,! ,UNION ,MAKES ,US ,/RONG8 ,SYNDICALISM3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,ANALYSIS #bi ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ,TEXT 3 ,P>T #a - ,ORIG9S ,! ,A,C,F HAS NEV]1 DESPITE :AT SOME ( \R CRITICS MAY HAVE SUGGE/$1 MADE \R CRITICISMS ( SYNDICALISM1 9CLUD+ ITS AN>*O V>IETY1 A 0DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/IC0 7SEE ,BLACK ,FLAG ,ISSUE #b#a#a7 ( \R POLITICS4 ,9 A WORLD-WIDE 'LABOR MOVEM5T' DOM9AT$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC IDEAS & PRACTICE & ?OR\GUM5TS HAVE BE5 AGA9/ TRADE UNIONISM & =WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM REMA9S ! MAJORITY CURR5T )9 CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM & IS1 DESPITE V>I\S SPLITS & FEUDS )9 ITS 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 9 A /ATE ( RESURG5CE4 ,N[1 !RE=E1 IS A GOOD TIME TO PRES5T A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( SYNDICALISM4 ,!ORY & PRACTICE ,RA!R ?AN SEP>ATE !ORY & PRACTICE WE WILL ATTEMPT TO %[ H[ ! BEHAVIOR ( V>I\S SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS HAS BE5 9=M$ BY ITS !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS & ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CES ACT+ UPON IT4 ,SYNDICALISM HAS BE5 ACCUS$ ( 'APOLITICISM' &1 9DE$1 A C]TA9 ANTI-POLITICICISM HAS BE5 A C5TRAL FEATURE ( MANY SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS IS ONLY HALF ! /ORY1 H[EV]1 & FAILS TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! FACT ?AT SYNDICALISM HAS COME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( MANY POLITICAL CURR5TS1 NOT LEA/ AN>*ISM1 & ?AT IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT !SE HAVE 9CLUD$ RE=MI/ SOCIALISM 7P>TICUL>LY ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T71 NATIONALISM 7NOTABLY ! ,ITALIAN ,U,I,L7 & EV5 MON>*ISM 7MON>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 TURN ( ! C5TURY ,FRANCE76 ,ORIG9S ,FIR/ WE MU/ LOOK AT ! ORIG9S ( SYNDICALISM4 0,SYNDICALISM0 IS SIMPLY ! ,FR5* WORD = 0UNIONISM04 ,IT WAS ! MASS SYNDICAT 7OR UNION7 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL 7,C,G,T71 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#e1 :I* GAVE 0SYNDICALISM0 ! MEAN+ IT HAS TODAY4 ,! ,C,G,T WAS MILITANT1 DE-C5TRALIZ$1 9ITIALLY SKEPTICAL ( P>LIAM5T>Y P>TICIPATION & CONSID]$ ! WORKPLACE AS ! FRONT-L9E ( ! CLASS W>4 ,:5 SU* TACTICS DEVELOP$ 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 MILITANTS CONSCI\SLY US$ ! T]M SYNDICALISM TO DIFF]5TIATE !MSELVES FROM ! OP5LY RE=MI/1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,SYNDICALI/ UNIONS BEGAN TO BECOME A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 ! DECADE BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 AS BO? A REFLECTION ( ! ONGO+ CLASS /RUGGLE & AS ! RESULT ( ! EF=TS ( CONSCI\SLY 'POLITICAL' M9ORITIES CRITICAL ( 'SOCIALI/' P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,! E>LY SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS F> FROM HOMOG5\S1 POLITICALLY OR ORGANIZATIONALLY4 ,9 MANY C\NTRIES ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ ?R\< DELIB]ATE ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE ?OSE WORK]S :O HAD BE5 IGNOR$ BY ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC UNIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ! UNSKILL$ & IMMIGRANT WORK=CES 7! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ?IS71 :IL/ 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 SYNDICALI/ UNIONS W]E CRAFT OR TRADE BAS$ & ORGANIZ$ HITISANS 7E4G4 ! ,C,G,T 9 ,FRANCE74 ,POLITICAL M9ORITIES ,AMONG ! POLITICAL M9ORITIES ATTRACT$ TO ! SYNDICALI/ ME?OD W]E ! AN>*I/S4 ,9DE$1 AN>*I/S W]E AMONG ! E>LIE/ SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZ]S 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 NOTABLY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA9 & ,>G5T9A4 ,! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS C]TA9LY ATTRACTIVE TO MANY AN>*I/S :O1 HAV+ SE5 !IR 9FLU5CE WANE FOLL[+ ! P]IOD ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 7! #a#h#iS71 SAW 9 SYNDICALISM'S COMBATIVITY & DI/RU/ ( P>LIAM5T>Y ME?ODS A 'NATURAL' HOME = !IR POLITICS4 ,9 SOME C\NTRIES SYNDICALI/ UNIONS W]E L$ BY IDEOLOGICAL AN>*I/S & EV]Y:]E AN>*I/ MILITANTS JO9$ SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SOME AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 W]E UNEASY AB\T !ID5TIFICATION ( AN>*ISM ) UNIONISM4 ,O!RS QUE/ION$ ! SYNDICALI/ ME?OD ITSELF4 ,9 ,SPA91 :]E AN>*ISM WAS TO BECOME CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) ! SYNDICALI/ ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T71 (T5 FURI\S POLEMICS 5SU$ ?R\<\T ! #a#h#iS & #a#i#aS BETWE5 ?OSE AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S GR\P$ >\ND ! ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD J\RNAL1 :O FELT ! SYNDICALI/ ME?ODS W]E 9H]5TLY RE=MI/ & A /EP BACKW>DS & ?OSE :O BELIEV$ ?AT SYNDICALISM (F]$ AN>*ISM A VEHICLE = REA*+ ! MASSES4 ,AMONG ! CLE>E/ CRITICS ( ! ID5TIFICATION ( AN>*ISM ) SYNDICALISM WAS ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A4 ,9 #a#i#g1 :5 SYNDICALISM WAS DRAW+ EV] L>G] NUMB]S ( WORK]S1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/ WORK]S1 TO ITS RANKS1 ,MALATE/A >GU$ ?AT1 0,SYNDICALISM1 9 SPITE ( ! DECL>ATIONS ( ITS MO/ >D5T P>TISANS1 CONTA9S1 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( ITS CON/ITUTION1 ALL ! ELEM5TS ( DEG5]ATION :I* HAVE CORRUPT$ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ! PA/4 ,9 FACT1 BE+ A MOVEM5T :I* PROPOSES TO DEF5D ! PRES5T 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S1 IT MU/ NECESS>ILY ADAPT ITSELF TO ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T0 7,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #a#i#g74 ,O!R AN>*I/ MILITANTS HELD /RONG RES]VATIONS AB\T ! SYNDICALI/ ME?OD4 ,! ,FR5* AN>*I/ METALWORK] ,B5OIT ,LIO?I] EXPRESS$ ! FE>1 HELD BY MANY1 ?AT SYNDICALISM W\LD T5D TO ECONOMISM & !RE=E TO RE=MISM4 0,SYNDICALISM CANNOT BE REVOLUTION>Y IF IT CANNOT BE POLITICAL444:E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE IS TI$ TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE40 7,>*IVES ,DEP>TM5TALES DE LA ,LOIRE1 #a#i#a#d74 ,LIKE MANY AN>*I/S ( HIS G5]ATION1 H[EV]1 ,LIO?I] EV5TUALLY BECAME A MILITANT ( ! ,C,G,T4 ,?AT AN>*I/S ID5TIFI$ ) SYNDICALISM & W]E (T5 AT ! =EFRONT ( SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION IS ( LITTLE SURPRISE4 ,EM]G5T SYNDICALISM APPE>$ TO (F] TACTICS :I* RELAT$ LIB]T>IAN1 DIRECT-ACTION ORI5TAT$ IDEAS TO ! EV]Y DAY /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S4 ,AN>*I/ WORK]S WANT$ TO BE :]E ! CONFLICT ) ! BOSSES 7&1 !RE=E1 ! /ATE7 WAS AT ITS MO/ ACUTE & = AN>*I/S TO HAVE DISMISS$ SYNDICALISM AT ?IS HI/ORICAL PO9T W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE M>G9ALIZ$ !M FUR!R4 ,= MANY AN>*I/S ! SOLUTION TO ANY P]CEIV$ PROBLEMS )9 SYNDICALISM C\LD BE SOLV$ BY 5C\RAG+ ITS T5D5CY T[>DS ANTI-POLITICISM & ITS COMBATITIVE SPIRIT4 ,?IS MEANT A TOTAL 5GAGEM5T ) SYNDICALI/ UNIONISM & ! BIR? ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,MANY ( !SE PEOPLE W]E DISMISSIVE ( ! IDEA ( CREAT+ SEP>ATE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS & SAW 9 ! UNION ! MEANS & ! 5D ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,AGA9/ ?IS 'FUSION' SOME AN>*I/S >GU$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( SEP>ATE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS :I* W\LD BE ACTIVE BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! UNIONS4 ,MALATE/A1 AMONG O!RS1 ADVOCAT$ SU* A TACTIC1 AS DID ! AN>*I/S :O BECAME KN[N AS 0,PLAT=MI/S0 DUR+ ! #a#i#bS4 ,A FE>1 :I* WAS WELL F\ND$1 WAS ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM W\LD BECOME DOM9AT$ BY ! SYNDICALI/ P>T ( ! EQUATION TO ! DETRIM5T ( A CLE> REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE :I* RELAT$ TO ALL ASPECTS ( WORK+ CLASS LIFE1 NOT JU/ ! FACTORY OR WORK%OP4 ,AN>*O- & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & ! 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S V>I$ FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY4 ,MANY 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S REJECT$ EV5 ! 'ANTI-POLITICAL' POLITICS ( ! AN>*I/S & SAW 9 SYNDICALISM ! =M & ! CONT5T ( REVOLUTION4 ,!Y CREAT$ A SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY1 AT ! P9NACLE ( :I* WAS ! UNION ORGANIZ$ ,G5]AL ,/RIKE :I* W\LD U%] 9 ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,= SOME SYNDICALI/S ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ASSUM$ AN ALMO/ MY?ICAL SIGNIFICANCE & REPLAC$ ! IDEA ( VIOL5T REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS CONSID]$ UNREALI/IC4 ,= 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGUES ! UNION REPLAC$ ! P>TY & WAS ID5TIFI$ ) ! CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,A DESIRE TO ORGANIZE ALL WORK]S1 REG>DLESS ( POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S BELIEF1 L$ TO 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S ATTEMPT+ TO M>G9ALIZE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 ORD] TO APPEAL TO WORK]S :O ACTUALLY REMA9$ TI$ TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,:IL/ ?IS ANTI-POLITICISM L$ MANY ( ! 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S TO A PRON\NC$ ANTI-/ATISM1 IT DID NOT /OP O!RS FROM 5T]+ 9TO ALLIANCES ) 'REVOLUTION>Y' P>TIES & POLITICIANS4 ,AL?\< POLITICS W]E UNWELCOME 9 ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION ITSELF ?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALISM WAS NOT 9VOLV$ 9 POLITICS4 ,:IL/ ! ,ITALIAN 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S FLIRT+ ) EXTREME NATIONALISM FROM #aiad ONW>DS1 DEM&+ ?AT ,ITALY JO9 ! IMP]IALI/ BLOODBA? 7A DEM& TOTALLY OPPOS$1 TO !IR GREAT CR$IT1 BY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,UNION ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA7 IS PROBABLY ! MO/ GRAPHIC EXAMPLE ( SYNDICALI/ POLITICAL ALLIANCES1 MANY O!RS EXI/$4 ,9 ,NORWAY ! PRE-W> ',REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/ 0FAGOPPOSITION0 7UNION OPPOSITION71 = EXAMPLE1 WAS CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) ! LEFT W+ ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :IL/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ 7! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN EQUIVAL5T ( SYNDICALI/7 ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD W]E = ! FIR/ ?REE YE>S ( !IR EXI/5CE 7#a#i#e-#a#i#h7 RIV5 ) OP5 POLITICAL RIVALRY BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,AM]ICA & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,9 ,IREL& ! SYNDICALI/IC ,IRI% ,TRANSPORT & ,G5]AL ,WORK]S ,UNION WAS L$ BY PEOPLE :O HAD BE5 OR /ILL W]E ACTIVE MEMB]S ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES & ,IRI% SYNDICALISM1 DESPITE ITS MILITANCY1 R>ELY EXHIBIT$ ! ANTI-/ATISM & ANTI-P>TY S5TIM5T ( O!R SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,(T5 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S APPE>$ TO BE SIMPLY IMPATI5T ) ! /ODGY ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL V]SION ( SOCIALISM ?AT DOM9AT$ ! ,LEFT & W]E NOT AGA9/ 'REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES' P] SE4 ,! MASS DEFECTION ( 'REVOLUTION>Y' SYNDICALI/S TO ,BOL%EVISM 9 ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BE>S WITNESS TO ?IS4 ,COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE WAS NOT CONF9$ TO ! NOM9ALLY APOLITICAL 'REVOLUTION>Y' W+ ( SYNDICALISM1 H[EV]4 ,AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM BE+ F\ND ON ! WRONG SIDE ( ! CLASS B>RICADE1 TW5TY YE>S BE=E ! 9FAM\S ,C,N,T 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T1 IS ! EXP]I5CE ( ,MEXICO4 ,! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION - ! ,CASA DEL ,OBR]O ,MUNDIAL ,DUR+ ! FIR/ TW5TY YE>S ( ! #b? C5TURY ,MEXICO WAS 5GULF$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y TURMOIL4 ,V>I\S 'CON/ITUTIONALI/' 7I4E4 DEMOCRATIC7 CAPITALI/ FACTIONS VI$ = P[] :IL/ ATTEMPT+ TO OV]?R[ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ 4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,AGR>IAN 7L&LESS PEASANT7 MOVEM5T ( ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA & ! EM]G+ URBAN WORK+ CLASS ATTEMPT$ TO DEF5D !IR [N 9T]E/S AMID ! *AOS4 ,! ,AGR>IANS 5GAG$ 9 GU]RILLA ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! V>I\S 'REVOLUTION>Y' GOV]NM5TS ) ! AIM ( RECLAIM+ & DEF5D+ ! L& ( ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION FROM ! L&[N]S4 ,DUR+ ! YE>S #aif TO #aiae ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,MEXICANO 7,P4,L4,M47 PLAY$ A LEAD+ 9 ROLE 9 ATTEMPT+ TO BR+ TOGE!R ,AGR>IAN & PROLET>IAN REVOLT4 ,BEG9N+ FROM AN ADVANC$ LEFT LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC POSITION ! ,P4,L4,M41 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,MAGON BRO!RS1 DEVELOP$ 9TO AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION ) ITS [N GU]RILLA UNITS 9VOLV$ 9 ! EXPROPRIATION ( L& 9 ! ,BAJA ,CALI=NIA REGION & LEAD+ /RIKES 9 ,V]ACRUZ1 AMONG O!R >EAS4 ,! ,P4,L4,M4 CALL$ = 0,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD0 7,L& & ,FRE$OM71 ! IMM$IATE EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&LORDS & BOSSES & ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4 ,9 #aiab ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,CASA DEL ,OBR]O ,MUNDIAL 7,H\SE ( ! ,WORLD ,WORK]7 WAS =M$ & RAPIDLY ATTRACT$ ! URBAN WORK]S ( ,MEXICO ,CITY TO ITS RANKS4 ,YET1 )9 ?REE YE>S ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E ORGANIZ+ ,R$ ,BATTALIONS TO FIRANZA1 AGA9/ ! ,AGR>IANS & !IR ,P4,L4,M4 ALLIES4 ,FIR/LY1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S VIEW$ ! 9DU/RIALPROLET>IAT AS ! ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT !Y CON/ITUT$ A T9Y M9ORITY ( ! ,MEXICAN WORK+ POPULATION4 ,?IS VANGU>D1 !Y >GU$1 HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ & EXP&$ AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S S\*O-SYNDICALI/S CONSID]$ ! ,AGR>IAN MOVEM5T AS AN ESS5TIALLY REACTION>Y ONE1 COMMITT$ TO TURN+ BACK ! CLOCK1 & REJECT+ ! 'ADVANCES' 9 TE*NOLOGY & UND]/&+ ?AT CAPITALISM HAD BR\DNESS' AS PRO( ( !IR DANG] TO ! 'ADVANC$' SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,F9ALLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S BELIEV$ ?AT ! PROGRESSIVE1 DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS /ATE :I* WAS (F]+ ! ,CASA FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE 7& 9 FACT WAS ACTUALLY 5C\RAG+ ! ,CASA TO ORGANIZE67 %\LD BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ 'REACTION'1 ,AGR>IANI/ OR ANTI-CON/ITUTIONALI/4 ,AFT] ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,R$ ,BATTALIONS HAD PLAY$ !IR P>T 9 'SAV+' ! ,MEXICAN /ATE1 ! 9EVITABLE HAPP5$4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aiaf ! ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ GOV]NM5T TURN$ ON ! ,CASA1 DISB&$ ! ,R$ ,BATTALLIONS & =CIBLY CLOS$ D[N ! SYNDICATES FOLL[+ ! SECOND ( TWO ,G5]AL ,/RIKES ?AT YE>4 ,! FAILURE ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO RECOGNIZE ! CLASS NATURE ( ! /ATE1 DESPITE ALL !IR V]BAL ANTI-/ATISM1 HAD L$ !M TO TAKE SIDES AGA9/ G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,BOL%EVISATION & 0! 5D ( ! MASS SYNDICALISM0 ,)\T D\BT ! HI<-PO9T ( SYNDICALISM WAS ! P]IOD BETWE5 7R\GUE ?AT MU* ( SYNDICALISM WAS 9 FACT SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC 9 CONT5T IF NOT 9 =M4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ,L59I/ CLAIMS TO ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS WAS F> FROM ! 5D ( ! /ORY & ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE :I* 5GULF$ ! WORLD FOLL[+ ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ALSO SAW A 'REVIVAL' ( SYNDICALISM FOLL[+ ! F\R YE>S ( WORLD W>4 ,SYNDICALISM N[1 H[EV]1 HAD TWO NEW RIVALS1 ,BOL%EVISM & C\NCIL OR LEFT COMMUNISM4 ,BOL%EVISM'S TRIUMPH 9 ,RUSSIA S5T %OCK WAVES ?R\<\T ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES EV]Y:]E DEVELOP$ W\LD-BE ,BOL%EVIK FACTIONS4 ,!SE FACTIONS SOON] OR LAT] SPLIT FROM ! OLD P>TIES & =M$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES MODEL$ ON ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE4 ,MANY ( ! V]Y E>LIE/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES1 H[EV]1 EM]G$ FROM ! SYNDICALI/1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,C,G,T 9 ,FRANCE DEVELOP$ A P[]FUL COMMUNI/-SYNDICALI/ FACTION2 ! ,I,W,W 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS WRACK$ BY 9-FI SYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,TOM ,MANN QUICKLY GRAVITAT$ T[>DS ! EMBRYONIC ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IMPRESS$ BY ! DYNAMISM ( ,BOL%EVISM & ITS O/5SIBLE BREAK ) SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 =M] SYNDICALI/S CON/ITUT$ ! E>LY RANK & FILE ( SU* P>TIES EV]Y:]E4 ,AMONG AN>*I/S ALSO1 ,BOL%EVISM POSSESS$ A MAGNET-LIKE QUALITY1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE IT WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,SOVIETS1 ! C\NCIL ORGANIZATIONS :I* SEEM$ TO (F] AN ALT]NATIVE TO /ATE ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS ,:5 NEWS CAME ?R\< ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,FA!RL& WAS NOT ROSY & AS ,BOL%EVISM ATTEMPT$ TO CREATE BO? A ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ( POLITICAL P>TIES & A ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL UND] !IR /RICT CONTROL1 DISS5SION BEGAN TO EM]GE4 ,MANY ( ! E>LIE/ CRITICS ( ,MOSC[ W]E NOT SYNDICALI/S H[EV] BUT ,M>XI/S PREVI\SLY 9VOLV$ ) SOCIALI/ POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!SE MILITANTS BEGAN TO QUE/ION ! ,TRADE ,UNION & ,P>LIAM5T>Y POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & !IR CLOSE/ IMP]SONATORS4 ,GR\PS SU* AS ! ,WORK]S ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ATION 9 ,BRITA91 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY & SIMIL> 'LEFT' COMMUNI/S 7MEAN+ 'LEFT' ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL7 SAW 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S C\NCILS 7OR ,SOVIETS7 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag & ,G]MANY 9 #aiai ! =M1 AS !Y SAW IT1 ?AT ! NEW /RUGGLES W\LD TAKE4 ,AFT] COM+ \T AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE !IR [N ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #aiba 7! ORIG9AL #d? ,9T]NATIONAL67 ?IS POLITICAL CURR5T BECAME KN[N AS C\NCIL COMMUNISM4 ,C\NCIL COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS ONLY TOOK ANY?+ APPROA*+ MASS =M 9 ,G]MANY AL?\< !Y ALSO EXI/$ 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,HOLL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM & ,BRITA94 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 9T]NATIONAL SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T BEGAN TO RE-ORGANIZE ITSELF ?R\< ! CREATION ( ! ,I4,W4,A47,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5S' ,ASSOCIATION74 ,9 #aibb ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T C\LD /ILL CLAIM L>GE UNIONS SU* AS ! ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA 7#e1 MEMB]S71 ! ,CONF$]ACAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO 9 ,PORTUGAL 7#a#e17 & ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,UNION 9 ,G]MANY 7#a#b174 ,!Y W]E JO9$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,CONF]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T7 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,BY #a#i#b#c1 H[EV]1 ! ,L59I/_/,/AL9I/ ICE-AGE WAS BEG9N+ & BETWE5 ?AT & ! EM]G5CE ( FASCISM1 SYNDICALISM WAS FAC+ A DIFFICULT P]IOD1 TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,)9 #a YE>S ! ONLY MASS SYNDICALI/ UNION LEFT WAS ! ,C,N,T4 ,! O!RS W]E N[ R$UC$ TO GR\PS ( MILITANTS SCATT]$ 9 EXILE OR LIV+ 9 A SEMI-UND]GR\ND CONDITION4 ,BY #aicf ALL ?AT WAS LEFT W]E SMALL PROPAG&A GR\PS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 A FEW M9ORITY UNIONS & ! #b MILLION /RONG ,C,N,T AB\T TO PLAY A HI/ORIC ROLE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION4 ,P>T #b - ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION - ,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM8 ,B,Y #aicf ,B,O,? ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS F\ND !MSELVES1 IF NOT EI!R 9 EXILE OR UND]GR\ND1 !N AS M9ORITY ORGANIZATIONS4 ,VICTIMS ( ! TW9 ASSAULT ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & ,BOL%EVISM1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO A %AD[ ( !IR =M] /R5G?2 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION'S L>GE/ AFFILIATES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T1 HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY SMA%$ BY ,FASCISM1 M>G9ALIZ$ OR HAD RETREAT$ 9TO OP5 RE=MISM 7= EXAMPLE ! ,SW$I% ,WORK]S ,C5TRAL ORGANIZATION74 ,! SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS /ILL OP]AT+ F\ND !IR VOICES 9CREAS+LY DR[N$ \T BY ! HOLL[ NOISE ( ,/AL9ISM & !IR M>G9ALIZATION REFLECT$ ! G5]AL POLITICAL DEFEAT ( ! WORK+ CLASS DUR+ ! 9T]-W> YE>S4 ,SO1 :5 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,JULY #aicf ALL ! HOPES ( LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES BECAME FOCUS$ UPON EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 & ! ACTIONS TAK5 BY ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ,! SITUATION 9 ,SPA9 WAS EXCEPTIONAL 9 ?AT ORGANIZ$ ,/AL9ISM WAS M>G9AL & EX]CIS$ LITTLE 9FLU5CE AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS UP UNTIL #a#i#c#f4 ,RA!R1 AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S CON/ITUT$ ! ONLY CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ! ,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,OBR]O4 ,! ,P,S,O C\LD COMB9E REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC ) A :OLLY RE=MI/ & CON/ITUTIONALI/ PRACTICE & ! DIVISION 9 ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS POLITICS C\LD BROADLY BE DRAWN AS BE+ BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IANISM 7! AN>*I/S & ! ,C,N,T7 & RE=MI/ AU?ORIT>IANISM 7! ,P,S,O & ! ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABADORES74 ,:5 ! REACTION>Y MILIT>Y1 L$ BY ,G5]AL ,FRANCO1 ROSE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC ON ,JULY #a#i?1 #a#i#c#f1 ! RESPONSE ( ! GOV]NM5T WAS 9ACTION :IL/ ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO EMPLOY >M$ RESI/ANCE4 ,9 MANY IMPORTANT C5T]S & 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE :]E ! ATTEMPT$ C\P HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ OR ! MILIT>Y HAD REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! LIB]T>IAN WORK]S MOVEM5T1 :I* ALMO/ EV]Y:]E HAD TAK5 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9ITIATIVES1 WAS ! MA/] ( ! SITUATION4 ,! RANK & FILE ( ! ,C,N,T & O!RS1 9SPIR$ BY ! POT5TIAL = LIB]ATION1 BEGAN TO PUT A =M ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! FACTORIES & L& 9TO PRACTICE1 :I*1 GIV5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 C\LD ONLY FALL %ORT ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 BUT %[$ ! CREATIVE & ORGANIZATIONAL POT5TIAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 BY ! 5D ( ! YE> REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T HAD TAK5 POSITIONS 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,GOV]NM5T & HAD EFFECTIVELY CALL$ (F ! CLASS W> 9 FAVOR ( 'ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY' = ! SAKE ( VICTORY 9 ! W>4 ,! =M]LY M9USCULE ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD BECOME A MAJOR GOV]NM5TAL PLAY]1 ! COLLECTIVES & ! WORK]S MILITIA ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO COME UND] ATTACK & ! REVOLUTION LOOK$ LIKE BE+ /RANGL$ AT BIR?4 ,! RESPONSE ( ?OSE :O WI%$ TO C>RY ON ) ! REVOLUTION WAS ! ',MAY ,DAYS' 9SURRECTION 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#g1 ITSELF ! PRODUCT ( ANO!R PROVOCATION1 ?IS TIME BY ,/AL9I/S1 AGA9/ ,C,N,T WORK]S AT ! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE4 ,WORK]S ONCE AGA9 F\*I/S ,! ACTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 JO9+ ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ( BETRAY+ ! REVOLUTION1 >E (T5 FLUNG 9 ! FACE ( AN>*I/S BY ,L59I/S 7:O !MSELVES W\LDN'T HESITATE TO JO9 ANY GOV]NM5T GIV5 HALF A *ANCE74 ,USUALLY ?IS IS GIV5 AS EVID5CE ( ! ',5D ( ,AN>*ISM' AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY_/MOVEM5T4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE DOES SIGNIFY ! 5D ( A C]TA9 TYPE ( AN>*ISM4 ,BUT ! BLAME = ! CLASS COLLABORATION & BETRAYAL REALLY DOES NOT SIMPLY LIE AT ! DOOR ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,AFT] ALL1 DESPITE ! UNION'S LONG-/&+ RELATION%IP ) AN>*ISM1 IT REMA9$ A UNION :OSE /RUCTURES HAD DEVELOP$ AN AUTONOMY ( !IR [N & A BUREAUCRACY :I* HAD A LIFE ( ITS [N1 REG>DLESS ( ITS DEMOCRATIC NATURE4 ,! UNIONS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RE=MISM & 9CORPORATION HAD BE5 EXPOS$ DUR+ ! #a#i#bS :5 A T5D5CY EM]G$ :I* OPPOS$ ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM )9 ! UNION4 ,9 #aica ?IS HAD RESULT$ 9 A SPLIT1 CREAT+ ! MOD]ATE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 'OPPOSITION UNIONS'4 ,EV5TUALLY1 SOME ( !SE 'MOD]ATE ELEM5TS' =M$ A P>LIAM5T>I/1 RE=MI/ ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY4 ,! ,F,A,I ,P>TIALLY ,9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS T5D5CY1 & ! E>LI] ATTEMPTS DUR+ ! #bS BY ,L59I/S TO 'BOL%EVIZE' ! UNION1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S F\ND$ A SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA1 9 #a#i#b#g4 ,! ,F,A,I WAS TO WORK MA9LY 9SIDE ! ,C,N,T1 TO RE9=CE ITS LIB]T>IAN ORI5TATION1 BUT EXI/$ AS AN ORGANIZATION 9 ITS [N RIDS ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION & ,FAI/AS W]E COMMONLY ! MO/ >D5T ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,BY #aicf ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I W]E1 ALONG ) ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 ! COMPON5T P>TS ( :AT WAS COLLECTIVELY KN[N AS ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,F,A,I DEF5D$ ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T 9TO GOV]NM5T1 9DE$1 'AN>*I/' ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS HIMSELF REG>D$ AS A P>TICUL>LY H>D-L9E FAI/A4 ,COMP>ATIVELY FEW AN>*I/S REJECT$ SU* COLLABORATION & EV5 FEW] POS$ AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,! MO/ COH]5T ( !SE W]E ! GR\P KN[N AS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 MILITANTS ( BO? ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 :O REALIZ$ ?AT ! 9VOLVEM5T ( 'AN>*I/S' 9 GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 AN 9EXCUSABLE MI/AKE & ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD 9 FACT BE5 EFFECTIVELY CURTAIL$ BY ! =CES :I* MANY ?\DS A ,FRE% ,REVOLUTION' = FUR!R WRIT+S BY & AB\T ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI74 ,WE CAN CONCLUDE1 ) ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 ?AT APOLITICAL AN>*ISM FAIL$ 9 ,SPA91 ?AT IS ! BELIEF ?AT ! ,/ATE & POLITICAL P[] CAN BE IGNOR$_/CIRCUMNAVIGAT$ RA!R ?AN SMA%$ & REPLAC$ ) ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WORLD ,W> #b & ,AFT] ,! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & ! CRU%+ ( ! ,C,N,T UND] ! ,FRANCO DICTATOR%IP WAS CLOSELY FOLL[$ BY ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & TEMPOR>Y ECLIPSE ( AN>*O & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 ,! DEP? ( DEFEAT FELT BY LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS ALMO/ UNFA?OMABLE4 ,IT L$ SOME LEAD+ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 9TO SUPPORT+ ! ALLIES AGA9/ ,NAZI ,G]MANY :IL/ MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 EXILE ACTUALLY F\MIES 9 !1 SOME:AT NAIVE1 HOPE ?AT ) ! DEFEAT ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 ',FASCI/' ,SPA9 W\LD BE 'LIB]AT$'4 ,O!R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS CONDUCT$ A FE>LESS GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REGIME1 MANY PAY+ ) !IR LIVES4 ,BUT1 FOLL[+ ! W>1 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS MORE M>G9ALIZ$ ?AN EV]4 ,A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONS5SUS WAS TAK+ %APE 9 ! ,WE/]N ,WORLD & ! ,COLD ,W> WAS AT ITS HEI*I/ GR\PS REMA9$ T9Y ?R\<\T ! #a#i#eS & 9TO ! #a#i#fS1 MA9LY 'HOLD]S ( ! SACR$ FLAME' ) ONLY OCCASIONAL IMPACT )9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?+S BEGAN TO *ANGE ) ! UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,EUROPE T[>DS ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS1 P>TICUL>LY ! EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE 9 #aifh & LAT] 9 ,ITALY4 ,SL[LY1 ! SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO REEM]GE AS WORK]S BEGAN %[+ AN 9T]E/ 9 ALT]NATIVES TO ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /ODGE4 ,! DEA? ( ,FRANCO 9 #aigf & ! 'DEMOCRATIZATION' ( ,SPA9 SAW ! ACCEL]AT$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! =M]LY ILLEGAL ,C,N,T4 ,! ,U,S,I WAS RELAUN*$ 9 ,ITALY & T[>DS ! 5D ( ! #a#i#gS ! ,I4,W4,A4 ONCE MORE BECAME A FUNCTION+ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ALBEIT ONE MA9LY COMPOS$ ( PROPAG&A GR\PS4 ,SYNDICALISM ,TODAY ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! SO-CALL$ 'SOCIALI/' C\NTRIES & ! DEA?-CRISIS ( ORGANIZ$ ,/AL9ISM1 AN>*I/ IDEAS & =MS ( ORGANIZATION HAVE EXP]I5C$ A M>K$ GR[?1 NOT LEA/ 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE :]E (T5 ! AN>*I/S >E ! ONLY 'LEFT' CURR5T ( ANY SIZE4 ,9 ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ! ,9DIAN SUB-CONT95T1 >EAS :]E !RE HAS BE5 LITTLE PREVI\S LIB]T>IAN TRADITION1 AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS >E EM]G+4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CURR5T HAS SE5 ! MO/ RAPID GR[? & EV5 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD >E 7MODE/LY7 EXP&+ ONCE AGA94 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS OBVI\SLY WELCOME1 AS IT REFLECTS A RE-AWAK5+ ( REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT IT IS NOT )\T ITS PROBLEMS4 ,! QUE/ION TO BE ASK$ IS 0,IS ! SYNDICALI/ ME?OD ! WAY =W>D804 ,AMONG ! AN>*I/S :O HAVE EMBRAC$ SYNDICALISM !RE >E CRITICAL VOICES & SOME FEEL ! NE$ TO DEVELOP NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ & ?9K+4 ,SOME HAVE REALIZ$ ! NE$ TO CONNECT ) O!R WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS AWAY FROM ! EXI/+ /RUCTURES1 = EXAMPLE ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,U,S,I 9 ! ,C,O,B,A,S 7COMMITTEES ( ! BASE7 9 ,ITALY4 ,SOME HAVE SE5 A NE$ TO 'ADAPT' SYNDICALISM TO COMMUNITY & 9T]E/ ORGANIZATION4 ,O!RS1 H[EV]1 HAVE T5D$ TO DEF5D A V]Y TRADITIONAL1 WORK]I/1 VISION ( 'BUILD+ ! 7AN>*O7 SYNDICALI/ UNION' AS ! ANSW] TO EV]Y?+ & REJECT CRITICISM ( ! SYNDICALI/ ME?OD AS ',M>XI/' OR ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL4 ,P>T #c - ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ P]SPECTIVES ON AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & WORK]S /RUGGLE ORGANIZATIONS ,C,R,I,T,I,C,I,S,M ,( ,S,Y,N,D,I,C,A,L,I,/ ME?ODS FROM AN>*I/S1 />T+ ) ,MALATE/A1 HAS NOT BE5 NECESS>ILY DUE TO ANY ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL T5D5CY OR SYMPA?Y ) ',M>XISM'4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,DIELO ,TRUDA GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S 9 EXILE BEGAN TO QUE/ION ! ID5TIFICATION ( AN>*ISM ) SYNDICALISM & ! ATTITUDE T[>DS SYNDICALISM :I* LIB]T>IANS HAD HI/ORICALLY TAK54 ,!IR ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S 7#a#i#b#f7 DESCRIB$ 0REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM0 AS 0ONLY ONE ( ! =MS ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE0 :I*1 ( ITSELF CONTA9S NO 0DET]M9+ !ORY0 4 ,!Y SUGGE/$ ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAD FAIL$ TO FULLY 0AN>*IZE0 UNIONISM & ?AT A SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION WAS NE$$ TO DO ?IS4 ,!Y ALSO >GU$ ?AT SU* A SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION %\LD ATTEMPT TO 0EX]CISE !ORETICAL 9FLU5CE ON ALL TRADE UNIONS0 S9CE 0444IF TRADE UNIONISM DOES NOT F9D 9 AN>*I/ !ORY A SUPPORT 9 OPPORTUNE TIMES IT WILL TURN1 :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT1 TO ! IDEOLOGY ( A POLITICAL /ATI/ P>TY40 ,TO A GREAT EXT5T ! LATT] CLAIM CAN BE SE5 TO BE TRUE :5 ! EVOLUTION ( UNIONS SU* AS ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T1 OR ! EXODUS ( SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS 9TO ,BOL%EVIK P>TIES1 IS TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION4 ,! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M DID NOT H[EV] HAVE A GREAT DEAL TO SAY AB\T ! FUNCTION ( SYNDICALISM OR TRADE UNIONISM = ?AT MATT]4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY & ! V>I\S IDEAS ?AT CAME \T ( IT APPE> TO HAVE PASS$ !M BY4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ !ORETICIAN ,HATTA ,%UZO WAS >GU+ ?AT SYNDICALISM1 BE+ A REFLECTION ( ! /RUCTURE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 RAN ! RISK ( REPLICAT+ HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ?R\< A CONT9U$ DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT1 BECAUSE SYNDICALI/S CALL$ = ! M9ES TO BE CONTROLL$ BY ! M9]S1 ! /EELWORKS TO BE CONTROLL$ BY ! /EELWORK]S ETC4 ?IS DIVISION MIBIT] BETWE5 CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 0,9 A SOCIETY :I* IS BAS$ ON ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 VITAL PRODUCTION 7S9CE IT =MS ! BASIS ( PRODUCTION7 W\LD HAVE MORE P[] OV] ! MA*9]Y ( COORD9ATION ?AN ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 O!R L9ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE W\LD !RE=E BE A REAL DANG] ( ! APPE>ANCE ( CLASSES40 7,COLLECT$ ,WORKS3 ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 ,TOKYO #a#i#h#c7 ,! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S 9 ,JAPAN T5D$ TO FAVOR A RETURN TO ! L& FOLL[+ A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 ) 9DU/RIAL WORK]S BR++ !IR SKILLS & TE*NOLOGY BACK TO !IR VILLAGES4 ,9 A PR$OM9ANTLY RURAL SOCIETY 9 AN HI/ORICAL P]IOD :]E FACTORY WORK]S W]E G5]ALLY /ILL CONNECT$1 ?R\< FAMILY1 TO ! L&1 ?IS P]SPECTIVE MAY HAVE MADE SOME S5SE4 ,PRIMITIVI/S TAKE NOTE4 ,WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION & P]MAN5T ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ,MO/ 7BUT1 UN=TUNATELY1 BY NO MEANS ALL7 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W\LD AGREE ) ! ,A,C,F ?AT ! EXI/+ ,TRADE ,UNIONS >E NOT VEHICLES = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,SOME MAY ALSO AGREE ?AT P]MAN5T ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS 7I4E4 UNIONS7 HAVE A T5D5CY TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! ME*ANISMS ( EXPLOITATION1 ?R\< !IR ROLE AS M$IATORS OR REPRES5TATIVES1 & TO DEVELOP BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES & MODES ( OP]ATION4 ,H[EV]1 !Y W\LD >GUE ?AT1 BECAUSE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION IS SIMULTANE\SLY AN ECONOMIC & AN 'IDEOLOGICAL' ORGANIZATION IT IS RESI/ANT TO COOPTION & BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,! 'CONSCI\S' AN>*I/S )9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION >E SE5 AS ! SAFEGU>D AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATION 0SELL+-\T0 & ! NONHI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ A DIVISION BETWE5 ! RANK & FILE & ITS DELEGATES1 PREV5T+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A /RATA ) SEP>ATE 9T]E/S FROM ! RE/ ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,AL?\< ?IS IDEA ( ! 'CONSCI\S' AN>*I/ M9ORITY 9 ! UNION HAS BE5 COMMON 9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T IT HAS ALSO BE5 REJECT$ BY MANY 'PURE' SYNDICALI/S4 ,DEG5]ATION ,H[EV]1 WE W\LD >GUE ?AT ALL UNIONS1 REG>DLESS ( !IR 9ITIAL POLITICAL ORI5TATION 7& ?AT W\LD 9CLUDE AN>*O-COMMUNI/7 HAVE A T5D5CY TO BECOME 9EXORABLY DRAGG$ 9TO A M$IAT+ ROLE & TO EV5TUALLY BECOME A BREAK ON AUTONOM\S CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS 9TEGRATION 9TO CAPITALISM IS 9DE$ USUALLY F\Y MILITANTS1 (T5 ) TEMPOR>Y SUCCESS4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T BE>S ?IS \T4 ,H[ DOES ?IS 'DEG5]ATION' HAPP58 ,= ONE1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 LIKE ALL O!R UNIONS1 HAVE TO BE ABLE TO GET 'BETT] DEALS' = WORK]S 9 ! H]E & N[1 O!RWISE !Y REMA9 SMALL1 ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:IL/ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION REMA9S SMALL &1 IMPORTANTLY1 UNRECOGNIZ$ BY ! BOSSES1 ORGANIZ+ ! MO/ MILITANT1 CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S IT CAN 5GAGE 9 'WILDCAT' ACTIONS4 ,IT MA9TA9S A 'REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT'4 ,DUR+ P]IODS ( 9CREAS$ CLASS /RUGGLE 7:I* ITS ACTIVITIES MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO7 ! UNION GR[S4 ,IF IT CAN SUCCESSFULLY LEAD /RIKES1 OCCUPATIONS ETC4 TO VICTORY IT WILL ATTRACT MORE MEMB]S4 ,IT IS FAC$ ) ! POSITION ( HAV+ =C$ ! BOSSES_/MANAGEM5T TO RECOGNIZE IT1 TO M$IATE ) IT4 ,IF AT ?IS PO9T ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION DOESN'T NEGOTIATE !N IT LOSES ! CONFID5CE ( ITS BROAD] MEMB]%IP & SO IS =C$ TO EI!R BECOME ! RECOGNIZ$ UNION BODY OR BACK \T ( ! SITUATION4 ,S9CE WORK]S HAVE TO1 AT SOME PO9T ?IS SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION1 NEGOTIATE ) !IR BOSSES1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TAKE ! =M] OPTION4 ,ONCE ! P]IOD ( 9T5SE /RUGGLE IS OV] ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION IS FAC$ ) A *OICE ( C>RY+ \T ALL ! MUNDANE1 R\T9E JOBS ?AT ANY O!R UNION HAS TO1 OR ( RETURN+ TO BE+ A M>G9AL =CE 9 ! WORKPLACE1 LEAV+ ! WAY OP5 TO ! RE=MI/ UNIONS4 ,IF IT *OOSES ! LATT] IT IS NO LONG] 9 FACT A UNION BUT A 7MORE OR LESS7 REVOLUTION>Y GR\P )9 ! WORKPLACE4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION REMA9S REVOLUTION>Y 7I4E4 A DYNAMIC =CE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE7 9 AS MU* AS IT DOESN'T ACT LIKE A UNION4 ,?IS PROCESS IS GRAPHICALLY EXHIBIT$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,DOCKWORK]S ,COORD9ATION 9 ,SPA91 ! ,COORD9ADORA1 :I* EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,AL?\< ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS NOT SPECIFICALLY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 7OR 9DE$ SYNDICALI/ AT ALL71 IT WAS BAS$ ON AN ANTI-BUE>CRATIC1 ANTI-P>TY POLITICAL1 CLASS BAS$ & HI$ TO BE AN EXAMPLE ( A P]MAN5T 'UNION' ORGANIZATION :I* W\LD NOT SUCCUMB TO BUREAUCRATIZATION1 R\T9ISM & CLASS-COLLABORATION4 ,= YE>S ! ,COORD9ADORA WAS 9VOLV$ 9 /RUGGLES :I* MA9TA9$ ITS COMBATITATIVE MOM5TUM & WON ! ADMIRATION ( LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES4 ,) ! SL[ W9D-D[N ( ?OSE /RUGGLES ! ORGANIZATION1 H[EV]1 BECAME LESS & LESS DYNAMIC & MORE & MORE LIKE A TRADITIONAL ,TRADE ,UNION1 DESPITE ! H]OIC EF=TS ( ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ MILITANTS 9VOLV$ 9 IT4 ,! COORD9ADORA IS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( H[ BUREAUCRACY IS A NATURAL BYPRODUCT ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS 9 P]IODS ( 'DEFEAT'4 ,! ROLE ( REVOLUTION>IES ,SO1 IF WE REJECT ! IDEA ( BUILD+ 'ALT]NATIVE'1 SYNDICALI/ UNION /RUCTURES1 :AT DOES ! ,A,C,F ADVOCATE :5 IT COMES TO WORKPLACE ORGANIZATION8 ,9 A S5SE ?IS QUE/ION IS ANSW]$ BY ! EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 /RUGGLE4 ,9 TIMES ( UPHEAVAL1 9DU/RIAL OR COMMUNAL1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS DEVELOP$ ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ) :I* TO FIE ! ,SOVIETS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! ,C\NCILS ( ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN REVOLUTIONS1 ! C\NCILS ( ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! ACTION COMMITTEES 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#f#h1 BUT !RE >E C\NTLESS O!RS4 ,! COORD9AT+ COMMITTEES ( ,FR5* WORK]S DUR+ ! #a#i#hS & #iS1 ! ,C,O,B,A,S 9 ,ITALY 9 ! SAME P]IOD1 /RIKE COMMITTEES AMONG ! ,DONBAS M9]S 9 ! ,UKRA9E ETC4 ,!SE 'SPONTANE\S' ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ALSO BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$_/DEG5]ATE 7?9K ( ! FATE ( ! ,SOVIETS 9 ! ',SOVIET' ,UNION67 BUT1 TYPICALLY1 !Y DISSOLVE :5 ! TASK !Y W]E CREAT$ = IS OV]4 ,SPONTANEISM ,UNLIKE SOME AN>*I/S & 'C\NCILLI/S'1 :O T5D T[>DS 'SPONTANEISM' & ! REJECTION ( ANY ORGANIZATION1 WE DO SEE ! NE$ = ORGANIZ$ 9T]V5TION1 9 ! WORKPLACE & COMMUNITY1 BY REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 ,BRITA91 = EXAMPLE1 ! TACTIC BY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 7,SOLID>ITY ,F$]ATION7 TO SET-UP NETWORKS ( MILITANTS 9 V>I\S 9DU/RIES IS ONE WE W\LD SUPPORT4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ ! F\NDATION = AN EV5TUAL 'G5]AL' UNION1 H[EV]1 WE W\LD SEE SU* COORD9ATIONS AS A MEANS TO BUILD+ REVOLUTION>Y WORKPLACE GR\PS L9K+ ) MILITANTS LOCALLY & BEYOND4 ,SU* GR\PS W\LD PRODUCE PROPAG&A1 ORGANIZE RESI/ANCE GR\PS1 9T]V5E 9 /RUGGLES & >GUE = SELF-ORGANIZATION AT ALL TIMES4 ,:5 /RUGGLES BREAK \T !SE NETWORKS W\LD COORD9ATE ACTION & PROMOTE ! CREATION ( /RIKE & /RUGGLE COMMITTEES \TSIDE ( UNION CONTROL4 ,:5 /RUGGLES 5D1 !SE GR\PS MA9TA9 AN ORGANIZ$ PRES5CE1 BR++ TOGE!R MILITANTS 9 ORD] TO BUILD = FUR!R /RUGGLES4 ,SU* GR\PS W\LD BE L9K$1 NOT BY A UNION-TYPE /RUCTURE BUT ORGANICALLY ) BO? ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & ! LOCAL LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4,9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS >E LOOK+ = ALT]NATIVES4 ,SYNDICALISM APPE>S AS A 'READY-MADE' ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,CONCLUSION ,AS WE /AT$ 9 ,P>T #a1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM IS 9 A /ATE ( RESURG5CE ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM' 7IE /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,UNIONS & !IR ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC_/,L59I/ DEF5D]S4 ,:AT \R >TICLE HAS WI%$ TO DO IS PROMOTE A CRITICAL DEBATE ON :E!R ! SYNDICALI/ 79CLUD+ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/7 MODEL IS ! WAY =W>D 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT IT IS NOT & ?AT LIB]T>IANS MU/ GIVE S]I\S ?\EA4 #bi NOTE3 ,READ ?IS V]Y 9T]E/+ PAMPHLET ,/RATEGY & ,/RUGGLE FROM ,BRI*O-SYNDICALI/ /RATEGY = ! 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