,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 
,REPRESSION1 ,VIOL5CE & ,FAILURE2 ,DEVELOPM5T ,CONT9UES 7#a#h#b#e-#a#h#e#e7 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

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,*APT] #b4 ,REPRESSION1 ,VIOL5CE & ,FAILURE2 ,DEVELOPM5T ,CONT9UES 7#a#h#b#e-#a#h#e#e7 

  

,! REIGN ( ,NI*OLAS ,I LA/$ FROM #ahbe TO #a#h#e#e4 ,FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW NO?+ /RIK+ *>ACT]IZES !SE YE>S4 ,?IS ?IRTY YE> P]IOD IS NEV]!LESS NOTABLE 9 SEV]AL IMPORTANT RESPECTS4 

,HAV+ ASC5D$ TO ! ?RONE 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,DECEMBRI/ REVOLT1 ,NI*OLAS ,I UND]TOOK TO HOLD ! C\NTRY 9 AN IRON VISE SO AS TO SQUEL* 9 ! BUD ANY EXPRESSION ( LIB]ALISM4 ,HE /R5G!N$ ABSOLUTE RULE TO ! LIMIT & SUCCE$$ 9 TRANS=M+ ,RUSSIA JNTO A BUREAUCRATIC & REPRESSIVE /ATE4 6 

,! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS :I* SUBSEQU5TLY %OOK ,EUROPE W]E NI<TM>ES = HIM4 ,HE UND]TOOK EXTRAORD9>Y PRECAUTION>Y MEASURES4 

,! 5TIRE POPULATION WAS CLOSELY WAT*$4 ,! >BITR>9ESS ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! POLICE & ! C\RTS NO LONG] HAD ANY LIMITS4 ,ANY EXPRESSION ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ANY ATTEMPT TO ELUDE ! IRON FI/ ( ! POLICE WAS RU?LESSLY REPRESS$4 

,NATURALLY !RE WAS NOT EV5 A %AD[ ( FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ASSEMBLY1 OR ASSOCIATION4 

,C5SOR%IP ?RIV$ AS NEV] BE=E4 

,ALL 9FRACTIONS ( ! 0LAWS0 W]E PUNI%$ ) ! UTMO/ SEV]ITY4 

,! ,POLI% UPRIS+ ( #ahca 7DR[N$ 9 BLOOD ) A R>E F]OCITY71 AS WELL AS ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION1 L$ ! EMP]OR TO FUR!R ACC5TUATE ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,PEOPLE'S LIVES W]E REGULAT$ AS 9 B>RACKS & SEV]E PUNI%M5T FELL ON ANYONE :O TRI$ TO AVOID ! IMPOS$ DISCIPL9E4 

,?IS SOV]EIGN WELL DES]V$ ! NAME3 ,NI*OLAS ! ,FI]CE4 

,9 SPITE ( ALL ! MEASURES -- OR RA!R BECAUSE ( !M & !IR NEF>I\S EFFECTS1 :I* ! ,CZ> 9 HIS BL9DNESS DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT -- ! C\NTRY 7NAMELY C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION7 EXPRESS$ ITS DISCONT5T AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY4 

,! L&$ NOBLES1 PAMP]$ BY ! EMP]OR :O CONSID]$ !M HIS MA9 SUPPORT1 EXPLOIT$ ! S]FS ) IMPUNITY & TREAT$ !M ABOM9ABLY4 ,! PEASANTS BECAME P]CEPTIBLY IRRITAT$4 ,ACTS ( REBELLION AGA9/ ! 0POME%*IKS0 7LORDS7 & AGA9/ ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES REA*$ AL>M+ PROPORTIONS4 ,REPRESSIVE MEASURES BEGAN TO LOSE !IR EFFECTIV5ESS4 

,! CORRUPTION1 9COMPET5CE1 & CAPRICE ( ! FUNCTION>IES GREW 9CREAS+LY UNBE>ABLE4 ,S9CE ! ,CZ> NE$$ ! SUPPORT & ! VIOL5CE ( ! FUNCTION>IES TO 0KEEP ! PEOPLE 9 L9E10 HE W\LD HE> NO?+ & SEE NO?+4 ,! ANG] ( ?OSE :O SUFF]$ FROM ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ONLY GREW MORE 9T5SE4 

,! VITAL =CES ( ! SOCIETY DID NOT /IR4 ,ONLY ! (FICIAL R\T9E1 ABSURD & IMPOT5T1 WAS ALL[$4 

,?IS SITUATION WAS UNAVOIDABLY LEAD+ T[>D ! FUTURE DECOMPOSITION ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM4 ,P[]FUL ONLY 9 APPE>ANCE1 ! 0REGIME ( ! KN\T0 WAS ROTT5 9SIDE4 ,! IMM5SE EMPIRE WAS ALREADY BECOM+ A 0GIANT ) CLAY FEET40 

,GR[+ SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION W]E BECOM+ AW>E ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,! SPIRIT ( OPPOSITION AGA9/ ?IS IMPOSSIBLE SY/EM WAS 9FECT+ ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 

,IT WAS 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! MAGNIFIC5T EVOLUTION -- BO? RAPID & IMPORTANT -- ( ! Y\NG 9TELLECTUAL /RATUM BEGAN4 

,9 A C\NTRY AS L>GE & PROLIFIC AS ,RUSSIA1 Y\? W]E NUM]\S AMONG ALL CLASSES ( ! POPULATION4 ,:AT WAS !IR G5]AL \TLOOK8 

,LEAV+ ASIDE ! PEASANT Y\?1 WE CAN OBS]VE ?AT ! MORE OR LESS $UCAT$ Y\NG] G5]ATIONS PR(ESS$ ADVANC$ IDEAS4 ,MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY Y\? DID NOT READILY ACCEPT ! SLAV]Y ( ! PEASANTS4 ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTISM %OCK$ !M4 ,! /UDY ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 :I* NO AM\NT ( C5SOR%IP C\LD PREV5T 7ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! C5SOR%IP GAVE RISE TO A TA/E = =BIDD5 FRUIT71 /IMULAT$ !IR IMAG9ATIONS4 ,! RISE ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES & ( MAT]IALISM MADE A /RONG IMPRESSION ON !M4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD ?AT ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 TAK+ ITS 9SPIRATION FROM HUMANI/ PR9CIPLES1 FL[]$ & EX]T$ A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON Y\?1 9 SPITE ( ! C5SOR%IP1 :I* IT SUCCESSFULLY CIRCUMV5T$4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ECONOMICALLY1 ! LABOR ( ! S]FS & ! ABS5CE ( ALL FRE$OMS NO LONG] RESPOND$ TO ! PRESS+ NE$S ( ! TIME4 

,= ALL !SE REASONS1 9TELLECTUALS1 P>TICUL>LY ! Y\?1 W]E !ORETICALLY EMANCIPAT$ T[>D ! 5D ( ! REIGN ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 ,! 9TELLECTUALS W]E RESOLUTELY OPPOS$ TO S]FDOM & ABSOLUTISM4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ! WELL-KN[N NIHILI/ CURR5T WAS BORN1 AS WELL AS A%>P CONFLICT BETWE5 CONS]VATIVE 0FA!RS0 & FI]CELY PROGRESSIVE 0SONS10 A CONFLICT SUP]BLY DEPICT$ BY ,TURG5EV 9 HIS NOVEL1 ,FA!RS & ,SONS4 

,\TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA A WIDESPREAD & DEEPLY ROOT$ MISUND]/&+ ACCOMPANIES ! WORD 0NIHILISM10 :I* ORIG9AT$ SOME #ge YE>S AGO 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE & :I*1 DUE TO ITS ,LAT9 ORIG91 PASS$ 9TO O!R LANGUAGES )\T BE+ TRANSLAT$4 

,9 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E1 0NIHILISM0 IS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD AS A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL & SOCIAL DOCTR9E1 9V5T$ 9 ,RUSSIA :]E IT HAS OR HAD NUM]\S ORGANIZ$ ADH]5TS4 ,PEOPLE /ILL SPEAK ( A 0NIHILI/ P>TY0 & ( ITS MEMB]S1 ! 0NIHILI/S40 ,NONE ( ?IS IS EXACT4 

,! T]M 0NIHILISM0 WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO LIT]ATURE & SUBSEQU5TLY 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE BY ! CELEBRAT$ NOVELI/ ,IVAN ,TURG5EV 7#a#h#a#h-#a#h#h#c7 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ONE ( HIS NOVELS ,TURG5EV US$ ?IS WORD TO DESCRIBE A CURR5T ( IDEAS -- & NOT A DOCTR9E -- :I* APPE>$ AMONG Y\NG ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS AT ! 5D ( #a#h#e4 ,! T]M CAU<T ON & QUICKLY BECAME P>T ( ! LANGUAGE4 

,?IS CURR5T ( IDEAS HAD AN ESS5TIALLY PHILOSOPHIC & L>GELY MORAL *>ACT]4 ,ITS FIELD ( 9FLU5CE WAS ALWAYS LIMIT$ S9CE IT NEV] W5T BEYOND ! 9TELLECTUAL /RATUM4 ,ITS /&PO9T WAS ALWAYS P]SONAL & PACIFI/1 :I* DID NOT KEEP IT FROM BE+ ANIMAT$ BY A G5]\S SPIRIT ( REVOLT & GUID$ BY ! DREAM ( HAPP9ESS = ALL HUMANITY4 

,! MOVEM5T :I* WAS SET (F BY ?IS CURR5T 7IF ONE CAN SPEAK ( A MOVEM5T7 DID NOT GO BEYOND ! DOMA9S ( LIT]ATURE & CU/OMS 7MOEURS74 ,ANY O!R TYPE ( MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE UND] ! REGIME ( ! TIME4 ,H[EV]1 9 !SE TWO DOMA9S IT DID NOT HESITATE TO DRAW ! LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS :I* IT NOT ONLY =MULAT$ BUT ALSO S\<T TO APPLY 9DIVIDUALLY AS RULES ( CONDUCT4 

,)9 !SE LIMITS1 ! MOVEM5T PAV$ ! WAY = ,I AN 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEVELOPM5T :I* L$ ,RUSSIAN Y\? T[>D SOME V]Y BROAD & PROGRESSIVE CONCEPTIONS4 ,ONE RESULT WAS ! EMANCIPATION ( $UCAT$ WOM51 AN A*IEVEM5T ( :I* LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,RUSSIA C\LD JU/LY BE PR\D4 

,9 SPITE ( ITS /RICTLY PHILOSOPHICAL & 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]1 ?IS 9TELLECTUAL CURR5T1 DUE TO ITS HUMANI/IC & LIB]AT+ SPIRIT1 C>RI$ ! G]M ( LAT] SOCIAL CONCEPTIONS :I* GAVE RISE TO A REAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT WAS BO? POLITICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL4 0,NIHILISM0 PREP>$ ! GR\ND = ?IS MOVEM5T1 :I* APPE>$ LAT] UND] ! /IMULUS ( ,EUROPEAN IDEAS AS WELL AS 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL EV5TS4 

,\TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA1 ! 0NIHILI/0 CURR5T IS G5]ALLY CONFUS$ ) ! LAT] MOVEM5T :I* WAS L$ BY P>TIES OR ORGANIZ$ GR\PS ) A PROGRAM ( ACTION & CONCRETE GOALS4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY TO ! CURR5T ( IDEAS :I* WAS A PRECURSOR ( ?IS MOVEM5T ?AT ! T]M 0NIHILI/0 %\LD BE APPLI$4 

,AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTION1 NIHILISM WAS BAS$ ON MAT]IALISM & 9DIVIDUALISM1 UND]/OOD 9 !IR BROADE/1 EV5 EXAGG]AT$1 S5SE4 

,=CE & ,MATT]1 ! FAM\S WORK ( ,BU*N] 7,G]MAN MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPH]1 #a#h#b#d-#a#h#i#i71 WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN1 CL&E/9ELY LI?OGRAPH$1 & ?\S&S ( COPIES W]E DI/RIBUT$ DESPITE ! RISKS4 ,?IS BOOK BECAME ! ,BIBLE ( ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUAL Y\? ( ! TIME4 ,! WORKS ( ,MOLE-S*OTT1 ,*>LES ,D>W9 & SEV]AL MAT]IALI/ & NATURALI/ AU?ORS ALSO EX]T$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE4 

,MAT]IALISM WAS ACCEPT$ AS AN UNQUE/IONABLE ABSOLUTE TRU?4 

,AS MAT]IALI/S1 ! NIHILI/S 5GAG$ 9 AN UNREL5T+ W> AGA9/ RELIGION & AGA9/ EV]Y?+ :I* ESCAPES PURE REASON OR POSITIVE PRO(1 AGA9/ EV]Y?+ :I* IS BEYOND MAT]IAL REALITY OR BEYOND VALUES ) NO PRACTICAL USE -- 9 %ORT1 AGA9/ EV]Y?+ :I* IS SPIRITUAL1 S5TIM5TAL OR IDEALI/IC4 

,!Y SCORN$ ES!TICS1 BEAUTY1 COM=T1 SPIRITUAL 5JOYM5T1 S5TIM5TAL LOVE1 FA%ION1 ! DESIRE TO PLEASE4 ,!Y W5T SO F> AS TO COMPLETELY REJECT >T AS A MANIFE/ATION ( IDEALISM4 ,!IR GREAT IDEOLOGI/1 ! BRILLIANT PUBLICI/ ,PIS>EV1 :O DI$ 9 AN ACEID5T :5 HE WAS Y\NG1 =MULAT$ 79 ONE ( HIS >TICLES7 HIS FAM\S P>ALLEL BETWE5 A WORK] & AN >TI/4 ,PIS>EV HELD ?AT ANY COBBL] WAS 9F9ITELY MORE ADMIRABLE TTYAN ,RAPHAEL1 S9CE ! FIR/ PRODUCES USEFUL MAT]IAL OBJECTS :ILE ! PA9T+S ( ! SECOND S]VE NO PURPOSE4 ,9 HIS WRIT+S1 ,PIS>EV F]V5TLY APPLI$ MAT]IALI/IC & UTILIT>IAN PR9CIPLES TO DE?RONE ! GREAT POET ,PU%K94 ,! NIHILI/ ,BAZ>OV 9 ,TURG5EV'S NOVEL1 SAYS1 0,NATURE IS NOT A TEMPLE BUT A LABORATORY1 & MAN IS !RE TO WORK40 

,:5 SPEAK+ ( ! 0UNREL5T+ W>0 WAG$ BY ! NIHILI/S1 ONE MU/ UND]/& A LIT]>Y & V]BAL W>1 & NO MORE4 ,NIHILISM'S ACTIVITY WAS LIMIT$ TO A VEIL$ PROPAG&A ( ITS IDEAS 9 J\RNALS & AMONG 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IT WAS NOT EASY TO SPREAD ?IS PROPAG&A S9CE IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! C5SOR%IP AS WELL AS ! ,CZ>I/ POLICE1 :I* SUPPRESS$ 0=EIGN H]ESIES0 & ALL 9DEP5D5T ?\<T4 ,! 0EXT]NAL0 MANIFE/ATIONS ( NIHILISM CONSI/$ MA9LY ( DRESS+ V]Y PLA9LY & BEHAV+ UN9HIBIT$LY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 NIHILI/ WOM5 G5]ALLY HAD %ORT HAIR1 (T5 WORE GLASSES TO MAKE !MSELVES UGLY & EMPHASIZE !IR CONTEMPT = BEAUTY & /YLI%NESS1 DRESS$ 9 CO>SE CLO?+ TO DEFY FA%ION1 WALK$ LIKE M5 & SMOK$ 9 ORD] TO PROCLAIM ! EQUALITY ( ! SEXES & DEMON/RATE !IR CONTEMPT = ! RULES ( CONV5TION4 ,!SE EXTRAVAGANCES DID NOT 9 ANY WAY DIM9I% ! S]I\SNESS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ANY O!R TYPE ( 0EXT]IORIZATION0 EXPLA9$ &1 9 L>GE MEASURE1 JU/IFI$ !M4 ,9 ! REALM ( P]SONAL MORALITY1 ! NIHILI/S PRACTIC$ AN ABSOLUTE RIGORISM4 

,BUT ! MA9 PR9CIPLE ( NIHILISM WAS A =M ( SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,ORIG9ALLY A V]Y NATURAL REACTION AGA9/ EV]Y?+ :I* ! ,RUSSIA ( ?AT P]IOD SUPPRESS$1 ?IS 9DIVIDUALISM 5D$ UP BY D5\NC+1 9 ! NAME ( ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 ALL CON/RA9TS1 OBLIGATIONS & OB/ACLES1 & ALL ! TRADITIONS IMPOS$ ON MAN BY SOCIETY2 ! FAMILY1 CU/OMS1 MORALS1 BELIEFS1 E/ABLI%$ CONV5TIONS4 

,! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :E!R MAN OR WOMAN1 FROM EV]Y?+ :I* MI<T 9FR+E ON HIS 9DEP5D5CE OR HIS FRE$OM ( ?\<T3 ?IS WAS ! BASIC IDEA ( NIHILISM4 ,IT DEF5D$ ! SACR$ RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO TOTAL LIB]TY & TO ! 9VIOLABILITY ( HIS LIFE4 

,! READ] CAN UND]/& :Y ?IS CURR5T ( IDEAS IS CALL$ NIHILISM4 ,?IS T]M WAS US$ TO DESCRIBE ! P>TISANS ( AN IDEOLOGY :I* ACCEPT$ NO?+ 79 ,LAT91 NIHIL7 ( ?AT :I* WAS NATURAL & SACR$ = O!RS3 FAMILY1 SOCIETY1 RELIGION1 TRADITIONS4 ,:5 ONE ASK$ SU* A P]SON1 0,:AT DO Y\ ADMIT1 :AT DO Y\ APPROVE 9 ! 5VIRONM5T :I* SURR\NDS Y\ & :I* CLAIMS TO HAVE ! RI<T & EV5 ! DUTY TO CONTROL Y\80 HE ANSW]$3 0,NO?+60 7,NIHIL74 ,HE WAS A NIHILI/4 

,9 SPITE ( ITS ESS5TIALLY 9DIVUALI/IC & PHILOSOPHICAL *>ACT] 7IT DEF5D$ ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 AN AB/RACT MANN] RA!R ?AN AGA9/ ! RUL+ DESPOTISM71 NIHILISM PREP>$ ! GR\ND = ! CONCRETE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REAL & IMM$IATE OB/ACLE1 = CONCRETE POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 

,BUT IT DID NOT ITSELF UND]TAKE ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,IT DID NOT EV5 ASK ! QUE/ION3 0,:AT CAN BE DONE TO ACTUALLY LIB]ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL80 ,TO ! V]Y 5D IT /AY$ 9 ! REALM ( PURELY IDEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS & PURELY MORAL A*IEVEM5TS4 ,! O!R QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ( DIRECT ACTION = LIB]ATION1 WAS POS$ BY ! NEXT G5]ATION1 DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ahg & #a#h#h4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIALI/ GR\PS W]E =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ACTION BEGAN4 ,BUT IT NO LONG] HAD ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) ! 0NIHILISM0 ( =M] DAYS4 ,EV5 ! WORD WAS DISC>D$4 ,IT REMA9$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A PURELY HI/ORICAL T]M1 A RELIC & S\V5IR ( ! 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T ( #a#h#f-#a#h#g4 

,! FACT ?AT ABROAD PEOPLE ]RONE\SLY USE ! T]M 0NIHILISM0 TO REF] TO ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BE=E 0,BOL%EVISM0 & SPEAK ( A 0NIHILI/ P>TY10 IS DUE TO LACK ( KN[L$GE ( ! REAL HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! \TRAGE\SLY REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T ( ,NI*OLAS ,I REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE EI!R ! REAL SITUATION OR ! 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T4 ,9/EAD1 IT DEFI$ SOCIETY BY CREAT+ A SECRET POLITICAL POLICE 7! WELL-KN[N ,OKHRANA3 0,SECURITY07 & SPECIAL CORPS ( POLICE TO DE/ROY ! MOVEM5T4 

,POLITICAL P]SECUTIONS BECAME A TRUE SC\RGE4 ,WE MI<T REMEMB] ?AT DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! Y\NG ,DO/OYEVSKY WAS ALMO/ EXECUT$1 & WAS IMPRISON$ = BELONG+ TO A COMPLETELY H>MLESS /UDY GR\P 9SPIR$ BY ,PETRAS*EVSKY2 ?AT !FIR/ GREAT ,RUSSIAN CRITIC & PUBLICI/1 ,BEL9SKY1 B>ELY SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ HIMSELF HE>D2 ?AT ANO!R GREAT PUBLICI/1 ,H]Z51 WAS =C$ TO BECOME AN EXPATRIATE2 NOT TO M5TION ACCOMPLI%$ & ACTIVE REVOLUTION>IES LIKE ,BAKUN94 ,J 

,ALL ( ?IS REPRESSION DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 CALM+ ! AGITATION1 ! CAUSES ( :I* W]E TOO DEEPLY-ROOT$4 ,IT SUCCE$$ EV5 LESS 9 IMPROV+ ! SITUATION4 ,! ,CZ>'S REM$Y WAS TO /R5G!N ! REPRESSIVE & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS /ILL MORE4 

,CONCURR5TLY1 ,RUSSIA WAS DRAWN 9TO ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> 7#a#h#e#d-#a#h#e#e74 ,?IS WAS A CATA/ROPHE4 ,! VICISSITUDES ( ! W> FACTUALLY DEMON/RAT$ ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! REGIME & ! REAL WEAKNESS ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,! 0CLAY FEET0 GAVE WAY = ! FIR/ TIME4 7,NATURALLY ! LESSON S]V$ NO IMPORTANT PURPOSE47 ,! ,/ATE'S POLITICAL & SOCIAL SORES W]E EXPOS$4 

,NI*OLAS ,I1 DEFEAT$1 DI$ 9 #ahee AS SOON AS ! W> WAS LO/4 ,P]FECTLY AW>E ( ! BANKRUPTCY BUT UNABLE TO FACE UP TO IT1 HE PROBABLY DI$ ( ! MORAL %OCK4 ,SOME EV5 9SI/$ ?AT HE COMMITT$ SUICIDE BY POISON+ HIMSELF4 ,?IS 9T]PRETATION IS HI<LY PLAUSIBLE BUT !RE IS NO PRO(4 

,WE MU/ 9SI/ ON A LITTLE KN[N FACT TO HELP ! READ] UND]/& :AT FOLL[S4 

,9 SPITE ( ALL ! WEAKNESSES & OB/ACLES1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! C\NTRY MADE CONSID]ABLE CULTURAL & TE*NICAL PROGRESS4 

,DRIV5 BY 9ESCAPABLE ECONOMIC NECESSITIES1 0NATIONAL0 9DU/RY WAS BORN1 SIMULTANE\SLY GIV+ BIR? TO A WORK+ CLASS1 A 0PROLET>IAT40 ,L>GE FACTORIES W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 SEV]AL CITIES4 ,H>BORS W]E OP5$4 ,COAL1 IRON & GOLD M9ES BEGAN TO OP]ATE4 ,TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS W]E 5L>G$ & IMPROV$4 ,! FIR/ EXPRESS RAILWAY WAS CON/RUCT$1 CONNECT+ ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 7,L5+RAD7 & ,MOSC[1 ! TWO CAPITALS ( ?IS IMM5SE C\NTRY4 ,?IS RAILWAY IS AN 5G9E]+ M>VEL1 S9CE ! REGION BETWE5 !SE TWO CITIES IS UNSUIT$ = ?IS TYPE ( CON/RUCTION2 ! L& IS NOT FIRM & FREQU5TLY CONSI/S ( SWAMPS & M>%ES4 ,! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ IS AB\T #f V]/S 7#d MILES74 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( AN ECONOMICALLY RATIONAL CON/RUCTION1 !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( A /RAI<T R\TE4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ,NI*OLAS ,I1 :O TOOK A P]SONAL 9T]E/ 9 ! PROJECT 7! /ATE WAS DO+ ! CON/RUCTION71 ORD]$ V>I\S 5G9E]S TO DRAW UP & PRES5T BLUEPR9TS ) E/IMATES4 ,!SE 5G9E]S1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION1 PRES5T$ ! ,EMP]OR ) PROJECT$ R\TES :I* W]E EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$1 5TAIL+ NUM]\S SWIT*BACKS1 ETC4 ,NI*OLAS UND]/OOD4 ,GLANC+ BRIEFLY AT ! BLUEPR9TS1 HE PU%$ !M ASIDE1 TOOK A P5CIL & PIECE ( PAP]1 DREW TWO PO9TS1 CONNECT$ !M ) A /RAI<T L9E & SAID1 0,! %ORTE/ DI/ANCE BETWE5 TWO PO9TS IS A /RAI<T L9E40 ,IT WAS A =MAL ORD]1 )\T APPEAL4 ,! 5G9E]S HAD ONLY TO C>RY IT \T1 :I* !Y DID1 ?US ACCOMPLI%+ A G5U9E FEAT4 ,IT WAS A G>GANTUAN TASK1 ACCOMPLI%$ AT AN UNBELIEVABLE CO/1 CAUS+ DEVA/AT+ H>D%IP = ?\S&S ( WORK]S4 

,FROM ITS COMPLETION1 ! 0,NI*OLAYEVSKAYA0 7,NI*OLAS'S7 RAILWAY HAS BE5 ONE ( ! WORLD'S MO/ REM>KABLE RAILWAYS3 !RE >E EXACTLY #fi V]/S 7#d#e MILES7 ( TRACK 9 AN ALMO/ P]FECT /RAI<T L9E4 

,WE %\LD NOTE ?AT ! EM]G5T WORK+ CLASS CONT9U$ TO RETA9 CLOSE TIES ) ! C\NTRYSIDE FROM :I* IT CAME & TO :I* IT RETURN$ AS SOON AS ! 0\TSIDE0 WORK WAS F9I%$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! PEASANTS1 ATTA*$ TO ! L& ( !IR LORDS1 C\LD NOT LEAVE IT P]MAN5TLY4 ,BE=E !Y C\LD BE EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RIAL PROJECTS11 SPECIAL >RANGEM5TS HAD TO BE MADE ) !IR L&[N]S4 ,! REAL WORK]S ( ! CITIES -- AT ?IS TIME IT9]ANT CRAFTSM5 -- W]E A V]Y SMALL CONT+5T4 ,?US WE >E NOT YET DEAL+ ) A 0PROLET>IAT0 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,BUT ! IMPETUS = ! CREATION ( SU* A PROLET>IAT WAS ALREADY !RE4 ,! NE$ = RELIABLE & REGUL> LABOR]S WAS ONE ( ! PRESS+ ECONOMIC REASONS :I* DEM&$ ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM4 ,TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS H5CE ! CLASS ( WAGE LABOR]S1 ! REAL 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 NO LONG] TI$ TO ! L&1 WAS GO+ TO APPE> 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS IT HAD ELSE:]E4 

,!RE W]E ALSO GREAT ADVANCES 9 ! CULTURAL REALM4 ,WELL-TO-DO P>5TS WANT$ !IR *ILDR5 TO BE $UCAT$ & CULTUR$4 ,! RAPIDLY GR[+ NUMB] ( HI< S*OOL & COLLEGE /UD5TS =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO CONT9UALLY 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( SECOND>Y S*OOLS & 9/ITUTIONS ( HI<] $UCATION4 ,ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL NE$S1 AS WELL AS ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 ALSO DEM&$ $UCATIONAL E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,NI*OLAS'S REIGN1 ,RUSSIA HAD SIX UNIV]SITIES3 9 ,MOSC[1 ,DORPAT1 ,KH>KOV1 ,KAZAN1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,KIEV 7LI/$ 9 ! ORD] ( ! DATES ( !IR F\ND+7 AS WELL AS SEV]AL S*OOLS = ADVANC$ TE*NICAL OR SPECIAL /UDIES4 

,?US ! WIDESPREAD LEG5D ?AT ALL ( ,RUSSIA AT ?IS TIME WAS UN$UCAT$1 B>B>IAN1 ALMO/ 0SAVAGE10 IS FALSE4 ,! PEASANT POPULATION UND] S]FDOM WAS 9DE$ UN$UCAT$ & 0SAVAGE40 ,BUT ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CITIES HAD NO REASON TO 5VY ! CULTURAL A*IEVEM5TS ( !IR WE/]N C\NT]P>TS1 EXCEPT 9 SOME PURELY TE*NICAL REALMS4 ,AS = ! 9TELLECTUAL Y\?1 !Y W]E1 9 SOME RESPECTS1 EV5 MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ! Y\? ( O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,?IS 5ORM\S1 P>ADOXICAL GAP BETWE5 ! M5TALITY ( ! 5SLAV$ POPULATION & ! CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! PRIVILEG$ /RATA HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$ E>LI]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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