,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 
,! #b? ,C5TURY2 ,HA/Y ,DEVELOPM5T2 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ADVANCE2 ,RESULTS 7#a#i-#a#i#e7 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e4 ,! #b? ,C5TURY2 ,HA/Y ,DEVELOPM5T2 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ADVANCE2 ,RESULTS 7#a#i-#a#i#e7 

  

,! EV5TS & *>ACT]I/ICS :I* WE HAVE JU/ M5TION$ BECAME EV5 MORE PRON\NC$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 9/EAD ( RECOGNIZ+ ! ASPIRATIONS ( SOCIETY1 ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME DECID$ TO MA9TA9 ITSELF BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS & TO SUPPRESS NOT ONLY ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 BUT ALSO ANY EXPRESSION ( OPPOSITION4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I DIV]T$ ! GR[+ DISCONT5T ( ! POPULATION BY MEANS ( L>GE-SCALE ANTI-,SEMITIC PROPAG&A FOLL[$ BY ! 9/IGATION -- & EV5 ! ORGANIZATION -- ( ,JEWI% POGROMS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY CONT9U$ AT AN ACCEL]AT$ PACE4 ,9 A P]IOD ( FIVE YE>S1 FROM #ai TO #a#i#e1 9DU/RY & TE*NOLOGY MADE AN 5ORM\S LEAP4 ,PETROLEUM PRODUCTION 7AT ,BAKU71 COAL 7AT ,DONETZ71 & ! PRODUCTION ( METALS1 W]E RAPIDLY REA*+ ! LEVEL ( O!R 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES4 ,ROADS & MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION 7RAILROADS1 MOTOR TRANSPORT1 RIV] & OCEAN TRANSPORT7 W]E 5L>G$ & MOD]NIZ$4 ,L>GE CON/RUCTION PLANTS EMPLOY+ ?\S&S & EV5 T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S ROSE OR EXP&$ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! L>GE CITIES4 ,5TIRE 9DU/RIAL REGIONS SPRANG UP OR W]E EXP&$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE CAN LI/ ! L>GE ,PUTILOV FACTORIES1 ! EXT5SIVE ,NEVSKY %IPY>DS1 ! L>GE ,BALTIC ,FACTORY1 AS WELL AS O!RS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 9DU/RIAL SUBURBS ( ! CAPITAL ) T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S SU* AS ,KOLP9O1 ,*U-KHOVO1 ,SE/RORE*2 ! 9DU/RIAL REGION ( ,IVANOVO-,VOZ-NESS5SK NE> ,MOSC[2 & SEV]AL IMPORTANT FACTORIES 9 S\!RN ,RUSSIA3 ,KH>KOV1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ELSE:]E4 ,?IS RAPID DEVELOPM5T WAS NOT WELL KN[N ABROAD \TSIDE ( 9T]E/$ GR\PS4 7,!RE >E MANY :O1 EV5 TODAY1 BELIEVE ?AT BE=E ! RISE ( ,BOL%EVISM1 !RE WAS ALMO/ NO 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIA2 ?AT 9DU/RY WAS CREAT$ 5TIRELY BY ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T47 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! DEVELOPM5T WAS CONSID]ABLE1 NOT ONLY FROM A PURELY 9DU/RIAL /&PO9T1 BUT ALSO SOCIALLY4 ,9DU/RIALIZATION BR\<T AB\T ! RAPID GR[? ( PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! /ATI/ICS ( ! P]IOD1 !RE W]E AB\T ?REE MILLION WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#e4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! C\NTRY MADE RAPID ADVANCES 9J CULTURAL MATT]S4 

,! $UCATION ( ADULTS WAS ALSO PROGRESS+ RAPIDLY4 

,9 #aie !RE W]E AB\T ?IRTY UNIV]SITIES & S*OOLS ( HI<] LE>N+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 = M5 & WOM54 ,ALMO/ ALL !SE 9/ITUTIONS DEP5D$ ON ! ,/ATE 7EXCEPT = A FEW ?AT W]E SUPPORT$ BY PRIVATE MUNICIPAL FUNDS74 ,FOLL[+ AN OLD TRADITION1 BUT MA9LY AS A RESULT ( ! RE=MS ( ,ALEX,T &] ,I,I1 ! /ATUTES ( ! UNIV]SITIES W]E QUITE LIB]AL & ALL[$ A GREAT DEAL ( 9T]NAL 9DEP5D5CE 7AUTONOMY76 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I & ,NI*OLAS ,I,I TRI$ TO DIM9I% !SE4 ,BUT EV]Y ATTEMPT ( ?IS TYPE PROVOK$ MAJOR DISORD]S4 ,! GOV]NM5T F9ALLY GAVE UP SU* PROJECTS4 

,! PR(ESSORS ( ! UNIV]SITIES & HI<] S*OOLS W]E *OS5 FROM AMONG UNIV]SITY GRADUATES ACCORD+ TO A SPECIJ FIE PROC$URE4 

,ALMO/ ALL CITIES1 EV5 UNIMPORTANT ONES1 HAD HI< S*OOLS .> & PREP>ATORY S*OOLS = BOYS & GIRLS4 ,! SECONDA7,T,M7 S*OOLS W]E F\ND$ BY ! ,/ATE1 BY 9DIVIDUALS OR BY ! 0ZEM/VOS40 ,9 ALL ?REE CASES ! TEA*+ PROGRAMS WE7,T,M7 E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & ! TEA*+ WAS P]CEPTIBLY SIMIL>4 ,! TEA*+ ( RELIGION WAS OBLIGATORY4 

,! TEA*+ /AFF ( ! SECOND>Y S*OOLS WAS RECRUIT$ FROM ! UNIV]SITY COMMUNITY ) M9OR EXCEPTIONS4 ,! PROGRAM ( /UDIES LEAD+ TO ! DIPLOMA1 :I* GAVE ACCES TO ! UNIV]SITY1 LA/$ EI<T YE>S4 ,/UD5TS :O W]E UIF PREP>$ C\LD SP5D A YE> 9 A PREP>ATORY CLASS1 9 ADDITION TO ! EI<T OBLIGATORY YE>S4 

,! NUMB] ( PRIM>Y S*OOLS 9 ! CITIES & 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY4 ,SOME W]E F\ND$ BY ? ,/ATE2 O!RS BY MUNICIPALITIES & 0ZEM/VOS40 ,ALL ( ! W]E UND] ! SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE4 ,PRIM>Y $UCATION WAS FREE4 ,IT WAS NOT COMPULSORY4 ,! ,/ATE NATURALLY IMPOS$ ! CATE*ISM 9 ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS4 ,! M5 & WOM5 :O TAU<T 9 ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS HAD TO HAVE AT LEA/ A DIPLOMA = F\R YE>S ( SECOND>Y S*OOL4 

,EV5+ C\RSES = ADULTS & SOME WELL ORGANIZ$ 0POPUL> UNIV]SITIES10 :I* W]E WELL ATT5D$1 FUNCTION$ 9 ALL ! L>GE CITIES4 ,MUNICIPALITIES & P>TICUL>LY 9DIVIDUALS DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO !SE 9/ITUTIONS ) GREAT ZEAL4 

,! *ILDR5 ( WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E OBVI\SLY R>E 9 ! HI< S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES4 ,! CO/ ( ?IS $UCATION WAS TOO HI<4 

,NEV]!LESS1 CONTR>Y TO A WIDESPREAD LEG5D1 ACCESS TO !SE S*OOLS WAS NOT =BIDD5 EI!R = ! *ILDR5 ( WORK]S OR ! *ILDR5 ( PEASANTS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! /UD5TS CAME FROM FAMILIES ( 9TELLECTUALS FROM ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 FUNCTION>IES1 CL]ICAL WORK]S1 & FROM B\RGEOIS FAMILIES4 

,! FACT ?AT 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES PR(ESS$ A CR$O :I* WAS AT LEA/ LIB]AL MADE IT POSSIBLE = A PROPAG&A ( FAIRLY PROGRESSIVE IDEAS TO TAKE PLACE \TSIDE ( ! S*OOL CURRICULUM 9 NUM]\S MUNICIPAL & POPUL> S*OOLS & 9/ITUTIONS1 9 SPITE ( POLICE SURVEILLANCE4 

,! LECTUR]S ( ! 0POPUL> UNIV]SITIES0 & ! TEA*]S ( ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS (T5 CAME FROM REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES4 ,SOME DIRECTORS1 USUALLY ) LIB]AL LEAN+S1 TOL]AT$ !M4 ,!Y KNEW H[ TO 0>RANGE ?+S40 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! AU?ORITIES W]E H>DLY ABLE TO OPPOSE ?IS PROPAG&A4 

,9 ADDITION TO S*OOL+ & CONV]SATION1 $UCATION TOOK PLACE ?R\< WRIT+S4 

,AN IMM5SE QUANTITY ( POPUL> PAMPHLETS1 9 G5]AL WRITT5 BY S*OL>S OR CONSI/+ ( EXC]PTS FROM ! GREAT WRIT]S1 APPE>$ ON ! M>KET4 ,!SE PAMPHLETS DEALT ) ALL ! SCI5CES & ANALYZ$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS 9 A V]Y PROGRESSIVE SPIRIT4 ,! (FICIAL C5SOR%IP WAS P[]LESS AGA9/ ?IS M\NT+ FLOOD4 ,! AU?ORS & PUBLI%]S DISCOV]$ NUM]\S WAYS TO DECEIVE ! VIGILANCE ( ! AU?ORITIES4 

,IF WE ADD ! WIDE DIFFUSION ( CL&E/9E REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE 9 9TELLECTUAL & WORK+ CLASS CIRCLES WE WILL HAVE A GOOD IDEA ( ! VA/ MOVEM5T ( $UCATION.> & PREP>ATION :I* *>ACT]IZES ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ai & #a#i#e4 

,WE HAVE P]MITT$ \RSELVES TO PRES5T C]TA9 DETAILS :I* >E NECESS>Y = AN UND]/&+ ( ! EXT5T ANA ! PROGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS :I* FOLL[$4 ,WE %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T OIL POLITICAL & SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS WAS COMPLET$ BY A REM>K-J ABLE MORAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,Y\NG PEOPLE LIB]AT$ !MSELVES FROM ALL PREJUDICES3 RELIGI\S1 NATIONAL1 SEXUAL4 ,9 SOME RESPECTS ,RUSSIAN AVANT-G>DE CIRCLES HAD = A LONG TIME BE5 MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ?OSE 9 WE/]N C\NTRIES4 ,! EQUALITY ( RACES & NATIONS1 ! EQUALITY ( ! SEXES1 FREE M>RIAGE 7UNION LIBRE71 ! NEGATION ( RELIGION1 W]E 9H]IT$ TRU?S 9 !SE CIRCLES2 9I DE$1 !Y HAD BE5 PRACTIC$ S9CE ! TIME ( ! 0,NIHILI/S40 ,9 ALL !SE FIELDS1 ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S 7,BEL9SKI1 ,H]Z5 ,*]NY%EVSKY1 ,DOBROLUBOV1 ,PISS>EV1 ,MIKHAILOVSKY7 ACCOMPLI%$ AN 5ORM\S TASK4 ,!Y TAU<T SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ( 9TELLECTUALS ! MEAN+ ( TOTAL LIB]ATION1 & !Y DID ?IS 9 SPITE ( ! COMPULSORY $UCATION ) AN OPPOSITE7 CONT5T IMPOS$ BY ! ,CZ>I/ SY/EM ( SECOND>Y $UCATION4 

,?IS SPIRIT ( LIB]ATION ULTIMATELY BECAME AN 9ALI5ABL SACR$ TRADITION = ,RUSSIAN Y\?4 ,:ILE !Y SUBMITT$ TO ! (FICIALLY IMPOS$ $UCATION1 Y\NG PEOPLE GOT \T FRORFL UND] ITS ROD AS SOON AS !Y RECEIV$ ! DIPLOMA4 

0,DO NOT GO TO ! ,UNIV]SITY60 %\T$ ! BI%OP O \R DIOCESE :5 ! DIPLOMAS W]E C]EMONI\SLY DI/RIL BUT$ AMONG US1 /UD5TS GRADUAT+ FROM HI< S*OOL4 0,DQ NOT GO TO ! ,UNIV]SITY4 ,BECAUSE ! ,UNIV]SITY IS A D5 Q RIOT]S 4440 47,:]E DID HE WANT US TO GO87 ,HE KNEW :A WAS HAPP5+1 ?IS HONORABLE BI%OP4 ,IT WAS 9 FACT ! CASI ?AT1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ALL Y\NG M5 & WOM5 :L W5T TO ! UNIV]SITIES BECAME POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>IES ,AMONG ! PEOPLE1 0/UD5T0 MEANT 0REBEL40 

,AFT]W>DS1 :5 !Y GREW OLD]1 !SE ONE-TIME REBELS BROK5 BY ! PROBLEMS & MIS=TUNES ( LIFE1 =GOT ANC (T5 D5I$ !IR FIR/ IMPULSES4 ,BUT SOME?+ G5]ALLY REGA9$3 A LIB]AL CR$O1 A SPIRIT ( OPPOSITION1 & SOMETIMES A LIV+ SP>K :I* WAS READY TO BURN ON ! FIR/ S]I\S OCCASION4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SITUATION ( ! WORK+ POPULATION REMA9$ UN*ANG$4 

,EXPOS$ TO ! GR[+ EXPLOITATION ( ! ,/ATE & ! B\RGEOISIE1 )\T ANY MEANS ( DEF5SE1 LACK+ ALL RI<TS TO CONGREGATE1 TO BE HE>D1 TO IMPOSE !IR DEM&S1 TO ORGANIZE1 TO /RUGGLE1 TO /RIKE1 ! WORK]S W]E MAT]IALLY & MORALLY DISSATISFI$4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! POV]TY & DISSATISFACTION ( ! PEASANT MASSES CONT9U$ TO GR[4 ,! PEASANTS -- #age MILLION M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 -- W]E AB&ON$ & W]E CONSID]$ A SORT ( 0HUMAN H]D0 7CORPORAL PUNI%M5T WAS A REALITY = !M UNTIL #a#i#d1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ LEGALLY 9 #a#h#f#c74 ,A LACK ( G5]AL CULTURE & ELEM5T>Y $UCATION2 PRIMITIVE & 9SUFFICI5T TOOLS2 ! ABS5CE ( CR$IT OR ANY O!R =M ( PROTECTION OR AID2 V]Y HI< TAXES2 >BITR>Y1 CONTEMPTU\S & CRUEL TREATM5T BY ! AU?ORITIES & 0SUP]IOR0 CLASSES2 CONT9UAL P>CEL+ ( !IR PLOTS AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DIVISION ( ! L& AMONG NEW MEMB]S ( FAMILIES2 COMPETITION BETWE5 ! 0KULAKS0 7WEAL?Y PEASANTS7 & ! L&$ G5TRY -- SU* W]E ! V>I$ CAUSES ( !IR MIS]Y4 ,EV5 ! 0PEASANT COMMUNITY0 -- ! FAM\S ,RUSSIAN MIR -- WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO SUPPORT ITS MEMB]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I & ?AT ( HIS SUCCESSOR ,NI*OLAS ,I,I DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO R$UCE ! MIR TO A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE BODY1 CLOSELY OBS]V$ & POLIC$ BY ! ,/ATE1 A BODY :OSE PRIM>Y PURPOSE WAS TO =CE ! PEASANTS TO PAY TAXES & FEES4 

,IT WAS ?US 9EVITABLE ?AT SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & ACTIVITY %\LD MEET ) A C]TA9 SUCCESS4 ,M>XISM1 SPREAD CL&E/9ELY BUT 5]GETICALLY1 F\ND NUM]\S FOLL[]S1 MA9LY AMONG /UD5TS1 BUT ALSO AMONG WORK]S4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 F\ND$ LN #a#h#i#h1 C\LD BE FELT 9 MANY CITIES & 9 C]TA9 REGIONS1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ?IS P>TY WAS ILLEGAL 7AS W]E ALL O!RS74 

,! GOV]NM5T'S SEV]ITY AGA9/ MILITANTS BECAME 9CREAS+LY BRUTAL4 ,!RE W]E C\NTLESS POLITICAL TRIALS4 ,MEASURES ( ADM9I/RATIVE & POLICE REPRESSION SAVAGELY /RUCK6 ?\S&S ( 0SUBJECTS40 ,PRISONS1 PLACES ( EXILE & H>D LABOR CAMPS FILL$ UP4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< ! AU?ORITIES6 W]E ABLE TO R$UCE ! ACTIVITY & 9FLU5CE ( ! P>TY6 TO A M9IMUM1 !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 /IFL+ IT1 AS !Y HAD SUCCE$$ E>LI] 9 /IFL+ ! FIR/ POLITICAL GR\PS4 

,AFT] #a#i1 DESPITE ALL ! EF=TS ( ! AU?ORITIES1 !J REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T GREW CONSID]ABLY4 ,DISORD]S AMONG /UD5TS & AMONG WORK]S BECAME DAILY EV5TS4 ,9 FACTA UNIV]SITIES W]E FREQU5TLY CLOS$ = SEV]AL MON?S PREJ CISELY BECAUSE ( POLITICAL TR\BLES4 ,! RESPONSE ( /UD5TS1 SUPPORT$ BY WORK]S1 WAS TO ORGANIZE RES\ND+ DEMON/RATIONS AT PUBLIC PLACES4 ,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! SQU>E ( ! ,KAZAN ,CA!DRAL BECAME ! CLASSICAL SPOT = !SE POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS :]E /UD5TS & WORK]S GA!R$1 S++6 REVOLUTION>Y SONGS & AT TIMES C>RY+ R$ FLAGS4 ,! GOV]NM5T S5T DETA*M5TS ( POLICE & ,COSSACKS ON HORSES BACK TO 0CLEAN UP0 ! SQU>E & ! NEI<BOR+ /REETS ) SWORDS & :IPS 7NAGAIKAS74 

,! ,REVOLUTION BEGAN TO CONQU] ! /REETS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! READ] AN ACCURATE IDEA ( ! G5]AL SITUATION1 WE %\LD MAKE ANO!R RES]VATION16 

,! PICTURE WE HAVE JU/ PA9T$ IS ACCURATE4 ,BUT BY REF]R+ ONLY TO ?IS PICTURE1 )\T MAK+ MAJOR CORF RECTIONS1 )\T REF]R+ CON/ANTLY TO ! L>GE TOTALITY OI ! C\NTRY & ! PEOPLE1 WE WILL RUN ! RISK ( EXAGG]ATE +1 & WILL 5D UP MAK+ ]RONE\S G5]AL EVALUATIONS :I* WILL NOT LEAD TO AN UND]/&+ ( LAT] EV5TS4 

,WE %\LD NOT =GET ?AT1 \T ( ! IMM5SE MASS O,J MORE ?AN #ah MILLION PEOPLE1 ! GR\PS 9FLU5C$ BY ! 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T WE HAVE DESCRIB$ CONSI/$ ( A V]Y SMALL /RATUM3 ,9 FACT1 IT CONSI/$ ( A FEW ?\S& 9TELLECTUALS1 MA9LY /UD5TS1 & ! ELITE ( ! WORK+ CLAA ( ! L>GE CITIES4 ,! RE/ ( ! POPULATION3 ! 9NUM]ABLE PEASANT MASSES1 ! MAJORITY ( ! CITY 9HABITANTS & EV5 ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 W]E /ILL \TSIDE ! REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T1 9DIFF]5T & EV5 HO/ILE TO IT4 ,! MEMB]S ( ADVANC$ CIRCLES DID 9CREASE RAPIDLY FROM #ai ON ! NUMB] ( WORK]S WON TO ! CAUSE GREV CONT9UALLY2 ! REVOLUTION>Y \TBUR/ ALSO REA*$ ! 9CREAS+LY MIS]ABLE PEASANT MASSES4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! VA/ MASS ( ! PEOPLE -- ! MASS :OSE ACTIVITY ALONE DET]M9ES MAJOR SOCIAL *ANGES -- RETA9$ ITS PRIMITIVE \TLOOK4 ,! 0,RUSSIAN P>ADOX0 REMA9$ NE>LY 9TACT1 & ! 0LEG5D ( ! ,CZ>0 CONT9U$ TO DAZZLE MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 RELATION TO ?IS MASS1 ! MOVEM5T 9 QUE/ION WAS NO MORE ?AN A SMALL & SUP]FICIAL F]M5T 7ONLY F\R WORK]S TOOK P>T 9 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON1 #a#i#c74 

,9 !SE CONDITIONS1 ALL CONTACT BETWE5 ?OSE 9 FRONT1 :O W]E WAY AHEAD1 & ! MASS ( ! POPULATION1 :O REMA9$ WAY BEH9D1 WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! READ] %\LD CON/ANTLY KEEP ?IS 9 M9D 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$4 

,9 #aia REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY WAS 5RI*$ BY A NEW ELEM5T3 ALONGSIDE ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>4TY ROSE ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 ,! PROPAG&A ( ?IS P>TY QUICKLY MET ) CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS4 

,! TWO P>TIES DIFF]$ FROM EA* O!R ON ?REE ESS5TIAL PO9TS3 

#a4 ,PHILOSOPHICALLY & SOCIOLOGICALLY1 ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY DISAGRE$ ) ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E2 

#b4 ,DUE TO ITS ANTI-,M>XISM1 ?IS P>TY ELABORAT$ A DIFF]5T SOLUTION = ! PEASANT PROBLEM 7! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ,RUSSIA74 ,:ILE ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 BAS+ ITSELF SOLELY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 DID NOT C\NT ON ! PEASANT MASSES 7IT WAIT$ = !IR RAPID PROLET>IANIZATION71 & CONSEQU5TLY NEGLECT$ RURAL PROPAG&A1 ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY HOP$ TO W9 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT MASSES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 ,! LATT] CONSID]$ IT IMPOSSIBLE TO WAIT = ! PEASANTS' PROLET>IANIZATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT C>RI$ \T L>GE-SCALE PROPAG&A 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY'S AGR>IAN PROGRAM ANTICIPAT$ NO?+ MORE ?AN ! 5L>GEM5T ( ! PEASANTS' ,PLOTS & O!R M9OR RE=MS1 :]EAS ! M9IMUM PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 9CLUD$ ! COMPLETE & IMM$IATE SOCIALIZATION ( ! L&4 

#c4 ,P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) ITS DOCTR9E1 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 C\NT+ ON ! ACTION ( ! MASSES1 REJECT$ ALL T]RORI/ ACTIVITY & ALL POLITICAL ASSASS9ATIONS AS SOCIALLY USELESS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 ON ! O!R H&1 ATTA*$ A C]TA9 PUBLIC UTILITY TO ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS AGA9/ HI< ,CZ>I/ (FICIALS :O W]E EXCESSIVELY ZEAL\S OR CRUEL4 ,IT EV5 CREAT$ A SPECIAL BODY CALL$ ! 0COMBAT ORGANISM10 :I* WAS *>G$ ) PREP>+ & C>RY+ \T POLITICAL ASSASS9ATIONS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,EXCEPT = !SE DIFF]5CES1 ! %ORT-T]M POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROGRAMS 70M9IMUM PROGRAMS07 ( ! TWO P>TIES W]E ALMO/ ! SAME3 A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC :I* W\LD PAVE ! WAY = AN EVOLUTION T[>D SOCIALISM4 

,FROM #aia TO #aie ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY C>RI$ \T SEV]AL ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS1 SOME ( :I* HAD MAJOR REP]CUSSIONS4 ,9 #aib ! /UD5T ,BALMA*EV1 A Y\NG MILITANT ( ! P>TY1 ASSASS9AT$ ,SIPIAG91 ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR2 9 #aid ANO!R ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y /UD5T1 ,SAZONOV1 KILL$ VON ,PLEHVE1 ! WELL KN[N & CRUEL SUCCESSOR TO ,SIPIAG92 9 #a#i#e1 ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,KALAYEV KILL$ ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,S]GE1 GOV]NOR 70! HIDE\S SATRAP07 ( ,MOSC[4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! TWO POLITICAL P>TIES1 !RE WAS ALSO A SMALL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,EXTREMELY WEAK & TOTALLY UNKN[N BY ! POPULATION1 IT CONSI/$ ( SOME GR\PS ( 9TELLECTUALS & WORK]S 7PEASANTS 9 ! ,S\?7 )\T P]MAN5T CONTACT4 ,!RE MAY HAVE BE5 TWO AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & AB\T ?AT MANY 9 ,MOSC[ 7! LATT] W]E ! /RONG] & MORE ACTIVE71 AS WELL AS GR\PS 9 ! ,S\? & ,WE/4 ,!IR ACTIVITY WAS LIMIT$ TO A WEAK 7?\< NEV]!LESS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT7 PROPAG&A1 SOME ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS AGA9/ OV]LY ZEAL\S S]VANTS ( ! REGIME1 & SOME ACTS ( 09DIVIDUAL REV5GE40 ,LIB]T>IAN LIT]ATURE ,WAS SMUGGL$ FROM ABROAD2 ?IS CONSI/$ L>GELY ( PAMPHLETS BY ,KROPOTK91 :O HAD HIMSELF BE5 =C$ TO EMIGRATE AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 & HAD SETTL$ 9 ,5GL&4 

,! RAPID 9CREASE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY AFT] #ai AL>M$ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT BO!R$ ! AU?ORITIES MO/ WAS ! FACT ?AT ! PROPAG&A WAS FAVORABLY RECEIV$ BY ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,9 SPITE ( !IR ILLEGAL & !RE=E DIFFICULT EXI/5CE1 BO? SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAD COMMITTEES1 PROPAG&A CIRCLES1 CL&E/9E PR9T %OPS & FAIRLY NUM]\S GR\PS 9 ! MAJOR CITIES4 ,! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY SUCCESSFULLY COMMITT$ ASSASS9ATIONS ! REP]CUSSIONS ( :I* ATTRACT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION & EV5 ADMIRATION4 ,! GOV]NM5T DECID$ ?AT ITS ME?ODS ( DEF5SE & REPRESSION-SURVEILLANCE1 ESPIONAGE1 PROVOCATION1 PRISON1 POGROMS-W]E 9ADEQUATE4 ,9 ORD] TO DRAW ! WORK+ MASSES AWAY FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES & ALL O!R.> REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 IT CONCEIV$ A ,MA*IAVELLIAN PLAN :I* WAS LOGICALLY TO LEAD TO ! GOV]NM5T'S MA/]Y OV] ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IT DECID$ TO LAUN* A LEGAL1 AU?ORIZ$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION :I* ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF COMM&$4 ,IT WAS ?US GO+ TO KILL TWO BIRDS ) ONE /ONE3 ON ONE SIDE IT W\LD ATTRACT T[>D ITSELF ! SYMPA?Y1 GRATITUDE & DEVOTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 PULL+ IT AWAY FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 IT W\LD BE ABLE TO LEAD ?IS WORK]S' MOVEM5T :]EV] IT WANT$1 :ILE KEEP+ CLOSE WAT* ON IT4 

,!RE WAS NO D\BT ?AT ! TASK WAS DELICATE4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ATTRACT WORK]S 9TO ,/ATE ORGANISMS1 CALM !IR SUSPICIONS1 9T]E/ !M1 FLATT] !M1 S$UCE !M1 & DUPE !M1 )\T !IR BE+ AW>E ( IT2 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PRET5D TO SATISFY !IR ASPIRATIONS1 ECLIPSE ! P>TIES1 NEUTRALIZE !IR PROPAG&A1 & GO BEYOND !M -- ESPECIALLY ) CONCRETE ACTS4 ,TO SUCCE$1 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO GO TO ! PO9T ( AGREE+ TO MAKE C]TA9 CONCESSIONS ( AN ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL ORD]1 :ILE CON/ANTLY KEEP+ ? WORK]S AT ITS M]CY1 MANIPULAT+ !M AT WILL4 

,SU* A 0PROGRAM0 HAD TO BE EXECUT$ BY M5 9 :OM ! GOV]NM5T HAD ABSOLUTE CONFID5CE1 M5 :O W]E CUNN+1 SKILLFUL & EXP]I5C$1 :O W]E FAMILI> ) ! PSY*OLOGY ( WORK]S1 :O KNEW H[ TO IMPOSE !MSELVES ON WORK]S & W9 !IR CONFID5CE4 

,! GOV]NM5T F9ALLY *OSE TWO AG5TS ( ! POLITIC2 SECRET POLICE 7,OKHRANA71 :O W]E *>G$ ) ! MISSION ( C>RY+ \T ?IS PROJECT4 ,ONE WAS ,ZUBATOV1 = ,MOSC[2 ! O!R WAS A PRIE/1 *APLA9 9 A ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PRISON1 ,FA!R ,GAPON4 

,! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,CZ> WANT$ TO PLAY ) FIRE4 ,BE=E LONG IT BURN$ ITSELF CRUELLY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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