SIGNIFICATIONS .<OR IDEOLOGY.> ?AT ANIMATE ITS 9/ITUTIONS & >E REALIZ$ ?R\< IT IS ! V]Y ?+ ?AT IS BR\<T AB\T 9 HI/ORY BY CAPITALISM4 ,! CORE ( ?IS MAGMA CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS ! UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( 'RATIONAL' MA/]Y4 ,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 A QUE/ION ( A MA/]Y ?AT IS MO/LY ILLUSORY1 & ( AN AB/RACT PSEUDO-'RATIONALITY4' ,?IS IMAG9>Y SIGNIFICATION CON/ITUTES ! C5TRAL JUNCTURE ( IDEAS ?AT BECOME EFFECTIVE =CES & PROCESSES DOM9AT+ ! FUNCTION+ & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM3 ! UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES2 ! OBSESSIVE PREOCCUPATION ) 'DEVELOPM5T1' PSEUDO-RATIONAL 'TE*NICAL PROGRESS1' PRODUCTION & ! 'ECONOMY'2 'RATIONALIZATION' & CONTROL ( ALL ACTIVITIES2 ! 9CREAS+LY ELABORATE DIVISION ( LABOR1 UNIV]SAL QUANTIFICATION1 CALCULATION & 'PLANN+'2 ORGANIZATION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 ETC4 ,ITS CORRELATIVES >E ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( ! 5T]PRISE1 ! BUREAUCRATIC-HI]>*ICAL ,APP>ATUS1 ! MOD]N ,/ATE & ,P>TY1 ETC4 ,MANY ( !SE ELEM5TS--9/ITUTIONAL SIGNIFICATIONS & =MS-->E CREAT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL P]IODS ?AT ANT$ATE CAPITALISM4 .<,& H]E ,LEWIS ,MUM=D'S DESCRIPTION ( ! ANTICIPATIONS ( MOD]N CAPITAL 9 ! ANCI5T SLAVE /ATE MEGAMA*9ES COMES TO M9D4--,G4,B4.> ,BUT IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT1 DUR+ ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A CAPITALI/ B\RGEOISIE1 *ANGES !IR FUNCTION & REUNITES !M TO ! SIGNIFICATION ( ! UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( 'RATIONAL' MA/]Y 7EXPLICITLY =MULAT$ S9CE ,DESC>TES1 & ALWAYS C5TRAL TO ,M>X1 SO ?AT HIS ?9K+ ALWAYS REMA9S AN*OR$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ UNIV]SE744440 70,! ,SOCIAL ,REGIME 9 ,RUSSIA10 ,TELOS #c#h1 ,W9T] #a#i#g#h-#g#i7 

,CLE>LY1 CAPITALISM IS NOT ! UNIDIM5SIONAL PH5OM5ON ?AT BO? LEFT & RI<T W\LD HAVE IT BE4 ,IT EM]G$ FROM ITS 0CLASSICAL0 ORIG9S NOT ONLY AS ! GR[+ P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO UNIV]SALLY IMPOSE TRADE & EX*ANGE ?R\< CONTRACTUAL LABOR1 BUT WAS ALSO 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ TO ! CULT ( R$UCTIVE RATIONALITY & EFFICI5CY1 ! RISE ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 ! GR[? ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 & ! MAT]IALIZATION & QUANTIFICATION ( CULTURE4 

,CAPITALISM IS !RE=E ACCORD+LY AN 0IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES0 BUT ALSO & MORE IMPORTANTLY1 :AT LIES BEH9D IT3 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT MAKE ACCUMULATION POSSIBLE4 ,TO P>APHRASE ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE1 CAPITAL IS NOT A MODE ( PRODUCTION AS ,M>X PUT IT BUT A MODE ( BE+4 7,! ,W&]+ ( ,HUMANITY1 #a#i#g#e2 SEE ALSO ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN1 ,! ,REPRODUCTION ( ,DAILY ,LIFE1 #a#i#g#b47 ,?IS MODE ( BE+1 %>$ BY SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM1 /&S 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ALL =MS ( COMMUNITIES1 9 CONTRA/ TO ALL V]NACUL>1 SUBSI/5CE SOCIETIES ?AT PREC$$ IT1 9 :I* ! FUNDAM5TAL MOTIVES W]E NOT ECONOMIC & 9/RUM5TAL BUT COMMUNAL1 CULTURAL1 & SPIRITUAL 7?\<1 AGA91 IT WAS ANTICIPAT$ 9 ?OSE E>LY CLASS SOCIETIES :]E RELATIONS BETWE5 K9--OR = ?AT MATT]1 BETWE5 5EMIES--BECAME RELATIONS BETWE5 /RANG]S BAS$ ON ECONOMIC EX*ANGE74 

,CAPITALISM BEGAN BY REPLAC+ SUBSI/5CE ECONOMIES 79 FACT1 NONECONOMIC SOCIETIES7 ) ! M>KET4 ,ECONOMIC RELATION & TRADE1 0AT BE/ A SUBORD9ATE FEATURE ( LIFE10 9 ! WORDS ( ,K>L ,POLANYI1 BECAME C5TRAL4 0,! ME*ANISM :I* ! MOTIVE ( GA9 SET 9 MOTION WAS COMP>ABLE 9 EFFECTIV5ESS ONLY TO ! MO/ VIOL5T \TBUR/ ( RELIGI\S F]VOR 9 HI/ORY10 HE >GUES4 0,)9 A G5]ATION ! :OLE HUMAN WORLD WAS SUBJECT$ TO ITS UNDILUT$ 9FLU5CE40 7,! ,GREAT ,TRANS=MATION1 #a#i#e#g7 

,M>KETS1 ! /ATE & EV5TUALLY 9DU/RIALISM ALL GREW TOGE!R AS 9T]LOCK+ ASPECTS ( ! SAME SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,?\< M>KETS EXI/$ BE=E ! RISE ( CAPITALISM1 AS ,POLANYI REVEALS1 SU* M>KETS W]E 0ESS5TIALLY444 NEI<BORHOOD M>KETS0 ?AT 0NO:]E %[$ ANY SIGN ( R$UC+ ! PREVAIL+ ECONOMIC SY/EM .<I4E41 AUTONOMY & SUBSI/5CE.> TO !IR PATT]N40 ,9 FACT1 0,9T]NAL TRADE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS ACTUALLY CREAT$ BY ! 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE40 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ) 9DU/RIALISM1 :I* HAD TO BE IMPOS$ ON ! COMMON PEOPLE1 :OSE RESPONSE TO 5CLOSURES & ! FACTORY SY/EM WAS CIVIL W>1 ! BURN+ ( FACTORIES & DE/RUCTION ( MA*9ES4 ,! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES HAD TO S5D 9 T5S ( ?\S&S ( TROOPS TO IMPOSE ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ ORD]4 7,SEE ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON'S ,! ,MAK+ ( ! ,5GLI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 #a#i#f#c47 

,ANO!R KEY +R$I5T ( ?IS NEW SOCIAL SY/EM WAS ! VIOL5CE & !FT C>RI$ \T 9 ! ORIG9AL ACCUMULATION--! DESPOLIATION ( ! TRADITIONAL COMMONS 9 ,EUROPE1 ! KIDNAPP+ & 5SLAVEM5T ( ,AFRICANS1 & ! CONQUE/ ( ,AM]ICA1 ,AU/RALIA1 & ,ASIA4 ,! MASSIVE1 BRUTAL PLUND] ?AT PAID = ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA EXEMPLIFIES ! NECESSITY = CAPITAL ALWAYS TO HAVE A SUP]-EXPLOIT$ COLONY & SACRIFICE ZONE4 ,IT IS ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & ! LOOT+ ( NATURE ?AT BR+ ACCUMULATION OR PR(IT1 :I* 9 TURN S]VES TO REPRODUCE SOCIAL P[]4 ,! CREATION ( WEAL? REQUIR$ ! CREATION ( SC>CITY--A PROCESS GO+ ON TODAY1 = EXAMPLE1 AT ! FRONTI]S ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T_/COLONIZATION 9 ?OSE SMALL SUBSI/5CE CULTURES N[ UND] ATTACK1 BE IT FROM M>KET EXPANSION ?R\< ! 9VASION ( SU* CULTURES BY COMMODITIES OR FROM /ATE CAPITALI/ MEGATE*NICAL PROJECTS ?AT DISPLACE :OLE CULTURES ALTOGE!R4 7,SEE 0,TE*NOLOGICAL ,9VASION10 9 ! ,JULY #aihb ,F,E47 

,= TRIBAL & VILLAGE PEOPLES1 ! TRADITIONAL H\SEHOLD ECONOMIES *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! ABS5CE ( COMMODITIES & 9/ITUTIONAL \TPUTS 7& ID5TIFI$ AS 0POV]TY0 & UND]DEVELOPM5T0 BY DEVELOPM5T BUREAUCRATS7 IS ACTUALLY ABUNDANCE2 :ILE ! WEAL? BR\<T BY CAPITALI/ 9VE/M5T1 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONALIZATION LEADS ! VA/ MAJORITY TO DE/ITUTION & MIS]Y4 0,MORE COMMODITIES & MORE CA% MEAN LESS LIFE10 WRITES EC(EM9I/ ,V&ANA ,%IVA1 09 NATURE 7?R\< ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION7 & 9 SOCIETY 7?R\< D5IAL ( BASIC NE$S740 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD />VATION CRISIS IS ! RESULT1 BUT ITS ROOTS LIE 9 ! ORIG9AL 5CLOSURE MOVEM5T1 ! SLAVE TRADE1 & ! E>LY COLONIAL EXPANSIONS ( MOD]N CAPITAL'S EM]G5CE4 7,SEE ,V&ANA ,%IVA1 ,/AY+ ,ALIVE3 ,WOM51 ,ECOLOGY & ,DEVELOPM5T1 #a#i#h#i2 ,IVAN ,ILLI*1 ,TOOLS = ,CONVIVIALITY1 #a#i#g#c1 & ,%AD[ ,WORK1 #a#i#h#a2 ,SYLVIA ,WYNT]1 0,E?NO OR ,SOCIO-,POETICS10 9 ,AL*]+A3 ,E?NOPOETICS1 $IT$ BY ,M4 ,B5AM\ & ,J4 ,RO!NB]G1 #a#i#g#f47 

,! /ATE HAS ALWAYS PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BY :I* TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,JAMES ,PETRAS1 ALL CASES ( ! E>LY /ATES ( NATIONAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 09VOLV$ L>GE-SCALE /ATE 9VE/M5TS 9 MO/ IF NOT ALL ! ESS5TIAL >EAS ( ! ECONOMY = V>Y+ P]IODS ( TIME40 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE BY ?AT TIME WORLD CAPITAL HAD A*IEV$ A DIFF]5T SCALE & *>ACT] FROM ! ORIG9AL CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,NO C\NTRY C\LD CON/RUCT A SOLID NATIONAL CAPITAL )\T A /ATI/ /RATEGY4 

,9 ! COLONIAL WORLD ( WEAK] NATIONS & OLD EMPIRES LEFT BEH9D BY ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 A FEEBLE1 VACILLAT+ NATIVE B\RGEOISIE 7:AT ,PETRAS CALLS A 0LUMP5 B\RGEOISIE07 S]V$ AS MIDDLEM5 = 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL1 ADM9I/]+ !IR NATIONS AS P]MAN5T SACRIFICE ZONES = ! COLONIAL P[]S4 ,9 SU* NATIONS IT WAS ! ?9 MIDDLE CLASS 7PETTY B\RGEOIS7 LAY] ?AT PRODUC$ ! ,JACOB9 ELITES CAPABLE ( LEAD+ NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE W>S TO CREATE A NATIONALIZ$ CAPITAL UND] ! EGIS ( ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 ,SOMETIMES !SE C\NTRIES DEVELOP$ MIX$ ECONOMIES 7,MEXICO 9 ! FIR/ DECADES AFT] ! REVOLUTION7 & SOMETIMES !Y DEVELOP$ BUREAUCRATIC1 NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY =MS 7,U4,S4,S4,R41 ,*9A74 ,!SE NATIONALI/ 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES TOOK SOCIALI/ =MS3 A ONE-P>TY /ATE1 /ATE [N]%IP & PLANN+ 9 KEY 9DU/RIAL SECTORS1 & SOCIALI/ 7POPULI/7 RHETORIC & IDEOLOGY4 ,:ILE ,PETRAS CONSID]S ONLY SO-CALL$ RADICAL NATIONALI/ /ATES1 :O US$ 0SOCIALI/ =MS0 TO ACCOMPLI% CAPITALI/ 5DS1 0NAMELY1 ! REALIZATION ( PR(IT )9 A CLASS SOCIETY10 ! DESCRIPTION ALSO FITS ! SOCIALI/ BLOC1 :]E A CLASS SOCIETY REALIZES PR(IT 7BY EXTRACT+ SURPLUS VALUE7 = ! /ATE & = ! PROJECTS & ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRATIC CA/E OR CLASS4 70,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD10 9 ,PETRAS1 ,CRITICAL ,P]SPECTIVES ON ,IMP]IALISM & ,SOCIAL ,CLASS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 #a#i#g#h7 

,?US WE SEE ! $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASS 7& 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 DECLASSE7 LEAD]S ( 7USUALLY M>XI/7 CADRE P>TIES US+ M>XI/ DISC\RSE TO C>RY ! CAPITALI/ PROJECT ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 & ! ACCUMULATION ( VALUE TO ?OSE PLACES ?AT IT HAD NOT PREVI\SLY BE5 ABLE TO FULLY P5ETRATE4 ,US+ SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY1 !SE LEAD]S LAID ! F\NDATIONS = CAPITALISM1 EXPROPRIAT+ NOT ONLY ! OLD CLASSES BUT ! TRADITIONAL COMMONS1 & CREAT+ 9T]NAL COLONIES 79 REGIONS 9HABIT$ BY E?NIC M9ORITIES1 9 GULAG SLAVE LABOR CAMPS1 & BY SUP]-EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S = ! 0SOCIALI/ FA!RL&071 TO PLAY ! ROLE ?AT EXT]NAL COLONIES & SLAV]Y HAD PLAY$ = ! FIR/ WAVE ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 

,! M>XI/S W]E FIRM BELIEV]S 9 ! 0MAGMA0 7TO USE ,CA/ORIADIS' T]M7 ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,REJECT+ SECOND>Y QUALITIES ( CAPITAL 7PRIVATE PROP]TY =MS *>ACT]I/IC ( O!R TIMES & O!R C\NTRIES71 !Y EMBRAC$ ! IDEOLOGY ( DEVELOPM5T1 9DU/RY1 PRODUCTION1 TE*NOLOGY1 & 0RATIONAL MA/]Y40 ,TO !M CAPITALISM WAS REVOLUTION>Y & PROGRESSIVE BECAUSE IT %ATT]$ ! TRADITIONAL BONDS ?AT !IR S5SE ( COLONIAL 9F]IORITY 7& LET US BE FAIR3 !IR \TRAGE AT CAPITALI/ 9JU/ICES7 L$ !M TO REJECT AS 0BACKW>D40 ,BUT SOCIALISM WAS EV5 BETT] BECAUSE IT C\LD DELIV] :AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD ONLY PROMIS$4 ,! PROJECT TO LIB]ATE ! 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 FROM ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ FETT]S & ?US TO EXP& PRODUCTIVE =CES MADE M>XISM1 AS ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE HAS NOT$1 0! AU!NTIC CONSCI\SNESS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION40 ,B\RGEOIS & M>XI/ CADRE %>$ ! SAME FALSE CONSCI\SNESS4 0,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM IS A GLORIFICATION ( ! W&]+ 9 :I* HUMANITY HAS BE5 5GAG$ = MORE ?AN A C5TURY3 GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES AS ! CONDITION S9E-QUA-NON = LIB]ATION40 7,CAMATTE1 ,! ,W&]+ ( ,HUMANITY1 ,DETROIT1 #a#i#g#e7 

,GIANNI ,COLLU1 ,CAMATTE'S COLLABORATOR1 PUTS IT ANO!R WAY ?AT M]ITS M5TION4 ,ALL ! CRITIQUES ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( CAPITALISM T5D TO OBSCURE :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT3 0! TRANSITION ( VALUE TO A SITUATION ( ITS COMPLETE AUTONOMY40 ,HE CONT9UES3 

0,?IS TRANSITION IS A MOVEM5T FROM VALUE AS AN AB/RACT QUANTITY >IS+ \T ( ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS TO VALUE AS AN OBJECTIFI$ ?+ 9 ITSELF1 = ! SAKE ( :I* ALL GOODS >E PRODUC$1 & 9 RESPECT TO :I* ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES >E JUDG$4 ,! TRADITIONAL 'LEFT' 7OLD & NEW7 DOES NOT >GUE AGA9/ SU* A SY/EM ( VALUE BUT ONLY AGA9/ ! FAILURE ( CAPITALISM TO OV]COME ! PETTY SQUABBLES )9 PRODUCTION & )9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!Y SEE1 9 COMMON ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT !SE SQUABBLES PREV5T ! SMOO? MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY T[>DS ITS TOTAL DOM9ATION BY VALUE1 T[>D A SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL ?+S CAN BE EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( NUMB]S1 :]E QUANTITY DEMOLI%ES QUALITY4 ,S9CE ! LEFT QUE/IONS NOT ! PRODUCTION ( VALUE BUT ! WAY 9 :I* VALUE IS PRODUC$1 IT %>ES ) ! B\RGEOISIE ! SAME PROJECT3 MAK+ ! PRODUCTION ( VALUE MORE & MORE EFFICI5T40 70,TRANSITION10 #a#i#f#i1 TRANSLAT$ & REPR9T$ 9 ,IDEAS = ,SETT+ ,Y\R ,M9D 9 A ,CONDITION ( ,DIS-EASE1 ,FALL+ ,SKY ,BOOKS1 NO DATE7 

,9 ! ,EA/ ,BLOC AN OLD JOKE EXPLA9$ ?AT Y\ C\LD PROVE ?AT ! ,EA/ WAS SOCIALI/ RA!R ?AN CAPITALI/ BECAUSE ,L59'S PICTURE WAS ON ! MONEY4 7,EV5 ?AT IS N[ *ANG+4 ,:AT IMAGE WILL N[ GRACE ! BANK NOTES ! CZ>8 ,A BANK]8 ,AN HI/ORIC BUILD+ BE+ DISSOLV$ BY ACID RA98 ,SOME ANIMAL !Y >E DRIV+ 9TO EXT9CTION87 

,SOCIALISM TURN$ \T TO BE A V>IANT ON CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ?\< NOT A P]MAN5T ONE3 ! 0CLASSIC0 COLONIAL =M MAY N[ BE RE/OR$4 ,9 #aiag AN OLD =M ( CAPITAL FELL TO A NEW =M2 9 #aiia ! NEW =M !N FELL TO YET ANO!R4 ,! FIR/ TRANS=MATION SOON BECAME A TRAG$Y1 ! SECOND N[ TURNS TRAGIC F>CE4 ,IT DOESN'T MATT] :O OR :AT IS ON ! MONEY4 ,IT'S ALL CAPITAL4 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N #d4 

  
  

0,:EEL ( ! EPO*1 KEEP ON TURN+4440 

--,&REI ,VOZNES5SKY  
  

,DESPITE ITS /ATUS AS AN OLD EMPIRE & MILIT>Y P[]1 ,RUSSIA UND] ! CZ>S WAS ONE ( ?OSE P]IPH]AL NATIONS LAGG+ BEH9D 9 CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! CZ>S BEGAN TO DEVELOP /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! RELATIVE ABS5CE ( ! SOCIAL CLASSES & CULTURE NECESS>Y TO FOM5T ! PROCESS4 ,BY IMPORT+ CAPITAL 9TO A NATION /ILL MIR$ 9 AN >*AIC1 BUREAUCRATIC DESPOTISM1 :]E CAPITAL WAS 9CAPABLE ( CAT*+ UP ) ! ADVANC$ ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 !Y UNLEA%$ ! =CES ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY UNRAVEL !IR [N P[]4 

,YET ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! EMPIRE WAS NOT SO EASILY SUP]S$$1 EV5 IF /RUCTURES & SPECIFIC SOCIAL CLASSES C\LD BE SUB/ITUT$4 ,AS ,K>L ,WITTFOGEL REM>K$ 9 HIS CLASSIC ,ORI5TAL ,DESPOTISM3 ,A ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDY 9 ,TOTAL ,P[]1 0N9E MON?S AFT] ! FALL ( ! SEMI-MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS /ATE ( ,CZ>DOM1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION PAV$ ! WAY = ! RISE ( ! TOTAL MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS /ATE ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R40 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS L$ ALMO/ IMM$IATELY TO A /ATE CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,L591 %>+ ,M>X'S FETI% = ! 0PROGRESSIVE0 DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTION1 & FE>+ ?AT ! EMPIRE MI<T REV]T TO ! 0,ASIATIC DESPOTISM0 ( ! CZ>S1 CONSCI\SLY SET \T TO CREATE CAPITALI/ F\NDATIONS ON ! BACKS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y POPULATION HE CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T4 ,O!RWISE1 HE FE>$1 !RE W\LD BE A RE/ORATION ( ! G5]AL1 BUREAUCRATIC /ATE SLAV]Y *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,ASIATIC DESPOTISM ?AT ,M>X & O!RS HAD DESCRIB$ AT DIFF]5T TIMES AS A MODE ( PRODUCTION DI/9CT FROM SLAV]Y & FEUDALISM4 7,9 SU* A SOCIETY1 PRODUCTION WAS DISP]S$1 LOCAL1 & SELF-SU/A9+1 BUT POLITICAL AU?ORITY WAS C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC4 ,ANCI5T ,*9A & ,EGYPT W]E GIV5 AS EXAMPLES ( ?IS K9D ( SOCIETY47 

,9 REPLY TO CRITICS )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 7AS WELL AS FROM \TSIDE IT7 :O >GU$ ?AT NOT SOCIALISM BUT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS BE+ E/ABLI%$1 ,L59 WROTE 9 #a#i#a#h1 0,IF WE 9TRODUC$ /ATE CAPITALISM 9 APPROXIMATELY SIX MON?S' TIME1 WE W\LD A*IEVE A GREAT SUCCESS & A SURE GU>ANTEE ?AT )9 A YE> SOCIALISM WILL HAVE GA9$ A P]MAN5TLY FIRM HOLD & WILL HAVE BECOME 9V9CIBLE 9 \R C\NTRY40 0,SOVIET P[]0 HAD NO?+ TO FE> FROM /ATE CAPITALISM1 HE >GU$1 AS IT W\LD BE 0IMMEASURABLY SUP]IOR TO ! PRES5T SY/EM ( ECONOMY40 ,! 0SUM TOTAL ( ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS ( SOCIALISM0 WAS 9 FACT 0L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ TE*NIQUE BAS$ ON ! LA/ WORD ( MOD]N SCI5CE4440 

,L59 W5T EV5 FUR!R1 CALL+ = PIECE WORK PRODUCTION & ! APPLICATION ( ,TAYLORISM 7TIME /UDY & ! RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR71 & HE URG$ ! /UDY ( 0! /ATE CAPITALISM ( ! ,G]MANS TO SP>E NO EF=T COPY+ IT40 ,! NEW /ATE %\LD %R9K FROM NO?+ 9 A*IEV+ ITS GOALS1 NEI!R FROM 0! DICTATOR%IP ( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS0 NOR ! EMPLOYM5T ( 0B>B>\S ME?ODS TO FI<T B>B>ISM40 ,GETT+ ! TRA9S RUNN+ ON TIME SO ?AT M]*ANTS C\LD MAKE !IR APPO9TM5TS WAS TO HIM 0A ?\S& TIMES MORE VALUABLE ?AN TW5TY COMMUNI/ RESOLUTIONS10 HE SAID1 MAK+ HIM NOT ONLY ! PE] ( ,MUSSOL9I BUT ( HIS FREE M>KET HEIRS 9 TODAY'S =M] WORK]S' /ATE4 0,SOCIALISM10 HE WROTE ?AT SAME YE>1 0IS NO?+ BUT /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY MADE TO B5EFIT ! :OLE PEOPLE40 7,QUOT$ 9 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 ,SOLID>ITY_/,BLACK @& ,R$1 ,DETROIT #a#i#g#b7 

,HI]>*IC LEAD]%IP1 DICTATORIAL COMM& & ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T 7(T5 9 ! P]SON ( A =M] [N] OR MANAG]7 WAS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO REALIZE ! /ATE CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION 5VISION$ BY ,L594 ,AS ,BR9TON OBS]VES1 0,)9 A YE> ( ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 7%AK5 = A :ILE AT ! HEI<T ( ! MASS MOVEM5T7 HAD REV]T$ TO ! CLASSICAL AU?ORIT>IAN PATT]N SE5 9 ALL CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,! WORK]S AS WORK]S HAD BE5 DIVE/$ ( ANY MEAN+FUL DECISIONAL AU?ORITY 9 MATT]S ?AT CONC]N$ !M MO/40 

,TROTSKY PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ?IS C\NT]REVOLUTION1 NOT ONLY TURN+ ! >MY 9TO A TRADITIONAL AU?ORIT>IAN & HI]>*IC /RUCTURE 7= EXAMPLE1 RE/OR+ ! DEA? P5ALTY = DISOB$I5CE UND] FIRE & ABOLI%+ ! ELECTIVE *OICE ( (FIC]S47 ,HE ALSO CALL$ = ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ECONOMY & LABOR1 DEM&+ ?AT MILIT>Y DES]T]S & 0DES]T]S FROM LABOR0 BE M>%AL$ 9TO PUNITIVE BATTALIONS & CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 0,! WORK+ MASSES CANNOT BE W&]+ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA10 HE TOLD A TRADE UNION CONGRESS4 0,!Y MU/ BE ?R[N H]E & !RE1 APPO9T$1 COMM&$1 JU/ LIKE SOLDI]S40 7,SEE ,ROB]T ,V4 ,DANIELS1 ,! ,CONSCI5CE ( ! ,REVOLUTION3 ,COMMUNI/ ,OPPOSITION 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#i47 

,9 ANSW] TO A ,M5%EVIK ,P>TY OPPON5T :O >GU$1 0,Y\ CANNOT BUILD A PLANN$ ECONOMY 9 ! WAY ! ,PH>AOHS BUILT !IR PYRAMIDS0 7AN A/ONI%+LY PRESCI5T PHRASE1 EV5 IF IT REFLECT$ MO/LY ! IDEA ?AT CO]CION W\LD BE 9EFFICI5T71 ,TROTSKY REPLI$ ?AT EV5 *ATTEL SLAV]Y HAD BE5 PRODUCTIVE1 & ?AT COMPULSORY S]F LABOR WAS = ITS TIME A 0PROGRESSIVE PH5OM5ON40 7,ISAAC ,DEUTS*]1 ,! ,PROPHET ,>M$3 ,TROTSKY #a#h#g#i-#a#i#b#a1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#f#e74 ,9 ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM1 WRITT5 FROM HIS MILIT>Y TRA91 HE >GU$ ?AT NOT ONLY WAS COMPULSORY LABOR NECESS>Y1 BUT ?AT IT REPRES5T$ 0! 9EVITABLE ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION & DISCIPL9+ ( LABOR-P[] DUR+ ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO ,SOCIALISM40 ,COMPULSION BY ! /ATE W\LD ALSO 0/ILL PLAY1 = A CONSID]ABLE P]IOD1 AN EXTREMELY PROM95T P>T0 9 ?IS PROCESS4 7,TROTSKY1 ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM1 ,ANN ,>BOR1 #a#i#f#c7 ,H]E WAS NOT ONLY ONE ( ! IRRATIONAL CONSEQU5CES ( 0RATIONAL MA/]Y0 BUT ! ESS5CE ( H[ ! /ATE COMMUNI/ SY/EMS CAME TO BE UNIV]SALLY KN[N3 AS ,DANIELS PUTS IT1 AN 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ ON MILIT>Y L9ES40 

,DANIELS PO9TS \T ?AT ! 0DILEMMAS0 FAC$ BY ! COMMUNI/S 9 #aiba W]E ALREADY ANTICIPAT$ 9 PASS+ BY ,5GELS1 :O WROTE CONC]N+ ! PEASANT W>S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?AT ! WOR/ ?+ = A REVOLUTION>Y WAS TO W9 P[] 9 AN AGE :5 HIS CLASS IS NOT READY4 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS1 0,HE IS COMPELL$ TO REPRES5T NOT HIS P>TY OR HIS CLASS1 BUT ! CLASS = :OM CONDITIONS >E RIPE = DOM9ATION40 0,9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! MOVEM5T ITSELF10 HE CONT9U$1 0,SU* A FIGURE 0IS COMPELL$ TO DEF5D ! 9T]E/ ( AN ALI5 CLASS1 & TO FE$ HIS [N CLASS ) PHRASES & PROMISES1 ) ! ASS]TION ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT ALI5 CLASS >E !IR [N 9T]E/S40 

0,AS A CAPSULE ANALYSIS ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA10 COMM5TS ,DANIELS1 0?IS W\LD BE H>D TO IMPROVE UPON4 ,:AT IS ! ALI5 CLASS :OSE 9T]E/S >E DEF5D$8 ,?IS IS A COMPLEX QUE/ION1 BUT P]HAPS ! MO/ APT ANSW] IS ?AT SUGGE/$ 9 MANY ,COMMUNI/ WRIT+S ( ! P]IOD--! 'TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4'0 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS EXPLICIT CRITIQUE ( ,M>X WAS MADE BY HIS AN>*I/ CONTEMPOR>IES1 P>TICUL>LY ,BAKUN91 :O HAD PR$ICT$ ?AT ,M>X'S AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM W\LD 9 FACT BR+ AB\T A NEW /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! /ATI/ SY/EM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,BAKUN9 >GU$1 0BAS+ ITSELF ON ! ALLEG$ SOV]EIGNTY ( ! SO-CALL$ WILL ( ! PEOPLE444 9CORPORATES ! TWO NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = ! PROGRESS ( CAPITALISM3 /ATE C5TRALIZATION & ! ACTUAL SUBMISSION ( ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE TO ! 9TELLECTUAL GOV]N+ M9ORITY1 :O1 :ILE CLAIM+ TO REPRES5T ! PEOPLE1 UNFAIL+LY EXPLOITS !M40 ,ELSE:]E ,BAKUN9 WRITES1 0,! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PATRIMONY ( SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS3 A PRIE/LY CLASS1 AN >I/OCRATIC CLASS1 A B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,& F9ALLY1 :5 ALL ! O!R CLASSES HAVE EXHAU/$ !MSELVES1 ! ,/ATE !N BECOMES ! PATRIMONY ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS & !N FALLS--OR IF Y\ WILL1 RISES--TO ! POSITION ( A MA*9E40 

,COMM5T+ ON !SE PASSAGES1 ,JOHN ,CL>K WRITES3 

0,BAKUN91 HAV+ ACCEPT$ ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY AS ! !ORETICAL CON/RUCT :I* BO? LEGITIMATES & ,VEILS ! P[] RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 .<WAS.> EXT5D+ ?IS CRITIQUE TO ,M>XISM AS ! EM]G+ IDEOLOGY ( A DEVELOP+ SOCIAL CLASS1 A NEW CLASS :OSE P[] IS ROOT$ 9 ! GR[? ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ & SPECIALIZ$ TE*NIQUE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ?IS TE*NO-BUREAUCRATIC CLASS ABSORBS & EXP&S ! FUNCTIONS ( PREVI\S BUREAUCRACIES1 & UTILIZES /ATI/ IDEOLOGY1 :I* PRES5TS POLITICAL DOM9ATION AS NECESS>Y = SOCIAL ORD]1 TO LEGITIMATE ITS EXI/5CE4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT 9CORPORATES ! NEW HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( RELATIONS DEVELOP+ \T ( HI< TE*NOLOGY1 & LEGITIMATES ! RESULT+ DOM9ATION ?R\< ! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUCTIVITY & ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,! RESULT IS A HI<LY 9TEGRAT$ SY/EM ( PLANN+ & CONTROL1 :I* CAN BYPASS ! LONG PROCESS ( SYN!TIC RATIONALIZATION :I* IS NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE SU* A LEVEL ( ORD] & /ABILITY 9 SOCIETIES :]E TE*NO-BUREAUCRATIC FUNCTIONS CONT9UE TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG COMPET+ SY/EMS ( P[] & AU?ORITY4 ,BAKUN9'S ORIG9ALITY CONSI/$ 9 HIS RECOGNITION1 AT A V]Y E>LY /AGE1 ( BO? ! POLITICAL-BUREAUCRATIC ASPECTS & ! SCI5TIFIC-TE*NICAL SIDE ( SU* A /RUCTURE1 & 9 HIS P]CEPTION ( ! NATURE ( ITS LEGITIMAT+ UND]P9N+S40 70,M>X1 ,BAKUN9 & ! ,PROBLEM ( ,SOCIAL ,TRANS=MATION10 ,TELOS #d#b1 ,W9T] #a#i#g#i-#h2 ALSO *APT]S TWO & ?REE 9 ,JOHN ,CL>K1 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,MOM5T3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,CULTURE1 ,NATURE1 & ,P[]1 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#h#f7 

,SO1 = :AT IT IS WOR? N[1 ! AN>*I/S W]E RI<T AB\T M>XISM A C5TURY & A HALF BE=E ! RE/ ( ! WORLD WITNESS$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! COMMUNI/ MY/IQUE & ! L[]+ ( ! HAMM] & SICKLE FROM ! T[]S ( ! ,KREML94 ,SWEPT 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS & GUNN$ D[N BY ! SECRET POLICE 9 CZ>I/-TURN$-COMMUNI/ DUNGEONS DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS ( ! REGIME1 AN>*I/S & O!R REVOLUTION>IES PAID = !IR OPPOSITION TO BOL%EVIK TYRANNY ) !IR LIVES4 

,FROM #aiag TO #aibb ! BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP WORK$ TIRELESSLY TO CONSOLIDATE P[] & CREATE V]TICAL COMM& /RUCTURES1 SETT+ UP ! POLICE & MILIT>Y HI]>*IES1 CONTROL COMMISSIONS & BUREAUCRACIES1 & CRU%+ ALL OPPOSITION1 BO? \TSIDE & 9SIDE ! RUL+ P>TY4 0,H[ CAN /RICT UNITY ( WILL BE 5SUR$80 ASK$ ,L59 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h4 0,BY ?\S&S SUBORD9AT+ !IR WILL TO ! WILL ( ONE444 ,TODAY ! ,REVOLUTION DEM&S1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM1 ?AT ! MASSES UNQUE/ION+LY OBEY ! S+LE WILL .<EMPHASIS 9 ORIG9AL.> ( ! LEAD]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS40 

,9 ANSW] TO CRITICS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION1 ,TROTSKY REPLI$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aib ?AT ,RUSSIA 9 FACT 0SUFF]$ NOT FROM ! EXCESS BUT FROM ! LACK ( AN EFFICI5T BUREAUCRACY10 ACCORD+ TO ,DEUTS*]4 7,?IS L$ ,/AL9 TO DUB ,TROTSKY ! 0PATRI>* ( ! BUREAUCRATS407 ,BY #aiba & ! MASSACRE ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS1 ! P>TY WAS FIRMLY 9 CONTROL444 ( A *AOTIC 5T]PRISE LUR*+ T[>D A DICTATOR%IP ! LIKES ( :I* NOT EV5 ! P>TY LEAD]S C\LD =ESEE4 7,?US TO SAY ?AT ,L59 WAS 5TIRELY S+LE-M9D$ 9 HIS AU?ORIT>IAN PURPOSE & CONSCI\SLY =ESAW ! DICTATOR%IP HE =G$ W\LD BE TO MISS ! TRAGIC ELEM5T 9 HI/ORICAL EV5TS--TO 9SI/ ?AT ,DR4 ,FRANK5/E9 UND]/OOD ! CONSEQU5CES ( HIS ACTIVITY & FELT NO HORROR :5 HIS MON/] NO LONG] RESPOND$ TO HIS DIRECTIONS4 ,?AT DOES NOT ABSOLVE ! ,BOL%EVIKS & !IR HEIRS ( !IR CRIMES--! WORLD HAS PAID A GREAT PRICE47 

,EV5 9SIDE ! P>TY !RE WAS A GR[+ AW>5ESS ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,! 0TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA10 9 ! WORDS ( ONE OPPOSITION GR\P1 HAD BE5 BR\<T TO P[]1 & ! BUREAUCRACY & ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY FUNCTION>IES HAD BECOME A NEW B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY HAD ALL[$ CAPITALI/ M>KET RELATIONS TO REEM]GE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD EFFECTIVELY DE/ROY$ ALL SELF-ORGANIZ$ PEASANT COMMUNES & RURAL MILITIAS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( MA9TA9+ C5TRAL P[] UND] !IR COMM&4 ,L59 LABEL$ OPPOSITION TO ?OSE POLICIES 0! MO/ S]I\S CRIME AGA9/ ! P>TY40 

,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY WAS BE+ CONSOLIDAT$ UND] !IR [N RULE1 EV5 ! P>TY LEAD]S W>N$ AGA9/ IT4 ,ONE DETECTS A NAGG+ AW>5ESS ( ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 !IR 9T5TIONS & ! CONSEQU5CES1 !IR ALLEG$ 5DS & MEANS--A RECOGNITION ?AT WAS ! CRUX ( ! AN>*I/S' CRITIQUE ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM DUR+ ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY DEBATES & LAT]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ADMITT$ ?AT !Y HAD CREAT$ ! APP>ATUS FROM 0SU* MAT]IALS AS WE HAD AT H&10 AS ,TROTSKY SAID1 REF]R+ TO ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CZ>I/ (FICIALS HIR$ BY ! NEW /ATE TO MANAGE & TO QUELL ! WORK]S & PEASANTS :O BALK$ AT ! H>NESS PREP>$ = !M BY !IR COMMUNI/ LIB]ATORS4 0,WE TOOK OV] ! OLD APP>ATUS1 & ?IS WAS \R MIS=TUNE10 CONFESS$ ,L59 9 #a#i#b#b4 

,ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC MOVES FROM ABOVE--SU* AS EXP&+ ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ) WORK]S & RANK-&-FILE P>TY MEMB]S--HAD ! OPPOSITE EFFECT ( BR++ MORE APP>AT*IKS LOYAL TO ! ,SECRET>IAT 7L$ BY ,/AL97 9TO POSITIONS ( P[]4 ,AS ,DANIELS OBS]VES1 0,BY A PROCESS ( NATURAL SELECTION ! KEY JOBS 9 ! P>TY APP>ATUS W]E FILL$ ) ! K9D ( PEOPLE :O P]=M$ WELL 9 A HI]>*ICAL1 DISCIPL9$ ORGANIZATION444'APP>ATUS M5'--:O C>RI$ \T ORD]S EFFECTIVELY & W]E RESOLUTE 9 COMBAT+ OPPOSITION ACTIVITIES40 ,?IS IS ! GR\P ?AT U%]$ ,/AL9 9TO P[]4 0,IT WAS NOT AS AN 9DIVIDUAL BUT AS ! REPRES5TATIVE1 ALMO/ ! EMBODIM5T1 ( ! SECRET>IAL MA*9]Y ?AT ,/AL9 ACCUMULAT$ P[] & PREP>$ ! GR\ND = HIS ABSOLUTE RULE40 

,BY #aibc ,L59 BELIEV$ ?AT ! BUREAUCRATIC /ATE HE F\ND$ WAS REV]T+ TO ! ,ASIATIC DESPOTISM HE HAD FE>$4 ,BY !N1 H[EV]1 IT WAS F> TOO LATE = HIM TO DO ANY?+ AB\T IT1 EV5 HAD HE BE5 ABLE TO TRANS=M HIS AU?ORIT>IAN MODE ( ?9K+ TO SEE ?R\< ! PROCESS4 ,HIS P>TY1 UND] HIS LEAD]%IP1 HAD WRECK$ ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y & COMMUNAL ACTIVITY1 SUPPRESS+ & MURD]+ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 ! PROCESS4 

,9 AN EXCESSIVELY G5]\S ESSAY ON ,L59'S 0MORAL DILEMMAS10 ,ISAAC ,DEUTS*] WRITES ?AT BY #a#i#b#b1 ! BOL%EVIK LEAD] WAS SAY+ 0?AT (T5 HE HAD ! UNCANNY S5SATION :I* A DRIV] HAS :5 HE SUDD5LY BECOMES AW>E ?AT HIS VEHICLE IS NOT MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION 9 :I* HE /E]S IT40 0,P[]FUL =CES10 ,L59 DECL>$1 0DIV]T$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION FROM ITS 'PROP] ROAD4'0 7,DEUTS*]1 ,IRONIES ( ,HI/ORY1 ,B]KELEY1 #a#i#f#f7 ,L59'S P>TY WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ITSELF ONE ( ! P[]FUL =CES2 BUT IT1 TOO1 WAS COMPELL$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( AN EPO*1 ! EPO* ( ! RISE ( /ATIFI$ BUREAUCRATIC CAPITAL4 

,L59 WAS NEV]!LESS WRONG TO ?9K ?AT ! NATION /ATE HE F\ND$ HAD SUNK BACK 9TO SIMPLE CZ>DOM--WRONG1 9 ,WITTFOGEL'S E/IMATION1 0BECAUSE IT UND]RAT$ ! ECONOMIC M5TALITY ( ! M5 ( ! NEW APP>ATUS40 ,!Y W]E 0NOT SATISFI$ ) RUL+ OV] A WORLD ( PEASANTS & CRAFTSM54 ,!Y KNEW ! POT5TIAL ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4444 ,! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS ( ! NEW SEMI-MANAG]IAL ORD] PROVID$ !M ) NEW WEAPONS ( ORGANIZATION1 PROPAG&A1 & CO]CION1 :I* 5ABL$ !M TO LIQUIDATE ! SMALL PEASANT PRODUC]S AS AN ECONOMIC CATEGORY4 ,! COMPLET$ COLLECTIVIZATION TRANS=M$ ! PEASANTS 9TO AGRICULTURAL WORK]S :O TOIL = A S+LE MA/]3 ! NEW APP>ATUS /ATE4444 ,WE CAN TRULY SAY ?AT ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 :ATEV] ITS EXPRESS$ AIMS1 GAVE BIR? TO AN 9DU/RY-BAS$ SY/EM ( G5]AL 7/ATE7 SLAV]Y40 

,! SOCIETY CREAT$ BY M>XISM-L59ISM WAS A NEW HYBRID ( CAPITALISM & ! DESPOTISM ( ! ANCI5T SLAVE /ATES--A K9D ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 ?\< C]TA9LY NOT ! ONLY K9D1 S9CE PRIVATE ,WE/]N CAPITALISM HAS ALSO EVOLV$ 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,NOR CAN IT BE DESCRIB$ AS AN 9EVITABLE /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T 9 A WORLD-HI/ORICAL PROGRESSION2 IT WAS SIMPLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONDITIONS ?AT GLOBAL CAPITAL HAD PREVI\SLY E/ABLI%$1 & ?US AN ALT]NATIVE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL4 ,& YET IT WAS ALSO SOME?+ MORE1 :AT ,LEWIS ,MUM=D CALL$ 0! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO MOD]NIZE ! OPPRESSIVE MEGAMA*9E10 ?AT W\LD LAT] BE FOLL[$ BY ! ,NAZI /ATE & ! ,ALLI$ ,P[]S DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 

,! DICTATOR%IP CONSOLIDAT$ ITS P[]1 ,MUM=D >GU$1 BY 0UTILIZ+ ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS & ! PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITION+ ( ! ANTIQUAT$ MEGAMA*9E0--SUBMISSION TO P[] & A QUASI-RELIGI\S LOYALTY TO ! /ATE & ! LEAD]1 AS WELL AS ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL RIVAL 9/ITUTIONS & MASS MURD]S ( DISSID5TS & 9DEP5D5T ?9K]S4 ,/AL9 BECAME A K9D ( DIV9E K+ :OSE 0SOLEMN PRON\NCEM5TS ON EV]Y SUBJECT FROM ! ME*ANISM ( G5ETIC 9H]ITANCE TO ! ORIG9S ( LANGUAGE W]E FATU\SLY HAIL$ AS ! VOICE ( OMNISCI5CE4444 .<A T5D5CY :I*.> LAT] BECAME MAGNIFI$ EV5 TO ! PO9T ( GROSS C>ICATURE--IF ?AT W]E POSSIBLE--9 ! PRON\NCEM5TS ( ,MAO ,TSE-TUNG40 

,MUM=D'S *>ACT]IZATION ( ! NEW MEGAMA*9E ALSO H9TS AT ! 0S9I/] DEFECTS ( ! ANCI5T MEGAMA*9E0 ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS FAILURE3 0ITS RELIANCE UPON PHYSICAL CO]CION & T]RORISM1 ITS SY/EMATIC 5SLAVEM5T ( ! 5TIRE WORK+ POPULATION1 9CLUD+ MEMB]S ( ! DICTATORIAL P>TY1 ITS SUPPRESSION ( FREE P]SONAL 9T]C\RSE1 FREE TRAVEL1 FREE ACCESS TO ! EXI/+ /ORE ( KN[L$GE1 FREE ASSOCIATION1 & F9ALLY ITS IMPOSITION ( HUMAN SACRIFICE TO APPEASE ! WRA? & SU/A9 ! LIFE ( ITS T]RIBLE1 BLOOD-DR9K+ ,GOD1 ,/AL9 HIMSELF4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS SY/EM WAS TO TRANS=M ! 5TIRE C\NTRY 9TO A PRISON1 P>T CONC5TRATION CAMP1 P>T EXT]M9ATION LABORATORY1 FROM :I* ! ONLY HOPE ( ESCAPE WAS DEA?4444 ,! FACT ?AT ,/AL91 LIKE ,L59 BE=E HIM1 WAS TREAT$ AT DEA? TO ! ANCI5T ,EGYPTIAN PROCESS ( MUMMIFICATION & WAS PUT ON VIEW = PUBLIC WOR%IP1 MAKES ! P>ALLEL ALMO/ TOO NEAT TO SEEM ANY?+ BUT CONTRIV$4444 ,BUT SO IT ACTUALLY WAS40 7,! ,P5TAGON ( ,P[]1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g7 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N #e4 

  

0,SO HE HAD BE5 ASLEEP6 ,OH1 DE> :AT A WOND]FUL DREAM ?AT WAS6 ,& :Y HAD HE WAK5$8444 ,! *E]LESS DAWN %$ ITS DULL1 UNPLEASANT LI<T ?R\< HIS W9D[444 ,OH1 H[ DISGU/+ REALITY WAS6 ,H[ C\LD IT EV] BE COMP>$ ) A DREAM80 ,NICOLAI ,GOGOL1 0,NEVSKY ,AV5UE0 7#a#h#c#e7 

0,AFT] ! !SIS1 CAPITALISM1 & ! ANTI!SIS1 SOCIALISM1 H]E IS ! PRODUCT ( ! !SIS3 ! SOCIETY ( PLA/IC40 ,B4 ,*>BONNEAU1 QUOT$ 9 ,JACQUES ,ELLUL'S ,! ,TE*NOLOGICAL ,SY/EM 

,ONE CAN ONLY SPECULATE AS TO :Y ! ,SOVIET ,UNION COLLAPS$ AS A POLITICAL 5TITY N[ RA!R ?AN DUR+ ! CRISES ( ! #a#i#cS OR ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS DUE TO AN 9SURM\NTABLE T5SION BETWE5 ! OSSIFI$ CZ>I/ MEGAMA*9E 9H]IT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & P]FECT$ BY ,/AL91 & ! MOD]NIZ$ MEGAMA*9E CON/RUCT$ AFT] ! W>4 ,! OLD MEGAMA*9E S]V$ AS ! F\NDATION = A NEW1 MORE COSMOPOLITAN SY/EM & WAS EV5TUALLY \TGR[N BY IT 9 A WAY P]HAPS ANALOG\S TO ! WAY 9 :I* SLAV]Y 9 ! S\!RN ,U4,S4 PAID = & EV5TUALLY SUCCUMB$ TO ! =CES ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ! NOR?4 ,AS CAPITAL DEVELOP$ 9 COMPLEXITY1 IT BUR/ ITS [N LIMITATIONS1 BR++ ! POLITICAL SY/EM D[N ) IT4 

,C]TA9LY BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#hS ! REGIME HAD BECOME WEAK] & MU* MORE BRITTLE4 ,! HOLL[NESS ( (FICIAL IDEOLOGY & ! P]VASIVE CORRUPTION LEFT ONLY A ?9 LAY] ( SUPPORT AMONG ITS POLITICAL RETA9]S & MASSIVE DISCONT5T AMONG ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 ,RIS+ EXPECTATIONS G5]AT$ BY ! COMMODITY_/SPECTACLE SY/EM ( ! ,WE/1 & ! FAILURES ( /ATE SOCIALISM TO FULFILL ITS PROMISES1 BO? HELP$ TO BR+ ! REGIME TO AN IMPASSE BETWE5 TWO WORLDS1 TWO DIFF]5T CONFIGURATIONS ( CAPITAL--JU/ LIKE ! ONE ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM HAD FAC$4 

,9 M>XI/ T]MS1 ! EXP]I5CE ( SOVIET SOCIALISM MEANT ?AT G5]ATIONS ( BRUTALITY1 DICTATOR%IP1 & EXPLOITATION W]E ! WAY ! NATION HAD 0PROGRESS$0 FROM A M$IEVAL EMPIRE TO A /ATE PRACTIC+ ! 0CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION40 ,! SOCIALI/ 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 PROVID$ ! 9T]NAL COLONIES1 ! PRIM>Y 5CLOSURES1 & ! SUP]EXPLOITATION ( C]TA9 SECTORS & POPULATIONS1 AS WELL AS ! SUBSEQU5T 9VE/M5TS = ! E>LY /AGES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 HIS ESSAY ON /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 ,PETRAS >GUES ?AT ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( /ATE CAPITALI/ REGIMES SUGGE/S 0?AT :ATEV] ! 9ITIAL DYNAMIC & 9NOVATION1 OV] ! LONG T]M /AGNATION1 PRIVATIZATION1 & EXT]NAL DEP5D5CE >E RECURR+ PH5OM5A4 ,9S]TION 9TO ! WORLD CAPITALI/ M>KET ON UNEQUAL T]MS & 9CREAS+ 9DEBT$NESS LEADS TO A CRISIS ?AT PROCE$S T[>D ! DISSOLUTION ( /ATISM AS A MODE ( EXPANSION40 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT CAPITAL CONT9UE TO EXP&2 ! SOCIALI/ /ATE MAY HAVE TO 0WI!R AWAY0 IF NE$ BE TO FACILITATE ! PROCESS4 

,?IS 0POLICE-AS-CAPITALI/0 ROAD 0WORK$ WOND]S 9 PROCUR+ PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL10 AS ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN PUT IT1 BUT NOT SO WELL 9 MANAG+ IT4 7,! ,CONT9U+ ,APPEAL ( ,NATIONALISM1 ,DETROIT #a#i#h#e7 ,! COMMISS>S W]E AS 9EPT AS !IR CZ>I/ PR$ECESSORS HAD BE51 & /AY$ AFLOAT ONLY AS LONG AS !Y W]E ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY CONQU] NEW S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 7,! ,*9ESE COMMUNI/S1 ?\< P]HAPS M>G9ALLY BETT] ADM9I/RATORS1 >E PROBABLY 9 ! SAME SITUATION AS ! SOVIETS1 CAU<T BETWE5 ! OLD /YLE MEGAMA*9E & ! MOD]N1 MORE FLEXIBLE FRAGM5T$ =M *>ACT]I/IC ( 9T]NATIONAL PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,AS !Y APPROPRIATE ! PRODUCTS1 TE*NIQUES1 & DEVELOPM5T /RATEGIES ( ,WE/]N CAPITAL & 5T] 9TO JO9T V5TURES ) IT1 !Y >E B\ND TO FACE SIMIL> 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,ONLY REC5TLY1 ACCORD+ TO AN ,ASSOCIAT$ ,PRESS REPORT 9 ,JANU>Y1 ,*9ESE ,PREMI] ,D5G ,XIAOP+ W>N$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WILL LOSE CONTROL IF IT FAILS TO EMBRACE A M>KET ECONOMY4 0,IF CAPITALISM HAS SOME?+ GOOD10 HE WAS REPORT$ AS SAY+1 0!N SOCIALISM %\LD BR+ IT OV] & USE IT407 

,?IS PH5OM5ON WAS ANTICIPAT$ 9DIRECTLY BY ,M>X1 ?\< 9 A WAY QUITE UNLIKE ! ACTUAL \TCOME4 ,9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE HE DESCRIBES CAPITAL AS P]MAN5TLY REVOLUTION>Y3 0,JU/ AS CAPITAL HAS ! T5D5CY ON ONE SIDE TO CREATE EV] MORE SURPLUS LABOR1 SO IT HAS ! COMPLEM5T>Y T5D5CY TO CREATE MORE PO9TS ( EX*ANGE444 I4E41 AT BOTTOM1 TO PROPAGATE PRODUCTION BAS$ ON CAPITAL1 OR ! MODE ( PRODUCTION CORRESPOND+ TO IT4 ,! T5D5CY TO CREATE ! WORLD M>KET IS DIRECTLY GIV5 9 ! CONCEPT ( CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,EV]Y LIMIT APPE>S AS A B>RI] TO BE OV]COME40 

,! ,SOVIET ,UNION APPE>$ AS ! RESULT ( ! OV]COM+ ( SU* B>RI]S 9 A MANN] NEV] CONSID]$ BY ,M>X 7?\< CLE>LY ANTICIPAT$ BY ,BAKUN974 ,ITS UNRAVEL+ WAS EQUALLY ! RESULT ( ?IS 0CON/ANT TE>+ D[N10 AS ,M>X PUT IT1 ( 0ALL ! B>RI]S :I* HEM 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 ! EXPANSION ( NE$S1 ! ALL-SID$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & ! EXPLOITATION & EX*ANGE ( NATURAL =CES4 ,RA!R ?AN A SIMPLI/IC FIXATION ON B\RGEOIS PRIVATE PROP]TY RELATIONS1 ,M>X'S DESCRIPTION ( EXP&+ CAPITAL SUGGE/S A BROAD] DEF9ITION ( ! PH5OM5ON 7A DIALECTICAL VIEW1 IF Y\ WILL71 ?AT /UDIES CAPITAL'S DYNAMIC MOVEM5T & EVOLUTION--A VIEW NECESS>Y TO UND]/& ! MOD]N WORLD4 

,! DESIRE = 9DU/RIAL GR[? & ! EXPANSION ( NE$S1 = ! EXPLOITATION & VALORIZATION ( NATURE = EX*ANGE IS %>$ BY B\RGEOIS & COMMISS> ALIKE2 IT IS ! IDEOLOGY ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 ,EA/ & ,WE/1 LEFT & RI<T1 & IS EXPLICITLY QUE/ION$ BY ONLY A FEW M>G9AL DISSID5TS & 9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 ,:5 ,NIKITA ,KRUS*EV P\ND$ HIS %OE ON ! TABLE AT ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS 9 #aif & PROMIS$ TO 0BURY0 ! ,WE/1 HE WASN'T REF]R+ TO A DIFF]5T LIFE BEYOND ! COMMODITY SY/EM BUT BETT] DELIV]Y--A K9D ( SPUTNIK ( CONSUMPTION_/PRODUCTION ?AT WAS B\ND TO FAIL GIV5 ! RELATIVE P[] ( ! RIVAL ECONOMIES & O!R HI/ORICAL FACTORS4 

0,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS M]ELY ! BEG9N+ ( A REVOLUTION AS EXTREME & RADICAL AS EV] 9FLAM$ ! M9DS ( SECT>IANS10 ,POLANYI COMM5TS1 0BUT ! NEW CRE$ WAS UTT]LY MAT]IALI/IC & BELIEV$ ?AT ALL HUMAN PROBLEMS C\LD BE RESOLV$ GIV5 AN UNLIMIT$ AM\NT ( MAT]IAL COMMODITIES40 ,AP>T FROM DIFF]5CES 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & S]VICES PRODUC$ TO MEET EXP&+ NE$S 79CLUD+ ! EXP&+ NE$S ( PRODUCTION71 NEI!R ,M>X NOR ! SY/EMS BE>+ HIS NAME ULTIMATELY QUE/ION$ ?IS IMPULSE4 ,?US ! ,SOVIET ,UNION DID NOT BURY ! ,WE/ BUT RA!R ! *IM]A ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIALISM4 ,! 9CREAS+LY COMMODITIZ$ MASS SOCIETY CREAT$ BY /ATE SOCIALI/ =MS T5D$ TO ]ODE !SE V]Y =MS & :AT LITTLE LEGITIMACY !Y C\LD SUMMON4 

,9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY MORE P[]FUL ,WE/]N ECONOMIES1 A TE*NO-BUREAUCRACY ALREADY CONDITION$ BY GRE$1 CYNICISM1 HI]>*IC ?9K+1 & A PRAGMATIC 9/RUM5TALISM--9 O!R WORDS1 ! V]Y PR]EQUISITES = LEAD]%IP ROLES 9 CORPORATE CAPITALISM--BEGAN TO BE WON OV]1 ALONG ) DISAFFECT$ SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION AS A :OLE1 TO ! RELIGION ( ECONOMIC GA94 ,?IS WAS A WAY TO JETTISON ! UNWIELDY & HAT$ SYMBOLS ( ! OLD REGIME :ILE MA9TA9+ PRIVILEGE & P[]1 AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+4 7,NOBODY WANT$ TO 5D UP LIKE ,CEAUCESCU1 AFT] ALL47 ,!Y REA*$ AN UND]/&+ ) ,I,B,M1 ,MITSUBI%I & ,MC,DONALDIZATION JU/ AS ! CZ>I/ FACTORY MANAG]S1 GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRATS & MILIT>Y (FIC]S HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ BY ,BOL%EVISM4 

,:E!R OR NOT ?IS CA/E WILL BE ABLE TO EVOLVE 9TO ANY?+ O!R ?AN A NEOCOLONIAL 0LUMP5 B\RGEOISIE0 ?AT 5RI*ES ITSELF BY SIPHON+ (F VALUE FROM A NEW 5L>G$ SACRIFICE ZONE TO ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES REMA9S TO BE SE51 BUT NO O!R SC5>IO IS APP>5T4 ,CAPITAL MU/ CON/ANTLY F9D NEW COLONIES & SACRIFICE ZONES = SUP]-EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! SACRIFICE ZONE WILL BE ! ,SIB]IAN =E/S & OIL1 AS WELL AS ! 05CLOSURE0 ( ?OSE BASIC SOCIAL SUPPORTS ?AT /ATE SOCIALISM 7DESPITE ITS HORRIBLE CRIMES & LIKE SOME ANCI5T MEGAMA*9E CIVILIZATIONS71 T5D$ TO PROVIDE4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! NEW 0COMMONWEAL?0 >E GO+ TO GET ! WOR/ ( BO? WORLDS--A SY/EM ?AT COMB9ES ! MO/ EFFECTIVE =MS ( ACCUMULATION & REPRESSION ( BO? ,/AL9 & ,?AT*]4 

,EV]YONE HAS PROBABLY HE>D A V]SION ( ! /ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMIGRE :O1 :5 TAK5 TO ONE ( ! COMPUT]IZ$ MEGA-SUP]M>KETS 9 A ,U4,S4 SUBURB1 WEPT4 ,W\LD HE HAVE WEPT 9 FRONT ( ! ,DETROIT JAIL1 :]E HUNGRY1 HOMELESS PEOPLE L9E UP NI<TLY 9 HOPES ( SLEEP+ 9SIDE IF IT IS NOT TOO FULL8 ,= EV]Y MEGA-M>KET !RE >E 9NUM]ABLE />V+ PEOPLE4 ,MANY ( ! PEOPLE /RA9+ TO PULL D[N ! COMMISS> /ATE & ITS MONUM5TS W]E NEV]!LESS MOV$ BY ! RHY?M ( ! *IEF COMMISS>'S P\ND+ %OE4 7,KRUS*EV EV5 LOV$ ,DISNEYL&47 ,BUT CAPITAL NEV] C\LD 7& CAPITALI/S NEV] 9T5D$ TO7 5RI* EV]YONE4 ,! 5TIRE WORLD CAN'T BE LIKE ! H&FUL ( SMALL1 RELATIVELY HUMANE CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES LIKE ,SW$54 ,SOMEONE HAS TO PAY ! HIDD5 CO/S4 ,! PEOPLE :O 9 DESP]ATION WELCOM$ ! IDEA ( M>KETS >E N[ BE+ REM9D$ ?AT PROP]TY WAS1 IS1 & ALWAYS WILL BE !FT4 

,9 #aiah ! BOL%EVIK ,K>L ,RADEK W>N$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD 0RISE LIKE A PH5IX0 IF IT W]E SMA%$ BY ITS B\RGEOIS FOES2 IF1 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION ITSELF 0LO/ ITS SOCIALI/ *>ACT] & !REBY DISAPPO9T$ ! WORK+ MASSES1 ! BL[ W\LD HAVE T5 TIMES MORE T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES = ! FUTURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION0 7QUOT$ 9 ,BR9TON74 ,HE C\LD NOT HAVE KN[N H[ PROPHETIC HIS WORDS W]E4 ,9 A FEW G5]ATIONS SOVIET SOCIALISM L$ TO CONDITIONS 9 :I* PEOPLE W\LD REBEL 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T M>KET CAPITALISM1 :I* C\LD 5D UP R$UC+ !M TO ! K9D ( BEGG>Y & HUNG] ?AT HAD CAUS$ CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA TO EXPLODE4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! SOVIET /ATE IS TOO WELL-DOCUM5T$ TO BE REIT]AT$ H]E4 ,9 ! ,EA/]N ,BLOC ITSELF1 H[EV]1 ! BRUTAL =M ( CAPITAL CON/RUCT$ BY ! M>XI/-L59I/ P>TY /ATE 5D$ UP CREAT+ ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS TO FULLY 9TEGRATE ITS POPULATION 9TO GLOBAL CAPITAL1 & A MORE FULLY MOD]NIZ$ MEGAMA*9E4 ,LIKE ,MOSES1 ! P>TY /ATE C\LD NOT FOLL[ ITS PEOPLE 9TO ! PROMIS$ L& ( ! COMMODITY4 ,! /ATE WAS SUP]FLU\S1 AN IMP$IM5T TO ! SMOO? CIRCULATION & ACCUMULATION ( VALUE4 

,AS ,MUM=D OBS]V$1 CONTRA/+ ! OLD & NEW MEGAMA*9ES1 0:]EAS ! E>LI] MODES ( A*IEV+ PRODUCTIVITY & CON=MITY W]E L>GELY EXT]NAL444 ?OSE N[ APPLI$ TO CONSUMPTION >E BECOM+ 9T]NALIZ$1 & !RE=E H>D] TO ?R[ (F40 ,:5 ! ,B]L9 ,WALL CAME D[N IT WAS P>TLY BECAUSE IT NO LONG] MEAN+FULLY HELD ANYONE OR ANY?+ 9 OR \T4 ,! B\ND>IES HAD ALREADY BE5 ABOLI%$1 & ! BEHEMO? IMPLOD$4 

,?\< ,L59 >GU$ SOME:]E ?AT SOCIALISM WAS 0ELECTRIFICATION PLUS WORK]S' C\NCILS10 HE MADE ELECTRIFICATION HIS PRIORITY4 ,& IT WAS ELECTRIFICATION & ALL ?AT IT IMPLIES--A MASS 5]GY GRID1 M9+1 TE*NOCRATIC PLANN+1 TOXIC *EMICALS1 ALI5AT$ & COMP>TM5TALIZ$ LABOR1 HI]>*Y & V]TICAL COMM&1 & SOCIETAL ADDICTION TO A MASS 5]GY LIFE--?AT TRIUMPH$ 9 ! 5D4 

,JU/ AS /ATE SOCIALISM WAS A VEHICLE = CAPITALISM'S EM]G5CE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO UND]/& CAPITALISM AS ! VEHICLE = A MASS1 MEGATE*NIC CIVILIZATION1 ! NUCLE>-CYB]NETIC-PETRO*EMICAL MEGAMA*9E ?AT IS EV]Y:]E PROV+ ITSELF QUITE ADAPTABLE TO PRIVATE CORPORATE CAPITAL1 BUREAUCRATIC /ATE AG5CIES1 & EV5 WORK]S' C\NCILS 7& P]HAPS WORK+ BE/ 9 ! LONG RUN 9 SOME COMB9ATION ( ! ?REE74 ,! QUASI-RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY ( ! EPO*1 ?AT ( MASS TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 IS QUE/ION$ BY VIRTUALLY NO ONE4 ,& NO ONE 7) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS7 IS MANAG+ TO HALT IT ANY:]E1 EV5 TEMPOR>ILY4 

,IT MAKES NO S5SE TO ?9K AB\T CAPITAL SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( M>KETS & PROP]TY =MS1 AS SOME NAIFS W\LD HAVE IT4 ,IT IS A CULTURE & A MODE ( BE+4 ,?IS CULTURE CORRESPONDS TO ! VIOL5CE & SEP>ATION ?AT DE/ROY$ A MYRIAD ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 !IR COMMONS1 & !IR ORGANIC1 9SPIRIT$ COSMOS4 ,?R\< CONQUE/ & PLUND]1 ?IS PLANET>Y MULTIV]SE WAS R$UC$ TO ! QUANTITATIVE 9 SOCIAL REPRODUCTION 7COMMODITY SOCIETY7 & CONSCI\SNESS 7RATIONALI/-R$UCTIONI/ SCI5CE71 E/ABLI%+ AN ECONOMIC-9/RUM5TAL CIVILIZATION ON ! HUMAN PA/4 ,:E!R IT CALLS ITSELF CAPITALI/1 SOCIALI/1 DEMOCRATIC1 OR FASCI/1 ITS PROJECT IS ESS5TIALLY ! SAME3 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A MEGATE*NIC WORK PYRAMID TO EXP& EMPIRES 7BIG MAFIAS & SMALL71 ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( NATURE & HUMAN COMMUNITIES TO AN >*IPELAGO ( SACRIFICE ZONES OR GULAGS FROM :I* VALUE IS EXTRACT$ = ! MA9T5ANCE & EXP&$ P[] ( ! HI]>*Y4 

0,! H&MILL GIVES Y\ SOCIETY ) ! FEUDAL LORD2 ! /EAM-MILL SOCIETY ) ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/10 WROTE ,M>X 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,:AT1 !N1 DOES A GLOBAL TREADMILL GIVE Y\8 ,! BUREAUCRAT1 ! DEVELOPM5T CONSULTANT1 ! LABORATORY SCI5TI/1 ! TE*NICIAN1 ! WORK]1 ! CONSUM]1 ! AGRICULTURAL DRUDGE1 ! />V+ CA/(F4 ,A VILLAGE TURN$ 9TO A FACTORY1 A =E/ TURN$ 9TO A TRAFFIC JAM1 A HE>? 9TO A TELEVISION4 ,A M\NTA9 TURN$ 9TO A TOXIC SLAG HEAP4 

,CAPITALISM CREAT$ A TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM ?AT 9 TURN GAVE A NEW CONT5T TO CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,JACQUES ,ELLUL HAS WRITT51 0,IT IS NOT MA*9ES ?AT >E %IPP$ TO ALL ! C\NTRIES ON E>?1 IT IS1 9 REALITY1 ! 5SEMBLE ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL WORLD--BO? A NECESSITY1 IF MA*9ES >E TO BE USABLE1 & A CONSEQU5CE ( ! ACCUMULATION ( MA*9ES4 ,IT IS A /YLE ( LIFE1 A SET ( SYMBOLS1 AN IDEOLOGY40 7,! ,TE*NOLOGICAL ,SY/EM1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h7 

0,! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS BE5 SWALL[$ UP BY ! TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM10 WRITES ,ELLUL4 ,BUT HE MISSES ! PO9T3 TE*NOLOGY & CAPITAL >E BO? SURPASS+ !IR LIMITATIONS1 9 RUNAWAY FA%ION1 BUT NEI!R HAS BE5 SWALL[$ BY ! O!R4 ,CAPITAL HAS 9 FACT ALWAYS BE5 A HYBRID1 9 ITS E>LY /AGES MO/ P>TICUL>LY A HYBRID ( M]CANTILE 9DU/RIALISM & *ATTEL SLAV]Y4 

,MOD]N TE*NO-CAPITALISM IS NO LESS A SYNCRETIC HYBRID1 NEV] ABOLI%+ ! IRRATIONALITIES & BRUTALITIES ( PRIOR HI]>*IC_/CLASS SOCIETIES1 BUT RA!R CONTEMPORIZ+ & LAY]+ !M )9 ITS /RUCTURE4 ,NO =M ( MIS]Y HAS BE5 LEFT BEH9D3 ALL COEXI/ 9 9T]P5ETRAT+1 CONTRADICTORY1 BUT FUNCTION+ AGGLOM]ATIONS--FROM ! ABJECT SLAV]Y ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN F9CAS TO ! ELECTRONIC SWEAT%OPS ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA TO ! MILIT>Y LABORATORIES 9 SEMI-FEUDAL !OCRATIC ,MUSLIM /ATES TO ! PLANN+ COMMITTEES ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/ UTILITIES 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,IT IS ALL CAPITAL1 ) M5 9 SUITS & UNI=MS AT ! HELM1 UNLEA%+ A PLANET>Y CATA/ROPHE 9 !IR 9SANE PURSUIT ( P[] & IMP]IAL GLORY4 

,EV]Y:]E !Y >E BURN+ ! ,AMAZON2 EV]Y:]E !Y >E MA*9E-GUNN+ CAMPES9OS1 EV]Y:]E !Y >E RA9+ BOMBS D[N ON ,BASRA2 EV]Y:]E !Y >E SETT+ UP NEW GULAGS2 EV]Y:]E !Y >E CAUS+ ,BHOPALS2 EV]Y:]E !Y >E DEAD5+ ! SPIRIT4 ,& PEOPLE >E FI<T+1 BUT !Y >E MO/LY FI<T+ EA* O!R1 %$D+ BLOOD FROM BEH9D FLAGS TO PROP UP !IR [N LITTLE MAFIAS ( M5 9 SUITS & UNI=MS4 ,! :OLE WORLD IS A 0,YUGOSLAVIA ) NUKES40 ,\R SPECIES IS NOT F9D+ ITS WAY \T ( ! LABYR9?4 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N #f4 

  
  

0,EV]Y TIME HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF ! PRICE GOES UP40 POPUL> SIGN1 QUOT$ BY ,JOSEPH ,TA9T] 9 ,! ,COLLAPSE ( ,COMPLEX ,SOCIETIES 7,CAMBRIDGE & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#h7  
  
  

0,MAKE Y\RSELF A PLAN1 ,ONE ?AT DAZZLES Y\6 ,N[ MAKE Y\RSELF A SECOND PLAN1 ,NEI!R ONE WILL DO40 ,B]TOLT ,BRE*T  
  
  

0,I WANT TO BE ! YELL[ SAIL SAIL+ TO ! L& WE'RE HEAD$ =40 ,S]GEI ,ES59 7#a#i#b7  
  

,AS ,I WRITE ! CONCLUD+ SECTION ( ?IS ESSAY 9 MID-,FEBRU>Y1 ,RUSSIA & ,UKRA9E CONT9UE TO WRANGLE OV] CONTROL ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,! 0PRISON H\SE ( NATIONS0 ?AT WAS ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE & !N ! ,SOVIET ,UNION CRUMBLES1 BUT NATIONALISM & SECT>IAN VIOL5CE >E GR[+4 ,=GETT+ ?AT ALL NATION /ATES >E PRISONS BY DEF9ITION1 PEOPLE GRASP AT /RAWS1 BLAM+ !IR NEI<BORS = ! MIS=TUNES ( PO/-IMP]IAL *AOS4 

,PEOPLE CAN N[ BE SE5 SELL+ !IR P]SONAL BELONG+S ON /REET CORN]S TO GET MONEY = FOOD4 7,!Y'RE 0LE>N+ ! ROPES0 ( 5TREPR5EURIAL CAPITALISM1 COMM5TS ONE ,WE/]N CONSULTANT47 ,DID !Y OV]?R[ /AL9I/ TYRANNY TO BECOME ANO!R ,MEXICO OR ,BRAZIL8 ,AT LEA/ NOT YET4 ,!Y HAV5'T /OPP$ RESI/+4 

,WILL ! =M] SOVIET EMPIRE DECL9E SL[LY LIKE ,BYZANTIUM1 )\T NUCLE> CIVIL W> OR O!R HORRORS8 ,NO ONE CAN SAY4 ,CONDITIONS LOOK GRIM4 ,YET MUTUAL AID1 SOLID>ITY1 & RESI/ANCE W]E ABLE TO REEM]GE AFT] /AL9ISM HAD DONE DECADES ( DAMAGE2 !Y >E NOT LIKELY TO DISAPPE> N[4 

,AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL CRITIQUE />T+ FROM ! LONG VIEW ( ! SOVIET SY/EM AS A K9D ( MEGAMA*9E EMPIRE LEADS TO A COMP>ISON ) O!RS4 ,EV5 ! 7SO F>7 P>TIAL COLLAPSE ( ! SOVIET SY/EM HAS IMPLICATIONS = ! SOCIETIES ( ! ,WE/4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?IS HAS BE5 UND]/OOD BY ! RUL]S4 ,U4,S4 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,JAMES ,BAK] COMM5T$ 9 ,DECEMB]1 0,HELD TOGE!R BY A S+LE ROPE1 A FALL T[>D FASCISM OR AN>*Y 9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION WILL PULL ! ,WE/ D[N1 TOO40 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 #a#b_/#a#c_/#i#b7 ,A 0FALL T[>D AN>*Y0 MI<T 9DE$ BE ALL ?AT CAN /OP ! IMPOSITION ( FASCISM1 & IF IT AFFECTS ! ,U4,S41 LET ALL ! RUL]S HANG BY ?AT SAME ROPE4 ,WE MI<T =EV] RECALL #aiia AS ! YE> ( ! ,FALL ( ,COMMUNISM & #aiib AS ! YE> ( ! ,FALL ( ,CAPITALISM4 

,C\LD ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE A BELLWE!R ANTICIPAT+ ! FAILURE ( DEVELOPM5T & ! BANKRUPTCY ( 9DU/RIALISM 9T]NATIONALLY8 ,:AT CAN WE LE>N FROM ! DECOMPOSITION ( A CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION ?AT MI<T BE RELEVANT TO US8 

,WITTFOGEL SPEAKS ( A 0LAW ( DIM9I%+ ADM9I/RATIVE RETURNS0 ?AT SEEMS AS APPROPRIATE TO ! /ATE SOCIALI/ BLOC AS IT WAS TO ! =MS ( 0,ASIATIC DESPOTISM0 HE COMP>$4 ,?IS IS A T5D5CY 9 SU* DESPOTIC EMPIRES = EQUIVAL5T1 0& EV5 9CREAS$1 ADM9I/RATIVE 5DEAVORS .<TO.> CO/ MORE ?AN !Y YIELD4444 ,! D[NW>D MOVEM5T IS COMPLET$ :5 ADDITIONAL \TLAY YIELDS NO ADDITIONAL REW>D :ATSOEV]4 ,WE HAVE !N REA*$ ! ABSOLUTE ADM9I/RATIVE FRU/RATION PO9T40 

,9 HIS REC5T /UDY ,! ,COLLAPSE ( ,COMPLEX ,SOCIETIES1 ,JOSEPH ,TA9T] ATTEMPTS TO EXP& ?IS 9SI<T 9TO A COMP>ATIVE CRITIQUE ( COLLAPSE ( ANCI5T CIVILIZATIONS & O!R COMPLEX SOCIETIES 9 HI/ORY4 ,!RE >E PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS TO ,TA9T]'S P]SPECTIVE2 = EXAMPLE1 IT SEEMS EXCESSIVELY DET]M9I/IC & ECONOMI/IC1 YET HIS EXAM9ATION ( COLLAPSE NAGS PROVOCATIVELY AT ANYONE ?9K+ AB\T MEGATE*NIC CIVILIZATION4 0,SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS10 HE >GUES1 0CON/ANTLY 5C\NT] PROBLEMS ?AT REQUIRE 9CREAS$ 9VE/M5T M]ELY TO PRES]VE ! /ATUS QUO40 7,NOTE HIS ECONOMI/IC LANGUAGE H]E47 

,NEV]!LESS1 ONE CAN AGREE ) ,TA9T] ?AT 9 MEGAMA*9ES1 AT LEA/1 ! NECESS>Y 9VE/M5T GOES TO 09CREAS+ SIZE ( BUREAUCRACIES1 CUMULATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL SOLUTIONS1 9CREAS+ CO/S ( 9T]NAL CONTROL & EXT]NAL DEF5SE4 ,ALL ( !SE MU/ BE DONE BY LEVY+ GREAT] CO/S ON ! SUPPORT POPULATION1 (T5 TO NO 9CREAS$ ADVANTAGE40 ,AS ! CO/S 9CREASE1 0! M>G9AL RETURN BEG9S TO DECL9E444 ,EV] GREAT] 9CREM5TS ( 9VE/M5T YIELD EV] SMALL] 9CREM5TS ( RETURN444 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 A COMPLEX SOCIETY REA*ES ! PHASE :]E IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY VULN]ABLE TO COLLAPSE44440 

,IT'S H>D NOT TO RECALL ! BREAKD[N ( SOVIET BUREAUCRATIC DESPOTISM 9 ! LI<T ( ?IS PASSAGE4 ,9 ! TOP-HEAVY TOTALIT>IAN REGIME1 :]E ACCORD+ TO ! CATE*ISM EV]Y COOK W\LD MANAGE ! /ATE1 ! /ATE 9T]F]$ 9 ! KIT*5 ( EV]Y COOK4 ,! MA9T5ANCE ( MANAG]IAL RULE BECAME MORE & MORE CO/LY1 ORGANIZATIONALLY & F9ANCIALLY1 TO ! PO9T :]E IT WAS NO LONG] T5ABLE4 ,A K9D ( 5TROPY PR9CIPLE WAS AT WORK3 ! MORE LOOPS ( 9PUTS & \TPUTS1 ! MORE UNWIELDY ! MA*9E1 ! MORE 5]GY SACRIFIC$ SIMPLY TO MA9TA9 IT4 ,AS RETURNS DIM9I%1 A SOCIETY ?AT WORKS AS A MA*9E BREAKS D[N4 

,TA9T] SEES COLLAPSE AS A WAY = A SOCIETY TO PROVIDE SOME SEMBLANCE ( CONT9UITY1 IF AT A L[] LEVEL3 A K9D ( 0,*APT] #a#a0 BANKRUPTCY PROCE$+4 ,A CIVILIZATION IS COMPELL$ TO CUT ITS LOSSES & SCALE D[N4 0,SOCIETIES COLLAPSE :5 /RESS REQUIRES SOME ORGANIZATIONAL *ANGE40 ,9 A SITUATION ( DECL9+ M>G9AL RETURNS1 9 :I* ! PAY(F = 9CREAS$ \TPUTS W\LD BE TOO L[1 0COLLAPSE IS AN ECONOMICAL ALT]NATIVE444 .<&.> MAY BE ! MO/ APPROPRIATE RESPONSE40 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! P>TY /ATE WAS GANGR5\S & C\LD BE CUT AWAY1 LEAV+ A SECTION ( ! HI]>*Y 9 PLACE4 ,! DECL9E ( MANY ( ! S]VICES PROVID$ BY ! /ATE W\LD ALSO REPRES5T A SAV+S = ! C5T] 7OR RA!R = ! BALKANIZ$ C5T]S N[ CONSOLIDAT+ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( BREAKD[N74 

,:ILE ! BREAKD[N ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION IS NOT A COLLAPSE ( ! SORT DESCRIB$ BY ,TA9T]1 FLEET+ ASPECTS ( COLLAPSE >E EVID5T4 ,?+S FALL AP>T1 *AOS LOOMS1 !RE >E %ORTAGES ( FOOD & O!R SUPPLIES = ! MA9T5ANCE ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE REPORT1 0,CUTS 9 S]VICES1 /OPPAGES AT FACTORIES1 DELAYS 9 DELIV]IES1 & SAL>Y FREEZES HAVE BE5 M\NT+444 ,!RE HAS ALSO BE5 A RISE 9 LAWLESSNESS1 FROM RUNN+ R$ LI<TS TO HIJACK+1 & A BREAKD[N 9 ! OLD RULES ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR1 FROM PU%+ AHEAD ( OLD PEOPLE 9 MILK L9ES TO GO+ DOOR-TO-DOOR BEGG+ = MONEY40 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 #a#b_/#a#c_/#i#a7 

,ONE W\LD NOT EXPECT ! B\RGEOIS 0NEWSPAP] ( RECORD0 TO NOTICE ! EXAMPLES ( AUTONOM\S SELF-ACTIVITY & MUTUALISM ( GR\PS ?AT MU/ BE OCCURR+ 9 P>TS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 BUT !RE IS /ILL 5\< TR\BL+ EVID5CE ?AT ! SOCIETY IS ADRIFT4 ,ONE W\LD HOPE ?AT 9 ! BREAKD[N ( TYRANNY1 ELEM5TS ( COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY W\LD EM]GE AMONG ! =M] 9MATES1 BUT SO F> ! PICTURE DOES LOOK MORE LIKE ! OP5+ %OTS ( A ,HOBBESIAN W>-(-ALL-AGA9/-ALL4 

,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! FAMILI> 0SCRIPT10 AS ,TA9T] PUTS IT1 ( ANY COLLAPSE1 AT LEA/ 9 ! POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS--SOCIAL *AOS1 A GRIM /RUGGLE OV] MEAG] RES\RCES JU/ TO SURVIVE1 ! /RONG PREY+ ON ! WEAK--BUT ?IS DRAMATIC PICTURE 0DOES CONTA9 MANY ELEM5TS ?AT >E V]IFIABLE 9 PA/ COLLAPSES40 ,IT IS A GRIM REM9D]1 IF ! HI/ORICAL RECORD TEA*ES ANY?+1 ?AT BREAKD[N IS MORE AN \TCOME ( 5TROPY ?AN ( ! K9D ( COH]5CE WE MI<T SEEK4 ,& 5TROPY IS NEI!R G5TLE NOR PRETTY4 

,9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 ( C\RSE1 NO NATION /ATE CAN UTT]LY COLLAPSE LIKE ANCI5T EMPIRES DID4 ,! WORLD IS N[ FILL$ ) CLU/]S ( RIVAL MEGAMA*9ES1 & A P[] VACUUM 9 ANY >EA WILL BE FILL$ BY ! EXPANSION ( ANO!R4 ,9 PA/ EXAMPLES ( ?IS K9D ( CONFIGURATION SU* AS ! ,MYC5AEANS & ! ,MAYA1 ALL ! RIVAL CIVILIZATIONS HAD TO SUFF] MUTUAL COLLAPSE4 ,?US1 IF SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 ! SAME CAN BE SAID AB\T COLLAPSE4 ,A COLLAPSE ( CIVILIZATION AS WE KN[ IT TODAY W\LD HAVE TO BE GLOBAL & RELATIVELY SIMULTANE\S4 

,AS UNLIKELY AS ?IS PROSPECT MAY APPE>1 NEV]!LESS1 AS ,TA9T] CONCLUDES1 EV5 IF GLOBAL 9DU/RIALISM HAS NOT REA*$ ! PO9T ( DIM9I%+ RETURNS1 0?AT PO9T WILL 9EVITABLY >RIVE4444 ,H[EV] MU* WE LIKE TO ?9K ( \RSELVES AS SOME?+ SPECIAL 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 9 FACT 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME PR9CIPLES ?AT CAUS$ E>LI] SOCIETIES TO COLLAPSE40 ,WILL ! HORRORS ( MOD]N CAPITALISM BE EQUAL$ OR SURPASS$ BY ITS AFT]MA?8 ,EV5TS 9 ! ,EA/ ,BLOC ONLY SUGGE/ SOME SC5>IOS4 ,LET US NOT UND]E/IMATE ! CAPACITY ( COMMON PEOPLE TO DISCOV] ALT]NATIVES 9 TIME 7EV5 IF AT A GREAT PRICE71 & TO F9D A WAY ?R\< ! CRISIS4 ,!Y HAVE NOT YET HAD !IR SAY4 

,BUT ONE ?+ MU/ BE CLE> BY N[3 A WORLD MADE FIT = LIFE ONCE MORE CAN NEV] COME FROM ! FAIL$ MY/IQUE1 REVOLUTION>Y OR O!RWISE1 ( MORE GR[? & FUR!R MOD]NIZATION2 & IT CAN COME EV5 LESS FROM IMPOT5T SURVIVALI/ GE/URES 9 ! FACE ( BREAKD[N4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 SAV+ 9DU/RIALISM FROM ITS [N 9]TIA BY 0DEMOCRATIZ+0 ! TREADMILL IS NOT ONLY A SOCIALISM ( FOOLS & A SURR5D] TO RECON/ITUT$ HI]>*IES1 IT IS ULTIMATELY A LOS+ V5TURE4 ,AS = DIGG+ BUNK]S AT ! M>G9S 7IF !Y C\LD BE F\ND71 IT IS A DE/9Y NOT WOR? LIV+--EXI/+ ON A D5UD$ /> :5 ! COSMOS ( MEAN+ HAS TURN$ TO DU/4 

,MA9TA9+ HUMAN DEC5CY 9 ! FACE ( :ATEV] COMES1 AFFIRM+ A K9D ( MORAL & E?ICAL COH]5CE1 PRES]V+ MEMORY1 DEF5D+ HUMAN P]SONHOOD & ALL ! 9T]CONNECT$NESS ( ! PH5OM5AL WORLD--!SE ?9 RE$S >E ALL WE HAVE4 ,BY >TICULAT+ A COH]5T REFUSAL ( CAPITAL & ! NEW MEGAMA*9E IT G5]AT$1 ?OSE :O QUE/ION ! GRID1 ! /ATE1 & ! WORLD !Y REQUIRE MAY MAKE A SMALL OP5+ = O!RS TO FOLL[1 5C\RAG+ PRACTICAL RESPONSES AS WELL AS ! COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY ?AT REPRES5TS \R ONLY HOPE = SURVIVAL4 

,ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 GLOBAL CAPITALISM WILL EV5TUALLY FOLL[ ITS COMMUNI/ RIVAL 9TO COLLAPSE1 & GR[? WILL 0GR9D TO A HALT10 AS ,IVAN ,ILLI* PR$ICT$ FIFTE5 YE>S BE=E ,TA9T] 9 WORDS ?AT ALSO SUBTLY BR+ TO M9D ! SOVIET CRISIS4 ,?IS BREAKD[N WILL BE 0! RESULT ( SYN]GY 9 ! FAILURE ( ! MULTIPLE SY/EMS ?AT F$ ITS EXPANSION10 HE WROTE4 0,ALMO/ OV]NI<T PEOPLE WILL LOSE CONFID5CE NOT ONLY 9 ! MAJOR 9/ITUTIONS BUT ALSO 9 ! MIRACLE-PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! W\LD-BE CRISIS MANAG]S40 ,! ABILITY ( ! HI]>*Y TO DEF9E & DET]M9E 0WILL SUDD5LY BE EXT+UI%$ BECAUSE IT WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ AS AN ILLUSION4440 

,AGA91 ,ILLI* WAS TALK+ AB\T BO? BLOCS4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT SU* A MOM5T %\LD BE 0WELCOM$ AS A CRISIS ( REVOLUTION>Y LIB]ATION BECAUSE \R PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS ABRIDGE BASIC HUMAN FRE$OM = ! SAKE ( PROVID+ PEOPLE .<9 FACT1 ONLY SOME PEOPLE-,G4,B4.> ) MORE 9/ITUTIONAL \TPUTS40 7,TOOLS = ,CONVIVIALITY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#c7 ,9 SPITE ( ! DANG]S1 SU* A DEVOLUTION MAY BE \R ONLY HOPE ( BREAK+ FREE ( ! MEGAMA*9E COMPLEX4 ,BY %RUGG+ (F ! ON]\S BURD5 ( TREADMILL CULTURE1 WE MAY CONSCI\SLY *OOSE ! 0APPROPRIATE RESPONSE0 ( COLLAPSE1 & F9D WAYS TO LET IT BE A DISA/] = CAPITAL BUT AN ADV5TURE = \RSELVES4 

,?IS MEANS1 )\T EXCEPTION & )\T ANY HESITATION ON \R P>T1 ! ABOLITION ( ALL EMPIRES1 ( A WORLD ( SACRIFICE ZONES1 DRUDG]Y1 P5URY & ! TOXIC CORNUCOPIA ( COMMODITY SOCIETY4 ,IT MEANS ! R5EWAL ( SUBSI/5CE CULTURES1 :I* /ILL HANG ON 9 VILLAGES1 AMONG TRIBAL PEOPLES /RUGGL+ TO SURVIVE1 & EV5 AMONG PEOPLE F9D+ PRACTICAL RESPONSES 9 ! FISSURES & CRACKS ( CIVILIZATION4 ,IT MEANS MAK+ A LIFE ?AT IS SL[]1 QUIET]1 & MORE CONTEMPLATIVE4 ,IT MEANS REVIVIFY+ AN ES!TIC NOT ( ! ASSEMBLY L9E BUT ( ! =E/1 & RE/OR+ A LIFE ?AT CAN HE> :AT ! NATURAL WORLD IS TELL+ US1 :AT WE ONCE KNEW LONG AGO & HAVE =GOTT5 AS ! URBAN LABYR9? GREW UP >\ND US & 5CLOS$ US4 

,MEGATE*NIC CAPITAL MAY1 ( C\RSE1 F9D A WAY TO 5TIRELY SUFFOCATE :AT IS HUMANE 9 US BE=E IT REA*ES ITS 9EVITABLE LIMITS & IMPLODES UND] ITS [N 9]TIA4 ,!RE >E LABORATORIES & ?9K TANKS WORK+ >\ND ! CLOCK TO DO JU/ ?AT1 EV5 IF !Y HAVE CALL$ ?IS ECLIPSE \R ULTIMATE 0LIB]ATION40 

,SO F>1 ?\<1 WE >E /ILL ALIVE1 & SOME ( US /ILL KN[ :O WE >E4 ,LIFE'S ADV5TURE CANNOT BE F\ND AT CONTROL PANELS OR DESKS1 OR 9 DIGG+ ! F\NDATIONS = ! WORK PYRAMID1 OR BUILD+ HI<] /ORIES 9 ITS $IFICE4 ,NOR IS IT TO BE F\ND CONSUM+ ! LABORATORY *[ ( ,MC,DONALDIZATION AT ! PETRO*EMICAL BANQUET TABLE1 OR RUNN+ ON ITS TREADMILL TO NO:]E4 ,IT IS ) ! FABRIC ( ! LIV+ WORLD1 ! UNIV]SE ITSELF4 ,WE >E LIV+ AN AB]RATION1 A NI<TM>I% TURN FROM \R TRUE J\RNEY4 ,LET ALL ! EMPIRES CRUMBLE4 ,IT IS TIME WE REJO9$ ! DANCE4 

--,GEORGE ,BRAD=D1 ,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #aiib 

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