,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 
,W> & ,REVOLUTION 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I,I,I4 ,! ,EXPLOSION 7#a#i#a#g7 

  
,*APT] #a4 ,W> & ,REVOLUTION 

  

,LIKE ! GOV]NM5TS ( O!R C\NTRIES1 ?AT ( ,CZ> ,NIKOLAI #aa SUCCE$$ 9 >\S+1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,EUROPEAN W> 9 #a#i#a#d1 ! :OLE GAMUT ( EVIL 9/9CTS1 ANIMAL PASSIONS1 & WICK$ S5TIM5TS SU* AS NATIONALISM & *AUV9ISM4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 AS 9 ?OSE O!R L&S1 MILLIONS ( M5 W]E DUP$1 HYPNOTIZ$1 DISORI5T$1 & COMPELL$ TO RU% TO ! BATTLE FRONT LIKE A H]D ( CATTLE TO A SLAU<T]-H\SE1 :ILE ! REAL PROBLEMS ( ! H\R W]E =GOTT54 ,& ! FEW E>LY 0SUCCESSES0 ATTA9$ BY ! ,CZ>I/ TROOPS FUR!R K9DL$ 0! GREAT 5?USIASM ( ! PEOPLE04 

,NEV]!LESS A SPECIAL NOTE WAS BL5D$ 9 ?IS >TIFICIAL & DIRECT$ CONC]T1 AN IDEA DEEPLY IMPLANT$ 9 ! SPIRIT WAS HID+ BEH9D ?IS 05?USIASM04 ,V]Y WELL -- ! ,>MY & NE>LY ALL ! CIVILIANS REASON$ -- WE WILL FI<T & W94 ,BUT ! ,GOV]NM5T W\LD BETT] NOT DECEIVE ITSELF4 ,:5 ! W> IS OV]1 WE WILL PRES5T \R BILL4 ,9 RETURN = \R DEVOTION & SACRIFICES1 WE EXPECT A COMPLETE *ANGE 9 ! REGIME4 ,WE WILL REGA9 \R RI<TS1 \R LIB]TIES4 ,?+S WILL BE DIFF]5T AFT] ! W>4 

,& ! SOLDI]S :ISP]$3 0,:5 ! W> IS OV] WE WILL KEEP \R GUNS1 AT ALL CO/S04 

,BUT SOON 5\< ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA WAS ALT]$4 ,A S]IES ( DEFEATS BEGAN1 & ) !M ! UNRE/1 ! DISILLUSIONM5T1 ! RAGE ( ! PEOPLE RETURN$4 

,! W> CO/ DE>LY1 FRI<TFULLY1 9 MONEY & ESPECIALLY 9 M54 ,MILLIONS ( HUMAN LIVES W]E SACRIFIC$1 TO NO PURPOSE & ) NO COMP5SATION4 ,ONCE MORE ! ,ROMANOV REGIME DEMON/RAT$ ITS 9COMPET5CE1 ITS ROTT5NESS1 ITS WEAKNESS4 ,MOREOV]1 C]TA9 DEFEATS :I* CO/ HUGELY 9 VICTIMS W]E UNEXPLA9$1 MY/]I\S1 SUSPECT4 ,ALL OV] ! C\NTRY !RE WAS TALK4-NTRT-PNLY ( FLAGRANT 9COMPET5CE1 BUT ( CRIM9AL NEGLIG5CE1 V5ALITY_/( ! AU?ORITIES1 ESPIONAGE 9 ! SUPREME COMM&1 ! ,G]MAN ORIG9 ( ! DYNA/Y & ( SEV]AL LEAD]S1 & ( HI< TREASON 9 ! ,IMP]IAL ,C\RT ITSELF4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ROYAL FAMILY W]E ALMO/ OP5LY ACCUS$ ( SYMPA?Y = ! ,G]MANS1 & EV5 ( HAV+ DIRECT DEAL+S ) ! 5EMY4 ,) LITTLE SECRECY1 & ) ANG] & HATR$1 ! ,CZ>9A WAS CALL$ 0! ,BO*E04 ,AL>M+ & S9I/] RUMORS SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES4 

,AT FIR/ ! ,IMP]IAL ,C\RT WAS NOT MU* DI/URB$4 ,LAT] SEV]AL MEASURES W]E TAK5 -- T>DILY & AWKW>DLY4 ,BE+ PURELY =MAL1 !Y W]E 9EFFECTIVE1 SATISFI$ NO ONE1 ACCOMPLI%$ NO?+4 

,9 AN ATTEMPT TO RE/ORE ! MORALE ( ! TROOPS & ! PEOPLE1 ,NIKOLAI ,I,I P]SONALLY ASSUM$ SUPREME COMM& ( ! FI<T+ =CES1 AT LEA/ NOM9ALLY4 ,HE W5T TO ! FRONT4 ,BUT ?IS GE/URE DID NOT *ANGE ANY?+ 9 ! G5]AL SITUATION1 :I* WAS GETT+ WORSE EA* DAY1 & AGA9/ :I* ! ,CZ>1 ABSOLUTELY 9CAPABLE & 9ACTIVE1 WAS P[]LESS4 ,EV]Y:]E !RE WAS DIS9TEGRATION1-BO? 9 ! ,>MY & 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE4 

,9 DESPAIR1 SEV]AL PLOTS W]E FOM5T$ 9 LIB]AL CIRCLES & EV5 9 ! IMM$IATE 5T\RAGE ( ! ,CZ>4 ,ONE DESIGN ( ! PLOTT]S WAS TO MAKE ! RUL] ABDICATE 9 FAVOR ( A MORE 0UP TO DATE0 & POPUL> MON>*1 = 9/ANCE ! ,CZ>'S UNCLE1 ,GR& ,DUKE ,NIKOLAI1 0TO SAVE ! W> & ! DYNA/Y01 ! IMP5D+ FALL ( :I* WAS EXPECT$ BY ALL CONC]N$4 

,!Y BEGAN BY WIP+ \T ! EVIL MONK ,RASPUT94 ,BUT ! CONSPIRATORS HESITAT$ AB\T :AT TO DO NEXT1 & DELAY$1 NOT BE+ ABLE TO REA* AN AGREEM5T AMONG !MSELVES4 

,?+S W]E AT ?IS /AGE :51 BRUTALLY1 ! EXPLOSION 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 OCCURR$4 

,IT WAS NOT SO MU* ! MILIT>Y DEVELOPM5TS1 NOR ! RUMORS ( TREASON 9 ! ,ROYAL ,C\RT1 NOR EV5 ! 9COMPET5CE & UNPOPUL>ITY ( ! ,CZ> ?AT SET (F ?IS SUDD5 DETONATION4 

,:AT MADE ! PEOPLE DESP]ATE & BR\<T ON ! CRUCIAL BL[ WAS ! COMPLETE DISORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 & ( EXI/5CE ITSELF1 ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 0,! DISORGANIZATION IS SU*10 ,M9I/] ,KRIVO*E9 ADMITT$1 SPEAK+ ( ! ADM9I/RATION & ALL ! S]VICES ( ! ,/ATE1 0?AT IT IS LIKE A LUNATIC ASYLUM40 ,& IT WAS 9 ?IS FIELD ?AT ! IMPOT5CE ( ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T & ! DISA/R\S RESULTS ( ITS CONDUCT COMPELL$ ! MASSES TO TAKE DECISIVE ACTION4 

,ALL ! W>R+ NATIONS W]E SUFF]+ GREAT ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES AT ?IS /AGE ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONFLICT1 BECAUSE ( ! NECESSITY ( FE$+ & SUPPLY+ ! O!R NE$S ( ! MILLIONS ( M5 ON ! F>-FLUNG BATTLE-FRONTS1 & AT ! SAME TIME MA9TA9+ ! NORMAL LIFE ( ?OSE C\NTRIES4 ,EV]Y:]E ?IS D\BLE TASK CAUS$ TREM5D\S /RA94 ,BUT EV]Y:]E ELSE -- EV5 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! SITUATION WAS ESPECIALLY DIFFICULT -- IT WAS ACCOMPLI%$ MORE OR LESS SUCCESSFULLY4 ,EV]Y:]E EXCEPT 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E NO?+ HAD BE5 =ESE51 NO?+ PLANN$ 9 ADVANCE1 NO?+ ORGANIZ$4.<#e.> 

,IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT ! T]RIBLE EFFECTS ( ?IS TOTAL DIS9TEGRATION ( P[] & ! ,/ATE W\LD HAVE MANIFE/$ !MSELVES EV5 SOON]1 HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! EF=TS ( C]TA9 LIV+ =CES 9 ! EMPIRE1 SU* AS ! ,UNION ( ! ,CITIES1 ! ,W> ,9DU/RIES ,COMMITTEE1 & O!RS4 ,>IS+ SPONTANE\SLY1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS W]E ABLE TO PROVIDE TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE = ! MORE PRESS+ NE$S ( ! ,>MY & ! CIVILIAN POPULACE4 

,! 5]GETIC & B5EFICIAL ACTIVITY ( !SE =CES1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! ZEM/VOS 7PROV9CIAL C\NCILS71 ! MUNICIPALITIES1 ET CET]A1 -- AN ACTIVITY :I*1 WE MA/ EMPHASIZE1 WAS C>RI$ ON 9 OPPOSITION TO ! LAWS & RESI/ANCE ( ! BUREAUCRACY -- ALSO HAD A HI<LY IMPORTANT MORAL EFFECT4 ,EV]Y DAY1 ALIKE 9 ! ,>MY & 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE1 ONE C\LD CLE>LY P]CEIVE1 NOT ONLY ! TOTAL 9COMPET5CE ( ,CZ>ISM1 BUT ALSO ! EXI/5CE ( ELEM5TS P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( REPLAC+ IT1 & FUR!RMORE1 ! DISGRACEFUL WAY 9 :I* ! DY+ ,ROMANOV REGIME1 FE>+ ?OSE ELEM5TS1 IMP$$ !IR ACTION1 ?US PU%+ ! :OLE NATION T[>D CATA/ROPHE4 

,EV]Y DAY ! ,>MY & ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE SAW ) !IR [N EYES ?AT IT WAS !SE FREE ANIONS & COMMITTEES :I*1 ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE & ) SUBLIME DEVOTION1 ASSUR$ PRODUCTION1 ORGANIZ$ TRANSPORT1 SUP]VIS$ SUPPLIES1 & GU>ANTE$ >RIVAL & DI/RIBUTION ( RATIONS & MUNITIONS4 ,& EV]Y DAY1 TOO1 ! ,>MY & ! PEOPLE SAW ! GOV]NM5T OPPOSE ?IS 9DISP5SABLE ACTIVITY & HOLD IT BACK1 ) NO CONC]N = ! 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY4 

,?IS F9AL MORAL PREP>ATION ( ! ,>MY & ! POPULACE = ! D[NFALL ( ,CZ>ISM & ITS REPLACEM5T BY O!R ELEM5TS WAS EXCE$+LY IMPORTANT4 ,IT COMPLET$ ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,IT GAVE ! LA/ T\* TO ! PREP>ATORY WORK4 

,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 ! SITUATION HAD BECOME UNT5ABLE4 ,! ECONOMIC *AOS1 ! POV]TY ( ! WORK]S1 & ! SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION ( ,RUSSIA W]E SO ACUTE ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( SEV]AL T>GE CITIES -- NOTABLY ,PETROGRAD -- BEGAN TO LACK NOT ONLY FUEL1 CLO?+1 MEAT1 BUTT]1 & SUG>1 BUT EV5 BREAD4 

,FEBRU>Y SAW WORSE CONDITIONS4 ,DESPITE ! EF=TS ( ! ,DUMA1 ! ZEM/VOS 7PROV9CIAL C\NCILS71 ! MUNICIPALITIES1 ! UNIONS1 & ! COMMITTEES1 NOT ONLY WAS ! URBAN POPULATION DOOM$ TO FAM9E1 BUT ! SUPPLY+ ( ! ,>MY BECAME 5TIRELY DEFECTIVE4 ,& AT ! SAME TIME A COMPLETE MILIT>Y DEBACLE WAS REA*$4 

,BY ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y1 IT WAS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE = ! C\NTRY1 BO? MAT]IALLY & MORALLY1 TO CONT9UE ! W>4 ,& IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 ! CITIES TO PROCURE SUPPLIES .<TO KEEP ! FACTORIES GO+.>4 

,BUT ,CZ>ISM DID NOT WANT TO KN[ ANY?+ AB\T !SE REALITIES4 ,IT P]SI/$ BL9DLY N[ 9 RUNN+ ! OLD MA*9E COMPLETELY (F ITS TRACKS4 ,& IT FELL BACK1 AS USUAL1 ON REPRESSION1 VIOL5CE AGA9/ ?OSE :O W]E ACTIVE1 & ! MILITANTS ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,IT WAS ! 9ABILITY ( ! PEOPLE TO CONT9UE ! W> & 5DURE CONDITIONS ( FAM9E1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! BL9D OB/9ACY ( ,CZ>ISM1 ON ! O!R1 ?AT BR\<T AB\T ! ,REVOLUTION1 TWO & A HALF YE>S AFT] 0! GREAT 5?USIASM04 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #bd 7,RUSSIAN OLD /YLE7 DI/URBANCES BEGAN 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,PRIM>ILY PROVOK$ BY ! LACK ( PROVISIONS1 !Y DID NOT SEEM LIKELY TO BECOME S]I\S4 ,BUT NEXT DAY EV5TS TOOK A SUDD5 TURN4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! CAPITAL1 FEEL+ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE G5]ALLY W]E 9 SOLID>ITY ) !M1 EXTREMELY AGITAT$ = WEEKS1 />V+1 & NOT EV5 RECEIV+ ANY MORE BREAD1 ?RONG$ ! /REETS1 DEMON/RAT$ FI]CELY1 & FLATLY REFUS$ TO DISP]SE4 

,YET ON ?IS FIR/ DAY ! DEMON/RATIONS W]E CAUTI\S & 9(F5SIVE4 ,9 CLOSE-PACK$ MASSES ! WORK]S1 ) !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 %\T$3 0,BREAD6 ,BREAD6 ,WE HAVE NO?+ TO EAT4 ,EI!R GIVE US BREAD OR %OOT US6 ,\R *ILDR5 >E DY+ ( HUNG]4 ,BREAD6 ,BREAD60 

,BESIDES ! POLICE1 ! ,GOV]NM5T S5T DETA*M5TS ( M\NT$ TROOPS1 ,COSSACKS1 AGA9/ ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,BUT !RE W]E FEW TROOPS !N 9 ,PETROGRAD -- EXCEPT UNRELIABLE RES]VI/S4 ,SO ! WORK]S W]E NOT AT ALL FRI<T5$4 ,!Y B>$ !IR BREA/S TO ! SOLDI]S1 HELD UP !IR *ILDR51 & CRI$3 0,KILL US ALL IF Y\ D>E6 ,BETT] TO BE %OT ?AN TO />VE TO DEA?60 

,F9ALLY -- & ?IS WAS ! KEY PO9T ( ! EPISODE -- NE>LY ALL ( ! SOLDI]S1 SMIL+1 WALK$ W>ILY T[>DS ! CR[D1 )\T US+ !IR WEAPONS1 & IGNOR+ ! ORD]S ( !IR (FIC]S4 ,& MANY ( ! LATT] W]E NOT P>TICUL>LY 9SI/5T4 ,9 SOME PLACES ! SOLDI]S FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! WORK]S1 GO+ SO F> AS TO GIVE !M !IR RIFLES1 GETT+ (F !IR HORSES1 & M+L+ ) ! ?RONG4 ,NATURALLY ?IS ATTITUDE ( ! TROOPS 5C\RAG$ ! PROTE/+ WORK]S4 

,H]E & !RE1 H[EV]1 ! POLICE & ! ,COSSACKS DID *>GE GR\PS ( DEMON/RATORS C>RY+ R$ FLAGS1 & SEV]AL ( !M W]E KILL$ OR W\ND$4 

,9 ! B>RACKS ( ,PETROGRAD & ! SUBURBS ( ! CAPITAL1 ! G>RISON REGIM5TS /ILL HELD BACK FROM TAK+ ! SIDE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,& ! GOV]NM5T HELD BACK FROM S5D+ !M TO COMBAT IT4 

,BUT ! MORN+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #bf BR\<T A NOTABLE NEW HAPP5+4 ,BY DECREE1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ORD]$ ! ,DUMA DISSOLV$4 

,?IS WAS A SORT ( SIGNAL ?AT EV]YBODY SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 WAIT+ = BE=E BEG9N+ DECISIVE ACTION4 ,! NEWS1 KN[N EV]Y:]E 9 ! CAPITAL ALMO/ 9/ANTANE\SLY1 SPURR$ ON EV5TS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 ! DEMON/RATIONS TOOK ON ! *>ACT] ( A /RICTLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,%\TS ( 0,D[N ) ,CZ>ISM601 0,D[N ) ! ,W>601 & 0,LONG LIVE ! ,REVOLUTION60 RANG FROM ! MILL+ CR[D1 :OSE ATTITUDE /EADILY BECAME MORE DET]M9$ & M5AC+4 ,ALL OV] ! CITY ! DEMON/RATORS RESOLUTELY ATTACK$ ! POLICE4 ,SEV]AL PUBLIC BUILD+S W]E BURN$1 9CLUD+ ! ,C\RT ,H\SE4 ,! /REETS BRI/L$ ) B>RICADES4 ,SOON MANY R$ FLAGS APPE>$4 ,! SOLDI]S /ILL MA9TA9$ A B5EVOL5T NEUTRALITY1 BUT MORE & MORE FREQU5TLY !Y M+L$ ) ! ?RONG4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD DEP5D ON ITS TROOPS LESS & LESS4 

,N[ IT HURL$ ! :OLE POLICE =CE ( ! CITY AGA9/ ! REBELS4 ,! POLICE QUICKLY =M$ DETA*M5TS = MASS ATTACK4 ,!Y 9/ALL$ MA*9E-GUNS ON ! RO(S ( V>I\S H\SES & EV5 9 SOME *UR*ES1 & OCCUPI$ ALL /RATEGIC PO9TS4 ,!N !Y BEGAN A G5]AL (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! RIS+ MASSES4 

,DUR+ ?AT :OLE DAY ( ,FEBRU>Y #bf ! FI<T+ WAS HOT ,9 MANY 9/ANCES ! POLICE W]E DISLODG$1 POLICEM5 W]E KILL$1 & !IR MA*9E-GUNS SIL5C$4 ,BUT ELSE:]E !Y RESI/$ FI]CELY4 

,CZ> ,NIKOLAI ,I,I1 :O WAS AT ! W>-FRONT1 WAS W>N$ BY TELEGRAM ( ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,DUMA DECID$ TO CONT9UE SITT+ & NOT YIELD TO ! ORD] TO DISSOLVE4  

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