,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d 
,T[>D A ,SOCIALI/ ,GOV]NM5T2 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,SOCIALISM 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d4 ,T[>D A ,SOCIALI/ ,GOV]NM5T2 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,SOCIALISM 

  

,?US ! FIR/ PROVISIONAL ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS1 WAS RAPIDLY & 9EVITABLY R$UC$ TO MANIFE/ RIDICUL\S & FATAL IMPOT5CE4 ,! POOR ?+ DID :AT IT C\LD TO MA9TA9 ITSELF3 IT MANEUV]$1 IT TEMPORIZ$1 IT /ALL$4 ,MEAN:ILE ALL ! C>D9AL PROBLEMS ALSO W]E BOGG$ D[N4 ,CRITICISM ( & !N G5]AL ANG] AGA9/ ?IS PHANTOM GOV]NM5T 9CREAS$ FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,SOON ITS EXI/5CE BECAME 9SUPPORTABLE4 ,SC>CELY SIXTY DAYS AFT] ITS SOLEMN 9AUGURATION1 IT WAS COMPELL$ TO GIVE WAY1 )\T A /RUGGLE1 ON ,MAY #f1 TO A SO-CALL$ 0COALITION0 GOV]NM5T 7) ,SOCIALI/ P>TICIPATION71 :OSE MO/ 9FLU5TIAL MEMB] WAS ,ALEX&] ,K]5SKY1 A V]Y MOD]ATE ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y1 OR RA!R 09DEP5D5T0 ,SOCIALI/4 

,C\LD ?IS B\RGEOIS-,SOCIALI/ REGIME HOPE TO A*IEVE MORE SATISFACTORY RESULTS ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,= ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE & ! IMPOT5CE ( ITS ACTIONS W\LD NECESS>ILY BE ID5TICAL ) ?OSE ( ! FIR/ PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,OBLIG$ TO RELY ON A P[]LESS B\RGEOISIE1 =C$ TO CONT9UE ! W>1 9CAPABLE ( F9D+ A REAL SOLUTION ( ! MORE & MORE URG5T PROBLEMS1 ATTACK$ BY ! LEFTI/S1 & SURR\ND$ BY DIFFICULTIES ( ALL K9DS AT ALL TIMES1 ?IS SECOND PROVISIONAL REGIME P]I%$ +LORI\SLY LIKE ! FIR/1 & 9 ALMO/ ! SAME L5G? ( TIME1 /EPP+ ASIDE ON ,JULY #b = A ?IRD PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 COMPOS$ PRIM>ILY ( ,SOCIALI/S1 ) A FEW B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ,K]5SKY1 SUPREME LEAD] ( ! ?IRD & SUBSEQU5TLY ( A F\R? GOV]NM5T 7ALMO/ ! SAME AS ITS IMM$IATE =]UNN]7 BECAME1 = A TIME1 A SORT ( ,DUCE ( ,RUSSIA1 & ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 9 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) ! ,M5%EVIKS1 SEEM$ TO HAVE EM]G$ DEF9ITELY AS MA/]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ONE /EP FUR!R1 & ! C\NTRY W\LD HAVE HAD A ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T :I* C\LD HAVE RELI$ ON V]Y REAL =CES3 ! PEASANTRY1 ! MASS ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S A L>GE SECTION ( ! 9TELLECTUALS1 ! ,SOVIETS1 ! ,>MY1 ET CET]A4 

,H[EV]1 IT ACCOMPLI%$ NO?+4 

,UPON ITS ATTA9M5T ( P[] ! LA/ ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T APPE>$ V]Y /RONG4 ,&1 9 FACT1 IT C\LD HAVE BECOME SO4 

,K]5SKY1 A LAWY] & A ,DEPUTY1 5JOY$ GREAT POPUL>ITY1 BO? AMONG ! MASSES & 9 ! ,>MY4 ,HIS SPEE*ES 9 ! ,DUMA AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,REVOLUTION SCOR$ MEMORABLE SUCCESS4 ,& HIS ASSUMPTION ( P[] >\S$ TREM5D\S HOPES ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA4 ,HE C\LD DEP5D )\T RES]VATION ON ! SOVIETS -- & !RE=E ON ! :OLE ( ! NATION'S WORK+ CLASS -- = AT ! MOM5T ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES .<! ,SOVIETS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 & ! SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES.> W]E ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! ,SOVIETS W]E 5TIRELY 9 ! H&S ( RI<T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & ,M5%EVIKS4 

,9 ! E>LY WEEKS ( ! ,K]5SKY M9I/RY1 IT WAS DANG]\S TO CRITICIZE ITS LEAD] 9 PUBLIC1 SO /RONG WAS ! C\NTRY'S CONFID5CE 9 HIM4 ,SEV]AL AGITATORS LE>N$ ?IS TO !IR CO/1 :ILE TRY+ TO SPEAK AGA9/ ,K]5SKY 9 ! PUBLIC SQU>ES4 ,!RE W]E EV5 CASES ( LYN*+4 

,BUT TO PR(IT FROM ALL !SE REM>KABLE ADVANTAGES IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ,K]5SKY FULFILL -- & FULFILL EFFECTIVELY1 BY DE$S -- A S+LE CONDITION3 ! ONE RECOMM5D$ BY ,DANTON 9 DAYS GONE BY4 ,HE MU/ HAVE AUDACITY1 /ILL MORE AUDACITY1 & AUDACITY ALL ! TIME4 

,WELL1 ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! QUALITY ?AT ,K]5SKY COMPLETELY LACK$6 

,9 ! EXI/+ SITUATION AUDACITY = HIM PROP]LY MEANT3 #a4 ,IMM$IATE AB&ONM5T ( ! W> 7! F9D+ ( SOME WAY TO DO ?IS72 #b4 ,A DECISIVE BREAK ) ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS REGIME 7?AT IS1 ! =MATION ( A :OLLY ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T72 #c4 ,IMM$IATE ORI5TATION ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE ( ALL ,RUSSIA T[>D A FRANKLY ,SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 

,ALL ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 P]FECTLY LOGICAL & 0M&ATORY0 = A GOV]NM5T ( ,SOCIALI/ P]SUASION1 ) A ,SOCIALI/ MAJORITY1 & A ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]4 ,BUT NO6 ,AS ALWAYS1 AS !Y DID EV]Y:]E1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/S & ,K]5SKY HIMSELF1 9/EAD ( UND]/&+ ! HI/ORICAL NECESSITY & SEIZ+ ! PROPITI\S MOM5T TO GO =W>D & F9ALLY FULFILL !IR REAL PROGRAM1 REMA9$ PRISON]S ( !IR BA/>D 0M9IMUM0 PROGRAM :I* CATEGORICALLY REQUIR$ A /RUGGLE = A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,9/EAD ( PUTT+ !MSELVES C&IDLY AT ! S]VICE ( ! WORK+ MASSES & !IR EMANCIPATION1 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,K]5-SKY1 HELD CAPTIVE BY !IR [N FLABBY IDEOLOGY1 C\LD F9D NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN PLAY ! GAME ( ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM4 

,K]5SKY D>$ NOT AB&ON ! W> NOR TURN HIS BACK ON ! B\RGEOISIE1 D>$ NOT BASE HIMSELF SOLIDLY ON ! WORK+ CLASSES1 NOR EV5 SIMPLY TO CONT9UE ! ,REVOLUTION6 ,& HE D>$ NOT HA/5 ! CALL+ ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

,HE WANT$ TO CONT9UE ! W>6 ,& AT ALL CO/S & BY :ATEV] MEANS6 

,:AT HE DID D>E TO DO WAS1 FIR/1 TO 9/ITUTE A GR\P ( RE=MS 9 REV]SE3 REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! DEA? P5ALTY & C\RT-M>TIALS AT ! FRONT1 REPRESSIVE MEASURES 9 ! RE>4 ,& F9ALLY1 !RE WAS A LONG S]IES ( VISITS TO ! BATTLE-FRONT1 & ! MAK+ ( SPEE*ES & 9FLAMMATORY H>ANGUES :I* W\LD1 9 ,K]5SKY'S OP9ION1 REVIVE ! W>-LIKE 5?USIASM ( ! E>LY DAYS ( ! CONFLICT AMONG ! SOLDI]S4 ,HE WAS AW>E ?AT ! W> CONT9U$ ONLY ?R\< 9]TIA4 ,& HE WANT$ TO GIVE IT A NEW IMPETUS ) WORDS & PUNI%M5TS1 NOT TAK+ ANY ACC\NT ! REALITY4 

,HE ORAT$ SO MU* ?AT HIS TITLE ( ,COMM&]-9-,*IEF 7HE ALSO WAS PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S7 WAS SOON *ANG$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN PUBLIC TO ,ORATOR-9-,*IEF4 

,AB\T TWO MON?S SUFFIC$ TO MAKE ,K]5SKY'S POPUL>ITY FALL TO ! BOTTOM1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & SOLDI]S1 :O 5D$ BY JE]+ AT HIS SPEE*ES4 ,!Y WANT$ DE$S1 DE$S ( PEACE & SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y ALSO WANT$ ! SPE$Y CALL+ ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! OB/9ACY ) :I* ALL ! PROVISIONAL REGIMES DELAY$ ?AT CONVOCATION WAS ONE ( ! REASONS = !IR UNPOPUL>ITY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS1 PROMIS+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! CALL+ ( ! ,ASSEMBLY AS SOON AS !Y W\LD COME 9TO P[]4 

,9 %ORT1 ! REASONS = ! FAILURE ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T W]E ! SAME AS ?OSE :I* BR\<T ON ! COLLAPSE ( ! PREC$+ REGIMES3 ! 9ABILITY ( ! MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S TO 5D ! W>2 ! LAM5TABLE IMPOT5CE ( ?IS F\R? GOV]NM5T TO SOLVE ! BASIC NATIONAL PROBLEMS2 & ITS 9T5TION ( IMPRISON+ ! ,REVOLUTION )9 ! LIMITS ( A B\RGEOIS REGIM54 

,SEV]AL CIRCUM/ANCES & EV5TS -- ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( !SE FATAL 9ADEQUACIES -- AGGRAVAT$ ! SITUATION & PRECIPITAT$ ,K]5SKY'S D[NFALL4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 HAV+ BY ?IS TIME ASSEMBL$ ITS BE/ =CES & ?US POSSESS+ A P[]FUL ORGANIZATION = PROPAG&A & ACTION1 DAILY SPREAD ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 BY MEANS ( ?\S&S ( ORATORS & PUBLI%$ >TICLES1 SKILLFUL1 ACCURATE1 & VIGOR\S CRITICISMS ( ! POLICY1 ATTITUDE1 & ACTIVITIES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 7& ALSO ( ALL ! MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S74 ,IT ADVOCAT$ IMM$IATELY CESSATION ( ! W>1 DEMOBILIZATION1 CONT9UATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT DIFFUS$ ) ALL ITS 5]GY ITS SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,IT REPEAT$ EV]Y DAY ITS PROMISE TO CONVOKE ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY AT ONCE1 & F9ALLY TO RESOLVE -- QUICKLY & SUCCESSFULLY -- ALL ! PROBLEMS ( ! H\R IF IT WAS GIV5 P[]4 ,CON/ANTLY IT HAMM]$1 )\T LET-UP & )\T ALL[+ ITSELF TO BE 9TIMIDAT$1 ON ! SAME NAIL3 ,P[]6 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS60 IT %\T$ FROM MORN+ TO EV5+1 & FROM EV5+ TO MORN+4 ,GIVE POLITICAL P[] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKI & EV]Y?+ W\LD BE FIX$1 RESOLV$1 REALIZ$4 

,9CREAS+LY LI/5$ TO & FOLL[$ BY ! 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S1 ! WORK+ MASSES 9 9DU/RY1 & ! ,>MY1 MULTIPLY+1 ) PRECIPIT\S RAPIDITY1 ! NUMB] ( ITS ADH]5TS1 & ?US P5ETRAT+ 9TO ALL ! FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ALREADY HAD RECRUIT$ BY ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#g1 AN IMPOS+ =CE ( MILITANTS1 AGITATORS1 PROPAG&I/S1 WRIT]S1 ORGANIZ]S1 & M5 ( ACTION4 ,IT ALSO POSSESS$ CONSID]ABLE FUNDS4 ,& IT HAD AT ITS HEAD A C\RAGE\S C5TRAL COMMITTEE DIRECT$ BY ,L594 ,IT C>RI$ ON ACTIVITY ?AT WAS FI]CE1 FEV]I%1 & FULM9AT+1 & IT FELT ITSELF1 AT LEA/ MORALLY1 ! MA/] ( ! SITUATION4 ,ESPECIALLY WAS ?IS TRUE BECAUSE IT HAD NO RIVALS ON ! EXTREME LEFT4 ,! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 MU* WEAK]1 C\LD ONLY FIGURE AS A SATELLITE1 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS SC>CELY BEG9N+2 & AS = ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 IT WAS1 AS WE KN[1 NON-EXI/5T4 

,K]5SKY1 FEEL+ HIMSELF LESS & LESS SECURE1 D>$ NOT ATTACK ! ,BOL%EVIKS RESOLUTELY1 /RAI<T=W>DLY4 ,HE HAD REC\RSE1 9 A DESULTORY MANN]1 TO HALF-MEASURES1 :I*1 :ILE SUFFICI5T TO DEFEAT HIS OPPON5T1 GAVE IT PUBLICITY1 SO ?AT IT WON ! ATT5TION1 E/EEM1 & F9ALLY ! CONFID5CE ( ! MASSES4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 !SE TIMID REACTIONS /R5G!N$ ! 5EMY 9/EAD ( WEAK5+ IT4 ,& !N1 LIKE MANY O!RS1 ,K]5SKY DID NOT SEE ! DANG]4 ,AT ?AT MOM5T H>DLY ANYONE ANTICIPAT$ A ,BOL%EVIK VICTORY4 ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT EV5 9 ?AT P>TY ITSELF1 ,L59 WAS ALMO/ ALONE 9 HIS C]TA9TY ( W9N+ & ALMO/ ALONE 9SI/$ ?AT OPPORTUNITY = PREP>+ = AN 9SURRECTION WAS AT H&4 

,F9ALLY ,K]5SKY1 PRESS$ BY ! ,ALLIES1 & HYPNOTIZ$ BY HIS [N DREAMS & PROBABLY BY HIS [N SPEE*ES1 HAD ! MIS=TUNE ( LAUN*+1 ON ,JUNE #a#h1 HIS N[ FAM\S (F5SIVE ON ! ,G]MAN FRONT -- AN (F5SIVE :I* FAIL$ MIS]ABLY & /RUCK A T]RIBLE BL[ TO HIS POPUL>ITY4 ,& ON ,JULY #c AN >M$ UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 BY TROOPS 7& BY SAILORS FROM ! ,KRON/ADT =TRESS7 BROKE \T 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ) CRIES ( 0,D[N ) ,K]5SKY6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION6 ,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS60 ,?IS TIME ,K]5SKY /ILL C\LD MA/] ! SITUATION1 ?\< ) DIFFICULTY4 ,NEV]!LESS HE LO/ ! V]Y %AD[ ( HIS =M] 9FLU5CE4 

,!N AN EV5T OCCURR$ :I* GAVE HIM ! C\P DE GRACE4 ,MADE DESP]ATE BY ! RIS+ TIDE ( ! ,REVOLUTION & BY ,K]5-SKY'S 9DECISION1 A 0,:ITE0 G5]AL1 ,KORNILOV1 BR\<T FROM ! FRONT SEV]AL ?\S& SOLDI]S 7MO/LY FROM ,CAUCASIAN REGIM5TS- -- 9 EFFECT COLONIAL TROOPS -- MORE EASILY DUP$ & MANIPULAT$ ?AN O!RS71 DECEIV$ !M AB\T :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ! CAPITAL1 & S5T !M TO ,PETROGRAD UND] ! COMM& ( ANO!R G5]AL :O SWORE ?AT HE W\LD 0PUT AN 5D TO ! B&S ( >M$ CRIM9ALS & DEF5D ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS P[]LESS TO EXT]M9ATE !M40 

,= REASONS :I* P]HAPS WILL SOM$AY BE KN[N SPECIFICALLY1 ,K]5SKY GAVE ONLY FEEBLE RESI/ANCE TO ,KORNILOV -- A TOK5 RESI/ANCE4 ,! CAPITAL WAS SAV$ ONLY BY ! FURI\S DET]M9ATION1 ! PRODIGI\S EF=T1 & SUBLIME SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE ( ! CITY'S WORK]S4 ,) ! AID ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET'S LEFT W+1 SEV]AL ?\S& ( ! WORK]S >M$ !MSELVES HA/ILY & DEP>T$ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE = 0! FRONT0 AGA9/ ,KORNILOV4 ,A BATTLE1 ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CAPITAL1 REMA9$ 9DECISIVE4 

,! WORK]S DID NOT YIELD AN 9* ( T]RITORY4 ,BUT !Y LEFT MANY DEAD ON ! FIELD1 & W]E NOT SURE ( HAV+ 5\< M5 & MUNITIONS = ! NEXT DAY4 ,H[EV]1 ?ANKS TO ! QUICK & 5]GETIC ACTION ( ! RAILROAD & TELEGRAPH WORK]S1 ASSI/$ BY SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES ON ! BATTLE-L9E1 ,KORNILOV'S HEADQU>T]S W]E ISOLAT$ FROM ! FRONT & FROM ! :OLE C\NTRY4 

,9 ! NI<T1 ?AT COMM&]'S SOLDI]S1 SURPRIS$ BY ! H]OIC RESI/ANCE ( .<M5 :O HAD BE5 DESCRIB$ TO !M AS.> 0B&ITS1 CRIM9ALS1 & IDL]S01 & SUSPECT+ TRICK]Y1 DECID$ TO EXAM9E ! DEAD4 ,!Y DISCOV]$ ?AT ! BODIES ALL HAD ! CALL\S$ H&S ( BONA FIDE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,PRES5TLY1 TOO1 A FEW GR\PS ( ,SOCIALI/S FROM ! ,CAUCASUS :O W]E !N 9 ,PETROGRAD MANAG$ TO GET A DELEGATION 9TO ,KORNILOV'S CAMP4 ,! DELEGATES CONF]R$ ) ! SOLDI]S !RE1 TOLD !M ! REAL SITUATION1 DISPELL$ ! MY? ( ! 0B&ITS01 & P]SUAD$ !M TO AB&ON ! FRATRICIDAL FI<T4 ,NEXT MORN+1 ,KORNILOV'S M51 DECL>+ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 DECEIV$1 REFUS$ TO CONT9UE FI<T+ AGA9/ !IR BRO!R WORK]S & RETURN$ TO ! MA9 FRONT4 ,! ,KORNILOV ADV5TURE 5D$4 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ?IS1 PUBLIC OP9ION ACCUS$ ,K]5SKY ( SECRETLY CONNIV+ ) ,KORNILOV4 ,:E!R TRUE OR NOT1 ?IS /ORY WAS WIDELY BELIEV$4 ,MORALLY ! SITUATION SPELL$ ! F9I% ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T &1 9 G5]AL1 ( ! MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! WAY WAS OP5 = A RESOLUTE (F5SIVE BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 

,!N ANO!R EV5T ( MAJOR IMPORTANCE OCCURR$4 ,9 NEW ELECTIONS ( DELEGATES 7TO ! ,SOVIETS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 & SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES7 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SCOR$ A CRU%+ VICTORY OV] ! MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S4 ,?US ?AT P>TY ATTA9$ FULL CONTROL ( ALL WORK+ CLASS & REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,) ! COLLABORATION ( ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES ! ,BOL%EVIKS LIKEWISE GA9$ WIDE SYMPA?Y AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,!Y W]E N[ 9 AN EXCELL5T /RATEGIC POSITION = A DECISIVE ATTACK4 

,AT ?IS JUNCTURE ,L59 CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( CALL+ A ,PAN-,RUSSIAN CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 :I* W\LD RISE AGA9/ ,K]5SKY1 OV]?R[ HIM ) ! HELP ( ! ,>MY1 & 9AUGURATE ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 ,& PREP>ATIONS TO C>RY \T ?AT PLAN BEGAN AT ONCE1 P>TLY 9 ! OP51 P>TLY 9 SECRET4 ,COMPELL$ TO HIDE1 ,L59 DIRECT$ ! NECESS>Y OP]ATIONS BY REMOTE CONTROL4 ,K]5-SKY1 :ILE SUSPECT+ ! DANG]1 WAS P[]LESS TO AV]T IT4 ,EV5TS MOV$ SWIFTLY4 ,! LA/ ACT ( ! DRAMA WAS AB\T TO />T4 

,IT IS FITT+ AT ?IS PO9T TO SUM UP C]TA9 \T/&+ ELEM5TS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION 9 ?AT P]IOD4 

,ALL ! CONS]VATIVE OR MOD]ATE GOV]NM5TS :I* (FICIATE6 FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 PROV$ !IR IMPOT5CE TO SOLVE UND] ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 ! EXCEPTIONALLY ACUTE PROBLEM ) :I* ! ,REVOLUTION HAD CONFRONT$ ! PEOPLE ( ,RUSSIA ,?IS WAS ! PR9CIPAL REASON :Y ! NATION ?REW \T1 ONE AFTE ! O!R 9 ! %ORT SPACE ( EI<T MON?S1 ! B\RGEOIS CON /ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 AN ! TWO MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5TS4 

,TWO FACTS ESPECIALLY M>K$ ?IS IMPOT5CE3  

,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! C\NTRY CONT9U+ ! W>1 & ( ANY ( ! F\R GOV]NM5TS CIT$ 5D+ IT4  

,! URG5CY ) :I* ! PEOPLE AWAIT$ ! CALL+ ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 & ! 9ABILITY ( ?OSE GOV]NM5TS TO CALL IT4  
  

,! 9SI/5T PROPAG&A ( ! EXTREME LEFT = IMM$IATE CESSATION ( ! W>1 = IMM$IATE SUMMON+ ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 & = ! 9TEGRAL ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION AS ! ONLY WAY TO SAFETY1 ) O!R FACTORS ( LESS IMPORTANCE1 ANIMAT$ ! ?UND]\S M>* ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,?US ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 AS AN UPRIS+ AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM1 RAPIDLY \TGREW ! /AGES ( A B\RGEOIS POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 & ( DEMOCRATIC & MOD]ATE ,SOCIALISM4 

,9 ,OCTOB]1 ! ROAD BE+ CLE>$ ( ALL OB/ACLES1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS SET1 EFFECTIVELY & COMPLETELY1 ON A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y BASIS4 ,& !RE=E IT WAS LOGICAL & NATURAL ?AT1 AFT] ! FAILURE ( ALL ! MOD]ATE GOV]NM5TS & POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! WORK+ MASSES %\LD TURN TO ! LA/ P>TY REMA9+1 ! ONLY ONE :I* LOOK$ T[>D ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION )\T FE>1 ! ONLY ONE :I* PROMIS$1 IF IT W]E GIV5 P[]1 A SPE$Y & HAPPY SOLUTION = ALL ! EXI/+ PROBLEMS -- ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 

,! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 WE MU/ REPEAT1 WAS /ILL MU* TOO WEAK TO HAVE TANGIBLE 9FLU5CE ON EV5TS4 ,& !RE WAS NO ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,FROM A SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! SITUATION WAS AS FOLL[S3 

,?REE FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS EXI/$3 #a4 ! B\RGEOISIE2 #b4 ! WORK+ CLASS2 #c4 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ACT+ AS IDEOLOGUE & 0ADVANCE GU>D04 

,! B\RGEOISIE1 AS ! READ] KN[S1 WAS WEAK4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI W\LD NOT HAVE TOO MU* TR\BLE 9 ELIM9AT+ IT4 

,! WORK+ CLASS ALSO WAS WEAK4 ,UNORGANIZ$ 79 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD71 9EXP]I5C$1 & BASICALLY UNAW>E ( ITS TRUE TASK1 IT C\LD DO NO?+ BY ITSELF 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,IT LEFT EV]Y?+ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! ACTION4 

,WE WILL ADD A NOTE H]E :I* ANTICIPATES DEVELOPM5TS SOME:AT1 BUT :I* WILL 5ABLE ! READ] TO FOLL[ & UND]/& !M BETT]4 

,?IS 9ADEQUACY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION SUBSEQU5TLY PROV$ FATAL TO ! :OLE ,REVOLUTION4 .<,APROPOS ( ?IS.> !RE WAS AN EVIL DEBIT LEFT OV] FROM ! ABORTIVE REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e-#f2 AT ?AT TIME ! WORK]S DID NOT W9 ! RI<T TO ORGANIZE2 !Y REMA9$ SCATT]$4 ,9 #aiag !Y FELT ! EFFECTS ( ?AT FACT4 

.<,CONSID] ! E>LY C\RSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY AFT] IT TOOK CONTROL.>4 ,9/EAD ( SIMPLY HELP+ ! WORK]S TO A*IEVE ! ,REVOLUTION & EMANCIPATE !MSELVES1 9/EAD ( AID+ !M 9 !IR /RUGGLE1 ! ROLE TO :I* ! WORK]S ASSIGN$ IT 9 !IR ?\<TS1 ! ROLE :I*1 NORMALLY1 W\LD BE ?AT ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGI/S1 & :I* NEV] .<PROP]LY.> 9CLUDES TAK+ & EX]CIS+ 0POLITICAL P[]0 -- 9/EAD ( P]=M+ ?IS ROLE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 ONCE 9 CONTROL1 9/ALL$ ITSELF AS ABSOLUTE MA/]4 ,IT WAS QUICKLY CORRUPT$4 ,IT ORGANIZ$ ITSELF AS A PRIVILEG$ CA/E4 ,& LAT] IT FLATT5$ & SUBJECT$ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT IT1 UND] NEW =MS1 9 ITS [N 9T]E/4 

,BECAUSE ( ?IS ! :OLE ,REVOLUTION WAS FALSIFI$1 MISL$4 ,=1 :5 ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE BECAME COGNIZANT ( !IR DANG]1 IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,AFT] A /RUGGLE BETWE5 !M & ! NEW MA/]S1 SOLIDLY ORGANIZ$ & 9 POSSESSION ( AMPLE MAT]IAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 MILIT>Y1 & POLICE /R5G?1 ! PEOPLE SUCCUMB$4 ,?AT BITT] & UNEQUAL CONFLICT W5T ON = SOME ?REE YE>S1 & = A LONG TIME REMA9$ PRACTICALLY UNKN[N \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! REAL EMANCIPAT+ REVOLUTION AGA9 WAS /IFL$1 & BY ! 0REVOLUTION>IES0 !MSELVES4 

,LET IT BE EXPLA9$ H]E ?AT 0POLITICAL P[]0 IS NOT A =CE 9 ITSELF4 ,IT IS /RONG :5 IT CAN BASE ITSELF ON CAPITAL1 ! >MS ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ,>MY1 ! POLICE4 ,LACK+ ?OSE SUPPORTS IT REMA9S 0SUSP5D$ 9 ! VOID01 P[]LESS1 & UNABLE TO OP]ATE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS GIV5 =MAL PRO( ( ?IS4 ,AFT] ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE HAD 0POLITICAL P[]0 9 ITS H&S1 YET IT WAS ACTUALLY P[]LESS1 & ITS 0P[]0 FELL BY ITSELF TWO MON?S LAT]4 ,FOLL[+ ITS BANKRUPTCY IT NO LONG] POSSESS$ ANY REAL =CE -- NEI!R PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL1 NOR MASS CONFID5CE1 NOR A SOLID ,/ATE APP>ATUS1 NOR AN ,>MY ( ITS [N4 ,! SECOND & ?IRD PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5TS FELL 9 ! SAME MANN] & = ! SAME REASON4 ,& IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT IF ! ,BOL%EVIKI HAD NOT PRECIPITAT$ EV5TS1 ! ,K]5SKY REGIME W\LD HAVE MET PRECISELY ! SAME FATE A LITTLE LAT]4 

,MANIFE/LY IT FOLL[S ?AT IF ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION IS 9 ! PROCESS ( TAK+ OV] .<A NATION.> 7SO ?AT CAPITAL1 L&1 M9ES1 FACTORIES1 MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 & MONEY BEG9 TO PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! ,>MY MAKES COMMON CAUSE ) ! LATT]7 !RE IS NO REASON TO BE CONC]N$ AB\T 0POLITICAL P[]0 ,IF ! DEFEAT$ CLASSES ATTEMPT1 9 L9E ) TRADITION1 TO =M A GOV]NM5T1 :AT IMPORTANCE C\LD IT HAVE8 ,EV5 IF !Y %\LD SUCCE$ 9 ?AT1 IT W\LD BE A PHANTOM GOV]NM5T1 9EFFECTUAL & EASILY SUPPRESS$ BY ! SLI<TE/ EF=T ( ! >M$ PEOPLE4 

,& AS = ! ,REVOLUTION1 :AT NE$ HAS IT ( A 0GOV]NM5T0 ( 0POLITICAL P[]08 ,IT HAS ONLY ONE TASK TO P]=M1 ?AT ( ADVANC+ BY ! SAME C\RSE AS ! PEOPLE1 TO ORGANIZE ITSELF1 TO CONSOLIDATE ITSELF1 TO P]FECT ITSELF ECONOMICALLY1 TO DEF5D ITSELF IF NE$ BE1 TO EXT5D ITSELF1 TO BUILD A NEW SOCIAL LIFE = ! MASSES4 ,:I* HAS NO?+ TO DO ) 0POLITICAL P[]04 ,= ALL ?IS IS A NORMAL FUNCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE !MSELVES1 ( !IR V>I\S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 !IR ORD9AT+ F$]ATIONS1 !IR DEF5SE =MATIONS4 

,:AT IS 0POLITICAL P[]0 FUNDAM5TALLY8 ,:AT IS 0POLITICAL0 ACTIVITY8 ,H[ MANY TIMES HAVE ,I POS$ !SE QUE/IONS TO MEMB]S ( LEFT POLITICAL P>TIES )\T EV] BE+ ABLE TO OBTA9 AN 9TELLIGIBLE DEF9ITION OR ANSW]6 ,H[ CAN ONE DEF9E 0POLITICAL0 ACTIVITY AS AN ACTIVITY 9 ITSELF1 SPECIFICALLY USEFUL = ! COMMUNITY HAV+ A DEF9ITE REASON = EXI/+8 ,ONE CAN DESCRIBE & DEF9E MORE OR LESS PRECISELY O!R ACTIVITY -- SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 JURIDICAL1 DIPLOMATIC1 CULTURAL4 ,BUT 0POLITICAL0 ACTIVITY -- :AT IS IT8 ,IT IS MA9TA9$ ?AT ?IS T]M D5OTES EXACTLY A C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIVE ACTIVITY1 9DISP5SABLE = A WIDELY EXT5D$ GR\P3 = A NATION4 ,BUT !N DOES 0POLITICAL P[]0 MEAN 0ADM9I/RATIVE P[]08 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT !SE TWO IDEAS >E NOT AT ALL ID5TICAL4 ,CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 P[] & ADM9I/RATION >E ?US CONFUS$ 7JU/ AS ,/ATE & SOCIETY >E CONFUS$74 ,! FACT IS ?AT ADM9I/RATIVE ACTIVITY IS NOT SEP>ATE -- CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ -- FROM ANY BRAN* ( HUMAN ACTIVITY2 IT IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( IT4 ,IT FUNCTIONS 9 ALL ACTIVITY 9 SO F> AS IT IS A PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION1 ( COORD9ATION1 OR NORMAL C5TRALIZATION 7TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT IS NE$$7 F$]ATIVELY -- & FROM ! P]IPH]Y T[>D ! C5T]4 

,= C]TA9 K9DS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 ONE CAN CONCEIVE ( A G5]AL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 EA* FIELD1 OR 9 A GR\P ( FIELDS1 ! M5 POSSESS+ ! ABILITY TO ORGANIZE %\LD NORMALLY EX]CISE ! FUNCTION ( ORGANIZ]S1 OR 0ADM9I/RATORS0 -- A FUNCTION :I* IS SIMPLY A P>T ( ! :OLE ACTIVITY ( ! FIELD 9 QUE/ION4 ,!SE M51 WORK]S LIKE ! O!RS1 C\LD ?US 9SURE ! 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S0 7CONTACT1 COHESION1 EQUILIBRIUM1 ET CET]A7 )\T HAV+ TO E/ABLI% A RIGID POLITICAL P[] AS SU*4 ,& 0POLITICAL P[]01 LIKE EV]Y O!R 0?+ AP>T01 REMA9S UNDEF9ABLE1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ANY NORMAL1 REAL1 CONCRETE HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,?AT IS :Y 0POLITICAL P[]0 BECOMES EMPTY & FALLS ( ITS [N WEI<T :5 ! REAL FUNCTIONS >E C>RI$ \T NORMALLY1 BY !IR CORRESPOND+ S]VICES4 0,AS SU*01 IT CANNOT EXI/1 = !RE IS NO SPECIFIC 0POLITICAL0 FUNCTION 9 A HUMAN COMMUNITY4 

,A4 ,A4 ,GOLD5WEIS]1 A ,RUSSIAN JURI/1 REC\NTS 9 HIS MEMOIRS .<,KIEVAN ,REM9ISC5CES1 9 ,>*IVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,VOL4 ,V,I1 PP4 #a#f#a-#c#c1 .<,MOSC[8.> #a#i#b#b4.> ?AT HE LIV$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION 9 A CITY 9 ! ,UKRA9E :I* WAS 9 A NOTABLY UN/ABLE ZONE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS ?AT CITY WAS LEFT SEV]AL TIMES )\T 0P[]01 EI!R ,:ITE OR ,R$4 ,& ) A/ONI%M5T1 ,M4 ,GOLD5WEIS] REPORTS ?AT DUR+ ! :OLE P]IOD ! PEOPLE !RE LIV$1 WORK$1 & TOOK C>E ( !IR [N NE$S AS WELL AS1 OR EV5 BETT] ?AN1 :5 !RE WAS 0P[]40 ,M4 ,GOLD5WEIS] WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE TO M5TION ?AT FACT4 ,:AT IS SURPRIS+ IS ?AT HE WAS A/ONI%$ AT IT4 

,IS IT 0P[]0 ?AT MAKES M5 LIVE1 ACT1 & ORGANIZE TO SATISFY !IR NE$S8 ,9 ALL HUMAN HI/ORY1 HAS !RE EV] BE5 A 0P[]0 :I* R5D]$ SOCIETY WELL ORGANIZ$1 H>MONI\S1 & HAPPY8 ,HI/ORY TEA*ES US ! OPPOSITE3 HUMAN SOCIETIES >E -- TO A DEGREE ?AT IT IS HI/ORICALLY POSSIBLE -- HAPPY1 H>MONI\S1 & PROGRESSIVE 9 P]IODS :5 POLITICAL P[] IS WEAK 7VIDE ANCI5T ,GREECE OR C]TA9 P]IODS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES7 & :]E ! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 MORE OR LESS LET ALONE BY IT4 ,& VISE V]SA3 A /RONG 0POLITICAL P[]0 NEV] GIVES ! PEOPLE ANY?+ BUT MIS=TUNES1 W>S POV]TY1 /AGNATION4 

0,POLITICAL0 P[] TOOK =M 9 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN SOCIETY = SPECIAL HI/ORICAL REASONS1 :I* 9 \R TIME NO LONG] EXI/4 ,WE CANNOT CONC]N \RSELVES H]E ) ?IS MATT]2 IT W\LD TAKE US TOO F> FROM \R SUBJECT4 ,WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES TO /AT+ ?AT FUNDAM5TALLY1 = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 0P[]0 HAS NEV] PRODUC$ ANY?+ BUT W>S4 ,ALL S*OL>LY WRIT+S .<ON ?AT !ME.> TE/IFY TO ?IS4 ,& .<REC5T DECADES 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE DEMON/RAT$.> IT 9 A /RIK+ MANN]4 

,IT IS CONT5D$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO 0ADM9I/RATE0 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BE ABLE TO IMPOSE1 COMM&1 CO]CE4 ,?US A 0POLITICAL P[]0 IS A C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION ( A L>GE GR\P 7( A C\NTRY7 :I* POSSESSES ! MEANS ( CO]CION4 ,BUT1 9 CASE ( NE$1 A POPUL> ADM9I/RATIVE S]VICE1 AS SU*1 CAN HAVE REC\RSE TO MEASURES ( ?IS SORT1 )\T HAV+ TO SET UP A SPECIFIC1 P]MAN5T 0POLITICAL P[]01 & EV5 MORE EFFICI5TLY ?AN ! LATT]4 

,ALSO IT IS >GU$ ?AT ! MASSES >E 9CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES & ( CREAT+ BY !MSELVES AN EFFECTIVE ADM9I/RATION4 ,F>!R ON 9 ?IS WORK ! READ] WILL F9D1 ,I HOPE1 AMPLE PRO( TO ! CONTR>Y4 

,IF1 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES WANT TO AMUSE !MSELVES BY 0ORGANIZ+ P[]0 ! PEOPLE HAVE ONLY TO PURSUE !IR REVOLUTION>Y TASKS1 LEAV+ ! P>TIES ISOLAT$2 !Y WILL SOON AB&ON ?IS USELESS GAME4 ,IF AFT] ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 & ESPECIALLY AFT] ,OCTOB]1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 9/EAD ( CREAT+ NEW MA/]S1 HAD SIMPLY CONT9U$ !IR TASKS1 HELP$ BY ALL ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 DEF5D$ BY !IR [N ,>MY1 & SUPPORT$ BY ! C\NTRY AT L>GE1 ! V]Y IDEA ( 0POLITICAL P[]0 SOON W\LD HAVE DISAPPE>$4 

,9 ! PAGES :I* FOLL[ ! READ] WILL COME UPON V>I\S FACTS1 PUBLICLY UNKN[N UNTIL N[1 :I* WILL CONFIRM ?IS !SIS4 

,WE HOPE ?AT ! NEXT REVOLUTION WILL TRAVEL ! RI<T ROAD1 & NOT LET ITSELF BE MISL$ BY ! POLITICAL 0PALACE REVOLUTIONI/S04 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/