,! ,TYRANNY ( ! ,CLOCK 

#aidd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 

,TAGS 3 B\<T & SOLD1 REGIM5TATION ( LIFE1 DOM9ATION ( MAN1 N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ANCI5T *9ESE1 MA!MATICAL SYMBOLS1 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 AUTOMATIC MA*9E1 CLOCK1 M54 

,TEXT 3 

  

 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,W> ,COMM5T>Y - ,= ,AN>*ISM MID-M>* 
#a#i#d#d4 

,9 NO *>ACT]I/IC IS EXI/+ SOCIETY 9 ! ,WE/ SO %>PLY DI/+UI%$ 
FROM ! E>LI] SOCIETIES1 :E!R ( ,EUROPE OR ! ,EA/1 ?AN 9 ITS 
CONCEPTION ( TIME4 ,TO ! ANCI5T ,*9ESE OR ,GREEK1 TO ! ,>AB H]DSMAN 
OR ,MEXICAN PEON ( TODAY1 TIME IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! CYCLIC PROCESSES ( 
NATURE1 ! ALT]NATION ( DAY & NI<T1 ! PASSAGE FROM SEASON TO SEASON4 
,! NOMADS & F>M]S MEASUR$ & /ILL MEASURE !IR DAY FROM SUNRISE 
TO SUNSET1 & !IR YE> 9 T]MS ( ! SE$TIME & H>VE/1 ( ! 
FALL+ LEAF & ! ICE ?AW+ ON ! LAKES & RIV]S4 ,! F>M] WORK$ 
ACCORD+ TO ! ELEM5TS1 ! CRAFTSMAN = SO LONG AS HE FELT IT NECESS>Y 
TO P]FECT HIS PRODUCT4 ,TIME WAS SE5 9 A PROCESS ( NATURAL *ANGE1 & 
M5 W]E NOT CONC]N$ 9 ITS EXACT MEASUREM5T4 ,= ?IS REASON CIVILIZATIONS 
HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9 O!R RESPECTS HAD ! MO/ PRIMITIVE MEANS ( MEASUR+ 
TIME1 ! H\R GLASS ) IT'S TRICKL+ S& OR DRIPP+ WAT]1 ! SUNDIAL1 
USELESS ON A DULL DAY1 & ! C&LE OR LAMP :OSE UNBURNT REMNANT ( 
OIL OR WAX 9DICAT$ ! H\RS4 ,ALL !SE DEVICES :]E APPROXIMATE & 
9EXACT1 & W]E (T5 R5D]$ UNRELIABLE BY ! WEA!R OR ! P]SONAL 
LAZ9ESS ( ! T5D]4 ,NO:]E 9 ! ANCI5T OR M$IEVAL WORLD W]E MORE 
?AN A T9Y M9ORITY ( M5 CONC]N$ ) TIME 9 ! T]MS ( MA!MATICAL 
EXACTITUDE4 

,MOD]N1 ,WE/]N MAN1 H[EV] LIVES 9 A WORLD :I* RUNS ACCORD+ TO 
! ME*ANICAL & MA!MATICAL SYMBOLS ( CLOCK TIME4 ,! CLOCK DICTATES 
HIS MOVEM5TS & 9HIBITS HIS ACTIONS4 ,! CLOCK TURNS TIME FROM A PROCESS 
( NATURE 9TO A COMMODITY ?AT CAN BE MEASUR$ & B\<T & SOLD LIKE 
SOAP OR SULTANAS4 ,& BECAUSE1 )\T SOME MEANS ( EXACT TIME KEEP+1 
9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM C\LD NEV] HAVE DEVELOP$ & C\LD NOT CONT9UE 
TO EXPLOIT ! WORK]S1 ! CLOCK REPRES5TS AN ELEM5T ( ME*ANICAL TYRANNY 
9 ! LIVES ( MOD]N M5 MORE POT5T ?AN ANY 9DIVIDUAL EXPLOIT] OR 
ANY O!R MA*9E4 ,IT IS VALUABLE TO TRACE ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS BY :I* 
! CLOCK 9FLU5C$ ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION4 

,IT IS A FREQU5T CIRCUM/ANCE ( HI/ORY ?AT A CULTURE OR CIVILIZATION 
DEVELOPS ! DEVICE :I* WILL LAT] BE US$ = ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,! ANCI5T 
,*9ESE1 = EXAMPLE1 9V5T$ GUNP[D]1 :I* WAS DEVELOP$ BY ! MILIT>Y 
EXP]TS ( ! ,WE/ & EV5TUALLY L$ TO ! ,*9ESE CIVILIZATION ITSELF 
BE+ DE/ROY$ BY ! HI< EXPLOSIVES ( MOD]N W>F>E4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! 
SUPREME A*IEVEM5T ( ! +5UITY ( ! CRAFTSM5 9 ! M$IEVAL CITIES 
( ,EUROPE WAS ! 9V5TION ( ! ME*ANICAL CLOCK1 :I*1 ) IT'S REVOLUTION>Y 
ALT]ATION ( ! CONCEPT ( TIME1 MAT]IALLY ASSI/$ ! GR[? ( EXPLOIT+ 
CAPITALISM & ! DE/RUCTION ( M$IEVAL CULTURE4 

,!RE IS A TRADITION ?AT ! CLOCK APPE>$ 9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY1 
AS A DEVICE = R++ BELLS AT REGUL> 9T]VALS 9 ! MONA/]IES :I*1 
) ! REGIM5T$ LIFE !Y IMPOS$ ON !IR 9MATES1 W]E ! CLOSE/ 
SOCIAL APPROXIMATION 9 ! MIDDLE AGES TO ! FACTORY ( TODAY4 ,! FIR/ 
AU!NTICAT$ CLOCK1 H[EV]1 APPE>$ 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 & IT 
WAS NOT UNTIL ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ?AT CLOCKS BECAME COMMON ORNAM5TS 
( ! PUBLIC BUILD+S 9 ! ,G]MAN CITIES4 

,!SE E>LY CLOCKS1 OP]AT$ BY WEI<TS1 W]E NOT P>TICUL>LY ACCURATE1 
& IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ?AT ANY GREAT RELIABILITY WAS 
OBTA9$4 ,9 ,5GL&1 = 9/ANCE ! CLOCK AT ,HAMPTON ,C\RT1 MADE 9 
#a#e#d1 IS SAID TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ ACCURATE CLOCK 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,& 
EV5 ! ACCURACY ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY CLOCKS >E RELATIVE1 = !Y 
W]E ONLY EQUIPP$ ) H\R H&S4 ,! IDEA ( MEASUR+ TIME 9 M9UTES 
& SECONDS HAD BE5 ?\<T \T BY ! E>LY MA!MATICIANS AS F> BACK 
AS ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 BUT IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! 9V5TION ( ! P5DULUM 
9 #afeg ?AT SUFFICI5T ACCURACY WAS ATTA9$ TO P]MIT ! ADDITION ( 
A M9UTE H&1 & ! SECOND H& DID NOT APPE> UNTIL ! EI<TE5? 
C5TURY4 ,!SE TWO C5TURIES1 IT %\LD BE OBS]V$1 W]E ?OSE 9 :I* 
CAPITALISM GREW TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT WAS ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( 
! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION 9 TE*NIQUE 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% ITS DOM9ATION 
OV] SOCIETY4 

,! CLOCK1 AS ,LEWIS ,MUM=D HAS PO9T$ \T1 REPRES5TS ! KEY MA*9E 
( ! MA*9E AGE1 BO? = ITS 9FLU5CE ON TE*NOLOGY & ITS 9FLU5CE 
ON ! HABITS ( M54 ,TE*NICALLY1 ! CLOCK WAS ! FIR/ REALLY AUTOMATIC 
MA*9E ?AT ATTA9$ ANY IMPORTANCE 9 ! LIFE ( M54 ,PREVI\S TO ITS 
9V5TION1 ! COMMON MA*9ES W]E ( SU* A NATURE ?AT !IR OP]ATION 
DEP5D$ ON SOME EXT]NAL & UNRELIABLE =CE1 SU* AS HUMAN OR ANIMAL 
MUSCLES1 WAT] OR W9D4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,GREEKS HAD 9V5T$ A NUMB] 
( PRIMITIVE AUTOMATIC MA*9ES1 BUT !SE :]E US$1 LIKE ,H]O'S /EAM 
5G9E1 = OBTA9+ 'SUP]NATURAL' EFFECTS 9 ! TEMPLES OR = AMUS+ 
! TYRANTS ( ,LEVANT9E CITIES4 ,BUT ! CLOCK WAS ! FIR/ AUTOMATIC 
MA*9E ?AT ATTA9$ A PUBLIC IMPORTANCE & A SOCIAL FUNCTION4 ,CLOCK-MAK+ 
BECAME ! 9DU/RY FROM :I* M5 LE>N$ ! ELEM5TS ( MA*9E MAK+ 
& GA9$ ! TE*NICAL SKILL ?AT WAS TO PRODUCE ! COMPLICAT$ MA*9]Y 
( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 

  

,PHOTO BY ,NOAM ,KO/UCKI1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,SOCIALLY ! CLOCK HAD A MORE RADICAL 9FLU5CE ?AN ANY O!R MA*9E1 
9 ?AT IT WAS ! MEANS BY :I* ! REGUL>IZATION & REGIM5TATION 
( LIFE NECESS>Y = AN EXPLOIT+ SY/EM ( 9DU/RY C\LD BE/ BE ATTA9$4 
,! CLOCK PROVID$ ! MEANS BY :I* TIME - A CATEGORY SO ELUSIVE ?AT 
NO PHILOSOPHY HAS YET DET]M9$ ITS NATURE - C\LD BE MEASUR$ CONCRETELY 
9 MORE TANGIBLE =MS ( SPACE PROVID$ BY ! CIRCUMF]5CE ( A CLOCK 
DIAL4 ,TIME AS DURATION BECAME DISREG>D$1 & M5 BEGAN TO TALK & ?9K 
ALWAYS ( 'L5G?S' ( TIME1 JU/ AS IF !Y W]E TALK+ ( L5G?S ( 
CALICO4 ,& TIME1 BE+ N[ MEASURABLE 9 MA!MATICAL SYMBOLS1 BECAME 
REG>D$ AS A COMMODITY ?AT C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD 9 ! SAME WAY AS 
ANY O!R COMMODITY4 

,! NEW CAPITALI/S1 9 P>TICUL>1 BECAME RABIDLY TIME-CONSCI\S4 ,TIME1 
H]E SYMBOLIZ+ ! LABOR ( WORK]S1 WAS REG>D$ BY !M ALMO/ AS 
IF IT W]E ! *IEF RAW MAT]IAL ( 9DU/RY4 ',TIME IS MONEY' BECAME ON 
( ! KEY SLOGANS ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY1 & ! TIMEKEEP] WAS ! MO/ 
SIGNIFICANT ( ! NEW TYPES ( (FICIAL 9TRODUC$ BY ! CAPITALI/ DISP5SATION4 

9 ! E>LY FACTORIES ! EMPLOY]S W5T SO F> AS TO MANIPULATE !IR 
CLOCKS OR S\ND !IR FACTORY :I/LES AT ! WRONG TIMES 9 ORD] TO DEFRAUD 
!IR WORK]S A LITTLE ( ?IS VALUABLE NEW COMMODITY4 ,LAT] SU* PRACTICES 
BECAME LESS FREQU5T1 BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CLOCK IMPOS$ A REGUL>ITY 
ON ! LIVES ( ! MAJORITY ( M5 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 KN[N ONLY 
9 ! MONA/]Y4 ,M5 ACTUALLY BECAME LIKE CLOCKS1 ACT+ ) A REPETITIVE 
REGUL>ITY :I* HAD NO RESEMBLANCE TO ! RHY?MIC LIFE ( A NATURAL BE+4 
,!Y BECAME1 AS ! ,VICTORIAN PHRASE PUT IT1 'AS REGUL> AS CLOCKWORK'4 
,ONLY 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS :]E ! NATURAL LIVES ( ANIMALS & PLANTS 
& ! ELEM5TS /ILL DOM9AT$ LIFE1 DID ANY L>GE PROPORTION ( ! 
POPULATION FAIL TO SUCCUMB TO ! DEADLY TICK ( MONOTONY4 

,AT FIR/ ?IS NEW ATTITUDE TO TIME1 ?IS NEW REGUL>ITY ( LIFE1 WAS 
IMPOS$ BY ! CLOCK-[N+ MA/]S ON ! UNWILL+ POOR4 ,! FACTORY 
SLAVE REACT$ 9 HIS SP>E TIME BY LIV+ ) A *AOTIC IRREGUL>ITY :I* 
*>ACT]IZ$ ! G9-SODD5 SLUMS ( E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY 9DU/RIALISM4 
,M5 FL$ TO ! TIMELESS WORLD ( DR9K OR ,ME?ODI/ 9SPIRATION4 ,BUT GRADUALLY 
! IDEA ( REGUL>ITY SPREAD D[NW>D AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,N9ETE5? C5TURY 
RELIGION & MORALITY PLAY$ !IR P>T BY PROCLAIM+ ! S9 ( 'WA/+ 
TIME'4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( MASS-PRODUC$ WAT*ES & CLOCKS 9 ! #a#h#eS 
SPREAD TIME-CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ?OSE :O HAD PREVI\SLY M]ELY REACT$ 
TO ! /IMULUS ( ! KNOCK]-UP OR ! FACTORY :I/LE4 ,9 ! *UR* 
& 9 ! S*OOL1 9 ! (FICE & ! WORK%OP1 PUNCTUALITY WAS HELD 
UP AS ! GREATE/ ( ! VIRTUES4 

,\T ( ?IS SLAVI% DEP5D5CE ON ME*ANICAL TIME :I* SPREAD 9SIDI\SLY 
9TO EV]Y CLASS 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !RE GREW UP ! DEMORALIZ+ 
REGIM5TATION ( LIFE :I* *>ACT]IZES FACTORY WORK TODAY4 ,! MAN :O 
FAILS TO CON=M FACES SOCIAL DISAPPROVAL & ECONOMIC RU94 ,IF HE IS LATE 
AT ! FACTORY ! WORK] WILL LOSE HIS JOB OR EV51 AT ! PRES5T DAY 
.<#a#i#d#d - :ILE W>TIME REGULATIONS W]E 9 =CE.>1 F9D HIMSELF 9 PRISON4 
,HURRI$ MEALS1 ! REGUL> MORN+ & EV5+ SCRAMBLE = TRA9S OR BUSSES1 
! /RA9 ( HAV+ TO WORK TO TIME S*$ULES1 ALL CONTRIBUTE TO DIGE/IVE 
& N]V\S DISORD]S1 TO RU9 HEAL? & %ORT5 LIFE4 

,NOR DOES ! F9ANCIAL IMPOSITION ( REGUL>ITY T5D1 9 ! LONG RUN1 
TO GREAT] EFFICI5CY4 ,9DE$1 ! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCT IS USUALLY MU* 
POOR]1 BECAUSE ! EMPLOY]1 REG>D+ TIME AS A COMMODITY :I* HE HAS 
TO PAY =1 =CES ! OP]ATIVE TO MA9TA9 SU* A SPE$ ?AT HIS WORK 
MU/ NECESS>ILY BE SKIMP$4 ,QUANTITY RA!R ?AN QUALITY BECOMES ! CRIT]ION1 
! 5JOYM5T IS TAK5 \T ( WORK ITSELF1 & ! WORK] 9 HIS TURN BECOMES 
A 'CLOCK-WAT*]'1 CONC]N$ ONLY :5 HE WILL BE ABLE TO ESCAPE TO ! 
SCANTY & MONOTON\S LEISURE ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 9 :I* HE 'KILLS 
TIME' BY CRAMM+ 9 AS MU* TIME-S*$UL$ & ME*ANIZ$ 5JOYM5T ( 
C9EMA1 RADIO & NEWSPAP]S AS HIS WAGE PACKET & HIS TIR$NESS ALL[4 
,ONLY IF HE IS WILL+ TO ACCEPT ( ! HAZ>DS ( LIV+ BY HIS FAI? OR 
HIS WITS CAN ! MAN )\T MONEY AVOID LIV+ AS A SLAVE TO ! CLOCK4 

,! PROBLEM ( ! CLOCK IS1 9 G5]AL1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! MA*9E4 
,ME*ANICAL TIME IS VALUABLE AS A MEANS ( COORD9ATION ( ACTIVITIES 9 
A HI<LY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY1 JU/ AS ! MA*9E IS VALUABLE AS A MEANS 
( R$UC+ UNNECESS>Y LABOR TO ! M9IMUM4 ,BO? >E VALUABLE = ! 
CONTRIBUTION !Y MAKE TO ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( SOCIETY1 & %\LD BE 
US$ 9S(> AS !Y ASSI/ M5 TO COOP]ATE EFFICI5TLY & TO ELIM9ATE 
MONOTON\S TOIL & SOCIAL CONFUSION4 ,BUT NEI!R %\LD BE ALL[$ TO 
DOM9ATE M5'S LIVES AS !Y DO TODAY4 

,N[ ! MOVEM5T ( ! CLOCK SETS ! TEMPO M5'S LIVES - !Y BECOME 
! S]VANT ( ! CONCEPT ( TIME :I* !Y !MSELVES HAVE MADE1 & 
>E HELD 9 FE>1 LIKE ,FRANK5/E9 BY HIS [N MON/]4 ,9 A SANE & FREE 
SOCIETY SU* AN >BITR>Y DOM9ATION ( MAN'S FUNCTIONS BY EI!R CLOCK 
OR MA*9E W\LD OBVI\SLY BE \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,! DOM9ATION ( MAN 
BY ! CREATION ( MAN IS EV5 MORE RIDICUL\S ?AN ! DOM9ATION ( MAN 
BY MAN4 ,ME*ANICAL TIME W\LD BE RELEGAT$ TO ITS TRUE FUNCTION ( A MEANS 
( REF]5CE & COORD9ATION1 & M5 W\LD RETURN AGA9 TO A BALANCE 
VIEW ( LIFE NO LONG] DOM9AT$ BY ! WOR%IP ( ! CLOCK4 ,COMPLETE 
LIB]TY IMPLIES FRE$OM FROM ! TYRANNY ( AB/RACTIONS AS WELL AS FROM 
! RULE ( M54 

,FROM 3 ,SPUNK4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#i1 #aidd 3 ,! ,TYRANNY ( ! ,CLOCK -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,! ,TYRANNY ( ! ,CLOCK -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,TYRANNY ( ! ,CLOCK -- ,UPDAT$4 

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