,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 
,DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 ,EVALUATION ( ! ,JOLT 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d4 ,DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 ,EVALUATION ( ! ,JOLT 

  

,T[>D ! 5D ( #a#i#e1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! LOAN1 & HI< F9ANCE GRANT$ IT4 ,?IS 0BLOOD TRANSFUSION0 SAV$ ! MORIBUND ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 

,9 ADDITION1 ! GOV]NM5T SUCCE$$ 9 5D+ ! W> ) A PEACE TREATY :I* WAS NOT OV]LY HUMILIAT+4 

,FROM ?AT PO9T ON1 REACTION TOOK UP :]E IT HAD LEFT (F4 ,DANGL+ A BEAUTIFUL FUTURE BE=E ! EYES ( ! PEOPLE1 IT F\<T & 5CIRCL$ ! REVOLUTION4 

,! ,REVOLUTION W\LD 9 ANY CASE HAVE DI$ ON ITS [N4 ,! ,OCTOB] /RIKE WAS ITS SUPREME EF=T & ITS HI<E/ PO9T4 ,:AT IT NE$$ N[ WAS TO TAKE A 0BREA?10 TO 0PAUSE40 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT C\LD C\NT ON REB\ND+ LAT] ON1 P]HAPS UND] ! /IMULUS GIV5 TO IT BY A LEFT-W+ ,DUMA4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! FRE$OMS :I* HAD BE5 TAK5 BY ! PEOPLE & !N PROMIS$ PO/ FACTUM BY ! ,CZ> 9 HIS ,MANIFE/O1 W]E ?OR\<LY SUPPRESS$4 ,! GOV]NM5T AGA9 MADE ! REVOLUTION>Y PRESS ILLEGAL1 REE/ABLI%$ C5SOR%IP1 PROCE$$ TO MAKE MASS >RE/S1 LIQUIDAT$ ALL WORK]S' OR REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS )9 ITS REA*1 SUPPRESS$ ! ,SOVIET1 JAIL$ ,NOSS> & ,TROTSKY1 & DISPAT*$ TROOPS = ! PURPOSE ( PURG+ REGIONS :]E MAJOR UPRIS+S HAD TAK5 PLACE & TO 9FLICT EXEMPL>Y PUNI%M5TS4 ,! MILIT>Y & ! POLICE W]E RE9=C$ ?R\<\T4 

,BUT ONE ?+ REMA9$ :I* ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT D>E TO T\*3 ! ,DUMA1 :I* WAS AB\T TO CONV5E4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,REVOLUTION MADE TWO MORE JUMPS1 9 RESPONSE TO ! 9TRACTABILITY ( ! REACTION4 

,! FIR/ WAS A NEW REVOLT 9 ! ,BLACK ,SEA FLEET1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,LIEUT5ANT ,S*MIDT4 ,! S$ITION WAS REPRESS$ & ,S*MIDT WAS %OT BY A FIR+ SQUAD4 

,! SECOND EPISODE WAS AN >M$ 9SURRECTION ( ,MOSC[ WORK]S 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#e4 ,IT HELD \T AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T'S =CES = SEV]AL DAYS4 

,TO PUT AN 5D TO IT1 ! GOV]NM5T BR\<T 9 TROOPS FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & EV5 CALL$ 9 >TILL]Y UNITS4 

,:ILE ?IS 9SURRECTION WAS TAK+ PLACE1 ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO PROVOKE A NEW G5]AL /RIKE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,IF ?IS /RIKE HAD TAK5 PLACE ! 9SURRECTION C\LD HAVE BE5 VICTORI\S4 ,BUT ?IS TIME1 EV5 ?\< ! PRELIM9>Y ORGANIZATION WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,OCTOB]1 ! NECESS>Y IMPETUS WAS MISS+4 ,! /RIKE WAS NOT G5]AL4 ,! PO/AL S]VICE FUNCTION$1 AS WELL AS ! RAILWAYS4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS ABLE TO TRANSPORT ITS TROOPS & RETA9$ CONTROL OV] ! SITUATION EV]Y:]E4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS \T ( BREA?4 

,?US AT ! 5D ( #aie ! TEMPE/ 0DI$ D[N )\T HAV+ OV]?R[N ! OB/ACLE4 

,BUT IT DID C>RY \T AN IMPORTANT1 9DISP5SABLE TASK' IT SWEPT & PREP>$ ! T]RA94 ,IT LEFT P]MAN5T M>KS 9 ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & 9 ! M5TALITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,WE CAN N[ EXAM9E ! F9AL 0BALANCE-%EET0 ( ! JOLT4 ,:AT DO WE F9D ON ! 0CR$IT SIDE80 ,CONCRETELY !RE WAS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,DUMA4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS OBLIG$ TO ELABORATE1 = ! ,DUMA1 AN ELECTORAL LAW :I* WAS SUFFICI5TLY BROAD TO PREV5T EXCESSIVELY BITT] OR RAPID DISAPPO9TM5TS ,IT DID NOT YET FEEL COMPLETELY SECURE2 IT1 TOO1 HAD TO 'BREA!10 TO HAVE A 0PAUSE40 

,! 5TIRE POPULATION EXPECT$ A GREAT DEAL FROM ! ,DUMA4 ,! ELECTIONS1 SET = ! SPR+ ( #a#i#f1 CALL$ =? A FEV]I% ACTIVITY ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,ALL ! POLITICAL P>TIES TOOK P>T 9 IT4 

,! SITUATION CREAT$ BY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS P>ADOXICAL 5\<4 ,:ILE ! P>TIES ( ! LEFT N[ SPREAD !IR ELECTORAL PROPAG&A OP5LY & LEGALLY 7! GOV]NM5T C\LD 9T]V5E ONLY BY MAK+ NEW REGULATIONS & BY SETT+ CUNN+ TRAPS71 ! PRISONS W]E CR[D$ ) MEMB]S ( ! SAME P>TIES1 >RE/$ AT ! TIME ( ! LIQUIDATION ( ! MOVEM5T2 SPEE* & ! PRESS REMA9$ MUZZL$2 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS W]E /ILL PROHIBIT$4 

,?IS IS ONLY SUP]FICIALLY A P>ADOX4 ,IT CAN EASILY BE EXPLA9$4 ,?IS EXPLANATION WILL ALSO HELP US UND]/& H[ ! GOV]NM5T =ESAW ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ,DUMA4 

,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT HAD TO GRANT ITS SUBJECTS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FRE$OM BECAUSE ( ! ELECTIONS1 ! GOV]NM5T OBVI\SLY DID NOT 9T]PRET ! ,DUMA AS AN 9/ITUTION SUMMON$ TO TURN AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM4 ,9 ! GOV]NM5T'S VIEW1 ! ,DUMA WAS TO BE NO MORE ?AN AN AUXILI>Y ORGAN1 PURELY CONSULTATIVE & SUBORD9ATE1 GOOD = HELP+ ! AU?ORITIES 9 SOME ( !IR TASKS4 ,AL?\< IT WAS OBLIG$ TO TOL]ATE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( ELECTORAL AGITATION BY ! LEFT-W+ P>TIES1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD DECID$ E>LI] ?AT IT W\LD ONLY ALL[ A C]TA9 AM\NT & ?AT IT W\LD REACT AGA9/ ANY ATTEMPT BY ! P>TIES1 ! VOT]S OR ! ,DUMA ITSELF TO TAKE A DEFIANT ATTITUDE4 ,S9CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T'S VIEW ! ,DUMA HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS P]FECTLY LOGICAL :5 IT KEPT ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 PRISON4 

,ANO!R CONCRETE FACT1 COMPLETELY NEW 9 ,RUSSIAN LIFE1 WAS PRECISELY ! =MATION & ! LEGALITY-EV5 IF ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T-( DIFF]5T POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,UNTIL ! EV5TS ( #a#i#e1 !RE W]E 9 ,RUSSIA ONLY TWO POLITICAL P>TIES1 BO? CL&E/9E & MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN LIT]ALLY 0POLITICAL40 ,!SE W]E ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 

,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #a#g1 ! FEW FRE$OMS :I* FOLL[$ IT ) A VIEW TO ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! CAMPAIGN ITSELF1 SUDD5LY GAVE RISE TO A :OLE BROOD ( LEGAL & SEMI-LEGAL P>TIES4 

,9VET]ATE MON>*I/S CREAT$ ! 0,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,PEOPLE03 AN ULTRA-REACTION>Y & 0POGROMI/0 P>TY :OSE 0PROGRAM0 CALL$ = ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL ! 0FAVORS PROMIS$ UND] ! PRESSURE ( CRIM9AL UPRIS+S10 9CLUD+ ! ,DUMA2 & ! TOTAL ELIM9ATION ( ! LA/ TRACES ( ! EV5TS ( #a#i#e4 

,LESS FI]CELY REACTION>Y ELEM5TS3 ! MAJORITY ( HI<] FUNCTION>IES1 L>GE 9DU/RIALI/S1 BANK]S1 NOBLES1 BUS9ESSM51 L&[N]S1 GA!R$ >\ND ! 0,OCTOBRI/ ,P>TY' 7CALL$ ! 0,UNION ( ,OCTOB] #a#g07 :I* WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$4 

,! POLITICAL WEI<T ( !SE TWO RI<T W+ P>TIES WAS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,!Y W]E ! BUTT ( JOKES4 

,! MAJORITY ( ! RI* & ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUALS 0( DI/9CTION10 9/ALL$ !MSELVES 9 A L>GE POLITICAL P>TY ( ! C5T]1 :OSE RI<T W+ WAS CLOSE TO ! 0,OCTOBRI/S10 & :OSE LEFT W+ W5T SO F> AS TO EXPRESS REPUBLICAN LEAN+S4 ,! PROGRAM ( ! MAJORITY ( ! P>TY CALL$ = A CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM PUTT+ AN 5D TO ABSOLUTISM3 ! MON>* W\LD BE RETA9$1 BUT HIS P[] W\LD BE S]I\SLY RE/RICT$4 ,! P>TY TOOK ! NAME 0,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY0 7ABBREVIAT$ 0,CA-,DET ,P>TY407 ,IT WAS ALSO CALL$ ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,FRE$OM ,P>TY40 ,ITS LEAD]S W]E RECRUIT$ MA9LY FROM AMONG MUNICIPAL BIG WIGS1 LAWY]S1 DOCTORS1 PEOPLE :O PRACTIC$ LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 ACADEMICS4 ,V]Y 9FLU5TIAL & WELL PLAC$1 ) ACCESS TO CONSID]ABLE FUNDS1 ?IS P>TY 5GAG$ 9 EXT5SIVE & 5]GETIC ACTIVITY FROM ! MOM5T ( ITS CREATION4 

,AT ! EXTREME LEFT !RE W]E3 ! 0,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY0 7:OSE ELECTORAL ACTIVITY1 AS WE'VE ALREADY M5TION$1 WAS MORE OR LESS OP5 & LEGAL1 9 SPITE ( ITS BLUNTLY REPUBLICAN PROGRAM & ITS REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS7 &1 F9ALLY1 ! 0,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY0 7EXCEPT = ITS TREATM5T ( ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM1 ITS PROGRAM & TACTICS DID NOT DIFF] FROM ?OSE ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY7 :O1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,DUMA1 & 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO MOVE FREELY1 C>RI$ ON ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS & PRES5T$ C&IDATES UND] ! NAME ( 0,LABOR ,P>TY0 7:I* SUBSEQU5TLY BECAME A SEP>ATE P>TY74 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ! LA/ TWO P>TIES REPRES5T$ MA9LY ! MASSES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS AS WELL AS ! VA/ /RATUM ( 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S4 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE %\LD FURNI% SOME DETAILS AB\T ! PROGRAMS & IDEOLOGIES ( !SE P>TIES4 

,EXCEPT = ! POLITICAL QUE/ION1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T ( ! PROGRAMS ( ALL ! P>TIES WAS UND\BT$LY ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM4 ,IT URG5TLY DEM&$ AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! PEASANT POPULATION HAD GR[N SO RAPIDLY ?AT ! PLOTS ( L& GRANT$ TO ! EMANCIPAT$ PEASANTS 9 #a#h#f#a1 9ADEQUATE ALREADY !N1 HAD BE5 R$UC$1 DUR+ A QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 AS A RESULT ( CONT9UAL DIVISION1 TO PLOTS ( FAM9E4 0,WE DON'T EV5 KN[ :]E TO LET A *ICK5 RUN ANY MORE10 ! PEASANTS SAID4 ,! IMM5SE POPULATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE WAIT$ ) 9CREAS+ IMPATI5CE = A FAIR & EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM4 ,ALL ! P>TIES W]E AW>E ( ITS IMPORTANCE4 

,= ! TIME BE+1 ?REE SOLUTIONS W]E PRES5T$1 NAMELY3  

,! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY PROPOS$ AN 5L>GEM5T ( ! PLOTS BY A TRANSF] ( SOME ( ! L&S ( L>GE PRIVATE [N]S & ( ! ,/ATE TO ! PEASANTS2 ! PEASANTS W]E TO PAY GRADUALLY = ! TRANSF]R$ L&1 ) ,/ATE AID1 ON T]MS SET BY AN (FICIAL & 0FAIR0 EVALUATION4  

,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY PROPOS$ A TRANSF] PURE & SIMPLE1 )\T PAYM5T1 ( ! L& NE$$ BY ! PEASANTS4 ,! L& W\LD CON/ITUTE A NATIONAL FUND & C\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO NE$S 70NATIONALIZATION0 OR 0MUNICIPALIZATION0 ( ! L&74  

,! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY PRES5T$ ! MO/ RADICAL SOLUTION3 IMM$IATE & COMPLETE CONFISCATION ( ALL L& 9 ! H&S ( PRIVATE [N]S2 IMM$IATE SUPPRESSION ( ALL L&$ PROP]TY 7PRIVATE OR /ATE72 PLACEM5T ( ALL ! L& AT ! DISPOSAL ( PEASANT COLLECTIVES1 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE 70SOCIALIZATION0 ( ! L&74  
  

,BE=E DO+ ANY?+ ELSE1 ! ,DUMA HAD TO DEAL ) ?IS URG5T & COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM4 

,WE W\LD LIKE TO DEAL BRIEFLY ) ! G5]AL IDEOLOGY ( ! TWO P>TIES ( ! EXTREME LEFT 9 ?IS P]IOD 7! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES74 

,ALREADY >\ND #ai A MAJOR DIV]G5CE ( VIEWS MANIFE/$ ITSELF AT ! HE>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,SOME ( ITS MEMB]S1 CLUT*+ ITS 0M9IMUM PROGRAM10 HELD ?AT ! COM+ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION W\LD BE A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 RELATIVELY MOD]ATE 9 ITS RESULTS4 ,!SE SOCIALI/S DID NOT BELIEVE IT POSSIBLE TO JUMP1 9 ONE LEAP1 FROM A 0FEUDAL0 MON>*Y TO A SOCIALI/ REGIME4 ,A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 PAV+ ! WAY = RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T :I* W\LD LAY ! F\NDATIONS = A FUTURE SOCIALISM -- ?IS WAS !IR BASIC IDEA4 ,A 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS1 9 !IR OP9ION1 IMPOSSIBLE = ! TIME BE+- 

,MANY MEMB]S ( ! P>TY1 H[EV]1 HAD A DIFF]5T OP9ION4 ,9 !IR VIEW1 ! NEXT ,REVOLUTION ALREADY HAD EV]Y *ANCE ( BECOM+ A 0,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION10 ) ALL LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,!SE SOCIALI/S DROPP$ ! 0M9IMUM PROGRAM0 & PREP>$ !MSELVES = ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! P>TY & = ! IMM$IATE & DECISIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 

,! LEAD]S ( ! FIR/ CURR5T W]E3 ,PLEKHANOV1 ,M>TOV1 & O!RS4 ,! GREAT CREATOR ( ! SECOND WAS ,L594 

,! F9AL SPLIT BETWE5 !SE TWO CAMPS TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#c1 AT ! ,LONDON ,CONGRESS4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS ) ,L59I/ LEAN+S HAD A MAJORITY4 0,MAJORITY10 9 ,RUSSIAN1 IS 0,BOL%9/VO10 & ! P>TISANS ( ?IS T5D5CY W]E CALL$ BOL%EVIKI 79 ,5GLI% ONE W\LD SAY 0MAJORIT>IANS074 ,S9CE 0M9ORITY0 IS 0M5%9/VO10 ! O!RS W]E CALL$ 0M5-%EVIKI0 79 ,5GLI%1 0M9ORIT>IANS074 ,AS = ! TWO T5D5CIES !MSELVES1 ! FIR/ ACQUIR$ ! NAME ( ,BOL%EVISM 7T5D5CY ( ! MAJORITY71 ! O!R ! NAME ( ,M5%EVISM 7T5D5CY ( ! M9ORITY74 

,AFT] !IR VICTORY 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! 0,BOL%EVIKS0 CALL$ !MSELVES ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY10 :]EAS ! 0,M5%EVIKS0 ALONE RETA9$ ! TITLE 0,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY40 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 P[] DECL>$ 0,M5%EVISM0 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y & WIP$ IT \T4 

,AS = ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 IT ALSO SPLIT 9TO TWO DI/9CT P>TIES3 A P>TY ( ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES 0( ! RI<T0 :O1 LIKE ! 0,M5%EVIKS10 9SI/$ ON ! NE$ TO PASS ?R\< A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 & A P>TY ( ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES 0( ! LEFT0 :O CLAIM$1 LIKE ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION %\LD BE PU%$ AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ULTIMATELY TO ! IMM$IATE SUPPRESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIME & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM 7A TYPE ( SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC74 

7,9 #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 P[] WIP$ \T ! RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AS = ! LEFT-W+ ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T AT FIR/ COLLABORAT$ ) !M4 ,LAT]1 :5 MAJOR DISAGREEM5TS >OSE BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BROKE ) !IR =M] ALLIES4 ,F9ALLY !Y \TLAW$ & ANNIHILAT$ !M47 

,AT ! TIME ( ! #aie REVOLUTION1 ! PRACTICAL 9FLU5CE ( !SE TWO DISSID5T CURR5TS 7,BOL%EVISM & LEFT-W+ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM7 WAS 9SIGNIFICANT4 

,TO COMPLETE \R PRES5TATION ( ! DIV]SE CURR5TS ( IDEAS ?AT MADE !IR APPE>ANCE AT ! TIME ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 WE %\LD PO9T \T ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY GAVE BIR? TO A ?IRD T5D5CY :I*1 DETA*+ ITSELF FROM ! ,P>TY1 CALL$ = ! SUPPRESSION1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 NOT ONLY ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 BUT ( ! ,/ATE 9 G5]AL 7AS A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION74 ,?IS CURR5T ( IDEAS WAS KN[N 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! NAME ( ,MAXIMALISM1 BECAUSE ITS P>TISANS1 HAV+ REJECT$ ! M9IMUM PROGRAM1 BROKE ) ! LEFT-W+ ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES & PROCLAIM$ ! NECESSITY ( /RUGGL+ IMM$IATELY = ! COMPLETE REALIZATION ( ! MAXIMUM PROGRAM1 NAMELY = COMPLETE SOCIALISM1 BUILT ON AN APOLITICAL F\NDATION4 

,?US ! 0,MAXIMALI/S0 DID NOT =M A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,!Y CREAT$ ! 0,UNION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MAXIMALI/S40 ,?IS 0UNION0 PUBLI%$ SOME PAMPHLETS COMMUNICAT+ ITS VIEWPO9T4 ,IT ALSO PUBLI%$ A FEW P]IODICALS1 BUT !SE DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,IT DID NOT HAVE MANY MEMB]S1 & ITS 9FLU5CE WAS NEGLIGIBLE4 ,IT C>RI$ \T MA9LY T]RORI/ ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT IT DID TAKE P>T 9 ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES1 & MANY ( ITS MEMB]S DI$ AS REAL H]OES4 

,BY ! TOTALITY ( !IR IDEAS1 ! ,MAXIMALI/S W]E V]Y CLOSE TO AN>*ISM4 ,MAXIMALISM DID NOT 9 FACT BL9DLY FOLL[ ! 0,M>XI/S20 IT D5I$ ! USEFULNESS ( POLITICAL P>TIES2 IT VIGOR\SLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,/ATE & POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT DID NOT D>E TO R5\NCE POLITICAL AU?ORITY IMM$IATELY & TOTALLY4 ,IT DID NOT CONSID] IT POSSIBLE TO PASS DIRECTLY TO A COMPLETELY 0AN>*I/0 SOCIETY4 7,?US IT MADE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0COMPLETE SOCIALISM0 & AN>*ISM47 ,= ! 9T]V5+ P]IOD IT (F]$ A 0,WORK]S' ,REPUBLIC0 :]E ELEM5TS ( ! ,/ATE & ( AU?ORITY W\LD BE 0R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,MAXIMALISM1 W\LD ASSURE !IR RAPID EXT9CTION4 ,?IS 0PROVISIONAL' RET5TION ( ! ,/ATE & ( AU?ORITY SEP>AT$ ,MAXIMALISM FROM AN>*ISM4 

7,LIKE ALL ! CURR5TS ( IDEAS :I* DISAGRE$ ) ,BOL%EVISM1 ,MAXIMALISM WAS CRU%$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ! TIME ( ! #aiag REVOLUTION47 

,AS = AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ CONCEPTIONS 7WE WILL EXAM9E !SE ?OR\<LY AT A LAT] PO9T 9 \R /UDY71 9 ?IS P]IOD !Y W]E NE>LY UNKN[N 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,\TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT1 S9CE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 -- !SE 0FA!RS0 ( AN>*ISM -- W]E ,RUSSIAN1 !N ,RUSSIA MU/ = A LONG TIME HAVE BE5 A C\NTRY ) AN>*I/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS4 ,?IS IS A S]I\S MISCONCEPTION4 ,BO? ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f7 & ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a7 HAD BECOME AN>*I/S ABROAD4 ,NEI!R ( !M HAD EV] AGITAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA AS AN AN>*I/4 ,!IR WORKS HAD ALSO APPE>$ ONLY ABROAD UNTIL ! #aiag REVOLUTION1 (T5 9 A =EIGN LANGUAGE4 ,ONLY A FEW EXC]PTS FROM !IR WORKS1 TRANSLAT$1 ADAPT$ OR PUBLI%$ ESPECIALLY = ,RUSSIA1 W]E IMPORT$ CL&E/9ELY TO ,RUSSIA1 ) GREAT RISK & 9 V]Y SMALL QUANTITIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( !SE FEW PUBLICATIONS 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! C\NTRY WAS NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL1 SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION ( ,RUSSIANS HAD ABSOLUTELY NO?+ AN>*I/ AB\T IT1 & BUT = A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 NO ONE WAS 9T]E/$ 9 AN>*I/ IDEAS4 

,SYNDICALISM WAS ALTOGE!R UNKN[N 7A FEW ]UDITE 9TELLECTUALS EXCEPT$71 S9CE NO WORK]S' MOVEM5T EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA BE=E ! #aiag REVOLUTION4 ,IT CAN EV5 BE ASSUM$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN =M ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ! 0,SOVIET10 WAS HURRI$LY DISCOV]$ 9 #aie & TAK5 UP AGA9 9 #aiag PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! ABS5CE ( A SYNDICALI/ CONCEPTION & MOVEM5T4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT IF A UNION APP>ATUS HAD EXI/$1 IT W\LD HAVE L$ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT SOME SMALL AN>*I/ GR\PS EXI/$ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 ,MOSC[1 9 ! ,WE/ & ! ,S\?4 ,?AT WAS ALL4 ,! ,MOSC[ AN>*I/S DID TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! EV5TS ( #aie & ATTRACT$ ATT5TION DUR+ ! >M$ 9SURRECTION 9 ,DECEMB]4 

7,AFT] #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIKS CRU%$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS !Y CRU%$ ALL O!R MOVEM5TS ?AT DID NOT AGREE ) !IRS4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT CRU% IT ) EASE4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,BOL%EVISM & ,AN>*ISM DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! #aiag REVOLUTION -- A T\<1 BITT] /RUGGLE :I* IS NEV]!LESS ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNKN[N ABROAD1 A /RUGGLE :I* LA/$ MORE ?AN ?REE YE>S & 9 :I* ! 0,MAKHNOVI/0 MOVEM5T WAS ! \T/&+ EPISODE -- WILL BE DESCRIB$ 9 ! LA/ P>T ( ?IS WORK47 

,LET US TURN TO ! MORAL CONSEQU5CES1 ! PSY*OLOGICAL EFFECTS1 ( #a#i#e4 ,!IR IMPORTANCE = ! FUTURE WAS F> GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! FEW IMM$IATE CONCRETE A*IEVEM5TS4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 AS WE'VE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 ! 0LEG5D ( ! ,CZ>0 DISAPPE>$4 ,! VA/ MASSES BECAME AW>E ( ! REAL NATURE ( ! REGIME & ( ! URG5CY ( DO+ AWAY ) IT4 ,ABSOLUTISM & ,CZ>ISM W]E MORALLY DE?RON$4 

,?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,! POPUL> MASSES AT LA/ JO9$ =CES ) ALL ?OSE :O HAD = SO LONG OPPOS$ ?IS REGIME3 ! AVANT-G>DE 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES1 ! LEFT W+ POLITICAL P>TIES1 & REVOLUTION>IES 9 G5]AL4 ,SOLID & EXT5SIVE CONTACT WAS ?US E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! PROGRESSIVE CIRCLES & ! MASS ( ! POPULATION4 ,FROM N[ ON ?IS CONTACT WAS GO+ TO SPREAD1 TO DEEP51 TO TI<T54 ,! 0,RUSSIAN P>ADOX0 HAD DI$4 

,?US TWO CAPITAL A*IEVEM5TS HAD BE5 REALIZ$4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE EXI/$ A MAT]IAL ELEM5T ON :I* AN EV5TUAL REVOLUTION C\LD 0LEAN03 ?IS WAS ! ,DUMA4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MORAL OB/ACLE :I* HAD B>R$ ! WAY TO ALL EXT5SIVE REVOLT1 HAD BROK5 D[N3 ! MASSES F9ALLY UND]/OOD ! MALADY & AT LA/ JO9$ ?OSE 9 ! FRONT L9ES ( ! LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 

,! GR\ND WAS PREP>$ = ! NEXT DECISIVE REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ON ! 0CR$IT0 SIDE ( ! JOLT ( #a#i#e4 

,ALAS6 ,! 0LIABILITIES0 W]E JU/ AS HEAVY ) CONSEQU5CES4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! #aie MOVEM5T WAS NOT ABLE TO CREATE A WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION3 NEI!R A SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION OR EV5 A TRADE UNION4 ,! RI<T TO ORGANIZE WAS NOT WON BY ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,!Y REMA9$ )\T CONTACT OR ORGANIZATION4 

,! PSY*OLOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS ?AT IT PR$ISPOS$ ! WORK+ MASSES TO BECOME1 9 ! NEXT REVOLUTION1 ! UNCONSCI\S PRIZE ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 ( !IR BANEFUL RIVALRIES1 ( !IR ABOM9ABLE /RUGGLE = P[] 9 :I* ! WORK]S HAD NO?+ TO GA91 OR RA!R1 HAD EV]Y?+ TO LOSE4 

,?US ! ABS5CE1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ( A WORK]S' MOVEM5T & A REAL WORK]S' ORGANIZATION OP5$ ALL DOORS TO ! PR$OM9ANCE -- :AT AM ,I SAY+8 -- ! FUTURE DOM9ATION ( ONE OR ANO!R POLITICAL P>TY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! REAL ACTION & ! REAL CAUSE ( ! WORK]S4 

,! READ] WILL 9 FACT SEE LAT] ?AT ! 5ORM\S WEI<T ( ?IS 0LIABILITY0 WAS GO+ TO BE FATAL = ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g3 9 ! 5D IT WAS GO+ TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION4 

,WE %\LD /ILL SAY SOME?+ AB\T ! P]SONAL FATE ( ,NOSS>-,KHRU/ALEV1 FIR/ PRESID5T ( ! FIR/ ,WORK]S' ,SOVIET ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 

,>RE/$ DUR+ ! 0LIQUIDATION0 ( ! MOVEM5T 7AT ! 5D ( #a#i#e71 ,NOSS> WAS TRI$1 CONVICT$1 & EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA4 ,HE ESCAP$ & S\<T REFUGE ABROAD4 ,BUT LIKE ,GAPON1 HE WAS NOT ABLE TO ADAPT TO A NEW LIFE1 & EV5 LESS ABLE TO UND]TAKE REGUL> WORK4 ,HE DID NOT1 TO BE SURE1 LEAD A LIFE ( DEBAU*]Y2 & HE DID NOT COMMIT ANY ACT ( TREASON4 ,BUT HE DRAGG$ \T HIS LIFE ABROAD 9 DISORD]1 POV]TY & UNHAPP9ESS4 

,?IS W5T ON UNTIL ! #aiag REVOLUTION4 ,AS SOON AS IT BROKE \T1 HE1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 RU%$ BACK TO HIS C\NTRY & TOOK P>T 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,HE DID NOT1 H[EV]1 PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 

,WE DO NOT KN[ :AT HAPP5$ TO HIM AFT] ?AT4 ,ACCORD+ TO A S\RCE ?AT WE CONSID] TO BE ABOVE SUSPICION1 HE ULTIMATELY TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & WAS %OT BY !M4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/