,! ,TWILI<T ( ,SCI5CE 

#aibi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TAGS 3 SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS1 EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 LAWS ( PHYSICS1 LAW ( GRAVITATION1 LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS1 PHILOSOPHY ( PHYSICS1 DEP>TM5T ( PHYSICS1 PR(ESSOR $D+TON1 QUANTUM !ORY1 SCI5TIFIC FAI?4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,GREGG ,TAV>ES1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! ,C5TURY ,MAGAZ9E1  ,JULY #a#i#b#i1 ,VOL4 #a#a#h1 ,NO4 #c1 ,PGS4 #c#a#a-#c#a#e 

  ,! ,TWILI<T ,( ,SCI5CE 

  ,IS ,! ,UNIV]SE ,RUNN+ ,D[N 

  ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

   ,IT IS A CURI\S FACT ?AT JU/ :5 ! MAN 9 ! /REET HAS BEGUN TO BELIEVE ?OR\<LY 9 SCI5CE1 ! MAN 9 ! LABORATORY HAS BEGUN TO LOSE HIS FAI?4  ,:5 ,I WAS Y\NG1 NO PHYSICI/ 5T]TA9$ ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT ! LAWS ( PHYSICS GIVE US REAL 9=MATION AB\T ! MOTIONS ( BODIES1 & ?AT ! PHYSICAL WORLD DOES REALLY CONSI/ ( ! SORT ( 5TITIES ?AT APPE> 9 ! PHYSICI/'S EQUATIONS4 ,! PHILOSOPH]S1 IT IS TRUE1 ?R[ D\BT UPON ?IS VIEW1 & HAVE DONE SO EV] S9CE ! TIME ( ,B]KELEY2 BUT S9CE !IR CRITICISM NEV] ATTA*$ ITSELF TO ANY PO9T 9 ! DETAIL$ PROC$URE ( SCI5CE1 IT C\LD BE IGNOR$ BY SCI5TI/S & WAS 9 FACT IGNOR$4 ,N[ADAYS MATT]S >E QUITE DIFF]5T2 ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( PHYSICS HAVE COME FROM ! PHYSICI/S !MSELVES & >E ! \TCOME ( C>EFUL EXP]IM5TS4 ,! NEW PHILOSOPHY ( PHYSICS IS HUMBLE & /AMM]+ :]E ! OLD PHILOSOPHY WAS PR\D & DICTATORIAL4 ,IT IS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 NATURAL TO EV]Y MAN TO FILL ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( BELIEF 9 PHYSICAL LAWS AS BE/ HE MAY1 & TO USE = ?IS PURPOSE ANY ODDS & 5DS ( UNF\ND$ BELIEF :I* HAD PREVI\SLY NO ROOM TO EXP&4 ,:5 ! ROBU/NESS ( ! ,CA?OLIC FAI? DECAY$ AT ! TIME ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 IT T5D$ TO BE REPLAC$ BY A/ROLOGY & NECROMANCY1 & 9 LIKE MANN] WE MU/ EXPECT ! DECAY ( ! SCI5TIFIC FAI? TO LEAD TO A RECRUDESC5CE ( PRE-SCI5TIFIC SUP]/ITIONS4  

   ,:OEV] WI%ES TO KN[ H[ & :Y1 SCI5TIFIC FAI? IS DECAY+ CANNOT DO BETT] ?AN READ ,$D+TON'S TON'S ,GIF=D LECTUR]1 5TITL$ 0,! ,NATURE ( ! ,PHYSICAL ,WORLD40 ,HE WILL LE>N !RE ?AT PHYSICS IS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE DEP>TM5TS4 ,! FIR/ CONTA9S ALL ! CLASSICAL PHYSICS1 SU* AS ! CONS]VATION ( 5]GY & MOM5TUM1 & ! ,JAW ( GRAVITATION4 ,ALL !SE ACCORD+ TO ,PR(ESSOR ,$D+TON BOIL D[N TO NO?+ BUT CONV5TIONS AS TO MEASUREM5T TRUE1 ! LAWS !Y /ATE >E UNIV]SAL1 BUT SO IS ! LAW ?AT !RE >E ?REE FEET 9 A Y>D1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 IS JU/ AS 9=MATIVE CONC]N+ ! C\RSE ( NATURE4 ,! SECOND DEP>TM5T ( PHYSICS IS CONC]N$ ) L>GE AGGREGATES1 & ! LAWS ( *ANCE4 ,H]E WE1 DO NOT ATTEMPT TO PROVE ?AT SU* & SU* AN EV5T IS IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT ONLY ?AT IT IS WILDLY IMPROBABLE4 ,! ?IRD DEP>TM5T ( PHYSICS1 :I* IS ! MO/ MOD]N1 IS ! QUANTUM !ORY1 & ?IS IS ! MO/ DI/URB+ ( ALL S9CE IT SEEMS TO %[ ?AT ! LAW ( CAUSALITY1 9 :I* SCI5CE HAS HI!RTO IMPLICITLY BELIEV$1 CANNOT BE APPLI$ TO ! DO+S ( 9DIVIDUAL ELECTRONS4 ,I %ALL SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T EA* ( !SE ?REE MATT]S 9 TURN4  

   ,TO BEG9 ) CLASSICAL PHYSICS4 ,NEWTON'S LAW ( GRAVITATION1 AS EV]Y ONE KN[S1 WAS SOME:AT MODIFI$ BY ,E9/E91 & ! MODIFICATION WAS EXP]IM5TALLY CONFIRM$4 ,BUT IF ,$D+TON'S VIEW IS RI<T1 ?IS EXP]IM5TAL1 CONFIRMATION DOES NOT HAVE ! SIGNIFICATION ?AT ONE W\LD NATURALLY ATTRIBUTE TO IT4 ,AFT] CONSID]+ ?REE POSSIBLE VIEWS AS TO :AT ! LAW ( GRAVITATION ASS]T AB\T ! MOTION ( ! E>? R\ND ! SUN1 ,$D+TON PLUMPS = A F\R?1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0 ! E>? GOES ANYH[ IT LIKES10 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT ! LAW ( GRAVITATION TELLS US ABSOLUTELY NO?+ AB\T ! WAY ! E>? MOVES4 ,HE ADMITS ?AT ?IS VIEW IS P>ADOXICAL1 BUT HE SAYS3 0,! KEY TO ! P>ADOX IS ?AT WE \RSELVES1 \R CONV5TIONS1 ! K9D ( ?+ ?AT ATTRACTS \R 9T]E/1 >E MU* MORE CONC]N$ ?AN WE REALIZE 9 ANY ACC\NT WE GIVE ( H[ ! OBJECTS ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD >E BEHAV+4 ,& SO AN OBJECT :I*1 VIEW$ ?R\< \R FRAME ( CONV5TIONS1 MAY SEEM TO BE BEHAV+ 9 A V]Y SPECIAL & REM>KABLE WAY MAY1 VIEW$ ACCORD+ TO ANO!R SET ( CONV5TIONS1 BE DO+ NO?+ TO EXCITE P>TICUL> COMM5T4 0 ,I MU/ CONFESS ?AT ,I F9D ?IS VIEW A V]Y DIFFICULT ONE2 RESPECT = ,$D+TON PREV5TS ME FROM4 SAY+ ?AT IT IS1 UNTRUE1 BUT !RE >E V>I\S PO9TS 9 HIS >GUM5T :I* ,I HAVE DIFFICULTY 9 FOLL[+4 ,( C\RSE ALL ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES :I* WE D$UCE FROM ! AB/RACT !ORY1 AS = EXAMPLE ?AT WE %ALL P]CEIVE DAYLI<T AT C]TA9 TIMES & NOT AT C]TA9 O!R TIMES1 LIE \TSIDE ! S*EME ( (FICIAL PHYSICS1 :I* NEV] REA* \R S5SATIONS AT ALL4 ,I CANNOT BUT SUSPECT1 H[EV]1 ?AT (FICIAL PHYSICS IS JU/ A LITTLE BIT TOO (FICIAL 9 ,$D+TON'S H&S1 & ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE IMPOSSIBLE TO ALL[ IT A LITTLE MORE SIGNIFICANCE ?AN IT HAS 9 HIS 9T]PRETATION4 ,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 IT IS AN IMPORTANT SIGN ( ! TIMES ?AT ONE ( ! LEAD+ EXPON5TS ( SCI5TIFIC !ORY %\LD ADVANCE SO MODE/ AN OP9ION4  

   ,I COME N[ TO ! /ATI/ICAL P>T ( PHYSICS :I* IS CONC]N$ ) ! /UDY ( L>GE AGGREGATES4 ,L>GE AGGREGATES BEHAVE ALMO/ EXACTLY AS !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO DO BE=E ! QUANTUM !ORY WAS 9V5T$1 SO ?AT 9 REG>D TO !M ! OLD] PHYSICS IS V]Y NE>LY RI<T4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 ONE SUPREMELY IMPORTANT LAW :I* IS ONLY /ATI/ICAL2 ?IS IS ! SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS4 ,IT /ATES1 R\<LY SPEAK+1 ?AT ! WORLD IS GR[+ CONT9U\SLY MORE DISORD]LY4 ,$D+TON ILLU/RATES IT BY :AT HAPP5S :5 Y\ %UFFLE A PACK ( C>DS4 ,! PACK ( C>DS COMES FROM ! MAK]S ) ! C>DS >RANG$ 9 !IR PROP] ORD]2 AFT] Y\ HAVE %UFFL$ !M1 ?IS ORD] IS LO/1 & IT IS 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE IMPROBABLE ?AT IT WILL EV] BE RE/OR$ BY SUBSEQU5T %UFFL+4 ,IT IS ?IS SORT ( ?+ ?AT MAKES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PA/ & FUTURE4 ,9 ! RE/ ( !ORETICAL PHYSICS WE >E DEAL+ ) PROCESSES ?AT >E REV]SIBLE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :]E ! LAWS ( PHYSICS %[ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE = AMAT]IAL SY/EM TO PASS FROM /ATE ,A AT ONE TIME TO /ATE ,B AT ANO!R1 ! OPPOSITE TRANSITION WILL BE EQUALLY POSSIBLE ACCORD+ TO !SE SAME LAWS2 BUT :]E ! SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS COMES 91 ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,PR(ESSOR ,$D+TON 5UNCIATES ! LAW AS FOLL[S3 0,:5EV] ANY?+ HAPP5S ?AT CANNOT BE UNDONE1 IT IS ALWAYS R$UCIBLE TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( A R&OM ELEM5T ANALOG\S TO ?AT 9TRODUC$ BY 1%UFFL+40 ,?IS LAW1 UNLIKE MO/ ( ! LAWS ( PHYSICS1 IS CONC]N$ ONLY ) PROBABILITIES4 ,TO TAKE \R PREVI\S ILLU/RATION3 IT IS ( C\RSE POSSIBLE ?AT1 IF Y\ %UFFLE A PACK ( C>DS LONG 5\<1 ! C>DS MAY HAPP5 TO GET 9TO ! RI<T ORD] BY *ANCE4 ,?IS IS V]Y UNLIKELY1 BUT IT IS F> LESS UNLIKELY ?AN ! ORD]LY >RANGEM5T ( MANY MILLIONS ( MOLECULES BY *ANCE4 ,PR(ESSOR ,$D+TON GIVES ! FOLL[+ ILLU/RATION3 SUPPOSE A VESSEL DIVID$ 9TO TWO EQUAL P>TS BY A P>TITION1 & SUPPOSE ?AT 9 ONE P>T !RE IS AIR1 :ILE 9 ! O!R !RE IS A VACUUM2 !N A DOOR 9 ! P>TITION IS OP5$ & ! AIR SPREADS ITSELF EV5LY ?R\<\T ! :OLE VESSEL4 ,IT MI<T HAPP5 BY *ANCE ?AT AT SOME FUTURE TIME ! MOLECULES1 ! AIR 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR R&OM MOVEM5TS W\LD ALL F9D !MSELVES AGA9 9 ! P>TITIONS 9 :I* !Y ORIG9ALLY W]E4 ,?IS IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE2 IT IS ONLY IMPROBABLE1 BUT IT IS V0 IMPROBABLE4 0',IF ,I LET MY F+]S W&] IDLY OV] ! KEYS ( A TYPEWRIT] IT MI<T HAPP5 ?AT MY SCRE$ MADE AN 9TELLIGIBLE S5T5CE4 ,IF AN >MY ( MONKEYS W]E /RUMM+ ON TYPEWRIT]S !Y MI<T WRITE ALL ! BOOKS 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4 ,! *ANCE ( !IR DO+ SO IS DECID$LY MORE FAVORABLE ?AN ! *ANCE ( ! MOLECULES RETURN+ TO ONE HALF ( ! VESSEL40  

   ,!RE >E AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( ILLU/RATIONS ( ! SAME K9D ( ?+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y\ DROP ONE DROP ( 9K 9TO A GLASS ( CLE> WAT]1 IT WILL GRADUALLY DIFFUSE ITSELF ?R\<\T ! GLASS4 ,IT MI<T HAPP5 BY *ANCE ?AT IT W\LD AFT]W>DS COLLECT ITSELF AGA9 9TO A DROP1 BUT WE %\LD C]TA9LY REG>D IT AS A MIRACLE IF IT HAPP5$4 ,:5 A HOT BODY & A COLD BODY >E PUT 9 CONTACT1 WE ALL KN[ ?AT ! HOT BODY COOLS & ! COLD BODY GETS W>M UNTIL ! TWO REA* ! SAME TEMP]ATURE1 BUT ?IS ALSO IS ONLY A LAW ( PROBABILITY4 ,IT MI<T HAPP5 ?AT A KETTLE FILL$ ) WAT] PUT ON ! FIRE W\LD FREEZE 9/EAD ( BOIL2 ?IS ALSO IS NOT %[N TO BE IMPOSSIBLE BY ANY ( ! LAWS ( PHYSICS1 IT IS ONLY %[N TO BE HI<LY IMPROBABLE BY ! SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS4 ,?IS LAW /ATES1 SPEAK+ G5]ALLY1 ?AT ! UNIV]SE T5DS T[>D DEMOCRACY1 & ?AT :5 IT HAS A*IEV$ ?AT /ATE1 IT WILL BE 9CAPABLE ( DO+ ANY?+ MORE4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! WORLD WAS CREAT$ AT SOME NOT 9F9ITELY REMOTE DATE1 & WAS !N F> MORE FULL (4 9EQUALITIES ?AN IT IS N[2 BUT FROM ! MOM5T ( CREATION IT HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY RUNN+ D[N1 & WILL ULTIMATELY /OP = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 UNLESS IT IS AGA9 W\ND UP4 ,PR(ESSOR ,$D+TON = SOME REASON DOES NOT LIKE ! IDEA ?AT IT CAN BE W\ND UP AGA91 BUT PREF]S TO ?9K ?AT ! WORLD DRAMA IS ONLY TO BE P]=M$ ONCE1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT MU/ 5D 9 EONS ( BOR$OM1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! :OLE AUDI5CE WILL GRADUALLY GO TO SLEEP4 ,QUANTUM !ORY1 :I* IS CONC]N$ ) 9DIVIDUAL ATOMS & ELECTRONS1 IS /ILL 9 A /ATE ( RAPID DEVELOPM5T1 & IS PROBABLY F> FROM ITS F9AL =M4 ,9 ! H&S ( ,HEIS5B]G1 ,S*ROD+] & ,CO41 IT HAS BECOME MORE DI/URB+ & MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY EV] WAS4 ,PR(ESSOR ,$D+TON EXP\NDS ITS REC5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 A MANN] :I* CONVEYS MORE ( IT TO ! NON-MA!MATICAL READ] ?AN ,I %\LD HAVE SUPPOS$ POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS PR(\NDLY DI/URB+ TO ! PREJUDICES :I* HAVE GOV]N$ PHYSICS S9CE ! TIME ( ,NEWTON4 ,! MO/ PA9FUL ?+ AB\T IT FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW IS ?AT1 AS M5TION$ ABOVE1 IT ?R[S D\BT UPON ! UNIV]SALITY ( CAUSALITY2 ! VIEW AT PRES5T IS ?AT ATOMS HAVE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FREE-WILL1 SO ?AT !IR BEHAVIOR EV5 9 !ORY1 IS NOT :OLLY SUBJECT TO LAW4 ,MOREOV]1 SOME ?+S :I* WE ?\<T DEF9ITE1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 HAVE QUITE CEAS$ TO BE SO4 ,!RE IS :AT ,$D+TON CALLS ! 0PR9CIPLE ( 9DET]M9ANCY02 ?IS /ATES ?AT 0A P>TICLE MAY HAVE POSITION OR IT MAY HAVE VELOCITY1 BUT IT CANNOT 9 ANY EXACT S5SE HAVE BO?10 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IF Y\ KN[ :]E Y\ >E1 Y\ CANNOT TELL H[ FA/ Y\ >E MOV+1 & IF Y\ KN[ H[ FA/ Y\ >E MOV+1 Y\ CANNOT TELL :]E Y\ >E4 ,?IS CUTS AT ! ROOT ( TRADITIONAL PHYSICS1 9 :I* POSITION & VELOCITY W]E FUNDAM5TAL4 ,Y\ CAN ONLY SEE AN ELECTRON :5 IT EMITS LI<T1 & IT ONLY EMITS LI<T :5 IT JUMPS1 SO ?AT TO SEE :]E IT WAS1 Y\ HAVE TO MAKE IT GO ELSE:]E4 ,?IS BREAKD[N ( PHYSICAL DET]M9ISM IS UTILIZ$ BY ,$D+TON 9 HIS CONCLUD+ *APT]S TO REHABILITATE FREE-WILL4  

   ,PR(ESSOR ,$D+TON PROCE$S TO BASE OPTIMI/IC & PLEASANT CONCLUSIONS UPON ! SCI5TIFIC NESCI5CE :I* HE HAS EXP\ND$ 9 PREVI\S PAGES4 ,?IS OPTIMISM BAS$ UPON ! TIME- HONOR$ PR9CIPLE ?AT ANY4 ?+ :I* CANNOT BE PROV$ UNTRUE MAY BE ASSUM$ TO BE TRUE A PR9CIPLE :OSE FALSEHOOD IS PROV$ BY ! =TUNES ( BOOKMAK]S4 ,IF WE DISC>D ?IS PR9CIPLE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE :AT GR\ND = *E]FULNESS MOD]N PHYSICS PROVIDES4 ,IT TELLS US ?AT ! UNIV]SE IS RUNN+ D[N1 & IF ,$D+TON IS RI<T1 IT TELLS US PRACTICALLY NO?+ ELSE1 S9CE ALL !4 RE/ IS M]ELY ! RULES ( ! GAME4 ,FROM A PRAGMATIC OR POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ AB\T SU* A !ORY ( PHYSICS IS ?AT IT WILL DE/ROY1 IF IT BECOMES WIDESPREAD1 ?AT FAI? 9 SCI5CE :I* HAS BE5 ! ONLY CON/RUCTIVE CRE$ ( MOD]N TIMES1 & ! S\RCE ( VIRTUALLY ALL *ANGE BO? = GOOD & = EVIL4 ,! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES HAD A PHILOSOPHY ( NATURAL LAW BAS$ UPON ,NEWTON4 ,! LAW WAS SUPPOS$ TO IMPLY A ,LAWGIV]1 ?\< AS TIME W5T ON ?IS 9F]5CE WAS LESS EMPHASIZ$2 BUT 9 ANY CASE ! UNIV]SE WAS ORD]LY & PR$ICTABLE4 ,BY LE>N+ NATURE'S LAWS WE C\LD HOPE TO MANIPULATE NATURE1 & ?US SCI5CE BECAME ! S\RCE ( P[]1 ,?IS IS /ILL ! \TLOOK ( MO/ 5]GETIC PRACTICAL M51 BUT IT ,IS NO LONG] ! \TLOOK ( M5 ( SCI5CE4 ,! WORLD ACCORD+ TO !M IS A MORE HIGGL$Y-PIGGL$Y & HAPHAZ>D AFFAIR ?AN IT WAS ?\<T TO BE4 ,& !Y KN[ MU* LESS AB\T IT ?AN WAS ?\<T TO BE KN[N BY1 !IR PR$ECESSORS 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES4 ,P]HAPS ! SCI5TIFIC SKEPTICISM ( :I* ,$D+TON IS AN EXPON5T MAY LEAD 9 ! 5D TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! SCI5TIFIC ]A1 JU/ AS ! !OLOGICAL SKEPTICISM ( ! ,R5AISSANCE HAS L$ GRADUALLY TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! !OLOGICAL ]A4 ,I SUPPOSE ?AT MA*9ES WILL SURVIVE ! COLLAPSE ( SCI5CE1 JU/ AS P>SONS HAVE SURVIV$ ! COLLAPSE ( !OLOGY1 BUT 9 ! ONE CASE AS 9 ! O!R !Y WILL CEASE TO BE VIEW$ ) REV]5CE & AWE4 ,P]HAPS ?IS IS NOT TO BE REGRETT$4  

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