,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,9DO*9A ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,TEXT 3 ,PUBLI%$3 ,ROOT @& ,BRAN*3 ,! ,RISE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T1 #a#i#g#e4 ,PP4 #a#g#c-#b#g4 ,S\RCE3 ,>*IVE4ORG ,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,MICAH ,MU]1 #b#a#i4 ,! ORIG9S ( ! W> 9 ,9DO*9A >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! RESULTS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,WAG$ 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 & ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I TURN$ ,AM]ICA 9TO ! /RONGE/ CAPITALI/ P[] 9 BO? ! ,ATLANTIC & ! ,PACIFIC >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! IMP]IALI/ AMBITIONS ( ,G]MANY & ,JAPAN PROMIS$ ! OP5+ UP ( NEW IMP]IALI/ OPPORTUNITIES = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* EM]G$ FROM ! CONFLICT NOT ONLY UNIMPAIR$ BUT 5ORM\SLY /R5G!N$4 ,AM]ICA'S OPPORTUNITIES W]E NOT LIMITLESS1 H[EV]2 CONCESSIONS HAD TO BE MADE TO ! ,RUSSIAN W>TIME ALLY1 :I* =M$ ! BASIS = NEW IMP]IALI/IC RIVALRIES & = ! 5SU+ 0COLD W>40 ,! PO/W> YE>S W]E M>K$ BY ! TWO GREAT P[]S' ATTEMPTS TO CONSOLIDATE !IR GA9S4 ,?IS EXCLUD$ FUR!R UNILAT]AL EXPANSION ?AT W\LD DE/ROY ! NEW P[] RELATION%IPS4 ,TO ?AT 5D1 ,AM]ICA ASSI/$ 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN ECONOMIES & ! REVIVAL ( !IR MILIT>Y CAPACITIES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! REBUILD+ ( ,JAPAN UND] H] TUTELAGE4 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> PROVID$ AN OPPORTUNITY = ! COLONIAL & SEMI-COLONIAL NATIONS ( ,EA/ ,ASIA TO GA9 !IR POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 ,DUT*1 & ,JAPANESE COLONIZ]S LO/ !IR POSSESSIONS4 ,AT FIR/1 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T WAS WELCOM$ BY ! ,AM]ICANS AS AN AID 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPAN1 JU/ AS AT FIR/ ! ,JAPANESE HAD SUPPORT$ ?IS MOVEM5T AS A MEANS TO DE/ROY ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIZ]S4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ,JAPANESE DEFEAT1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DISPLAY$ NO S]I\S 9T5TIONS TO HELP ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS TO REGA9 !IR COLONIES4 ,! ,AM]ICANS W]E FULLY CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W\LD 9H]IT :AT !IR ,EUROPEAN ALLIES HAD LO/1 IF NOT 9 ! POLITICAL !N 9 AN ECONOMIC S5SE4 ,! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION ALT]$ ! :OLE SITUATION1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE AT ?AT TIME IT APPE>$ AS AN EXT5SION ( ! P[] ( ! NEW ,RUSSIAN ADV]S>Y & AS ! EXPANSION ( A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM NO LONG] SUSCEPTIBLE TO =EIGN EXPLOITATION ?R\< ! RUL+ WORLD M>KET RELATIONS4 ,! NE$S ( ! ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALI/S W]E CLE>3 %ORT ( W>1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO CONTA9 ,*9A 9 ,ASIA1 AS !Y CONTA9$ ,RUSSIA 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS NECESSITAT$ A SY/EM ( ,ASIAN ALLIANCES SU* AS ! ,ATLANTIC ,PACT PROVID$ = ,EUROPE4 ,CAPITALISM & ,IMP]IALISM ,CAPITAL IS 9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FACT ?AT ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T P>ALLEL$ ?AT ( ! NATION /ATE DID NOT PREV5T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET4 ,H[EV]1 DUE TO POLITICAL 9T]V5TIONS BY :I* NATIONAL B\RGEOISIES DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ COMPETITOR NATIONS1 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL WAS1 & IS1 MORE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL ?AN ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 ,EV5 CAPITALI/ CRISES1 WORLD-EMBRAC+ ACCEL]ATORS ( ! CONC5TRATION PROCESS1 NE$$ ! ADDITIONAL MEASURES ( IMP]IALI/IC W>S TO EXT5D ! NATIONAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E4 ,! CAPITALI/IC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY IS ?US A CONTRADICTORY PROCESS4 ,:AT IT BR+S AB\T IS NOT ! F9AL ACCOMPLI%M5T ( CAPITALI/ WORLD UNITY BUT CAPITAL 5TITIES COMPET+ MORE & MORE DE/RUCTIVELY = ! CONTROL ( ALWAYS L>G] P>TS ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,?IS PROCESS IS 9H]5T 9 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 :I* REPRODUCES ! FUNDAM5TAL CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS ON AN ALWAYS L>G] SCALE4 ,) CAPITAL ACCUMULATION /ILL ! DET]M9+ FACTOR ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 WE REEEXP]I5CE MORE EXT5SIVELY & MORE 9T5SELY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! PA/ ) RESPECT TO BO? COMPETITION & ! 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,TO REG>D ! WORLD AS DE/9$ = PRIVATE EXPLOITATION IS :AT CAPITALISM IS ALL AB\T4 ,IF1 AT ! BEG9N+1 IT WAS PR$OM9ANTLY A QUE/ION ( EXPORT+ COMMODITIES & IMPORT+ *EAP RAW MAT]IALS1 IT SOON TURN$ 9TO ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL = ! DIRECT EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR P[] ( O!R NATIONS & !RE) TO COLONIZATION 9 ORD] TO MONOPOLIZE ! NEW PR(IT S\RCES4 ,! 5D ( ! COLONIAL SY/EM DID NOT REMOVE ! TW(OLD CAPITALI/ NE$ TO EXP& 9T]NATIONALLY & TO CONC5TRATE ! PR(ITS !REBY GA9$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! DOM9ANT NATIONAL CAPITAL 5TITIES4 ,BECAUSE CAPITALISM IS BO? NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL IT IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE IMP]IALI/IC4 ,IMP]IALISM S]VES AS ! 9/RUM5TALITY = BRIDG+ NATIONAL LIMITATIONS 9 ! FACE ( PRESS+ 9T]NATIONAL NE$S4 ,IT IS !RE=E SILLY TO ASSUME ! POSSIBILITY ( A CAPITALISM :I* IS NOT IMP]IALI/IC4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE >E SMALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS :I* FL\RI% )\T DIRECTLY 5GAG+ 9 IMP]IALI/IC ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT SU* NATIONS1 OP]AT+ )9 ! FRAME ( ! CAPITALI/IC WORLD M>KET1 P>TAKE1 ALBEIT 9DIRECTLY1 9 ! IMP]IALI/IC EXPLOITS ( ! L>G] CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 JU/ AS -- ON ! DOME/IC SCALE -- MANY SMALL SUBCONTRACTORS PR(IT FROM BUS9ESS GIV5 TO !M BY ! L>GE PRIME CONTRACTORS PRODUC+ = ! W> ECONOMY4 ,NOT ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES CAN EXP& IMP]IALI/ICALLY4 ,!Y F9D !MSELVES MORE OR LESS UND] ! CONTROL ( ?OSE NATIONS :I* CAN1 EV5 IF ?IS CONTROL IS RE/RICT$ TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT SOME ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S SEE A =M ( NEOCOLONIALISM 9 ! REC5T EXPANSION ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL 9 ,EUROPE1 & O!RS PRESS = A MORE 9TEGRAT$ ,EUROPE ABLE TO ACT AS A 0?IRD =CE0 9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! NATIONAL =M ( CAPITAL & ITS NE$ = EXPANSION1 :I* RECOGNIZES NO B\ND>IES1 IS 9T]TW9$ ) ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ITS COMPETITIVE NATURE & ITS URGE = MONOPOLIZATION4 ,9 !ORY1 A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY FL\RI%ES BE/ 9 A FREE WORLD M>KET4 ,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 COMPETITION LEADS TO MONOPOLY & MONOPOLI/IC COMPETITION1 & ! FREE WORLD M>KET LEADS TO PROTECT$ M>KETS MONOPOLIZ$ BY POLITICAL MEANS4 ,MONOPOLI/IC COMPETITION IMPLIES IMP]IALI/IC /RUGGLES TO BREAK EXI/+ MONOPOLIES 9 FAVOR ( NEW ONES4 ,! ECONOMIC =M ( COMPETITION TAKES ON POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS & !RE=E IDEOLOGICAL =MS1 :I* COME TO OV]%AD[ ! ECONOMIC PRESSURES :I* >E !IR S\RCE4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC 9TO POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL ISSUES HAS BECOME /ILL MORE CONF\ND$ ?R\< ! MODIFICATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION BR\KET BUT T5D$ TO PREV5T ITS FUR!R EXPANSION UND] PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ AUSPICES4 ,TO BE SURE1 !RE WAS NOT MU* CAPITALIZATION 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL CONC5TRATION RESULT$ 9 ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( EXI/+ CAPITAL AT ! EXP5SE ( POT5TIAL CAPITAL 9 SUBJUGAT$ C\NTRIES4 ,LUCRATIVE M>KETS1 & *EAP FOOD/UFFS & RAW MAT]IALS1 9CREAS$ ! PR(IT RATES 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ NATIONS & !RE) HA/5$ !IR CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,BEYOND ?AT1 H[EV]1 IT WAS EXPECT$ ?AT A TIME W\LD COME :5 FUR!R EXPANSION ( CAPITAL W\LD 9CLUDE ITS 9T5SIFI$ EXT5SION 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,CAPITAL IS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( 9DU/RIALLY-UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS P] SE4 ,IT IS SO 9T]E/$ ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS PROVES TO BE ! MO/ PR(ITABLE4 ,IF A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( BACKW>D C\NTRIES %\LD BE MORE PR(ITABLE ?AN1 OR EQUALLY AS PR(ITABLE AS1 9VE/M5TS 9 ADVANC$ NATIONS1 CAPITALI/S WILL NOT HESITATE TO FO/] !IR CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T JU/ AS !Y HA/5$ IT 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS C\LD EV] BECOME A REALITY UND] ! CONDITIONS ( PRIVATE-CAPITAL PRODUCTION IS A QUE/ION ! CAPITALI/S CANNOT RAISE1 = !IR [N CONT9U$ EXI/5CE IS CLE>LY B\ND UP ) ! CAPITALIZATION ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 ,!Y ?US CANNOT HELP SEE+ 9 ! =MATION & EXPANSION ( /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS A LIMITATION ( !IR [N POSSIBILITIES ( EXPANSION & A ?REAT TO !IR CONTROL ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,= !M 0COMMUNISM0 MEANS ! =MATION ( SUP]-MONOPOLIES :I* CANNOT BE DEALT ) BY WAY ( MONOPOLI/IC COMPETITION & HAVE TO BE COMBAT$ BY POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL MEANS &1 :]E OPPORTUNE1 BY MILIT>Y MEASURES4 ,9 !IR OPPOSITION TO 0COMMUNISM10 ! CAPITALI/S DO NOT M]ELY OBJECT TO A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,!Y ALSO CONDEMN IT = POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL REASONS1 ESPECIALLY S9CE1 CONV9C$ AS !Y >E ?AT ! ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALISM >E UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR1 !IR VIOLATION SEEMS A VIOLATION ( HUMAN NATURE ITSELF4 ,!Y DO NOT & CAN NOT AF=D TO UND]/& ! DYNAMICS & LIMITATIONS ( !IR [N SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,!Y SEE ! REASONS = ITS DIFFICULTIES NOT 9 ! SY/EM ITSELF1 BUT 9 CAUSES EXT]NAL TO IT4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS ! ]RONE\S & DEPRAV$ CRE$ ( COMMUNISM :I* SUBV]TS SOCIETY & ROBS IT ( ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK+ ITSELF \T ( :ATEV] DIFFICULTIES >ISE4 ,IT IS ?US NOT NECESS>Y ?AT ! CAPITALI/S1 !IR APOLOGI/S1 & ALL ! PEOPLE :O ACCEPT ! CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY BE AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT IT IS ! ORD9>Y BUS9ESS ( PR(IT-MAK+ :I* DET]M9ES ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ POLICIES4 ,NEI!R IS IT NECESS>Y = ! CAPITALI/ DECISIONMAK]S TO COMPREH5D ALL ! IMPLICATIONS ( !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ! DEF5SE ( &1 !RE=E1 ! EXPANSION ( !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[]S4 ,!Y KN[ 9 A G5]AL WAY ?AT :ATEV] LIES \TSIDE !IR CONTROL 5DANG]S !IR 9T]E/S & P]HAPS !IR EXI/5CE & !Y REACT ALMO/ 09/9CTIVELY0 TO ANY DANG] TO !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,BECAUSE !Y >E ! RUL+ CLASS1 !Y DET]M9E ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY4 ,!Y WILL ?US EXPLA9 ALL !IR ACTIONS 9 /RICTLY IDEOLOGICAL T]MS1 TAK+ !IR ECONOMIC CONT5T = GRANT$ & AS SOME?+ NOT DEBATABLE4 ,9DE$1 !Y MAY NEV] MAKE A CONSCI\S CONNECTION BETWE5 !IR POLITICAL CONVICTIONS & !IR UND]LY+ ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 & MAY 9ADV]T5TLY VIOLATE ! LATT] 9 SATISFY+ !IR IDEOLOGICAL NOTIONS4 ,! CAPITALI/S >E NOT ,M>XI/S1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT !Y MU/ DEF5D1 NOT CRITICIZE1 EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,DEF5SE DOES NOT REQUIRE A PROP] UND]/&+ ( ! SY/EM2 IT M]ELY DEM&S ACTIONS :I* SUPPORT ! /ATUS QUO4 ,M>XI/S1 :OSE VIEWPO9T 9CLUDES CRITICISM ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 (T5 ASSUME ?AT ALL CAPITALI/IC ACTIVITIES >E DIRECTLY DET]M9$ BY CAPITALI/IC RATIONALITY1 ?AT IS1 BY ! IMM$IATE NE$ TO MAKE PR(IT & TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL4 ,!Y WILL LOOK = DIRECTLY-OBS]VABLE ECONOMIC MOTIVES BEH9D ! POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ( CAPITALI/ /ATES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL FIELD4 ,:5 SU* OBVI\S REASONS >E NOT DIRECTLY DISC]NIBLE .1 !Y >E SOME:AT AT A LOSS TO ACC\NT = IMP]IALI/ AGGRESSION4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,9DO*9A1 = EXAMPLE1 ! APP>5T ABS5CE ( IMPORTANT ECONOMIC 9C5TIVES = ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION HAS BE5 A TR\BLESOME FACT = ,M>XI/ W> CRITICS4 ,?IS WAS SEEM+LY MITIGAT$ ONLY BY ! REC5T DISCOV]Y ( (F%ORE OIL POT5TIALS1 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO EXPLA91 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 ! CONT9U$ 9T]E/ ( BIG BUS9ESS 9 A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION ( ! W>4 ,IT IS CLE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,9DO*9A W> WAS !RE1 & W\LD BE !RE1 )\T ?IS DISCOV]Y & EXPLANATIONS MU/ BE F\ND O!R ?AN SOME DEF9ITE BUT ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/IC 9T]E/S4 ,! APOLOGI/S ( CAPITALISM UTILIZE ?IS SITUATION TO DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS NOT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS SU* :I* LEADS TO IMP]IALISM1 BUT SOME AB]RATION ?RU/ UPON IT BY =CES EXT]NAL TO ITSELF4 ,!Y SPEAK ( A 0MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX10 CONSPIR+ )9 ! SY/EM TO S]VE ITS P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S AT ! EXP5SE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 !IR VIEW1 IT IS ONE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 NOT CAPITALISM ITSELF1 :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ! W> ?R\< ITS USURPATION ( ! DECISION-MAK+ P[]S ( GOV]NM5T4 ,:]EAS ! W> -- F> FROM BE+ WAG$ = PR(ITS1 CURR5T OR EXPECT$ -- IS AN 5ORM\S EXP5SE TO ! ,AM]ICAN TAXPAY]S & !RE=E S5SELESS1 IT DOES DIRECTLY B5EFIT ! P>TICUL> GR\P ( W> PR(ITE]S 9 CONTROL ( GOV]NM5T4 ,SPECIFIC PEOPLE1 NOT ! SY/EM1 >E TO BLAME1 = :I* REASON ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO 5D ! AB]RATION IS A *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T & ! EMASCULATION ( ! 09DU/RIAL-MILIT>Y COMPLEX40 ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 TRU? 9 BO? !SE ASS]TIONS1 NAMELY1 ?AT IMP]IALISM IS ECONOMICALLY MOTIVAT$ & ?AT IT IS SPE>HEAD$ BY GR\PS P>TICUL>LY FAVOR$ BY W>4 ,BUT BY FAIL+ TO RELATE !SE EXPLANATIONS TO ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 !Y FAIL TO DO JU/ICE TO ! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROBLEM ( W> & IMP]IALISM4 ,NEI!R ! PRODUCTION NOR ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS A CONSCI\SLY-CONTROLL$ PROCESS ON ! SOCIAL LEVEL4 ,EA* CAPITALI/ 5TITY1 BE IT AN 5TREPR5EUR1 CORPORATION1 CONGLOM]ATE1 OR MULT9ATIONAL 5T]PRISE1 NECESS>ILY LIMITS ITS ACTIVITIES TO ! 5L>GEM5T ( ITS CAPITAL1 )\T REG>D TO OR EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ REG>D =1 SOCIAL NE$S & ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y >E BL9D TO ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( !IR REL5TLESS NE$ TO 5L>GE !IR CAPITAL4 ,! PR(IT MOTIVE IS !IR ONLY MOTIVE4 ,IT IS :AT DET]M9ES ! DIRECTION ( !IR EXPANSION4 ,!IR 5ORM\S WEIATE CAPITAL 5TITY ) REG>D TO ITS PR(IT NE$S4 ,!Y KN[ :AT !Y >E DO+1 BUT NOT :]E IT WILL ACTUALLY LEAD !M2 !Y CANNOT COMPREH5D ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE CONSEQU5CES MAY 9CLUDE W> & W> MAY BE 9ITIAT$ NOT BECAUSE ( SOME DEF9ITE ECONOMIC EXPECTATIONS1 SU* AS POSSESSION ( SPECIFIC RAW MAT]IALS1 5TRY 9TO NEW M>KETS1 OR ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL1 BUT BECAUSE ( PA/ ECONOMIC POLICIES :OSE CONSEQU5CES W]E NOT =ESEEABLE4 ,?IS IS QUITE CLE>1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! CASE ( IMP]IALI/IC 9T]V5TIONS 9 DEF5SE ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY :I* /&S 9 DANG] ( BE+ EXPROPRIAT$1 OR HAS BE5 EXPROPRIAT$1 9 NATIONS :I* TRY TO GA91 OR REGA91 SOME MEASURE ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS 9 POLITICAL T]MS4 ,?IS EXPLA9S REC5T 9T]V5TIONS SU* AS ?OSE 9 ,GUATEMALA1 ,CUBA1 ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,CONGO & SO =?4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> ) RESPECT TO ! 9T]V5TION 9 ,9DO*9A1 :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E M9IMAL & !IR POSSIBLE LOSS ( NO CONSEQU5CE TO H] ECONOMY4 ,YET ?IS 9T]V5TION1 TOO1 WAS ! UN=ESE5 \TCOME ( PA/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS1 EV5 ?\< IT CANNOT BE RELAT$ TO ANY IMM$IATE & SPECIFIC ECONOMIC NE$S OR OPPORTUNITY ON ! P>T ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM4 ,IMP]IALISM & ! 0,MIX$ ,ECONOMY0 ,COMPETITION & ! 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS LEADS TO W> BETWE5 CAPITALI/ NATIONS2 &1 9DE$1 IS A =M ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL COMPETITION4 ,BUT ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT IT 9VOLVES NOT ONLY ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( NATIONALLY-ORGANIZ$ CAPITAL GR\PS BUT ALSO ! DEF5SE1 OR DE/RUCTION1 ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL /RUCTURES AS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! CASE ( ! TRANS=MATION 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ( HI!RTO PRIVATE-PROP]TY SY/EMS 9TO SY/EMS *>ACT]IZ$ BY /ATE-[N]%IP4 ,A 0CIVIL-W>0 ELEM5T ?US 5T]S ! IMP]IALI/ RIVALRIES1 EV5 IF ?IS TYPE ( 0CIVIL-W>0 IS C>RI$ ON NOT )91 BUT BETWE51 NATIONS4 0,COMMUNISM0 IS TO BE F\KET SY/EM ITSELF1 CANNOT BE *ANG$4 ,A SPECIFIC 9T]E/ MAY BE LO/ -- LIKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! 9VE/M5TS & ! BUS9ESS ( ,CUBA -- :ILE SIMIL> 9T]E/S MAY BE PRES]V$ BY ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC1 OR ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,GUATAMALAN . GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! G5]AL POLICY MU/ BE DIRECT$ T[>D ! EXT5SION ( ,AM]ICA'S ROLE 9 ! WORLD ECONOMY & ! SIMULTANE\S LIMITATION ( NEWLY->IS+ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY IS GE>$ TO ! WORLD M>KET1 ( :I* IT REQUIRES AN 9CREAS+LY L>G] %>E AS ,U4,S4 CAPITAL EXP&S4 ,IF ?IS %>E CONTRACTS -- & IT IS B\ND TO CONTRACT1 %\LD MORE NATIONS TURN AWAY FROM ! ,AM]ICAN-DOM9AT$ WORLD M>KET T[>DS A K9D ( 0SECOND WORLD M>KET0 :I* RE/RICTS1 OR EXCLUDES1 ! EXPLOITATION ( LESS-DEVELOP$ NATIONS BY ! DEVELOP$ ONES -- IT WILL =CE ! 9T]NAL ,AM]ICAN DEVELOPM5T 9TO ISOLATION & 9 ! DIRECTION ( A /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO SECURE ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY & ?AT IS ?R\< ! CONT9U\S EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ?IS EXPANSION :I* IS ! SECRET ( ITS PROSP]\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 JU/ AS LACK ( EXPANSION RESULTS 9 ITS P]IODS ( DEPRESSION4 ,CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 AN ALT]NATION BETWE5 PROSP]ITY & DEPRESSION1 ! SO-CALL$ BUS9ESS CYCLE4 ,= ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL1 H[EV]1 ! LA/ BIG DEPRESSION1 ?AT ( #a#i#b#i1 DID NOT LEAD TO A NEW P]IOD ( PROSP]ITY BUT TO AN ]A ( RELATIVE /AGNATION & DECL9E1 :I* WAS OV]COME ONLY ?R\< ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO A W> ECONOMY1 ?AT IS1 ! GR[? ( PRODUCTION NOT BY WAY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 BUT ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( ! NATIONAL DEBT & PRODUCTION = 0PUBLIC CONSUMPTION0 SU* AS IS REQUIR$ BY W> & PREP>ATION = W>4 ,BUT JU/ LIKE ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION BE=E1 ! W> FAIL$ TO RE/ORE A RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION SUFFICI5T TO ASSURE ! FULL UTILIZATION ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES & ! AVAILABLE LABOR P[]4 ,! GOV]NM5T SAW ITSELF =C$ TO CONT9UE ITS SUPPORT ( ! ECONOMY BY WAY ( DEFICIT-F9ANC$ PUBLIC EXP5DITURES :I*1 GIV5 ! NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 >E NECESS>ILY NONCOMPETITIVE ) PRIVATE CAPITAL & !RE=E L>GELY >MS EXP5DITURES4 ,! 0COLD W>0 9 ! WAKE ( ! REAL W> PROVID$ ! RATIONALE = ?IS TYPE ( COMP5SATORY PRODUCTION4 ,ANY SIGNIFICANT DECREASE 9 GOV]NM5T SP5D+ 9 ! PO/W> WORLD L$ TO ECONOMIC CONTRACTION :I* C\LD BE T]M9AT$ ONLY ?R\< ! RESUMPTION & 9CREASE ( GOV]NM5T EXP5DITURES4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY1 9 O!R WORDS1 CONT9U$ TO /AGNATE1 NECESSITAT+ A RELATIVELY FA/] GR[? ( ! SO-CALL$ 0PUBLIC SECTOR0 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ECONOMY'S 0PRIVATE SECTOR40 ,UNLESS A WAY %\LD BE F\ND TO REV]SE ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 IT IMPLIES -- 9 ! LONG RUN -- A SL[ TRANS=MATION ( PRIVATE-5T]PRISE CAPITALISM 9TO /ATE-CONTROLL$ CAPITALISM1 & A CONSEQU5T %IFT ( SOCIAL P[] RELATIONS4 ,! DYNAMICS & LIMITATIONS ( ! 0MIX$ ECONOMY0 >E TOO COMPLEX A PROBLEM TO BE DISCUSS$ H]E4.<#a.> ,IT MU/ SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT WA/E-PRODUCTION & ! ACCUMULATION ( ! NATIONAL DEBT IS NOT AN ACCUMULATION ( ADDITIONAL1 PR(IT-YIELD+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT DOES EXP& PRODUCTION BUT NOT ! PRODUCTION ( PR(ITS1 EV5 IF ! FAVOR$ CONTRACTORS ( GOV]NM5T ORD]S 9CREASE !IR PR(ITABILITY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL PR(ITS4 ,?AT ?IS TYPE ( PRODUCTION MU/ BE RESORT$ TO 9DICATES A MALFUNCTION+ ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS A SIGN NOT ( HEAL? BUT ( SICKNESS1 & MU/ BE KEPT )9 DEF9ITE B\NDS IF IT IS NOT TO DE/ROY PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION ALTOGE!R4 ,BUT TO KEEP IT )9 !SE DEF9ITE B\NDS MEANS TO TRY TO ACCOMPLI% ON A WORLD SCALE :AT CAN NO LONG] BE SUFFICI5TLY ACCOMPLI%$ AT HOME1 NAMELY1 TO 9CREASE ! MASS ( PR(IT 9 RELATION TO ! EXI/+ MASS ( CAPITAL4 ,JU/ BECAUSE ( ITS 0MIX$ *>ACT]10 ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY IS BE+ =C$ MORE ?AN BE=E TO AUGM5T AN 9T]NAL 9SUFFICI5CY ( PR(IT-PRODUCTION BY AN 9CREASE ( PR(ITS FROM ABROAD4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY ?US BECOMES 9CREAS+LY MORE AGGRESSIVE 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO KEEP ! WORLD OP5 TO EXPLOITATION4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT 0! FAMILI> NATIONAL AGGREGATES -- ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT1 NATIONAL 9COME1 EMPLOYM5T1 ETC4 -- >E ALMO/ 5TIRELY IRRELEVANT TO ! EXPLANATION ( IMP]IALI/ BEHAVIOR10 & ?AT IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE 0:E!R ! 'CO/S' ( IMP]IALISM 79 T]MS ( MILIT>Y \TLAYS1 LOSSES 9 W>S1 AID TO CLI5T /ATES1 & ! LIKE7 >E GREAT] OR LESS ?AN ! 'RETURNS1' = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ! CO/S >E BORNE BY ! PUBLIC AT L>GE :ILE ! RETURNS ACCRUE TO ?AT SMALL1 BUT USUALLY DOM9ANT1 SECTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS :I* HAS EXT5SIVE 9T]NATIONAL 9T]E/S40.<#b.> ,AL?\< ?IS TRA9 ( ?\Y TO TRADITIONAL VIEWS1 !Y BELIEVE -- ?AT IMP]IALISM IS NOT ! RESULT ( A PRESS+ NE$ = CAPITAL EXPORTS BUT RA!R ( ! PLEASURES ( CAPITAL IMPORTS1 = ! AU?ORS %[ CONV9C+LY ?AT 0= ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A :OLE ! AM\NT ( 9COME TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ON DIRECT 9VE/M5T ACC\NT F> EXCE$$ ! DIRECT CAPITAL \TFL[40.<#c.> ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! PO9T ( CAPITAL EXPORTS AS IT IS ( ALL CAPITALI/ ACTIVITY & IS NO >GUM5T AGA9/ ! IDEA ?AT CAPITAL EXPORT DOM9ATES IMP]IALI/ POLICY4 ,:ILE ! RELATIVELY SMALL AM\NT ( PA/ CAPITAL EXPORTS PO9TS TO ! FACT ?AT1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! EXTRACTION 9DU/RIES1 CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS PROV$ G5]ALLY MORE PR(ITABLE 9 DEVELOP$ ?AN 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 IT IS NONE!LESS EXPECT$ ?AT ! FUTURE WILL REV]SE1 OR EQUALIZE1 ! SITUATION4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO MEET SU* A FUTURE1 ! WORLD MU/ REMA9 OP5 TO PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,IMP]IALISM IS ?US A PRECONDITION = CAPITAL EXPORTS :I*1 9 TURN1 >E PRECONDITIONS = ! EXPLOITATION ( AN 9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( LABOR-P[]1 & ?IS1 AGA91 IS A PRECONDITION = AN 5L>G$ 9T]NATIONAL TRADE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ( C\RSE1 ! CAPITALI/ CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION PROCESS PREV5TS ! HOMOG5IZATION ( WORLD ECONOMY1 I4E41 ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 & DIVIDES ! WORLD1 AS IT DOES ! POPULATION 9 EA* NATION1 9TO HAVES & HAVE-NOTS4 ,BUT ?IS G5]AL T5D5CY ( ! CAPITAL ACCUMULATION PROCESS DOES NOT FREE ! CAPITALI/S FROM ! COMPULSIVE NE$ TO /RIVE = AN ACCEL]AT$ CAPITAL EXPANSION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ TO SAFEGU>D ! 0RETURNS0 ( SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T ACCEPTS ! MU* L>G] 0CO/S0 ( IMP]IALISM4 ,IT SUFF]S ! LATT] 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! =M] 9 ! HOPE ( *ANG+ AN OV]-ALL LOSS 9TO AN OV]-ALL GA94 ,?IS MID+ ! 0RETURNS0 ( SPECIAL 9T]E/S1 OR NOT EV5 ?AT4 ,9 ! ,B>AN-,SWEEZY !ORY1 H[EV]1 IMP]IALISM APPE>S NOT AS A NECESS>Y PRODUCT ( CAPITALISM BUT AS ! WORK ( A SPECIAL CAPITALI/ GR\P LOOK+ = PR(ITS ABROAD EV5 ?\< !IR PRIVATE GA9 IMPLIES A SOCIAL LOSS4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE BETT] (F )\T IMP]IALISM1 I4E41 )\T ?IS P>TICUL> CAPITALI/IC GR\P4 ,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 EV5 A NON-IMP]IALI/ ,AM]ICA W\LD BE =C$ TO SUBSIDIZE ! DOM9ANT CAPITAL GR\PS BY WAY ( GOV]NM5T PUR*ASES1 IF ONLY TO AVOID ! DEPRESSION CONDITIONS ( A DECL9+ RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,!SE SUBSIDIES HAVE TO COME \T ( TOTAL PRODUCTION2 ! 0RETURNS0 ( ! SUBSIDIZ$ CAPITAL IMPLY ! SOCIAL 0CO/S0 ( WA/E-PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! DILEMMA 9 :I* CAPITALISM F9DS ITSELF & :I* IT TRIES TO OV]COME BY EXT]NAL EXPANSION4 ,! 0NATIONAL AGGREGATES0 ( :I* ! ,B>AN-,SWEEZY !ORY SPEAKS1 & :I* IT ABSOLVES FROM ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM1 >E A COMPOSITION ( PR(ITABLE & NON-PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION1 I4E41 ( M>KET-PRODUCTION & GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION = :I* !RE IS NO M>KET4 ,! PR(ITS ( M>KET PRODUCTION >E REALIZ$ ON ! M>KET & ! 0PR(ITS0 ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION >E 0REALIZ$0 ?R\< GOV]NM5T PUR*ASES ) MONEY BORR[$ FROM PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 PRIVATE CAPITAL 0PAYS0 ITSELF BY WAY ( 0GOV]NM5T PAYM5TS40 ,AS !RE IS1 9 FACT1 NO PAYM5T AT ALL1 ! :OLE PROCESS IS ONE ( EXPROPRIATION1 & BECAUSE CAPITAL & ITS GOV]NM5T >E AN 5TITY1 IT IS A P>TIAL SELF-DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS 0SELF-DE/RUCTION0 IS1 ( C\RSE1 A DE/RUCTION 9 VALUE1 ?\< NOT 9 MAT]IAL T]MS1 = ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS IS NOT ALT]$ !REBY4 ,ONLY IT YIELDS LESS 9 PR(ITS ?AN IT W\LD IF FULLY EMPLOY$ = PRIVATE ACC\NT2 OR1 IT YIELDS NO MORE ?AN IT W\LD IF !RE W]E NO GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! YIELD ?R\< GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ WA/E-PRODUCTION IS ILLUSORY1 & ! L>G] ! CAPITAL GR[S ?R\< GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION1 ! LESS ! REAL YIELDS1 & ! GREAT] ! ILLUSORY ONES4 ,! ILLUSION CAN BE SU/A9$1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT MONEY1 EV5 9 ITS NON-COMMODITY =M1 IS CONSID]$ A COMMODITY-EQUIVAL5T4 ,BECAUSE ALL ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS >E MONEY FUNCTIONS1 IT DOES NOT MAKE ANY DIFF]5CE TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 OR ! 9DIVIDUAL CORPORATION1 :E!R !Y PRODUCE = ! GOV]NM5T OR = ! M>KET1 = 9 EI!R CASE !Y REALIZE !IR PR(ITS 9 MONEY T]MS4 ,CONSID]+ ! NATIONAL ECONOMY1 H[EV]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MONEY-VALUE ( TOTAL PRODUCTION -- BO? M>KET- & GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION -- IS NECESS>ILY L>G] ?AN IT W\LD BE 9 ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION4 ,! :OLE PRODUCTION1 :E!R PR(ITABLE OR NOT1 IS EXPRESS$ 9 MONEY T]MS AS IF !RE W]E NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PR(ITABLE M>KET-PRODUCTION & NONPR(ITABLE WA/E-PRODUCTION1 AS IF PRODUCTION DE/9$ = DE/RUCTION C\LD BE C\NT$ AS AN ADDITION TO ! NATIONAL WEAL?4 ,YET ! REAL CAPITALI/ WEAL? IS NO GREAT] ?AN ! MONEY-VALUES COMPRIS+ ! M>KETABLE P>T ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT SIMPLY APPE>S GREAT] ?AN IT IS1 BECAUSE ! EXP5SE ( WA/E-PRODUCTION IS BE+ C\NT$ AS 9COME1 M]ELY BECAUSE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S P[] TO 9JECT MONEY 9TO ! ECONOMY4 ,BUT ! BORR[+ ( MONEY CANNOT *ANGE AN EXP5SE 9TO AN 9COME1 & ! L>G] WEAL? 9 MONEY T]MS REPRES5TS A SMALL] CAPITAL 9 REAL T]MS4 ,! 0FALSE0 *>ACT] ( A PROSP]ITY 9DUC$ BY GOV]NM5T PUR*ASES IS BE+ BETRAY$ BY ! /EADY DEVALUATION ( MONEY & A CONT9U\S 9CREASE 9 ! NATIONAL DEBT4 ,BO? OCCURR5CES CON/ITUTE1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! 0PRICE0 ( SU* A 0PROSP]ITY02 IT MU/ BE PAID AT ! P5ALTY ( CRISIS1 & ?IS 0PRICE0 IS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS$1 H[EV] SL[ AT TIMES1 BECAUSE ! SAME CONDITIONS :I* MAKE ! 0FALSE0 PROSP]ITY POSSIBLE ALSO MAKE IT 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT TO REGA9 A 0TRUE0 PROSP]ITY1 I4E41 AN ACCEL]AT$ PRIVATE CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,IF WE LIFT ! MONEY VEIL ?AT COV]S ALL CAPITALI/IC ACTIVITY1 IT IS APP>5T ?AT ! 0FAMILI> NATIONAL AGGREGATES0 >E 9DE$ ABLE TO EXPLA9 IMP]IALI/IC BEHAVIOR4 ,! 9CREAS+ AM\NT ( WA/E-PRODUCTION :I* IS REQUIR$ = AN APPROXIMATELY FULL USE ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES R$UCES ! REAL MASS ( PR(ITS :ILE MA9TA9+ OR 9CREAS+ ITS MONEY-EXPRESSION1 A CONDITION :I* CAN BE ALT]$ ONLY BY AN EXPANSION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL RELATIVELY FA/] ?AN ?AT ( WA/E-PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL IMPLIES ITS EXT5SION 9 SPACE4 ,IF WA/E-PRODUCTION 9 ! =M ( W>-EXP5DITURES W]E ABLE TO CREATE CONDITIONS = AN ACCEL]AT$ 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL EXPANSION1 IT W\LD NOT BE WA/E-PRODUCTION FROM A CAPITALI/ PO9T ( VIEW BUT M]ELY AN EXP5SE ( EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT EV5 SU* A CYNICAL NOTION W\LD RE/ ON ! ILLUSION ?AT CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL & ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS NO 9H]5T LIMITATIONS & NO HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES4 ,CAPITALI/S & !IR GOV]NM5T ACT1 H[EV]1 UPON ! OPTIMI/IC HYPO!SIS4 ,EV5 IF !Y %\LD RECOGNIZE ! G5]AL TR5D ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D ! DISSOLUTION ( ! M>KET SY/EM1 !Y /ILL HAVE TO ACT AS IF ! TR5D W]E NON-EXI/5T1 OR AS IF IT C\LD BE REV]S$4 ,!IR ACTIONS >E DET]M9$ BY ! TR5D1 ?AT IS1 !SE ACTIONS >E DEVOT$ TO ! CONTA9M5T & DE/RUCTION ( SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EMS NOT !IR [N4 ,!IR IMP]IALISM IS NOT AN AB]RATION BUT A NECESSITY = SECUR+ ! SPECIFIC CLASS RELATIONS ( PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM4 ,!Y >E NOT MAK+ SO MANY 0MI/AKES0 BY RU%+ ALL OV] ! WORLD TO SECURE ! DIRECT1 OR 9DIRECT1 CONTROL ( WEAK] C\NTRIES1 BUT !Y >E LIV+ UP TO !IR CAPITALI/IC RESPONSIBILITIES :I* 9CLUDE IMP]IALISM4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! OPTIMISM IS P>TICUL>LY PREVAL5T BECAUSE ( ITS RAPID DEVELOPM5T1 AID$ BY TWO WORLD-WIDE W>S1 & ITS PRES5T OV]:ELM+ SUP]IORITY VIS-,A -VIS O!R NATIONS4 ,PRECISELY = ?IS REASON IT IS ! MO/ IMP]IALI/IC P[] 9 ! WORLD TODAY4 ,IT CAN AF=D MORE WA/E-PRODUCTION ?AN ANY O!R NATION & CAN1 = ?AT REASON1 ASSUME ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO TURN ITS LOSSES 9TO FUTURE GA9S BY DOM9AT+ AN 9CREAS+ %>E ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,EV5 IF ! 0MIX$ ECONOMY0 HAS F\ND ACCEPTANCE AS A PROBABLY UNAVOIDABLE MODIFICATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! 0MIX10 ?AT IS1 GOV]NM5TAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY1 >E SUPPOS$ TO BE ONLY SU* AS B5EFIT PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,TO KEEP IT ?AT WAY1 9T]F]5CES 9 M>KET RELATIONS MU/ BE LIMIT$ ON ! NATIONAL AS WELL AS ON ! 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,A G5]AL EXPANSION ( GOV]NM5T PRODUCTION 9T]NALLY W\LD SPELL ! C]TA9 5D ( CORPORATE CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS1 JU/ AS ! EXT5SION ( A /ATE-DET]M9$ SOCIAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY PO9TS T[>D ! CONTRACTION ( ! FREE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES4 ,! NECESSITY ( CONTA9+ ! SPREAD ( 0COMMUNISM10 ?AT IS1 ( /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS1 IS ?US RELAT$ TO ! NECESSITY ( RE/RICT+ GOV]NM5TAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY )9 EA* PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ NATION4 ,) MORE NATIONS ADOPT+ ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ =M ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION & !REBY LIMIT+ ! EXPANSION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 9SUFFICI5T EXPANSION ( ! LATT] CALLS =? MORE 9T5SIVE GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,TO HALT ! TR5D T[>D /ATE-CAPITALISM 9 ! M>KET ECONOMIES REQUIRES ! CONTA9M5T & POSSIBLY ! 0ROLL-BACK0 ( ! ALREADY-E/ABLI%$ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,BUT :ILE AT HOME ! CAPITALI/S CONTROL !IR GOV]NM5TS & ?US DET]M9E ! K9D & DEGREE ( ! LATT]'S ECONOMIC 9T]V5TIONS1 !Y CAN ONLY HALT ! DREAD$ TRANS=MATION ABROAD EI!R BY GA9+ CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5TS ( O!R NATIONS OR BY IMP]IALI/IC MILIT>Y MEASURES4 ,CAPITALI/ICALLY1 W> MAKES 0S5SE0 IF IT S]VES AS AN 9/RUM5T = BR++ =? CONDITIONS MORE FAVORABLE = A FUR!R EXPANSION & EXT5SION ( CAPITAL4 ,W> OR NO W>1 %ORT ( AN ACCEL]AT$ RATE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL EXPANSION1 !RE IS ONLY ! *OICE BETWE5 A DEEP5+ DEPRESSION & ! AMELIORATION ( CONDITIONS ?R\< ! FUR!R EXT5SION ( NONPR(ITABLE 0PUBLIC0 EXP5DITURES4 ,BUT :]EAS W> MAY EV5TUALLY YIELD ! PRECONDITIONS = AN ,AM]ICAN P5ETRATION 9TO O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,EA/ ,ASIA1 & ITS PRES5T EXP5SE BE RECOMP5S$ BY FUTURE PR(ITS1 PUBLIC EXP5DITURES = O!R PURPOSES DO NOT HAVE SU* EFFECTS4 ,EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT W> DOES OP5 UP POSSIBILITIES = FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,FROM A CONSI/5T CAPITALI/ /&PO9T A SUCCESSFULLY WAG$ W> IS MORE 0RATIONAL0 ?AN A /EADY DRIFT 9TO ECONOMIC DECL9E4 ,!RE IS1 !N1 NO SPECIAL REASON = ,AM]ICA'S 9T]V5TION 9 ,9DO*9A1 AP>T FROM H] G5]AL POLICY ( 9T]V5+ ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD 9 ORD] TO PREV5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT W\LD BE DETRIM5TAL TO ! SO-CALL$ 0FREE WORLD10 & P>TICUL>LY TO ! P[] :I* DOM9ATES IT4 ,LIKE AN OCTOPUS1 ,AM]ICA EXT5DS H] T5TACLES 9TO ALL ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES /ILL UND] ! SWAY ( PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS TO ASSURE !IR CONT9U$ ADH]5CE TO ! FREE 5T]PRISE PR9CIPLE OR1 AT LEA/1 TO ! OLD WORLD-M>KET RELATIONS :I* MAKE !M 9TO APP5DAGES ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,%E TRIES TO RALLY ALL PRO-CAPITALI/ =CES 9TO V>I\S REGIONAL ALLIANCES1 >MS & F9ANCES ! MO/ REACTION>Y REGIMES1 P5ETRATES GOV]NM5TS1 & (F]S AID1 ALL TO HALT ANY SOCIAL MOVEM5T :I* MI AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE ADV]S>IES4 ,NATIONALISM & ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION ,SEP>ATELY1 NONE ( ! SMALL NATIONS :I* HAVE EXP]I5C$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 5DANG]$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' HEGEMONY 9 WORLD AFFAIRS TO ANY NOTICABLE . EXT5T4 ,IF !Y W]E H9D]$ 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO RID !MSELVES ( =EIGN DOM9ATION & ( !IR [N COLLABORAT+ RUL+ CLASSES1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE ,AM]ICA RECOGNIZES ?AT !IR REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES >E NOT ACCID5TAL PH5OM5A1 BUT SO MANY EXPRESSIONS ( AN AS YET WEAK BUT WORLD-WIDE TR5D TO *ALL5GE ! CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIES ( P[] & EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y MU/1 !RE=E1 BE SUPPRESS$ :]EV] !Y >ISE & CONDITIONS ?AT WILL PREV5T !IR RETURN MU/ BE CREAT$1 QUITE AP>T FROM ALL IMM$IATE PR(IT CONSID]ATIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! PRES5T DIFF]S FROM ! PA/ 9 ?AT :ILE IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TIONS US$ TO S]VE TO CREATE EMPIRES )9 A WORLD SY/EM1 SU* 9T]V5TIONS TODAY S]VE ! DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ,AM]ICA'S GA9S 9 ,ASIA >E QUITE IMPRESSIVE4 ,%E HAS NOT ONLY REGA9$ ! ,PHILIPP9ES & DE/ROY$ ,JAPAN'S 0CO-PROSP]ITY SPH]E10 BUT F\ND 5TRY 9TO NATIONS ?AT ONLY A FEW YE>S AGO HAD BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ,EUROPEAN P[]S4 ,) ! AID ( A RECON/RUCT$ ,JAPAN1 N[ ALLI$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IT SEEM$ RELATIVELY EASY TO KEEP ,*9A \T ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & SECURE ?IS P>T ( ! GLOBE = ! 0FREE WORLD0 9 G5]AL & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 P>TICUL>4 ,BUT ! 0COMMUNI/0 5EMY WAS TO BE F\ND NOT ONLY 9 ,*9A BUT TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ! REGION1 A*IEV+ BY SUBV]SION :AT C\LD O/5SIBLY NO LONG] BE A*IEV$ BY MORE DIRECT PROC$URES4 ,SECUR+ ,AM]ICA'S NEWLY-WON POSITION 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA ?US REQUIR$ ! DE/RUCTION ( NATIVE NATIONAL =CES :I* SAW !MSELVES ALSO AS COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS & WI%$ TO EMULATE ! ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE EXAMPLES RA!R ?AN ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! WAYS ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,:O >E ! PEOPLE ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T WANTS TO KEEP 0FREE0 & 0PROSP]\S10 & :O SO OB/9ATELY REFUSE -- A L>GE MAJORITY ( !M -- TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ,AM]ICA'S G5]OSITY8 ,= A HUNDR$ YE>S !SE PEOPLE EXP]I5C$ 5\< ( 0! :ITE MAN'S BURD50 TO KN[ ?AT 0FRE$OM0 & 0PROSP]ITY0 CAN ONLY BE GA9$ ?R\< !IR [N EF=TS & ! DE/RUCTION ( COLONIALISM4 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I GAVE !M ! OPPORTUNITY1 & NATIONALISM BR\Y AIM4 ,EV5 DUR+ ! NATIONALI/ /RUGGLE ?IS CONFLICT BETWE5 ! RILY DI/+UI%ABLE40.<#d.> ,LIKE ! ,F> ,EA/ AS A :OLE1 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA IS PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL4 ,P] CAPITA 9COME LEVELS >E ABYSMALLY L[4 0,! COMB9$ GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ( ! ,F> ,EA/ FREE WORLD & ,COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES -- CONTA9+ MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ! WORLD POPULATION -- IS ONLY TWO-FIF?S ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40.<#e.> ,! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION IS L[] ?AN = ANY O!R REGION ( ! WORLD4 ,PLANTATION OR E/ATE AGRICULTURE IS SMALL :5 COMP>$ ) ?AT CULTIVAT$ BY PEASANTS1 BUT PRODUCTION 9 E/ATE AGRICULTURE IS M>KET-ORI5T$ & NE>LY ALL ( IT DE/9$ = =EIGN TRADE4 ,PEASANT AGRICULTURE IS SUBSI/5CE-ORI5T$ -- NE>LY ALL ( PRODUCTION IS CONSUM$ BY ! PRODUC]S4 ,PEASANT HOLD+S >E G5]ALLY LIMIT$ TO ONLY A FEW ACRES :]EAS PLANTATIONS FREQU5TLY RANGE UP TO SEV]AL ?\S& ACRES 9 SIZE4 ,FAMILY-F>M+ *>ACT]IZES ! PEASANT HOLD+S1 :ILE ! PLANTATIONS DEP5D UPON HIR$ LABOR4 ,TO /AY COMPETITIVE1 ! PLANTATIONS T5D TO DISPLACE LABOR ?R\< 9CREAS$ ME*ANIZATION4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONQUE/1 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA REPRES5T$ A TWO-CLASS SY/EM -- A VA/ PEASANTRY RUL$ OV] BY AN >I/OCRACY4 ,! ,EUROPEANS AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ! S]VICES ( ! LATT] TO CONSOLIDATE !IR [N DOM9ATION4 ,! PEASANTS' SURPLUS-LABOR SU/A9$ ! :OLE SOCIAL $IFICE4 ,! PLANTATION SY/EM & ! 9DU/RIES 9TRODUC$ BY ,EUROPEANS ]OD$ ! SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY1 & CONSUM] GOODS MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,EUROPE DISPLAC$ NATIVE H&ICRAFTS4 ,CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES IMPOV]I%$ ! PEASANTRY BY TAK+ MORE \T ( ! ECONOMY ?AN IT IMPORT$ 9 RETURN1 & BY ! CREATION ( AN 0AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT0 \T ( ! LOCAL PEASANTRY & ?R\< ! IMPORTATION ( =EIGN LABOR]S4 ,ECONOMIC *ANGES BR\XISM 79 ITS IDEOLOGIZ$ ,RUSSIAN V]SION74 ,! NEW MIDDLE CLASS BEGAN TO 5VISION 9DEP5D5CE & DEVELOPM5T NOT 9 ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE T]MS ( ! RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT NATIVE B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 ! DIRECTION ( A /ATE-CAPITALI/1 OR /ATE-SOCIALI/1 SY/EM SU* AS ?AT :I* ACC\NT$ = ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,! NEW SOCIALI/ICALLY-9CL9$ MIDDLE CLASS ( PR(ESSIONALS1 9TELLECTUALS & BUREAUCRATS1 ALLI$ TO URBAN WORK+-CLASS ELEM5TS1 MU/ F9D SUPPORT 9 ! PEASANT POPULATION 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO REALIZE ITS CONCEPT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM IS ?US1 FIR/ ( ALL1 A PEASANT PROGRAM1 PROMIS+ ! ABOLITION ( !IR MIS]Y4 ,CONCRETELY1 ?IS IMPLIES ?AT LESS MU/ BE TAK5 AWAY FROM !M ?AN HAD BE5 CU/OM>Y4 ,& ?IS MEANS L[] TAXES1 ! R$UCTION OR ELIM9ATION ( R5T = T5ANT F>M]S1 CONFISCATION ( L>GE L&HOLD+S & !IR DI/RIBUTION AMONG L&-POOR PEASANTS1 ! AVAILABILITY ( CR$IT AT LESS ?AN ! USUAL USURI\S RATES ( 9T]E/1 & ! ELIM9ATION ( TRAD+ MONOPOLIES -- :I* >E MO/LY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,*9ESE -- 9 FAVOR ( COOP]ATIVE TRAD+ C5T]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ( C\RSE1 ! LONG-RUN NE$S ( ! NATION AS A :OLE DEP5D ON AN 9CREASE 9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY1 ON A L>G] AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS1 & ! SETT+ FREE ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR TO 5SURE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T :I*1 9 TURN1 WILL RAISE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( AGRICULTURE ?R\< *EAP F]TILIZ]S1 IRRIGATIONAL SY/EMS1 MA*9ES1 ELECTRIC P[]1 & SO =?4 ,/ILL1 ! BASIS = ?IS PROCESS IS A GREAT] SURPLUS \T ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 :I* 9VOLVES ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! CONTRADICTORY TASK ( BETT]+ ! LOT ( ! PEASANTS ONLY TO 9CREASE !IR EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT AS FIR/ ?+S COME FIR/1 ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! PEASANTS >E EMPHASIZ$4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE HAD TO AWAIT ! TAK+ ( P[] & ITS CONSOLIDATION BY A NEW REGIME1 :I* WILL !N TRY1 BY =CE & P]SUASION TO 9TEGRATE AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL POLICIES 9 ! 9T]E/ ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,DUR+ & %ORTLY AFT] ! YE>S ( COLONIAL REVOLT1 ! ,VIETNAMESE REVOLUTION>IES W]E QUITE MOD]ATE 9 !IR AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AS WELL AS 9 !IR ATTITUDE T[>D PRIVATE TRADE & 9DU/RY4 ,ONLY 5T]PRISES BELONG+ TO ! OLD COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION W]E NATIONALIZ$2 ONLY L&[N]S OPPOS+ ! ,VIET ,M9H W]E EXPROPRIAT$ & !IR L& GIV5 TO ! PEASANTS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL IT HAD BE5 9 EXI/5CE = T5 YE>S ?AT ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC ( ,VIETNAM SPOKE ( ! TOTAL NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY & ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE AS AN ULTIMATE GOAL4 ,MEAN:ILE1 !RE HAS BE5 SOME 0SOCIALI/0 & SOME NONSOCIALI/ COOP]ATIVE F>M+ & !RE >E /ILL MANY PRIVATE PEASANT HOLD+S4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION IS L>GELY 9HIBIT$ BY ! EXPECTATION ( ,NOR? & ,S\? ,VIETNAM'S EV5TUAL UNIFICATION & ! NE$ TO KEEP ?IS PROJECT ATTRACTIVE TO ! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE PEASANTS4 ,ALL NEWLY-DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIES1 H[EV]1 >E /ATE-[N$ & =EIGN TRADE & BANK+ >E GOV]NM5T MONOPOLIES4 ,A COMPLICAT$ PRIC+ SY/EM1 P>TLY MANIPULAT$ & P>TLY LEFT TO M>KET =CES1 ASSURES SOME DEGREE ( ECONOMIC CONTROL4 ,!RE IS FREE BUY+ & SELL+ & !RE >E OBLIGATORY DELIV]IES1 MA9LY ) REG>D TO RICE & GRA9 PRODUCTION1 :I* AM\NT TO BETWE5 #ab & #bd P]C5T ( PRODUC$ QUANTITIES4 ,WAGES >E P>TLY FIX$ & P>TLY LEFT TO B>GA9+4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE IS /ILL CLOS] TO A ,WE/]N M>KET ECONOMY ?AN IT IS TO ! MORE RIGID & CONTROLL$ SY/EMS SU* AS PREVAIL 9 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A4 ,! CONDITIONS = A COMPLETE /ATE-SOCIALI/ SY/EM SIMPLY DO NOT EXI/ AS YET & ?IS IS MORE A POLITICAL GOAL ?AN A DEVELOP+ REALITY4 ,S9CE !Y >E NOT AS YET FROZ5 9TO RIGID SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS PREVAIL 9 ! ADVANC$ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS1 ! POLITICAL REGIMES ( ! ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN NATIONS1 9CLUD+ ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 APPE> TO BE /ILL REV]SIBLE2 ,AM]ICAN AG5CIES W]E OP]AT+ TO BR+ ?IS AB\T BY 9T]NAL SUBV]SION & EXT]NAL AGGRESSION4 ,GIV5 ! WEAK SOCIAL /ATUS ( ! RIS+ NATIVE B\RGEOISIE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES ( ! EM]G+ NOM9ALLY-DEMOCRATIC NATIONS WILL BE AS AU?ORIT>IAN AS !Y >E 9 ! NOM9ALLY-COMMUNI/ NATIONS4 ,BO? 0COMMUNISM0 & 0DEMOCRACY0 >E ?US ( A PURELY IDEOLOGICAL *>ACT]1 9DICAT+ NO MORE ?AN TWO DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5T T5D5CIES -- ! ONE T[>D /ATE-CAPITALISM & !RE) AWAY FROM ,WE/]N DOM9ATION1 ! O!R T[>DS A M>KET ECONOMY TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! NEO-COLONIAL /RUCTURE ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,NOT ONLY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA BUT QUITE G5]ALLY1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION = MO/ UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES DOES NOT ALT] !IR ECONOMIC DEP5D5CY ON O!R CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,BE+ ALREADY 9EXTRICABLY 09TEGRAT$0 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET1 & BE+ 9CAPABLE ( A SELF-SU/A9+ EXI/5CE1 !Y REMA9 AS A SO-CALL$ 0?IRD WORLD0 AN OBJECT ( IMP]IALI/IC COMPETITION4 ,!IR NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y EX]TIONS >E L>GELY DISSIPAT$ 9 9T]NAL POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9/EAD ( BE+ UTILIZ$ 9 AN ACTUAL REORGANIZATION ( !IR SOCIOECONOMIC /RUCTURES4 ,!IR FUTURE APPE>S TO BE B\ND UP ) ! *ANG+ =TUNES ( IMP]IALI/ P[] RELATIONS1 :I* WILL F9D !M EI!R ON ONE SIDE OR ! O!R ( ! W>R+ SOCIAL SY/EMS & IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS AGA9/ =EIGN & NATIONAL EXPLOITATION >E OBJECTIVELY LIMIT$ BY !IR NATIONAL *>ACT] & BY A G5]AL BACKW>DNESS1 :I* CAUS$ ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,:ATEV] ELSE SU* REVOLUTIONS MAY ACCOMPLI%1 !Y CANNOT LEAD TO SOCIALISM AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,!Y >E ONLY ONE ( MANY EXPRESSIONS ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY AS A WORLD SY/EM1 BUT !Y CANNOT BR+ =? A SOCIAL SY/EM ( ! K9D 5VISION$ BY ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS ONLY AS AN ELEM5T ( DIS9TEGRATION ?AT !Y SUPPORT ! G5]AL NE$ = A MORE RATIONAL SOCIAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION ?AN ?AT PROVID$ = BY CAPITALISM4 ,!IR [N PROBLEMS CANNOT BE SOLV$ AP>T FROM ! PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! ADVANC$ P>T ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,! SOLUTION LIES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD1 :I* W\LD PREP>E ! WAY = A SOCIALI/ 9TEGRATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,= JU/ AS ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES CANNOT DEVELOP SOCIALI/ICALLY 9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 SO !Y C\LD NOT DEVELOP CAPITALI/ICALLY 9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY SOCIALI/ SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! KEY TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS IS ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,BUT IF ?IS IS ! KEY1 IT DOES NOT SEEM TO FIT ! REAL SITUATION4 ,:ILE IT IS QUITE OBVI\S ?AT ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ P>TS ( ! WORLD HAVE ! MEANS TO 9DU/RIALIZE ! UND]DEVELOP$ REGIONS ( ! WORLD 9 A RA!R %ORT TIME & TO ELIM9ATE HUNG] & POV]TY ALMO/ IMM$IATELY M]ELY BY DIV]T+ ! WORLD'S WA/E-PRODUCTION1 OR EV5 JU/ ! EXP5SE ( ITS >MS PRODUCTION1 9TO PRODUCTIVE *ANNELS :]E !Y CAN S]VE HUMAN NE$S1 !RE >E AS YET NO SOCIAL =CES 9 SIACT]2 9T]NALLY1 BY MORE & MORE WA/E PRODUCTION2 EXT]NALLY1 BY DE/ROY+ T]RITORIES OCCUPI$ BY PEOPLE UNWILL+ TO SUBMIT TO ! PR(IT REQUIREM5TS ( =EIGN P[]S1 :I* CAN ONLY SPELL !IR [N DOOM4 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,DEVELOPM5T ,H[EV]1 ! IMPOV]I%$ PEOPLE 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES CANNOT WAIT = A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,!IR NE$S >E TOO URG5T EV5 TO AWAIT A POSSIBLY 9T5SIFY+ 9DU/RIALIZATION UND] ! AUSPICES ( PRIVATE-5T]PRISE & =EIGN CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ?US F> ! ,WE/]N WORLD HAS DONE LITTLE TO PROMOTE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! NON-9DU/RIAL WORLD1 IT IS NOT1 9 PR9CIPLE1 OPPOS$ TO SU* A DEVELOPM5T :]EV] IT MIY4 ,BUT CAPITAL FL[S :]E IT IS MO/ PR(ITABLE & LIES IDLE :]E IT CANNOT YIELD A DEF9ITE RATE ( PR(IT TO ITS POSSESSORS4 ,AM]ICAN COMPANIES HAVE F\ND ?AT MANUFACTUR+ PR(ITS 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES >E NOT HI<] ?AN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES &1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 >E EV5 L[]4 ,ALL ! GOV]NM5T EXHORTIONS . & GU>ANTEES 9T5D$ TO 9DUCE PRIVATE CAPITAL TO 9VE/ 9 BACKW>D NATIONS >E ( LITTLE AVAIL1 SO LONG AS ! PRODUCTIVITY-GAP BETWE5 9DU/RIES 9 ADVANC$ & UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES NULLIFIES ! *EAP-LABOR ADVANTAGES ( ! LATT]4 ,:]E PR(ITS >E EXCEPTIONALLY HI<1 AS 9 ! OIL & M9+ 9DU/RIES1 CAPITALI/S WILL EV5 FID C\NTRIES ! DESIRE = A MORE RAPID DEVELOPM5T ?AT W\LD B5EFIT ! NATION 9/EAD ( =EIGN CAPITAL4 ,!RE EXI/S AN APP>5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! NE$ TO KEEP ! WORLD OP5 = FREE 5T]PRISE & ! REFUSAL ( FREE 5T]PRISE TO AVAIL ITSELF ( ITS OPPORTUNITIES4 ,BUT ?IS CONTRADICTION M]ELY REFLECTS ! CONTRADICTION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,IT IS NOT DIFF]5T FROM ! CONTRADICTION ?AT BUR/S 9TO ! OP5 ) ANY CAPITALI/ CRISIS1 NAMELY1 ?AT PRODUCTION COMES TO A HALT 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! NE$S ( ! VA/ MASS ( ! POPULATION >E F> FROM BE+ SATIAT$1 & ?AT !RE IS A PRESS+ NE$ = AN 9CREAS$ AM\NT ( PRODUCTION4 ,PRODUCTION IS SL[$ D[N NOT BECAUSE IT IS TOO ABUNDANT BUT BECAUSE IT HAS BECOME UNPR(ITABLE4 ,BUT IT W\LD NOT 5T] ! M9DS ( ! CAPITALI/S ?AT !IR 9ABILITY TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION IS REASON 5\< TO ABDICATE 9 FAVOR ( A SOCIAL SY/EM CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ SOCIAL PRODUCTION TO ACTUAL SOCIAL NE$S4 ,NEI!R W\LD IT 5T] !IR M9DS ?AT BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT 9DU/RIALIZ$ ! WORLD & >E1 APP>5TLY1 NOT CAPABLE ( DO+ SO1 !Y %\LD LEAVE ! WORLD TO O!RS :O PRESUMABLY CAN DO SO BY EMPLOY+ A PR9CIPLE ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,JU/ AS !Y DEF5D !IR CONTROL 9 EA* P>TICUL> C\NTRY IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR [N P]=MANCES1 SO WILL !Y DEF5D IT 9 ! WORLD AT L>GE4 ,:AT ! 0COMMUNI/S0 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS ASPIRE TO DO IS :AT CAPITALISM HAS FAIL$ TO DO -- ?AT IS1 TO MOD]NIZE !IR NATIONS BY WAY ( 9DU/RIALIZATION & ?US TO OV]COME ! 9CREAS+ MIS]Y ( A /AGNAT+ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT CAPITALISM 9 ITS PRIVATE-5T]PRISE =M WAS !RE BE=E !M & WAS ABLE TO DET]M9E ?AT PECULI> TYPE ( 0DEVELOPM5T0 :I* CON/ANTLY WID5S ! 9COME-GAP BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES & ! COLONIZ$1 OR SEMI-COLONIZ$1 REGIONS4 ,AS ELSE:]E1 SO 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS W]E MADE EXCLUSIVELY = ! PRODUCTION ( RAW MAT]IALS & FOOD/UFFS = ! 9DU/RIES & CONSUMPTION NE$S ( ! CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,! NATIONS ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA !MSELVES W]E DE/9$ TO REMA9 M>KETS = GOODS MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES4 ,AN UNEQUAL EX*ANGE PLAY$ !IR SURPLUS-LABOR1 OR PR(ITS1 9TO ! H&S ( ,WE/]N CAPITALI/S4 ,! 9EQUALITY ( EX*ANGE BECAME EV5 MORE PRON\NC$ BECAUSE ( A /EADY DECL9E ( ! PRICES = PRIM>Y PRODUCTS RELATIVE TO ?OSE = MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES1 & BY CAPITALI/IC COMPETITION 9 ! RAW MAT]IAL SPH]E AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ USE ( SYN!TIC RUBB] & ,AM]ICA'S RICE EXPORTS4 ,5D+ ?IS TR5D ( 9CREAS+ IMPOV]I%M5T MEANS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO USE ! AVAILABLE SURPLUSES = DOME/IC DEVELOPM5T1 TO ELIM9ATE EXPLOITATION VIA A WORLD-M>KET DOM9AT$ BY ,WE/]N CAPITAL1 & ?US TO DI/URB ! 09T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR0 AS DET]M9$ BY PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,! ,W> 9 ,9DO*9A ,! L& >EA 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0FREE0 ,ASIAN NATIONS IS NE>LY D\BLE ?AT ( ! 0COMMUNI/0 NATIONS BUT -- LEAV+ \T ,JAPAN AS A SPECIAL CASE -- !RE IS A HI<] 9DEX ( MULTIPLE CROPP+ & GREAT] IRRIGAT$ >EA 9 ! 0COMMUNI/0 ?AN 9 ! 0FREE0 C\NTRIES4 ,9 #aiei ! LATT] HAD AN AGGREGATE POPULATION ( #hcb MILLIONS :ILE ! 0COMMUNI/0 C\NTRIES C\NT$ #fib MILLIONS4 ,9DIA & ,*9A ALONE CONTA9 OV] ONE-?IRD ( ALL ! PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD4 7,MA9L& ,*9A IS ! L>GE/ ,ASIAN NATION1 EXCE$+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 SIZE47 ,!RE >E V>I\S DEGREES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ! DIFF]5T NATIONS1 ,AP>T FROM 9DU/RIAL ,JAPAN1 ! ISL&S & ! NATIONS ( ! ISL& >*IPELAGOS SU* AS ,9DONESIA1 ,MALAYA1 & ! ,PHILIPP9ES -- DUE TO !IR ACCESS TO ! TRADE R\TES ( ! ,PACIFIC -- %[ A HI<] DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T ?AN L&LOCK$ NATIONS4 ,9 ALL NATIONS1 H[EV]1 & 9 ! ABS5CE ( SIGNIFICANT DEGREES ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 ! IMM$IATE ECONOMIC PROBLEM APPE>S AS ONE ( TOO MANY PEOPLE & TOO LITTLE L&4 ,! LACK ( USABLE L& RELATIVE TO ! POPULATION DOES NOT PREV5T BUT RA!R 5C\RAGES ITS UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION4 ,L&LORDISM *>ACT]IZES ! :OLE ( ! 0FREE0 ,ASIAN C\NTRIES4 ,PEASANTS >E TURN$ 9TO T5ANTS & ! FRIT] ( ONE P]C5T ( ! RURAL POPULATION4 ,R5T ALONE COMMONLY TOOK #e P]C5T ( ! T5ANT'S CROPS & SOMETIMES MORE2 HE EI!R PRODUC$ HIS [N F]TILIZ]S1 SE$S1 MAN- & DRAFT-P[]1 & EQUIPM5T1 OR R5T$ !M AT EXTRA CO/2 HE C\LD BE EJECT$ FROM HIS LEASEHOLD AT ! L&LORD'S :IM40.<#f.> ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! L&[N+ CLASS AS WELL AS ! URBAN B\RGEOISIE1 AMASS+ =TUNES 9 TRADE & 9DU/RY1 >E ANTI-COMMUNI/1 ?AT IS1 >E VITALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( !IR PRIVILEGES & ?US F9D !MSELVES SID+ ) ! =EIGN P[]S 9 !IR DEF5SE ( FREE 5T]PRISE4 ,! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS ?US AT ! SAME TIME A CIVIL W>4 ,ITS RESULTS W\LD DET]M9E :E!R ! LIB]AT$ NATIONS W\LD HAVE SOCIETIES KEEP+ !M )9 ! FOLD ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO 9FLU5CE ! \TCOME ( ! CIVIL W> BY \TSIDE 9T]V5TION4 ,= ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IT WAS ESS5TIAL ?AT :ATEV] ! RESULTS ( ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS !Y MU/ NOT LEAD TO NEW 0COMMUNI/0 REGIMES WILL+ TO SIDE ) ! ,*9ESE ADV]S>Y4 ,AM]ICA'S POLITICIANS RIIES1 DISGUIS$ ?\< ?IS DOM9ATION W\LD BE BY IDEOLOGICAL CAM\FLAGE4 ,! SURGE ( NATIONALISM WAS TO BE *ANNEL$ 9TO ANTI-COMMUNISM1 :I* MEANT ! UPHOLD+ OR CREATION ( GOV]NM5TS & 9/ITUTIONS FRI5DLY TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ON ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T MU/ RELY 9 ITS EF=TS TO KEEP 0FREE ,ASIA0 9 ! 0FREE WORLD40 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ?IS IS QUITE A =MIDABLE UND]TAK+1 = ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS 9 ! NATIONS ( ,ASIA PRODUCE A /EADY REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T :I* IS B\ND TO EXPLODE SOON] OR LAT]4 ,TO C\NT]ACT !SE ?REAT5+ SOCIAL CONVULSIONS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WANTS TO COMB9E POLITICAL-MILIT>Y REPRESSION ) SOCIAL RE=MS DESIGN$ TO LEAD TO G5]AL SOCIAL ACQUIESC5CE4 ,BUT ! DECISIVE 0RE=MS0 NECESS>Y TO ALLEVIATE ! PLIIAT IMPLY ! DE/RUCTION ( EXI/+ CLASS PRIVILEGES1 ?AT IS1 ! P[] ( ! ONLY ALLIES ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CAN F9D1 UNLESS %E WI%ES TO ALLY H]SELF TO ! 0COMMUNI/S10 ! ONLY GR\P ACTUALLY ABLE TO REALIZE ! 0RE=MS40 ,! PROGRAMMATIC 0SOCIAL RE=MS0 L>GELY S]VE1 !N1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL COV] = ! REPRESSIVE MEASURES ?AT HAVE TO BE TAK5 TO AVOID ! SPREAD ( 0COMMUNISM0 FROM ,*9A 9TO ! NEI ,EA/4 ,! ,KOREAN ,W> 9DICAT$ ?AT1 %ORT ( RISK+ A NEW WORLD W>1 ALREADY E/ABLI%$ 0COMMUNI/0 REGIMES C\LD NOT BE DETA*$ FROM !IR PROTECTOR /ATES1 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A4 ,9 O!R RESPECTS1 H[EV]1 ! SITUATION WAS /ILL FLUID4 ,AP>T FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 O!R ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN NATIONS W]E EI!R ANTI-COMMUNI/1 OR DECL>$ !MSELVES 0NEUTRALI/0 OR 0NONALIGN$10 MEAN+ ?AT !IR CIVIL W>S1 CL&E/9E OR OP51 W]E /ILL UNDECID$4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,LAOS1 ?IS L$ TO A TRIP>TITE >RANGEM5T1 5G9E]$ BY ! GREAT P[]S1 ) 0NEUTRALI/0-1 0COMMUNI/0-1 & 0WE/]N0-ORI5T$ =CES DIVID+ ! C\NTRY BETWE5 !M4 ,?IS TOO WAS ?\Y SOLUTION :I* W\LD P]HAPS BE RESOLV$ AT SOME FUTURE DATE4 ,CAMBODIA MA9TA9$ A PREC>I\S 09DEP5D5CE0 BY CAT]+ TO BO? SIDES ( ! OV]%AD[+ L>G] P[] CONFLICT4 ,ONLY 9 ,?AIL&1 :]E ,AM]ICA HAD REPLAC$ ,BRITA9 AS ! MAJOR =EIGN 9FLU5CE WAS ! COMMITM5T TO ! ,WE/ ALMO/ COMPLETE4 ,H]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES S5T MORE ?AN #c1 TROOPS & MU* AID TO BUILD ?IS K+DOM 9TO A BA/ION ( ! 0FREE WORLD40 7,IT BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,AM]ICAN AIRBASE = ! ,VIETNAM W>47 ,BECAUSE ( ! FLEXIBILITY ( ! SITUATION1 IT SEEM$ ESS5TIAL TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO /OP ANY FUR!R *ANGE 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA BY ASSI/+ ALL 0ANTI-COMMUNI/0 =CES 9 ?AT REGION4 ,?IS HAS BE5 A CONSI/5T POLICY1 FROM :I* NONE ( ! SUCCESSIVE ,AM]ICAN ADM9I/RATIONS HAS DEVIAT$4 ,OBJECT+ TO ! ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS ( #a#i#e#d1 ! ,AM]ICAN-9/ALL$ REGIME ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM REFUS$ TO CONSID] ! PROPOS$ ELECTIONS1 :I* W]E TO DECIDE ! QUE/ION ( UNIFICATION ( ,S\? & ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,TO ASSURE ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES P\R$ MONEY & SOON TROOPS 9TO ! C\NTRY4 ,! RESUM$ CIVIL W> 9 ! ,S\? RECEIV$ SUPPORT FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 TURN+ ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9TO A W> AGA9/ BO? ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION =CES 9 ! ,S\? & ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS 9T]V5TION HAS (T5 BE5 F\ND UNJU/IFI$1 BECAUSE IT CONC]N$ ITSELF ) A CIVIL W> 9/EAD (1 AS CLAIM$1 ) ! NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,H[EV] 7AS WAS PO9T$ \T ABOVE7 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,9DO*9A NO DI/9CTION CAN BE MADE BETWE5 9T]NATIONAL W> & CIVIL W>1 BECAUSE H]E ALL W>S = NATIONAL LIB]ATION >E AT ! SAME TIME CIVIL W>S = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! CIVIL-W> *>ACT] ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 5T]$ ! FRAY4 ,AM]ICA'S DET]M9ATION TO RETA9 9FLU5CE 9 ,9DO*9A AT ALL CO/S DID *ECK A POSSIBLE FUR!R EXT5SION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS SU* AS OCCURR$ 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & 9 A P>T ( ,LAOS4 ,AS IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A W\LD ACTIVELY 9T]V5E 9 ! ,VIETNAMESE W>1 ! 0ANTI-COMMUNI/0 =CES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA W]E GREATLY /R5G!N$ &1 AID$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BEGAN TO DE/ROY !IR [N 0COMMUNI/0-ORI5T$ MOVEM5TS1 ! MO/ GRUESOME ( !SE UND]TAK+S BE+ ?AT 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,BUT :ILE NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A WAS READY TO RISK W> ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO DRIVE ! LATT] \T ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 !Y TRI$ TO PREV5T ! CONSOLIDATION ( ,AM]ICAN P[] 9 ?AT REGION BY 5ABL+ ! ,VIETNAMESE TO C>RY ON ! W>4 ,! MILIT>Y AID GIV5 TO ! ,VIETNAMESE BY ,RUSSIA & ,*9A C\LD NOT LEAD TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,AM]ICANS1 BUT PROMIS$ A PROLONG$ W> :I* W\LD DEPRIVE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( 5JOY+ ! SPOILS ( AN E>LY VICTORY4 ,! IMM$IATE & GR[+ EXP5SES ( ! W> W\LD1 9/EAD1 LOOM EV] L>G] 9 COMP>ISON ) ITS POSSIBLE 0POSITIVE0 RESULTS1 :I* W\LD REC$E ALWAYS FUR!R 9TO ! 9DET]M9ATE FUTURE4 ,BY BLE$+ ! PEOPLE ( ,9DO*9A ,AM]ICA W\LD1 9 9CREAS+ MEASURE1 BLE$ H]SELF1 & P]HAPS LOSE CONFID5CE 9 H] ABILITY TO CONCLUDE ! W> ON H] [N T]MS4 ,IT SEEMS QUITE CLE> ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS EXPECT$ LESS RESI/ANCE TO !IR 9T]V5TION ?AN !Y ACTUALLY CAME TO FACE4 ,!Y ASPIR$ TO NO MORE ?AN A REPETITION ( ! \TCOME ( ! ,KOREAN CONFLICT -- A MUTUAL RETREAT TO PREVI\SLY DEM>CAT$ FRONTI]S1 :I* MEANT HALT+ ! 0COMMUNI/0 P5ETRATION AT ! ,SEV5TE5? ,P>ALLEL 9 ! CASE ( ,VIETNAM1 & AT ! AGRE$-UPON ZONES 9 ,LAOS4 ,AS 9 ,KOREA1 9 ,VIETNAM TOO !Y HAD NO DESIRE TO TURN ! W> 9TO A NEW WORLD W> BY BR++ ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 OR BO? 9TO ! CONFLICT4 ,A W> ( ! GREAT P[]S1 POSSESS+ ATOMIC WEAPONS1 C\LD EASILY LEAD TO MUTUAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! FE> ( SU* A W> HAS UNTIL N[ SET LIMITS TO ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,IT HAS PREV5T$ A CONC5TRAT$1 ALL-\T ,AM]ICAN ONSLAU TO A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION1 S9CE NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES H]SELF1 CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ALL[ ANY T]RITORY ALREADY UND] !IR CONTROL OR 9 !IR SPH]ES ( 9T]E/ TO BE LO/1 )\T 5C\RAG+ FUR!R 5CROA*M5TS ON !IR P[] POSITIONS4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! ,WE/]N P[]S DID NOT 9T]V5E ON ! OCCASIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASIONS ( ,HUNG>Y & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 & ?AT ,AM]ICA HAS HESITAT$ TO ATTEMPT ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,( C\RSE1 A NATION'S DET]M9ATION TO HOLD ON TO :AT IT HAS1 OR HAS GA9$1 IS NOT ABSOLUTE4 ,! OV]RID+ FE> ( A POSSIBLE ATOMIC W>1 = 9/ANCE1 KEPT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM RECONQU]+ ,CUBA4 ,NATIONS T5D TO AVOID ACTIONS :I* HAVE A V]Y HI< PROBABILITY ( LEAD+ TO UNDESIR$ RESULTS4 ,UNC]TA9TY IS ! RULE1 H[EV]1 & IT IS ! PRESUM$ JOB ( DIPLOMACY TO WEI< ! PROS & CONS ( ANY P>TICUL> POLICY ) REG>D TO LONG-RUN NATIONAL & IMP]IALI/IC 9T]E/S4 ,?IS MAY 9CORPORATE %ORT-RUN DECISIONS :I* NE$ NOT HAVE A DIRECT LOGICAL CONNECTION ) LONG-RUN GOALS4 ,S9CE ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM IMPLY AN EV]-*ANG+ G5]AL SITUATION :I* ESCAPES POLITICAL COMPREH5SION1 LONG-RUN IMP]IALI/ /RATEGY PUT 9TO PRACTICE REMA9S A MATT] ( BL9DLY EXECUT$ ACTIVITY1 9 :I* ALL DIPLOMATIC EXPECTATIONS MAY COME TO NAUY4 ,UNTIL /OPP$1 !Y WILL SEE !IR C\RSE ( ACTION AS ! ONLY 0RATIONAL0 ONE & WILL TRY TO FOLL[ IT UP TO ! 5D4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,9DO*9A1 ! SIMPLE GOAL WAS TO SECURE ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD = ,WE/]N CAPITALISM )\T 9ITIAT+ A NEW WORLD W>4 ,! UNEXPECT$LY EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE ( ! ADV]S>IES L$ TO A CONT9U\S ESCALATION ( ! W> EF=T & A GR[+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 ! LIMIT$ OBJECTIVES & ! CO/S 9VOLV$ 9 REA*+ IT4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 TO BE SURE1 ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION PROV$ SUCCESSFUL1 9 ?AT IT NOT ONLY PREV5T$ ! UNIFICATION ( ,S\? & ,NOR? ,VIETNAM BUT ALSO SU/A9$ ,WE/]N 9FLU5CE 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA 9 G5]AL4 ,CONFID5CE 9 ! ABILITY TO MA9TA9 ?IS SITUATION WAS REFLECT$ 9 NEW EXT5SIVE DIRECT 9VE/M5TS 9 OIL1 TIMB]1 & M9]AL RES\RCES 9 ,TAIWAN1 ,9DO*9A1 ,?AIL&1 & EV5 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,/ILL1 ! W> W5T ON1 BECAUSE ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT 9 ! ,S\? W]E NOT WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE DEFEAT & TO ACCEPT PEACE ON ,AM]ICAN T]MS4 ,%ORT ( A SUCCESSFUL 9VASION ( ! ,NOR? OR AN 9T]NAL COLLAPSE ( ! 0COMMUNI/ REGIME0 !RE WAS NO REASON TO EXPECT A *ANGE 9 ?IS SITUATION1 ?\< AN APP>5T LOSS ( (F5SIVE P[] ON ! P>T ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE & ,N,L,F =CES ALL[$ A R$UCTION 9 ! NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN TROOPS 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,! ,ANTI-,W> ,MOVEM5T ,POLITICAL DECISIONS >E LEFT TO ! DECISION-MAK]S2 SO LONG AS !Y >E SUCCESSFUL !Y F9D SOME K9D ( G5]AL SUPPORT4 ,EV5 IF ! DECISIONS 9VOLVE W>1 !Y WILL BE ACCEPT$ NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! G5]ALLY-%>$ IDEOLOGY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! PRACTICAL 9ABILITY ON ! P>T ( ! POPULATION TO AFFECT ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS 9 ANY WAY4 ,PEOPLE WILL TRY TO MAKE ! BE/ ( A BAD SITUATION -- :I* ALSO HAS ITS ADVANTAGES4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! >MAM5TS PRODUC]S WILL NOT OBJECT TO ! EXTRA PR(ITS MADE ?R\< W>4 ,NEI!R WILL ! >MS PRODUCTION WORK]S OBJECT TO IT1 IF IT PROVIDES !M ) JOB SECURITY & /EADY 9COMES1 :I* MIY WILL SEE ! W> AS A BOON TO !IR PR(ESSION2 W> IS !IR BUS9ESS & !Y WILL 5C\RAGE BUS9ESS TO MAKE W>4 ,BECAUSE ! MIX$ ECONOMY HAS BECOME A W> ECONOMY1 MANY NEW PR(ESSIONS HAVE >IS5 :I* >E TI$ TO W> CONDITIONS OR TO PREP>ATION = SU* CONDITIONS4 ,A GR[+ GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY RELIES = ITS EXI/5CE ON ! P]PETUATION ( ! W> MA*9]Y & ( IMP]IALI/IC ACTIVITIES4 ,WIDESPREAD 9T]E/S VE/$ 9 W> & IMP]IALISM ALLY !MSELVES ) ?OSE SPECIFIC TO ! L>GE CORPORATIONS & !IR DEP5D5CY ON =EIGN EXPLOITATION4 ,:ILE = SOME W> & IMP]IALISM SPELL DEA?1 !N = MANY MORE !Y CON/ITUTE A WAY ( LIFE1 NOT AS AN EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION BUT AS A P]MAN5T CONDITION4 ,!IR EXI/5CE IS BAS$ ON A =M ( CANNIBALISM1 :I* CO/S ! LIVES ( FRI5D & FOE ALIKE4 ,ONCE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS EXI/S1 IT T5DS TO REPRODUCE ITSELF & IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO RETURN TO ! 0NORMAL0 /ATE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,W> ITSELF 9CREASES ! PROP5SITY = W>4 ,! ,AM]ICAN DECISION-MAK]S :O DECID$ TO 5T] ! ,9DO*9A CONFLICT 7OR = ?AT MATT] ANY O!R7 W]E ?US ABLE TO C\NT ON ! CONS5SUS ( A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION1 A CONS5SUS :I* WAS BY NO MEANS PURELY IDEOLOGICAL 9 NATURE4 ,YET 9 TIME !RE DEVELOP$ AN ANTI-W> MOVEM5T DISPLAY+ A V>IETY ( MOTIVATIONS & GA9+ 9 /R5G? ) ! DET]IORATION ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,IT WAS ! LONG DURATION ( ! W>1 & ! LACK ( RECOGNIZABLE ADVANTAGES1 :I* TURN$ AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( PEOPLE AGA9/ IT4 ,! MORAL OPPOSITION1 BAS$ ON PACIFI/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/IC IDEOLOGIES1 F\ND MORE G5]AL ADH]5CE -- L>GE 5\< TO 9DUCE OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICIANS TO 5T] ! MOVEM5T TO FUR!R !IR P]SONAL AIMS & TO KEEP IT )9 ! FRAME ( EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AL?\< ! ANTI-W> PROTE/S W]E M]ELY ( A V]BAL NATURE1 ) AN OCCASIONAL FIREBOMB ?R[N 91 !Y CONTA9$ ! POT5TIAL ( MORE DECISIVE FUTURE ACTIONS4 ,OPPOSITION TO ! W> BEGAN TO AFFECT ! MILIT>Y SITUATION ?R\< AN 9CREAS+ DEMORALIZATION ( ! >M$ =CES4 ,EV5 ! NOT$ APA?Y AB\T ! W> ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION WAS APP>5TLY GIV+ WAY TO A MORE CRITICAL ATTITUDE4 ,AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE NOT DIRECTLY FAVOR$ BY ! W>1 DISSATISFACTION ) ITS 9T]NAL CONSEQU5CES WAS VISIBLY RIS+4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,NIXON ,ADM9I/RATION F\ND ITSELF OBLIG$ TO PLACATE ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD NO MORE TO (F]1 AT FIR/1 ?AN DEMAGOGIC PROMISES1 :I* MASQU]AD$ ! CONT9U+ & 9T5SIFY+ W> ACTIVITIES AS SO MANY ATTEMPTS TO REA* AN 0HONORABLE PEACE40 ,/ILL1 ! AMORPH\S ANTI-W> S5TIM5T DID NOT AS YET CON/ITUTE A REAL ?REAT TO ! ,ADM9I/RATION'S W> POLICIES4 ,! DEVELOP+ POL>IZATION ( PRO- & ANTI-W> =CES PO9T$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( CIVIL /RIFE RA!R ?AN TO ! GOV]NM5T'S CAPITULATION TO ! OPPOSITION4 ,& 9 ITS BROAD MAJORITY ?IS OPPOSITION DIRECT$ ITSELF NOT AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* IS NECESS>ILY IMP]IALI/IC1 BUT ONLY AGA9/ ?IS P>TICUL> & APP>5TLY HOPELESS W>1 N[ VIEW$ AS A 0MI/AKE0 :I* HAD TO BE UNDONE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT AT ?IS JUNCTURE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PREF]R$ A NEGOTIAT$ PEACE1 :I* W\LD HONOR ITS MA9 OBJECTIVE1 TO ! PROLONGATION ( W>1 IF ONLY TO /ALL ! GR[+ UNRE/ AT HOME4 ,! W> WAS TO BE 0W\ND D[N0 BY WAY ( 0,VIETNAMIZATION0 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SO-CALL$ ,NIXON ,DOCTR9E4 ,?IS WAS SEEM+LY SUB/ANTIAT$ BY A P>TIAL )DRAWAL ( ,AM]ICAN TROOPS & ! SIMULTANE\S 9CREASE ( ! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE ,>MY1 AS WELL AS ?R\< ! 9T5SIFICATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN AIR W> 9 ,LAOS1 ,CAMBODIA1 ,NOR? & ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,)DRAWAL MEANT1 9 FACT1 ! EXT5SION ( ! W> 9TO ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS TO PREP>E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! ,ASIANS !MSELVES W\LD BE 5ABL$ TO TAKE C>E ( ALL 0COMMUNI/ AGGRESSION40 ,IT SEEMS 9DE$ AN 0IDEAL SITUATION10 ) MANY PREC$5TS1 TO HAVE ,ASIANS FIGE NAVAL & AIR PRES5CE WILL BE MA9TA9$ 9 ANY CASE4 ,?IS /RATEGY ASSUMES ! CONT9UATION ( AN EXI/+ MILIT>Y /ALEMATE1 :I* FAVORS ! ,AM]ICANS1 S9CE IT CAN BE UTILIZ$ = ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( 5EMY =CES )9 ! >EAS UND] ,AM]ICAN CONTROL4 ,IT IS HOP$ ?AT A RESURG5CE ( RESI/ANCE TO ! ,AM]ICANS & !IR ,9DO*9A ALLIES WILL BECOME 9CREAS+LY MORE PROBLEMATIC1 AS EV] GREAT] MASSES ( ! POPULATION >E DRIV5 9TO CONTROLL$ 0REFUGEE0 C5T]S & AS ! C\NTRYSIDE IS LAID WA/E4 ,) ,RUSSIA & ,*9A /AY+ \T ( ! CONFLICT1 ! AID PROVID$ BY !M WILL1 BY ITSELF1 NOT 5ABLE ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & ! ,N,L,F TO W9 A W> ( ATTRITION ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ,CEASE-,FIRE ,9T]VAL ,! W> C\LD GO ON AS LONG AS ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE CONT9U$ TO DEFY ! ,AM]ICAN WILL1 & AS LONG AS !Y RECEIV$ SUFFICI5T AID FROM EI!R ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 OR BO?4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! W> WAS ALSO A W> BETWE5 ! ,EA/]N P[]S & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EV5 ?\< ! LATT] HAD TO 5GAGE H] [N MILIT>Y =CES DUE TO ! WEAKNESS ( H] ,9DO*9A ALLIES1 :O W]E NO MAT* = ! NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y =CES !Y SET \T TO COMBAT4 ,! RIFT BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A DID NOT1 AT FIR/1 ALT] ! SITUATION ( CONFLICT BETWE5 ,AM]ICA & ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS4 ,BO? ,RUSSIA & ,*9A REMA9 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7& O!R CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES7 BECAUSE ( !IR DIFF]5T SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURES & !IR [N DESIRES TO MAKE !MSELVES SECURE BY GA9+ GREAT] P[] & MORE 9FLU5CE )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,H[EV]1 BO? ! ,/AL9 -- ,HITL] PACT & ,RUSSIA'S ALLIANCE ) ! ANTI-FASCI/ P[]S DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> %[ ?AT DIFF]5T SOCIAL SY/EMS CAN AT TIMES UNITE = A SPECIFIC COMMON GOAL )\T !REBY LOS+ !IR BASIC 9COMPATIBILITY4 ,! NATIONAL =M ( ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ OR /ATE-CONTROLL$ REGIMES SETS !M 9 CONFLICT NOT ONLY ) ! CAPITALI/ WORLD1 OR ) P>TICUL> CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 BUT ALSO ) EA* O!R4 ,9 BO? ! CAPITALI/ & 0SOCIALI/0 WORLD1 EA* NATION TRIES FIR/ ( ALL TO SAFEGU>D ITS [N SPECIAL 9T]E/S1 OR RA!R ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL /RATA :OSE EXI/5CE & POSITION IS BAS$ ON ! CONTROL ( ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,!RE IS !N NO REAL BUT ONLY AN OPPORTUNI/IC SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! NATIONS 9 ! 0SOCIALI/0 AS WELL AS 9 ! CAPITALI/ CAMP4 ,ALLIANCES >E =M$ BETWE5 NATIONS ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 & 5MITIES >ISE BETWE5 NATIONS :I* HAD BE5 EXPECT$ TO COOP]ATE4 ,?IS 9DICATES1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT NATIONALISM & IMP]IALISM >E NOT OPPOSITES BUT IMPLY EA* O!R1 EV5 ?\< ! NATIONAL SURVIVAL ( SOME NATIONS MAY DEP5D ON ! IMP]IALISM ( SOME O!R NATIONS4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! SO-CALL$ 0?IRD WORLD0 C\NTRIES >E NOT ONLY OBJECTS ( ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 DIFF]5T CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 NOR ONLY ( ?AT BETWE5 CAPITALISM & 0SOCIALISM0 AS SU*1 BUT ALSO ( ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 ! 0SOCIALI/0 NATIONS !MSELVES4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! 5D ( COLONIALISM L$ TO NEOCOLONIALISM1 ?R\< :I* ! DOM9AT+ P[]S EX]CISE !IR CONTROL ( DEP5D5T C\NTRIES VIA !IR [N GOV]NM5TS1 BUT ?IS IMP]IALISM AS NEOCOLONIALISM IS NO LONG] ! EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD BUT 9 A SOME:AT MODIFI$ =M APPE>S ALSO 9 ! 0SOCIALI/0 P>T ( ! WORLD1 BO? AS AS . AN ASPECT ( IMP]IALI/ COMPETITION BETWE5 DIFF]5T SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EMS & = ITS [N SAKE4 ,WE >E PROVID$ ! SPECTACLE ( A 0SOCIALI/0 BR& ( IMP]IALISM & ! ?REAT ( W> BETWE5 NOM9ALLY SOCIALI/ NATIONS4 ,! IMP]IALI/ IMP]ATIVE IS MORE DEM&+ ?AN EV] BE=E1 :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ANTI-IMP]IALI/ ACTIVITIES F9D !IR ACC5TUATION 9 A DEVELOP+ WORLD-WIDE ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,! RECOV]Y ( ,EUROPEAN & ,JAPANESE CAPITALISM IMPLIES ! RETURN ( !IR IMP]IALI/IC POT5TIALITIES1 & ! DIV]G+ NATIONAL 9T]E/S BETWE5 ,*9A & ,RUSSIA >E ADDITIONAL ELEM5TS SIMM]+ 9 ! CAULDRON . ( CONTRADICTORY CAPITALI/1 IMP]IALI/1 & NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS4 0,PEACE0 IS NO LONG] SECUR$ BY ! 0BALANCE ( T]ROR10 EX]CIS$ BY ! TWO GREAT ATOMIC P[]S4 ,NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE HAS PROV$ TO BE NO SOLUTION = ! P]MAN5T CRISIS CONDITIONS ( NEWLY-=M$ NATIONAL /ATES4 ,BUT NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS CAN ASS]T !MSELVES ONLY ?R\< ! RIVALRIES ( ! GREAT IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 JU/ AS !SE P[]S EX]CISE !IR =EIGN POLICY OPTIONS VIA ! V>I\S NATIONAL RIVALRIES4 ,ANY SMALL-SCALE W> HAS ?US ! POT5TIALITY ( ISSU+ 9TO A NEW WORLD W>4 ,! EXPLOSIVE SITUATIONS 9 ,9DIA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,9DO*9A1 & ELSE:]E1 9VOLVE ISSUES AT ONCE NATIONALI/IC & IMP]IALI/IC1 AFFECT+ 9 ONE MEASURE OR ANO!R ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ALL NATIONS4 ,TO AVOID A NEW WORLD CONFLAGRATION1 & YET TO SAFEGU>D & EXP& ! NATIONALLY-ORGANIZ$ CAPITALS & !IR PR(ITABILITY1 BR+S AB\T A FEV]I% DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY 9 SE>* = FAVORABLE POLITICAL-MILIT>Y COMB9ATIONS AS AN ADDITIONAL ASPECT ( CAPITALI/ COMPETITION4 ,NIXON'S DELIB]ATIONS 9 ,PEK+ & ,MOSC[ REVEAL$ CLE>LY ?AT W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION CAN BE WAG$ ONLY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( OV]RID+ BIG-P[] 9T]E/S1 9 :I* ! LATT] >E ! DECISIVE ELEM5T4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,9DO*9A IS :AT IT IS BECAUSE NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO RISK A WORLD W> 9 AN ATTEMPT TO DRIVE ! ,AM]ICANS \T ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 JU/ AS !Y W]E EQUALLY UNWILL+ TO ALL[ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO BECOME ! UN*ALL5G$ P[] 9 ! ,PACIFIC >EA4 ,AM]ICA'S FAILURE TO SUBDUE ! ,VIETNAMESE1 AS WELL AS ! ,VIETNAMESE'S FAILURE TO =CE ! UNIFICATION ( !IR NATION1 LEFT ! SITUATION AT ! TIME ( ! CEASE-FIRE >RANGEM5T AS IT WAS AT ! />T ( ,AM]ICA'S L>GE-SCALE MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION 9 #a#i#f#d4 ,AS F> AS ! ,AM]ICAN-,VIETNAMESE MILIT>Y CONFRONTATION WAS CONC]N$1 !RE W]E NEI!R VICTORS NOR VANQUI%$1 :I* ALL[$ BO? SIDES TO ACCEPT A TEMPOR>Y TRUCE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! /ALEMATE REMA9$ UNACKN[L$G$4 ,BO? SIDES CLAIM$ SOME K9D ( LIMIT$ VICTORY2 ! ONE1 BY PO9T+ TO ! FACT ( ! CONT9U$ 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE ( ,S\?-,VIETNAM1 ! O!R1 BY REF]R+ TO ! ,S\?-,VIETNAMESE T]RITORY HELD BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T & ! EXPECTATION ( A POLITICAL VICTORY %\LD ! ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS ( #ai$ F9ALLY BE HONOR$4 ,ACTUALLY1 NEI!R ! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE NOR ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE >E SATISIFI$ . ) ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS & ! CIVIL-W> ASPECTS ( ! ,VIETNAM W> -- :I* CANNOT F9D A COMPROMISE SOLUTION -- GOES ON UNABAT$1 DESPITE ! CEASE-FIRE >RANGEM5T1 :I* L$ TO ,AM]ICA'S MILIT>Y DEP>TURE FROM ,VIETNAM4 ,H[EV]1 ! TRUCE REMA9S PREC>I\S NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! UNSETTL$ CIVIL W>1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! CURR5T BIG-P[] UND]/&+S ) RESPECT TO ,9DO*9A MAY DISSOLVE ON !IR [N ACCORD4 ,TO SOME1 ( C\RSE1 ! FACT ?AT ,AM]ICA1 ! MILIT>ILY & ECONOMICALLY /RONGE/ P[] 9 ! WORLD1 WAS UNABLE TO DEFEAT A SMALL 0?IRD WORLD0 C\NTRY1 IS REASON 5\< TO SEE 9 ! TRUCE A GREAT TRIUMPH = ! ,VIETNAMESE & ! SUP]IORITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WILL OV] CAPITALI/IC TE*NOLOGY4 ,! /ALEMATE IS VIEW$ AS A GREAT ACCOMPLI%M5T & AN 5C\RAGEM5T = ALL NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS YET TO COME4 ,BE ?IS AS IT MAY1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ?IS /RUGGLE C\LD BE WAG$ ONLY SO LONG AS IT F\ND ! SUPPORT ( IMP]IALI/ P[]S 9 OPPOSITION TO ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM4 ,IT F\ND ITS TEMPOR>Y 5D ?R\< ! 9VOLV$ P[]S' DECISIONS TO SUSP5D = ! TIME BE+ ! P[] /RUGGLE = ! CONTROL ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & TO REG>D ! GIV5 AS ! BE/ ATTA9ABLE CONDITIONS GIV5 ! CURR5T BALANCE ( P[]4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! ,*9ESE-,AM]ICAN RAPPRO*EM5T1 AS WELL AS ,AM]ICA'S ACCEPTANCE ( ,RUSSIA'S LONG-/&+ (F] ( 0PEACEFUL COEXI/5CE10 9DICATES1 9 A WAY1 A *ANGE ( POLICY ON ! P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 =C$ UPON H] BY *ANG+ CONDITIONS4 ,JU/ AS ! CAPITALI/ WORLD AT L>GE HAD F9ALLY TO RECOGNIZE ! P]MAN5T EXI/5CE ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS 9 ,EUROPE & !IR EXPANSION BY WAY ( W>1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALSO HAD F9ALLY TO REALIZE ?AT ! RESULTS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 9 ,ASIA AS WELL AS 9 ,EUROPE C\LD NOT BE UNDONE & ?AT ! EM]G+ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS W]E !RE TO SAY4 ,! DESIR$ 0ROLLBACK0 ( 0COMMUNISM0 WAS NOT ATTA9ABLE2 BUT ! FREEZ+ ( ! CONDITIONS RESULT+ FROM ! W> -- AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! ELEVATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO ! P>AM\NT P[] 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA -- WAS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS SITUATION HAS NOT BE5 ALT]$ BUT CONSOLIDAT$ BY ! ,9DO*9A W>4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ,9DO*9A SEEM+LY LIES SECURE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE1 IT IS ONLY AT ! PRICE ( ACCEPTANCE ( ! 0COMMUNI/0 REGIMES AS EQUAL P>TN]S 9 ! COMPETITIVE WORLD ECONOMY4 ,! WORLD ECONOMY WILL ?US REMA9 A 0MIX$ ECONOMY10 COMPOS$ ( 0COMMUNI/0 & CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 JU/ AS 9 EA* CAPITALI/ NATION ! ECONOMY CAN ONLY FUNCTION AS A 0MIX$ ECONOMY10 BO? SITUATIONS 9DICAT+ ! ONGO+ DECL9E ( PRIVATE PROP]TY CAPITALISM4 ,TO BECOME AT LEA/ A TEMPOR>Y POSSIBILITY1 ! 0PACIFICATION0 ( WORLD POLITICS HAD TO AWAIT AN ,AM]ICAN READ9ESS TO COME TO T]MS ) H] 0COMMUNI/0 ADV]S>IES & A WILL+NESS TO DO BUS9ESS ) !M4 ,! 0SOCIALI/0 WORLD HAD BE5 READY = ?IS = A LONG TIME1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT COMPRIS$ ! WEAK] IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT EXPECT$ ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES ?R\< 9TEGRATION 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET4 ,!IR NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 OV]RID+ ALL IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5TS1 & !IR SECURITY NE$S1 DEM&+ AN UNPR9CIPL$ OPPORTUNISM1 DET]M9E !IR =EIGN POLICIES4 ,!Y W]E QUITE READY TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 EX*ANGE = !IR FULL RECOGNITION & = EXP&+ BUS9ESS DEAL+S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! GR[+ 5MITY BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 COMPET+ = SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE 9 ,ASIA2 ! RAPID EXPANSION ( ,JAPANESE CAPITALISM ) ITS 9EVITABLE FUTURE IMP]IALI/IC ASPECTS2 & ! PRES5CE ( ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM1 TURN$ ! :OLE SITUATION 9 ,ASIA & ,S\!A/ ,ASIA 9TO A F> MORE COMPLEX & MORE FLUID PROBLEM ?AN IT APPE>$ TO BE AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,A ,*9ESE-,AM]ICAN RAPPRO*EM5T1 ( C\RSE1 HAS NO?+ TO (F] ! ,RUSSIANS EXCEPT ! POSSIBILITY ( UNDO+ SU* A 0/RANGE ALLIANCE0 BY WAY ( ACCOMMODATION ) ! ,AM]ICANS AT ! EXP5SE ( ,RUSSIAN AMBITIONS NOT ONLY 9 ! ,PACIFIC BUT ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,) ITS OV]TURE TO ,*9A1 ! ,AM]ICAN ADM9I/RATION F9DS ITSELF 9 A POSITION TO EXPLOIT ! FRICTIONS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A = ITS [N IMP]IALI/ 5DS4 ,IT DISC\RAGES A POSSIBLE ,RUSSIAN ATTACK ON ,*9A BY SUGGE/+ A POSSIBLE ,*9ESE-,AM]ICAN ALLIANCE :I* C\LD MAKE SU* AN ATTACK A CO/LY AFFAIR4 ,IT ALSO PREV5TS A WEAK5+ ( ,AM]ICA'S POSITION 9 ,9DO*9A1 & !RE) 9 ! :OLE ( ,ASIA1 BY (FSETT+ ! ,RUSSIAN 9FLU5CE 9 !SE REGIONS & BY LEAV+ ! :OLE SITUATION 9 ,ASIA 9 AN UNRESOLV$ /ATE4 ,9 BRIEF1 IT ALL[S = A PO/PONEM5T ( ! F9AL /RUGGLE = ! CONTROL ( ,ASIA1 :I*1 AT ?IS P>TICUL> JUNCTURE1 SUIT$ ALL ! 9VOLV$ COMPET+ P[]S BUT /ILL HAD TO AWAIT ! ,AM]ICAN 9ITIATIVE TO BECOME A REALITY4 ,?AT ?IS 9ITIATIVE WAS TAK5 9DICATES ! PRES5T LIMITS ( ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM AS DET]M9$ BY H] DET]IORAT+ ECONOMIC POSITION )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY AS WELL AS AT HOME4 ,! ,VIETNAMESE W> CO/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES APPROXIMATELY #ae BILLION DOLL>S & WAS P>TLY RESPONSIBLE = ! 9FLATION>Y TR5D1 :I*1 UND] ! PREVI\SLY E/ABLI%$ 9T]NATIONAL MONET>Y >RANGEM5TS1 MADE IT 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO RETA9 ITS COMPETITIVE POSITION ON ! WORLD M>KET1 ?REAT5$ BY ! GR[+ ECONOMIC /R5G? ( ,EUROPE & ,JAPAN4 ,IT L$ FIR/ TO AN APP>5TLY P]MAN5T NEGATIVE PAYM5TS BALANCE & F9ALLY TO A NEGATIVE TRADE BALANCE RE9=C+ ! UNFAVORABLE PAYM5TS BALANCE4 ,TO BE SURE1 EXT5SIVE CAPITAL EXPORTS %>E ! RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS SITUATION1 BUT ?IS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO BE (FSET AGA9 BY CAPITAL IMPORTS & ! REPATRIATION ( PR(ITS :I* MAY R$UCE OR ELIM9ATE ! UNFAVORABLE PAYM5TS BALANCE1 :]EAS ! W> EXP5DITURES >E A %E] WA/E :I* CANNOT BE RECOV]$ 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN RUL+ CLASS1 ?R\< ITS GOV]NM5T1 WAS 9DUC$ TO SE>* = A WAY TO LIQUIDATE ! ,9DO*9A W> 9 ORD] TO HUSB& ITS RES\RCES NOT ONLY 9 VIEW ( 9T]NAL ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ?REAT5+ CONFLICTS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD & ITS DECL9+ ROLE 9 ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,TO SAY ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN RUL+ CLASS WAS LOOK+ = A WAY TO LIQUIDATE ! ,9DO*9A W> IS NOT TO DISP>AGE ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD ITS [N1 9DEP5D5T1 EFFECT UPON GOV]NM5T POLICIES REG>D+ ! EXECUTION ( ! W>4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT WAS ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF :I* TRI$ TO 5D ! W> ON ,AM]ICAN T]MS ) ! AID ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 P[]S & BY A %IFT ( POLICY :I* TURN$ ! IMPLACABLE 5EMIES ( YE/]DAY 9TO TODAY'S COLLABORATORS1 & :I* W]E TO RE/ORE ! CONDITIONS 9 ,9DO*9A TO :AT !Y HAD BE5 AT ! TIME ( ! ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS1 :I* HAD BE5 RATIFI$ BY ,*9A & ,RUSSIA BUT NOT BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! PREC>I\S ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 BO? ,RUSSIA & ,*9A 9DUC$ !SE P[]S TO REA* = ! SAME BREA?+ SPELL :I* ! ,AM]ICANS TRI$ TO GA9 = !MSELVES BY WAY ( A COMPROMISE SOLUTION :I* LEFT ! ,9DO*9A ISSUE 9 ABEYANCE4 ,AL?\< SU* T]MS AS 0SELL+ \T0 HAVE NO MEAN+ ) REG>D TO POLICIES DET]M9+ NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 ?AT IS1 ! 9T]E/S ( NATIONALLY-ORGANIZ$ RUL+ CLASSES1 ?IS 9APPROPRIATE T]M DESCRIBES NEV]!LESS ! PROC$URES :I* L$ TO ! TRUCE 9 ,VIETNAM1 H[EV] %ORTLIV$ ?AT TRUCE MAY PROVE TO BE4 ,IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY IGNOR+ ! W>R+ GOV]NM5TS ( BO? ,NOR? & ,S\? ,VIETNAM & !IR DECL>$ OBJECTIVES1 & WAS >RANG$ BY WAY ( AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! GREAT IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 :I* HAD ALSO BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ! W> & ! C\RSE IT TOOK4 ,! ,VIETNAMESE POPULATION1 ,NOR? & ,S\?1 H[EV] H]OIC OR UNH]OIC1 M]ELY S]V$ AS CANNON FODD] 9 A W> ( WILL+ OR UNWILL+ PROXIES = GREAT P[] 9T]E/S1 TO :I* !IR [N GOV]NM5TS SUBORD9AT$ !MSELVES ONLY TO BE SACRIFIC$ :5 ?IS PROV$ TO BE OPPORTUNE4 ,CONTR>Y TO ALL APPE>ANCES1 ! AGE ( NATIONALISM LIES 9 ! PA/1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 IT HAS BECOME AN ANA*RONISM UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IMP]IALISM1 ( :I* ! ,9DO*9A W> PROVIDES ONLY ! MO/ REC5T EXAMPLE4 0,PEACE 9 ,9DO*9A10 ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN SPOKESMAN1 ,KISS+]1 0REQUIRES ! SELF-RE/RA9T ( ALL ! MAJOR C\NTRIES1 & ESPECIALLY ( ?OSE C\NTRIES :I* ON ALL SIDES HAVE SUPPLI$ ! :]E)AL = ! CONFLICT4 ,WE ON \R P>T >E PREP>$ TO EX]CISE SU* RE/RA9T4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! O!R C\NTRIES -- ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A -- CAN MAKE A V]Y MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO PEACE 9 ,9DO*9A BY EX]CIS+ SIMIL> RE/RA9TS40 ,*9A1 BE+ 9 ! WEAKE/ COMPETITIVE POSITION & MILIT>ILY MO/ 5DANG]$ PU%$ = AN ACCORD ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IF ONLY TO CURB ,MOSC['S 9FLU5CE BY WAY ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM 9 ,9DO*9A1 EV5 ?\< ?IS IMPLI$ ! ACCEPTANCE ( ,AM]ICA'S CONT9U$ PRES5CE & 9FLU5CE 9 ?AT REGION4 ,& = ,RUSSIA1 ACCORD+ TO ,BREZHNEV1 0! /RUGGLE TO 5D ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( \R =EIGN POLICY1 ( ! PEACE PROGRAM ADVANC$ BY ! #b#d? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,& N[ AN 5D IS MADE TO ! W>4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 ! MO/ DANG]\S SEAT ( W> 9 ! WORLD IS BE+ LIQUIDAT$40 ,BUT TO REA* ?IS /ATE ( BLISS1 MILLIONS ( ,9DO*9ESE HAD FIR/ TO DIE & :OLE C\NTRIES HAD TO BE DEVA/AT$ ONLY TO PRODUCE1 = ! TIME BE+1 A TRUCE BETWE5 ! ?REE COMPET+ IMP]IALI/ P[]S 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,AT ?IS WRIT+1 ! W> 9 ,9DO*9A HAS BY NO MEANS BE5 LIQUIDAT$ & EV5 ! ,VIETNAMESE CEASE-FIRE IS BE+ OBS]V$ MO/LY 9 ! BREA*4 ,! BOMBS >E /ILL FALL+ 9 ,LAOS & ,CAMBODIA -- :I*1 H[EV]1 DID NOT PREV5T ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC ( ,VIETNAM1 ! ,S\? ,VIETNAM ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT & ! ,PROVISIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM FROM SOLEMNLY DECL>+ ?AT !Y WILL /RICTLY OBS]VE ALL ! PROVISIONS ( ! ,P>IS TRUCE4 ,IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT ,KISS+] & ,LE ,DUC ,?O HAD 5T]$ 9TO AN EXPLICIT ORAL AGREEM5T ?AT ONLY :5 ! PR9CIPALS 9 ! CIVIL W>S 9 ,LAOS & ,CAMBODIA AGRE$ TO A CEASE-FIRE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES W\LD ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,NOR? ,VIETNAM CEASE !IR [N MILIT>Y ACTIVITIES 9 !SE NATIONS4 ,?IS COMMON 5DORSEM5T ( DIPLOMACY BY WAY ( MURD]1 ( ! JUGGL+ ( P[] POSITIONS ( DIV]SE RUL+ CLASSES AT ! EXP5SE ( UNC\NT$ HUMAN LIVES1 %[S CLE>LY ?AT 9 ,VIETNAM1 AS 9 ! WORLD AT L>GE1 IT IS NOT ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE BUT SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( !IR RUL+ CLASSES :I* DET]M9E :E!R !Y %ALL LIVE OR DIE1 & ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES !MSELVES >E SUBJECT$ TO ! MANIPULATIONS ( ! IMP]IALI/ PROTECTORS :O >E ALSO !IR MA/]S4 ,IT ALSO %[S ?AT ! PROCESS ( DIVID+ UP ,9DO*9A HAS NOT BE5 COMPLET$ &1 P]HAPS1 CANNOT BE COMPLET$ AT ALL4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ?IS IS NOT ! 5D ( ! ,ASIAN UPHEAVALS BUT M]ELY A PAUSE TO BE UTILIZ$ = A REALIGNM5T ( IMP]IALI/ ALLIANCES 9 ! HOPE ( REA*+ A W9N+ COMB9ATION ABLE TO BREAK ! PRES5T /ALEMATE & TO DET]M9E ! NATURE ( ,ASIA'S FUR!R DEVELOPM5T BY WAY ( NEW P[] /RUGGLES4 .<#a.>4 ,SEE3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,MIX$ ,ECONOMY1 ,BO/ON1 #a#i#f#i4 .<#b.>4 ,P4,A4 ,B>AN & ,P4,M4 ,SWEEZY1 0,NOTES ON ! ,!ORY ( ,IMP]IALISM01 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW1 ,M>*1 #a#i#f#f1 P4 #a#f4 .<#c.>4 ,IBID41 P4 #b#d4 .<#d.>4 ,W4,F4 ,W]!IM1 ,EA/-,WE/ ,P>ALLELS1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#f#e1 P4 #i#h4 .<#e.>4 ,AN ,ECONOMIC ,ANALYSIS ( ,F> ,EA/]N ,AGRICULTURE4 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C41 #a#i#f#a1 P4 #c4 .<#f.>4 ,J4,P4 ,GITT+]1 ,/UDIES ON ,L& ,T5URE 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,U4,S4 ,OP]ATION ,MISSION 9 ,VIETNAM1 #a#i#e#i1 PP4 #a1 #e4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,9DO*9A -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,9DO*9A -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/