,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 
,RE=MS2 ,RESUMPTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION 0,! ,FAILURE ( ,CZ>ISM0 & ! ,FAILURE ( ,REVOLUTION2 ,REACTION 7#a#h#e#e-#a#h#h#a7 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c4 ,RE=MS2 ,RESUMPTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION 0,! ,FAILURE ( ,CZ>ISM0 & ! ,FAILURE ( ,REVOLUTION2 ,REACTION 7#a#h#e#e-#a#h#h#a7 

  

,IT WAS ! SON & SUCCESSOR ( ,NI*OLAS ,I1 ,EMP]OR ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 :O HAD TO FACE ! DIFFICULT SITUATION ( ! C\NTRY & ! REGIME4 ,G5]AL DISCONT5T1 PRESSURE FROM ! PROGRESSIVE 9TELLECTUAL /RATA1 FE> ( AN UPRIS+ BY ! PEASANT MASSES1 & F9ALLY ! ECONOMIC NECESSITIES ( ! P]IOD1 =C$ ! ,CZ> TO GIVE 9 & EMB>K RESOLUTELY ON A PA? ( RE=M1 DESPITE ! BITT] RESI/ANCE ( REACTION>Y CIRCLES4 ,HE DECID$ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! PURELY BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM & TO ! ABSOLUTE >BITR>9ESS ( ADM9I/RATIVE (FIC]S1 & 9/ITUT$ F>-REA*+ *ANGES 9 ! JUDICIAL SY/EM4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE CONFRONT$ ! PROBLEM ( S]FDOM4 

,FROM #ahf ON1 RE=MS FOLL[$ EA* O!R 9 RAPID & UN9T]RUPT$ SUCCESSION4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT W]E3 ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 7#a#h#f#a72 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ASSIZE C\RTS ) ELECT$ JURIES 7#a#h#f#d7 :I* REPLAC$ ! E>LI] ,/ATE C\RTS COMPOS$ ( FUNCTION>IES2 ! CREATION 79 #a#h#f#d7 ( UNITS ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION 9 ! CITIES & 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 7! GORODSKOE SAM\PRAL5IE & ! ZEM/VO3 =MS ( URBAN & RURAL MUNICIPALITIES71 ) ! RI<T ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 C]TA9 DOMA9S ( PUBLIC LIFE 7SOME BRAN*ES ( $UCATION1 HEAL?1 TRANSPORTATION1 ETC474 

,ALL ! VITAL =CES ( ! POPULATION1 P>TICUL>LY ! 9TELLECTUALS1 TURN$ T[>D ! PROJECTS :I* W]E N[ POSSIBLE4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES DEVOT$ !MSELVES 5?USIA/ICALLY TO ! CREATION ( A VA/ NETWORK ( PRIM>Y S*OOLS ) SECUL> LEAN+S4 ,!SE 0MUNICIPAL0 & 0URBAN0 S*OOLS W]E OBVI\SLY UND] ! SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION WAS OBLIGATORY & ! 0POPE0 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,! S*OOLS NEV]!LESS 5JOY$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( AUTONOMY1 ! TEA*+ /AFF BE+ RECRUIT$ BY ! 0ZEM/VOS0 & ! URBAN C\NCILS FROM AMONG PROGRESSIVE 9TELLECTUALS4 

,A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION WAS ALSO DEVOT$ TO SANIT>Y CONDITIONS 9 ! CITIES & TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( TRANSPORTATION4 

,! C\NTRY BREA!D MORE FREELY4 

,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( !IR IMPORTANCE 9 RELATION TO ! E>LI] SITUATION1 ! RE=MS ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I W]E V]Y TIMID & 9COMPLETE 9 RELATION TO ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ADVANC$ /RATA & TO ! MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S ( ! C\NTRY4 ,TO BE EFFECTIVE1 TO GIVE ! PEOPLE A REAL IMPETUS1 ! RE=MS W\LD HAVE TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ! GRANT+ ( C]TA9 FRE$OMS & CIVIC RI<TS3 ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS1 ! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY & ASSOCIATION1 ETC4 ,9 ?IS >EA1 H[EV]1 NO?+ *ANG$4 ,C5SOR%IP WAS SC>CELY LESS RIDICUL\S4 ,SPEE* & ! PRESS REMA9$ MUZZL$2 NO FRE$OMS W]E GRANT$4 ,! EM]G+ WORK+ CLASS HAD NO RI<TS4 ,! NOBILITY1 ! L&[N]S & ! B\RGEOISIE W]E ! DOM9ANT CLASSES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME REMA9$ 9TACT4 7,IT WAS PRECISELY ! FE> ( *ANG+ ! REGIME ?AT L$ ,ALEX&] TO ?R[ ! BONE ( 0RE=M0 TO ! PEOPLE1 :ILE PREV5T+ HIM FROM C>RY+ !SE RE=MS ?R\< TO ! 5D4 ,?US ! RE=MS FAIL$ TO SATISFY ! POPULATION47 

,! CONDITIONS 9 :I* S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$ PROVIDE ! BE/ ILLU/RATION ( :AT WE >E SAY+4 ,?IS CON/ITUTES ! WEAKE/ PO9T ( ! RE=MS4 

,! L&[N]S1 AFT] /RUGGL+ 9 VA9 AGA9/ ANY *ANGE 9 ! /ATUS QUO1 HAD TO B5D BE=E ! SUPREME DECISION ( ! ,CZ> 7:O REA*$ ?IS DECISION AFT] LONG & DRAMATIC VACILLATIONS UND] ! 5]GETIC PRESSURE ( PROGRESSIVE ELEM5TS74 ,BUT ! L&LORDS DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO MAKE ?IS RE=M M9IMAL4 ,IT WAS ALL ! EASI] = !M TO DO ?IS S9CE ,ALEX&] ,I,I HIMSELF NATURALLY DID NOT WANT TO 9FR+E UPON ! SACR$ 9T]E/S ( HIS 0BELOV$ NOBLES40 ,IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! FE> ( REVOLUTION :I* F9ALLY DICTAT$ HIS GE/URE4 ,HE KNEW ?AT ! PEASANTS HAD HE>D ( HIS 9T5TIONS & ( ! DISAGREEM5TS :I* SURR\ND$ ?IS SUBJECT AT C\RT4 ,HE KNEW ?AT ?IS TIME !IR PATI5CE WAS REALLY AT AN 5D1 ?AT !Y EXPECT$ !IR LIB]ATION1 & ?AT IF !Y LE>N$ ( ! PO/PONEM5T ( ! RE=M1 ! AGITATION :I* W\LD FOLL[ C\LD PROVOKE A VA/ & T]RIBLE REVOLT4 ,9 HIS LA/ DISCUSSIONS ) ! OPPON5TS ( ! RE=M1 ! ,CZ> EXPRESS$ ?IS WELL-KN[N S5T5CE :I* SAYS A GREAT DEAL AB\T HIS REAL FEEL+S3 0,IT IS BETT] TO GIVE FRE$OM FROM ABOVE ?AN TO WAIT UNTIL IT IS TAK5 FROM BEL[40 ,!RE=E HE DID EV]Y?+ HE C\LD TO MAKE ?IS 0FRE$OM10 NAMELY ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 AS H>MLESS AS POSSIBLE TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! L&$ NOBLES4 0,! IRON *A9 HAS BROK5 AT LA/10 WROTE ! POET ,NEKRASOV 9 A RES\ND+ POEM4 0,YES1 IT BROKE2 ONE 5D HIT ! LORD1 BUT ! O!R1 ! PEASANT40 

,TO BE SURE1 ! PEASANTS F9ALLY OBTA9$ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,BUT !Y HAD TP PAY = IT DE>LY4 ,!Y RECEIV$ M9USCULE PLOTS ( L&4 7,IT WAS OBVI\SLY IMPOSSIBLE TO 0FREE0 !M )\T GRANT+ !M PLOTS ( L& :I* W]E AT LEA/ L>GE 5\< TO KEEP !M FROM DY+ ( HUNG]47 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ADDITION TO HAV+ TO PAY TAXES TO ! ,/ATE OV] A LONG P]IOD1 !Y W]E REQUIR$ TO PAY A L>GE FEE = ! L&S TAK5 FROM ! =M] L&[N]S4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT #ge MILLION PEASANTS RECEIV$ LITTLE MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! L&4 ,ANO!R ?IRD WAS RETA9$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,& ALMO/ A ?IRD REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! L&[N]S4 ,?IS PROPORTION CONDEMN$ ! PEASANT MASSES TO A LIFE ( FAM9E4 ,!Y REMA9$ AT ! M]CY ( ! 0POME%*IKS0 &1 LAT]1 ( ! 0KULAKS10 PEASANTS :O HAD1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 BECOME RI*4 

,9 ALL HIS 0RE=MS10 ,ALEX&] ,I,I WAS C>EFUL TO GRANT AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE3 ONLY ! M9IMUM NECESS>Y TO AVOID AN IMM95T CATA/ROPHE4 ,?US ! DEFECTS & ! %ORTCOM+S ( !SE 0RE=MS0 C\LD ALREADY BE FELT BY #a#h#g4 

,! WORK+ POPULATION ( ! CITIES WAS DEF5SELESS AGA9/ ! GR[+ EXPLOITATION4 

,! ABS5CE ( ANY FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS1 AS WELL AS ! ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION ( ALL MEET+S ) POLITICAL OR SOCIAL CONT5T1 R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE ALL CRITICISM1 ALL PROPAG&A1 ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 ! CIRCULATION ( ALL IDEAS1 9 %ORT1 ALL PROGRESS4 

,! 0PEOPLE0 W]E NO MORE ?AN 0SUBJECTS0 UND] ! >BITR>Y P[] ( ABSOLUTISM :I*1 :ILE LESS F]OCI\S ?AN UND] ,NI*OLAS ,I1 NEV]!LESS REMA9$ 9TACT4 

,AS = ! PEASANT MASSES1 !Y REMA9$ BEA/S ( BURD5 R$UC$ TO ! H>D LABOR ( FE$+ ! ,/ATE & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 

,! BE/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS QUICKLY BECAME AW>E ( ?IS DEPLORABLE SITUATION4 ,!Y W]E ALL ! MORE DI/RESS$ BECAUSE 9 ?IS P]IOD C\NTRIES 9 ! ,WE/ ALREADY HAD RELATIVELY ADVANC$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,>\ND #a#h#g1 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS 9 ! MID/ ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES2 SOCIALISM HAD />T$ ITS 9T5SE PROPAG&A & ,M>XISM HAD BEGUN ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A P[]FUL POLITICAL P>TY4 

,AS BE=E1 ! BE/ PUBLICI/S ( ! P]IOD CONT9U$ TO DEFY & CIRCUMV5T ! C5SORS1 :O W]E NEI!R WELL 5\< $UCAT$ NOR 9TELLIG5T 5\< TO UND]/& ! F9ESSE & V>IETY ( ! PROC$URES 7AL?\< ,*]NY%EVSKI ULTIMATELY PAID = HIS AUDACITY BY =C$ LABOR74 ,! PUBLICI/S SUCCE$$ 9 COMMUNICAT+ SOCIALI/ IDEAS TO 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES ?R\< MAGAZ9E >TICLES WRITT5 9 CONV5TIONAL /YLES4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y $UCAT$ ! Y\?1 KEEP+ !M REGUL>LY 9=M$ ( ! MOVEM5T ( IDEAS AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL EV5TS ABROAD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y SKILLFULLY EXPOS$ ! UND]SIDE ( ! SO-CALL$ RE=MS ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 !IR REAL MOTIVES1 !IR HYPOCRISY1 & !IR %ORTCOM+S4 

,?US IT IS ALTOGE!R NATURAL ?AT CL&E/9E GR\PS =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE ACTIVELY AGA9/ ?IS CONTEMPTIBLE REGIME1 & ABOVE ALL TO COMMUNICATE ! IDEA ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 

,!SE GR\PS W]E COMPOS$ ( Y\? ( BO? SEXES :O CONSECRAT$ !MSELVES1 ) A SUBLIME SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE1 TO ! TASK ( 0BR++ ! LI<T TO ! WORK+ MASSES40 

,?US WAS =M$ A VA/ MOVEM5T ( ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUAL Y\? :O1 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 LEFT FAMILIES1 COM=TS & C>E]S & ?REW !MSELVES 0T[>D ! PEOPLE0 9 ORD] TO 5LI<T5 !M4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 T]RORI/ ACTIVITIES AGA9/ ! MA9 S]VANTS ( ! REGIME BEGAN4 ,BETWE5 #ahf & #ahg !RE W]E SEV]AL ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS ON ! LIVES ( SEV]AL HI< GOV]NM5T (FICIALS4 ,!RE W]E ALSO SOME UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AGA9/ ! ,CZ>4 

,! MOVEM5T 5D$ 9 FAILURE4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! PROPAG&I/S W]E >RE/$ BY ! POLICE 7FREQU5TLY ON ! BASIS ( D5UNCIATIONS BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES72 !Y W]E IMPRISON$1 EXIL$ OR S5T TO H>D LABOR4.<#b.> ,! PRACTICAL RESULTS ( ! MOVEM5T W]E NIL4 

,IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY EVID5T ?AT ,CZ>ISM REPRES5T$ AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE TO ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO GO ONLY ONE /EP FUR!R TO REA* ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT1 S9CE ,CZ>ISM REPRES5TS SU* AN OB/ACLE1 IT MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 

,& ?IS /EP WAS 9 FACT TAK5 BY TATT]$ & DESP]ATE Y\? :OSE PRIM>Y GOAL WAS ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,CZ>4 ,O!R FACTORS ALSO L$ TO ?IS DECISION4 ,! MAN :O HAD DECEIV$ ! PEOPLE ) HIS SO-CALL$ 0RE=MS0 HAD TO BE PUBLICLY PUNI%$4 ,! DECEPTION HAD TO BE EXPOS$ BE=E ! VA/ MASSES2 !IR ATT5TION HAD TO BE ATTRACT$ BY A DRAMATIC & T]RIBLE ACT4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ELIM9ATION ( ! ,CZ> WAS TO %[ ! PEOPLE ! FRAGILITY1 ! VULN]ABILITY & ! =TUIT\S & TEMPOR>Y *>ACT] ( ! REGIME4 

,! 0LEG5D ( ! ,CZ>0 WAS ?US TO BE KILL$ ONCE & = ALL4 ,SOME MEMB]S ( ! GR\P W5T FUR!R3 !Y HELD ?AT ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,CZ> C\LD S]VE AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE :I*1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD 5D 9 REVOLUTION & ! IMM$IATE FALL ( ,CZ>ISM4 

,! GR\P1 :I* CALL$ ITSELF ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 7,PEOPLE'S ,WILL71 AFT] DETAIL$ PREP>ATIONS1 EXECUT$ ! PROJECT3 ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I WAS KILL$ :ILE TRAVEL+ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ON ,M>* #a1 #a#h#h#a4 ,TWO BOMBS W]E ?R[N BY T]RORI/S AT ! IMP]IAL C>RIAGE4 ,! FIR/ DE/ROY$ ! C>RIAGE1 ! SECOND MORTALLY W\ND$ ! ,EMP]OR1 REMOV+ BO? ( HIS LEGS4 ,HE DI$ ALMO/ IMM$IATELY4 

,! ACT WAS NOT UND]/OOD BY ! MASSES4 ,! PEASANTS DID NOT READ ! J\RNALS4 7,!Y C\LD NOT READ AT ALL47 ,COMPLETELY IGNOR$1 \TSID]S TO ALL PROPAG&A1 FASC9AT$ = OV] A C5TURY BY ! IDEA ?AT ! ,CZ> WI%$ !M WELL BUT ?AT HIS GOOD 9T5TIONS W]E ?W>T$ BY ! NOBILITY1 ! PEASANTS ACCUS$ ! NOBILITY ( ASSASS9AT+ ! ,CZ> TO REV5GE ITSELF = ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ) ! HOPE ( RE/OR+ IT4 7,! PEASANTS F\ND FUR!R PRO( = ?IS 9 ! NOBILITY'S RESI/ANCE TO !IR LIB]ATION & ALSO 9 ! COMPULSORY PAYM5T ( L>GE FEES = !IR PLOTS ( L&1 = :I* !Y BLAM$ ! 9TRIGUES ( ! NOBILITY47 

,! ,CZ> WAS KILL$4 ,BUT NOT ! LEG5D4 7,! READ] WILL SEE ?AT TW5TY-F\R YE>S LAT] HI/ORY ITSELF DE/ROY$ ! LEG5D47 

,! PEOPLE DID NOT UND]/& & DID NOT MOVE4 ,! S]VILE PRESS SCREAM$ AB\T ! 0L[ CRIM9ALS10 ! 0HORRIBLE VILLA9S10 ! 0IMBECILES40 

,!RE WAS NOT MU* DISORD] AT ! C\RT4 ,! Y\NG HEIR ,ALEX&]1 OLDE/ SON ( ! ASSASS9AT$ ,EMP]OR1 IMM$IATELY TOOK P[]4 

,! LEAD]S ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA P>TY1 ?OSE :O ORGANIZ$ & C>RI$ \T ! ASSASS9ATION1 W]E RAPIDLY F\ND1 >RE/$1 TRI$ & KILL$4 ,ONE ( !M1 ! Y\NG ,GR9EVETSKI -! V]Y ONE :O HAD ?R[N ! BOMB ?AT KILL$ ! ,CZ> -- HAD HIMSELF BE5 MORTALLY W\ND$ BY ! EXPLOSION & DI$ ON ! SPOT4 ,S(YA ,P]OVSKAYA1 ,ZHELIABOV1 ,KIBAL-*I* 7! FAM\S TE*NICIAN ( ! P>TY1 :O MADE ! BOMBS71 ,MIKHAILOV & ,RYSSAKOV W]E HUNG4 

,EXCEPTIONALLY EXT5SIVE & SEV]E MEASURES ( P]SECUTION & REPRESSION QUICKLY R$UC$ ! P>TY TO COMPLETE IMPOT5CE4 

,EV]Y?+ 0RETURN$ TO ORD]40 

,! NEW ,EMP]OR1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I1 GREATLY AFFECT$ BY ! ,J ASSASS9ATION1 F\ND NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN TO RETURN TO ! REC5TLY AB&ON$ PA? ( COMPLETE REACTION4 ,! TO-L TALLY 9ADEQUATE 0RE=MS0 ( HIS FA!R SEEM$ TO HIM EXCESSIVE1 UN=TUNATE & DANG]\S4 ,HE CONSID]$ !M A1 DEPLORABLE MI/AKE4 ,9/EAD ( UND]/&+ ?AT ! ASSASS9ATION WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR 9ADEQUACY & ?AT !Y HAD TO BE BROAD5$1 HE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SAW 9 !M ! CAUSE ( ! EVIL4 ,& HE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! MURD] ( HIS FA!R TO OPPOSE ! 0RE=MS0 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY4 

,HE SET \T TO DI/ORT !IR SPIRIT1 TO C\NT]ACT !IR EFFECTS1 & TO CREATE OB/ACLES = !M ?R\< A LONG S]IES ( REACTION>Y LAWS4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC & REPRESSIVE ,/ATE REGA9$ ITS RI<TS4 ,EV]Y MOVEM5T1 EV]Y EXPRESSION ( LIB]AL ?\<T1 WAS /IFL$4  

,! ,CZ> OBVI\SLY C\LD NOT REE/ABLI% S]FDOM4 ,BUT ! WORK+ MASSES W]E CONDEMN$ TO REMA9 MORE ?AN EV] 9 !IR CONDITION AS AN 9DI/9CT H]D1 GOOD = EXPLOIT+1 & DEPRIV$ ( ALL HUMAN RI<TS4 

,! SLI<TE/ CONTACT BETWE5 ! CULTIVAT$ /RATA & ! PEOPLE AGA9 BECAME SUSPECT & IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! 0,RUSSIAN P>ADOX10 ! UNBRIDGEABLE GAP BETWE5 ! CULTURAL LEVEL & ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! HI<] /RATA & ! SOMB] & UN?9K+ LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 REMA9$ 9TACT4 

,SOCIAL ACTIVITY ( ANY TYPE WAS ONCE AGA9 PROHIBIT$4 ,:AT SURVIV$ ( ! TIMID RE=MS ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I WAS R$UC$ TO A C>ICATURE4 

,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! REBIR? ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY WAS 9EVITABLE4 

,?IS WAS 9 FACT :AT TOOK PLACE4 ,BUT ! =M1 AS WELL AS ! V]Y ESS5CE1 ( ?IS ACTIVITY WAS TOTALLY TRANS=M$ BY NEW ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL FACTORS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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