,P>T #e1 ,*APT] #h 
,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #h4 ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 

  

,! CREATIVE IMPOT5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 ! ECONOMIC *AOS 9TO :I* ,RUSSIA WAS PLUNG$1 ! DESPOTISM & UNHE>D-( VIOL5CE1 ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & ! TRAGIC SITUATION :I* RESULT$ FROM IT PROVOK$ FIR/ A F>-FLUNG DISCONT5T1 & LAT] WIDE-SWEEP+ BACKWAT]S1 & F9ALLY =CEFUL MOVEM5TS AGA9/ ! 9SUPPORTABLE /ATE ( AFFAIRS IMPOS$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP4 

,AS ALWAYS 9 SU* CASES1 ?OSE MOVEM5TS CAME FROM TWO OPPOSITE POLES -- FROM ! SIDE ( ,REACTION1 FROM ! 0RI<T01 :I* HOP$ TO REGA9 P[] & REE/ABLI% ! OLD ORD]1 & FROM ! SIDE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 FROM ! 0LEFT01 :I* HOP$ TO R$EEM ! SITUATION & RESUME REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,WE %ALL NOT DWELL LONG UPON ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS -- ON ! ONE H&1 BECAUSE !Y >E MORE OR LESS WELL KN[N1 & ON ! O!R1 BECAUSE 9 !MSELVES !Y >E ONLY ( SECOND>Y 9T]E/4 ,SU* MOVEM5TS >E ! SAME 9 ALL GREAT REVOLUTIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 SOME ASPECTS ( !SE MOVEM5TS >E SUFFICI5TLY 9/RUCTIVE SO ?AT !Y %\LD NOT BE PASS$ OV] 9 SIL5CE4 

,! FIR/ RESI/ANCES TO ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA 79 #aiag & #a#i#a#h7 W]E V]Y LIMIT$1 RA!R LOCAL1 & RELATIVELY H>MLESS4 ,AS 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS1 C]TA9 REACTION>Y ELEM5TS IMM$IATELY TOOK A /& AGA9/ ! NEW ORD]1 TRY+ TO NIP ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! BUD4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! .<9DU/RIAL.> WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & MEMB]S ( ! ,>MY BE+ 7ACTIVELY OR PASSIVELY7 = ?IS NEW ORD]1 !SE RESI/ANCES W]E QUICKLY & EASILY BROK54 

,IF1 LAT]1 ! ,REVOLUTION HAD KN[N H[ TO %[ ITSELF REALLY F]TILE1 P[]FUL1 CREATIVE1 & JU/2 IF IT HAD KN[N H[ TO SOLVE SATISFACTORILY ITS GREAT PROBLEMS & OP5 NEW HORIZONS = ,RUSSIA & P]HAPS = O!R C\NTRIES1 .<! OPPOSITION.> C]TA9LY C\LD HAVE BE5 CONF9$ TO ?OSE SKIRMI%ES1 & ! VICTORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ?REAT5$4 ,TOO1 SUBSEQU5T EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E W\LD HAVE TAK5 A TURN MU* DIFF]5T FROM :AT WE HAVE WITNESS$ = TW5TY YE>S4 

,BUT1 AS ! READ] KN[S1 ,BOL%EVISM1 9/ALL$ 9 P[]1 P]V]T$1 *A9$1 & CA/RAT$ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,FIR/ IT R5D]$ IT IMPOT5T1 /]ILE1 EMPTY1 & UNHAPPY -- & !N GLOOMILY1 IGNOBLY1 TYRANNICALLY1 USELESSLY1 & /UPIDLY VIOL5T4 ,?US ,BOL%EVISM 5D$ BY DISILLUSION+1 IRRITAT+1 & DISGU/+ L>G] & L>G] SEGM5TS ( ! POPULATION4 ,WE HAVE SE5 9 :AT MANN] IT /RANGL$ ! WORK]S1 SUPPRESS$ FRE$OM1 & WIP$ \T ! O!R MOVEM5TS4 ,& ITS ACTION ( T]ROR & CRUEL VIOL5CE T[>D ! PEASANTS L$ !M ALSO TO OPPOSE IT4 

,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT1 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS1 ! BULK ( ! POPULATION1 ! SIMPLE APOLITICAL PEOPLE1 ! CITIZ5S PURSU+ !IR TRADES FROM DAY TO DAY1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 A P>T ( ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE1 & A GOODLY NUMB] ( ! PEASANTS AT FIR/ REMA9 NEUTRAL4 ,!Y OBS]VE1 HESITATE1 & WAIT PASSIVELY = ! 9ITIAL RESULTS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT = ! ,REVOLUTION TO BE ABLE TO 0JU/IFY ITSELF0 9 ! EYES ( !SE ELEM5TS AS SPE$ILY AS POSSIBLE4 ,IF NOT1 ALL SU* 0LUKEW>M0 PEOPLE WILL TURN AWAY FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK1 BECOME HO/ILE TO IT1 BEG9 TO SYMPA?IZE ) ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y MA*9ATIONS1 SUPPORT !M1 & R5D] !M MU* MORE DANG]\S4 

,SU* IS ! SITUATION ESPECIALLY DUR+ HUGE UPHEAVALS :I* 9VOLVE ! 9T]E/S ( MILLIONS ( M51 PR(\NDLY MODIFY+ SOCIAL RELATIONS & DO+ IT BY MEANS ( PRODIGI\S SUFF]+ & ) GREAT PROMISES ( SATISFACTION4 ,?IS SATISFACTION MU/ COME QUICKLY4 ,OR1 9 ANY EV5T1 ! MASSES MU/ BE ABLE TO HOPE = IT4 ,IF NOT1 ! ,REVOLUTION WEAK5S & ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION GETS GO+4 

,MANIFE/LY ! ACTIVE SYMPA?Y ( !SE NEUTRAL ELEM5TS IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! EFFECTIVE PROGRESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 = !Y 9CLUDE MANY 0SPECIALI/S0 & PR(ESSIONAL M5 -- SKILL$ WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS1 9TELLECTUALS4 ,ALL ?OSE PEOPLE1 :O >E NOT EXACTLY HO/ILE TO ! ,REVOLUTION ONCE IT HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 WILL TURN T[>D IT & HELP IT 5?USIA/ICALLY IF IT MANAGES TO 9SPIRE !M ) A C]TA9 CONFID5CE1 IF IT MAKES !M FEEL ITS CAPACITIES1 ITS POSSIBILITIES1 & ITS P]SPECTIVES1 ITS ADVANTAGES1 ITS /R5G?1 ITS IRU?1 & ITS JU/ICE4  

,BUT IF ?AT CONDITION IS NOT ATTA9$1 ALL SU* ELEM5TS 5D BY BECOM+ OP5 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 :I* IS A S]I\S BL[ TO !M4 

,ONE CAN WELL BELIEVE ?AT ! VA/ LABOR+ MASSES1 C>RY+ \T A FREE ACTIVITY ) ! AID ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 W\LD KN[ H[ TO A*IEVE CONV9C+ RESULTS1 & H5CE W\LD KN[ H[ TO REASSURE & F9ALLY ATTRACT !SE NEUTRALS4 

,! DICTATOR%IP -- IMPOT5T1 >ROGANT1 /UPID1 & VICI\SLY VIOL5T -- DOES NOT A*IEVE SU* RESULTS1 & DRIVES ?OSE PEOPLE TO ! O!R SIDE4 

,BOL%EVISM DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO 0JU/IFY0 ITSELF1 NOR H[ TO 0JU/IFY0 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ONLY GREAT PROBLEM :I* IT SUCCE$$ 9 SOLV+ -- 9DIFF]5TLY1 & UND] PRESSURE FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY1 :I* REFUS$ TO FI<T -- WAS ?AT ( ! W>4 ,?AT SUCCESS -- ! A*IEVEM5T ( PEACE -- WON ! CONFID5CE & ! SYMPA?IES ( ! MASSES4 ,BUT ?AT WAS ALL4 ,SOON ITS ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & O!R IMPOT5CE MADE ITSELF FELT4 ,9 FACT1 ! /]ILITY ( ITS ME?ODS ( ACTION1 GOV]NM5TAL PROC$URES1 & /ATI/ ABSOLUTISM REVEAL$ !MSELVES ALMO/ ON ! DAY AFT] VICTORY4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKI & P]SONS :O SYMPA?IZE ) !M LIKE TO 9VOKE ! 0T]RIBLE DIFFICULTIES0 ?AT !IR GOV]NM5T HAD TO SURM\NT1 AFT] ! W> & ! ,REVOLUTION1 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,RUSSIA4 ,& IT IS ON ! BASIS ( !SE DIFFICULTIES ?AT !Y SEEK TO JU/IFY ALL ! ,BOL%EVIK PROC$URE4 

,ONE MI<T 9FLU5CE1 ) SU* >GUM5TS1 ! =EIGN PUBLIC :I* DOESN'T KN[ ! FACTS4 ,BUT ! 9DIVIDUALS :O LIV$ ?R\< ! ,REVOLUTION EV5TUALLY BECAME AW>E .<( C]TA9 REALITIES.>3  

,?AT ! EVIL ME?ODS ( ,BOL%EVISM >OSE NOT SO MU* FROM ! DIFFICULTIES 5C\NT]$ AS FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ DOCTR9E2  

,?AT MANY ( ?OSE DIFFICULTIES >OSE SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE ! ,GOV]NM5T1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 SET AB\T /IFL+ ! FREE ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES2  

,?AT ! REAL DIFFICULTIES1 9/EAD ( BE+ SMOO!D OV] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 W]E GREATLY 9CREAS$ BY !M2  

,?AT !SE DIFFICULTIES C\LD HAVE BE5 SURM\NT$ EASILY BY ! FREE ACTION ( ! MASSES4  
  

,! PR9CIPAL DIFFICULTY WAS C]TA9LY ?AT ( PROVISION+ & RATION+4 ,TO ADVANCE ! ,REVOLUTION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PASS1 2 AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 FROM A REGIME ( SC>CITY & AN 0EX*ANGE0 ECONOMY 7BAS$ ON MONEY7 TO A REGIME ( ABUNDANCE & A 0DI/RIBUTIVE0 ECONOMY1 )\T MONEY4 

,YET ! MORE IMPORTANT & ! VA/] ! DIFFICULTIES1 ! LESS A GOV]NM5T C\LD %[ ITSELF CAPABLE ( SOLV+ !M2 ! MORE SEV]E & ?ORNY ! SITUATION1 ! MORE IT W\LD HAVE TO DEP5D ON ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT1 AS WE KN[1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME MONOPOLIZ$ EV]Y?+3 IDEAS1 9ITIATIVE1 ME?ODS1 & ACTION4 ,IT 9/ITUT$ AN ABSOLUTE DICTATOR%IP 70( ! PROLET>IAT074 ,IT SUBJUGAT$ ! MASSES1 IT SMO!R$ !IR 5?USIASM4 ,& ! GREAT] ! DIFFICULTIES1 ! LESS IT P]MITT$ ! 0PROLET>IAT0 TO ACT4 

,IT WAS NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT DESPITE ! PURPORT$ 09DU/RIALIZATION0 ( ITS FAM\S 0FIVE-YE> PLANS01 ,BOL%EVISM DID NOT KN[ H[ TO COME TO GRIPS ) !SE DIFFICULTIES1 & ?AT IT WAS DRIV51 9 ITS DESP]ATE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXIG5CIES ( LIFE1 TO ! MO/ ODI\S VIOL5CE1 :I* SIMPLY EMPHASIZ$ ITS REAL IMPORTANCE4 ,IT IS NOT BY MEANS ( =C$ 9DU/RIALISM IMPOS$ ON A MASS ( SLAVES ?AT .<A NATION.> CAN REA* ABUNDANCE & BUILD A NEW ECONOMY4 

,9TUITIVELY ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES FELT ! NECESSITY ( PASS+ TO O!R =MS ( PRODUCTION & ( TRANS=M+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,MORE & MORE DID !Y P]CEIVE ! VITAL NE$ & POSSIBILITY ( DO+ AWAY ) MONEY & ( 9AUGURAT+ A SY/EM ( DIRECT EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! AG5CIES ( PRODUCTION & ?OSE ( CONSUMPTION4 ,REPEAT$LY1 H]E & !RE1 !Y W]E EV5 READY TO MAKE EF=TS 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT IF !Y HAD HAD FRE$OM ( ACTION1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO >RIVE PROGRESSIVELY AT A REAL SOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM3 ! DI/RIBUTIVE ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO LET !M SEEK1 F9D1 & ACT1 :ILE GUID+ & HELP+ !M LIKE TRUE FRI5DS4 

,BUT ! ,L59 REGIME DID NOT WANT TO HE> ANY?+ AB\T ?AT4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS PRET5D$ TO DO EV]Y?+ !MSELVES & TO IMPOSE !IR WILL & !IR ME?ODS4 ,9TUITIVELY AT FIR/1 & MORE & MORE CLE>LY LAT]1 ! MASSES BECAME AW>E ( ! 9EFFICI5CY & IMPOT5CE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & ( ! DANG] 9TO :I* ! DICTATOR%IP & ! VIOL5CE WAS LEAD+ ! C\NTRY4 

,! PSY*OLOGICAL RESULT ( SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS EASY TO COMPREH5D4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! POPULACE TURN$ AWAY MORE & MORE FROM ,BOL%EVISM2 DISILLUSION$1 !Y AB&ON$ OR GREW HO/ILE TO IT4 ,! DISCONT5T1 ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 9CREAS$ ) EA* DAY4 

,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! MASSES DID NOT KN[ H[ TO GET \T ( ! IMPASSE4 ,NO VALID SOLUTION PRES5T$ ITSELF1 ALL IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS1 ALL DISCUSSION1 ALL PROPAG&A1 & ALL FREE ACTION HAV+ BE5 =BIDD54 ,! SITUATION SEEM$ TO !M 9SOLUBLE4 ,!Y DID NOT HAVE ANY WAY ( ACT+4 ,!IR ORGANIZATIONS HAD BE5 NATIONALIZ$1 & MILIT>IZ$4 ,! SLI<TE/ OPPOSITION WAS SEV]ELY REPRESS$1 & >MS & ALL O!R MAT]IAL MEANS W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! AU?ORITIES & ! NEW PRIVILEG$ /RATUM :I* HAD KN[N H[ TO ORGANIZE !IR IMPOSITION .<( AU?ORITY.> & !IR DEF5SE4 .<,9 ! FACE ( ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES ! POPULACE.>1 ?\< 9CREAS+LY REBELLI\S1 DID NOT SEE ANY POSSIBILITY ( UND]TAK+ EFFECTIVE ACTION4 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* WAS LY+ 9 WAIT DID NOT FAIL TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION & ?IS SPIRIT4 ,ASSIDU\SLY1 IT S\<T TO TURN TO ITS ADVANTAGE BO? ?AT SPIRIT & CURR5T EV5TS4 ,?US ! MORE & MORE G5]AL & PR(\ND POPUL> DISCONT5T S]V$ AS A BASIS = F>-SWEEP+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 & SUPPORT$ !M = ?REE YE>S4 

,GREAT >M$ CAMPAIGNS W]E LAUN*$ 9 ! ,S\!RN & ,EA/]N REGIONS ( ,RUSSIA1 PLOTT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 SUPPORT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ( O!R C\NTRIES1 & DIRECT$ BY G5]ALS ( ! OLD ORD]4 

,UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS1 ! VA/ UPRIS+ 9 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#a TOOK ON A MU* GRAV] *>ACT] ?AN ! SPONTANE\S & RELATIVELY 9SIGNIFICANT RESI/ANCE ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h1 SU* AS ! S$ITION ( ,G5]AL ,KAL$9 9 ! ,S\?1 ?AT ( ! ATAMAN ,DUTOV 9 ! ,URALS1 & O!RS4 

,9 #a#i#a#h-#a#i SEV]AL S]I\S REBELLIONS1 ON A L>GE SCALE1 W]E ATTEMPT$ H]E & !RE4 ,AMONG !SE W]E ! (F5SIVE BY ,G5]AL ,YUD5IT* AGA9/ ,PETROGRAD 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a#i1 & ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! ,NOR?1 UND] ! EGIS ( ! 0,T*AIKOVSKY0 GOV]NM5T !RE4 

,WELL ORGANIZ$ & WELL >M$ & EQUIPP$1 ! =CES ( ,YUD5IT* REA*$ ! GATES ( ! CAPITAL4 ,H]E !Y W]E EASILY DE/ROY$ BY \TBUR/S ( 5?USIASM & DEVOTION & ! REM>KABLE ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR+ MASSES ( ,PETROGRAD1 ) ! AID ( DETA*M5TS ( SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT1 \TBUR/S VIGOR\SLY SUPPORT$ BY UPHEAVALS BEH9D ! 5EMY L9ES4 ,! Y\NG ,R$ ,>MY1 COMM&$ BY ,TROTSKY1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! CITY4 ,! ,T*AIKOVSKY MOVEM5T SUCCE$$ 9 9VAD+ ! DI/RICT ( ,>*ANGELSK & A P>T ( ?AT ( ,VOLOGDA4 ,AS ELSE:]E1 ITS DEFEAT WAS NOT EFFECT$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S ( ! LABOR+ MASSES1 BO? ON ! SPOT & BEH9D ! FRONT1 PUT AN 5D TO IT4 

,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ?AT MOVEM5T1 SUPPORT$ BY ! =EIGN B\RGEOISIE1 LIKEWISE 5C\NT]$ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,WE/]N WORK+ CLASS4 ,/RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ALL 9T]V5TION 9 ,RUSSIA -- ESPECIALLY /RIKES 9 ,BRITI% PORTS -- DI/URB$ ?AT B\RGEOISIE1 :I* DID NOT FEEL SECURE AT HOME1 & MADE IT )DRAW ITS AID4 

,MORE IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 WAS ! 9SURRECTION L$ BY ,ADMIRAL ,KOL*AK 9 ! ,EA/1 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h4 ,AMONG O!R HELP1 IT HAD ! SUPPORT ( A ,CZE*O-,SLOVAKIAN >MY1 =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT IS NOTORI\S ?AT ,TROTSKY'S ,R$ ,>MY WAS P[]LESS TO BREAK ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,IT1 TOO1 WAS LIQUIDAT$ BY A FI]CE P>TISAN RESI/ANCE ( >M$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & PEASANTS1 & BY UPRIS+S 9 ! RE>4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY >RIV$ 0TRIUMPHANTLY0 -- AFT] ! JOB WAS DONE4 

,ALL !SE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS W]E MORE OR LESS ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ BY ! MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S -- ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! RI<T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 

,IT WAS AT ! TIME ( ! ,CZE*O-,SLOVAKIAN (F5SIVE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 TO AV]T ADDITIONAL COMPLICATIONS1 & FE>+ AN EV5TUAL RESCUE1 EXECUT$1 ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #a#f-#a#g1 #a#i#a#h1 ! =M] ,CZ> ,NIKOLAI ,I,I & HIS FAMILY1 :O HAD BE5 DEPORT$ TO ,EKAT]-95BURG1 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,?AT CITY WAS LAT] EVACUAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 

,! PRECISE CIRCUM/ANCES ( ?IS EXECUTION REMA9 FAIRLY MY/]I\S1 DESPITE A METICUL\S 9VE/IGATION CONDUCT$ BY A JURI/ AT ,KOL*AK'S ORD]4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 KN[N SPECIFICALLY :E!R !SE (FICIAL KILL+S .<:I* TOOK PLACE 9 A CELL>.> W]E ORD]$ BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES 9 ,MOSC[1 OR BY ! LOCAL ,SOVIET4 ,& AS = ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES1 !Y KEEP SIL5T4 

,9 ?AT P]IOD ! ,RUSSIAN POPULACE1 NOT YET DIS>M$ BY ! ,L59 REGIME1 & RETA9+ ITS CONFID5CE 9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' REVOLUTION1 5]GETICALLY RESI/$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & PUT AN 5D TO !M ) COMP>ATIVE FACILITY4 

,BUT ?IS SITUATION *ANG$ COMPLETELY AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#i4 ,! MASSES1 DISILLUSION$ AB\T & DISGU/$ ) ,BOL%EVISM 7& DIS>M$ BY ! 0,SOVIET0 GOV]NM5T7 NO LONG] (F]$ ! SAME RESI/ANCE TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS4 ,& ! LEAD]S ( ?OSE MOVEM5TS N[ KNEW H[ TO PLAY ON !IR SYMPA?IES P]FECTLY4 ,9 !IR LEAFLETS & MANIFE/OS !Y DECL>$ ?AT !Y W]E FI<T+ ONLY AGA9/ ! DESPOTISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,!Y PROMIS$ ! PEOPLE 0FREE ,SOVIETS0 & ! SAFEGU>D+ ( ! O!R PR9CIPLES ( ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT W]E SC(F$ AT BY ! ,L59 GOV]NM5T4 7,( C\RSE1 ONCE VICTORY WAS A*IEV$1 !Y HAD NO 9T5TION ( KEEP+ !SE PROMISES1 BUT W\LD SUBDUE ALL REVOLTS74 

,?US ! TWO GREAT 0,:ITE0 UPRIS+S 9 ! C5T] ( ! C\NTRY1 ?AT ( ,G54 ,ANTON ,IVANOVI* ,D5IK9 & ?AT ( ,B>ON ,PET] ,WRANGEL1 C\LD ASSUME SU* PROPORTIONS ?AT !Y W]E ON ! PO9T ( OV]?R[+ ! REGIME4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE MOVEM5TS1 DIRECT$ MILIT>ILY BY ,G5]AL ,D5IK91 RAPIDLY 9VAD$ ! :OLE ,UKRA9E & A SIZABLE PORTION ( C5TRAL ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,BREAK+ & R\T+ ! ,R$ TROOPS1 ?IS ,:ITE ,>MY REA*$ ! CITY ( ,OREL NE> ,MOSC[4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T WAS GETT+ READY TO FLEE :51 TO ITS GREAT SURPRISE1 ,D5IK9'S ,>MY SUDD5LY LO/ ITS FOOT+ & RETREAT$ PRECIPIT\SLY4 ,! ?REAT TO ,MOSC[ WAS 5D$2 ! SITUATION WAS SAV$4 ,BUT AGA91 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & !IR ,>MY DID NOT PLAY ANY P>T 9 ?IS COLLAPSE4 

,G5]AL ,WRANGEL L$ ! SECOND MOVEM5T ?AT WAS EXCE$+LY DANG]\S = ! ,L59 REGIME4 ,HE FOLL[$ ,D5IK9'S UPRIS+4 ,WRANGEL1 MORE >TFUL1 WAS ABLE TO LE>N SEV]AL LESSONS FROM ! DEFEAT ( HIS =]UNN]1 & WON DEEP] & MORE SOLID SYMPA?Y ?AN ! LATT]4 ,MOREOV]1 ! SPIRITUAL DECL9E .<( ! ,RUSSIAN POPULACE.> WAS FUR!R ADVANC$4 

,BUT ,WRANGEL'S MOVEM5T1 LIKE ?AT ( ,D5IK91 & V>I\S O!RS ( LESS] IMPORTANCE FAIL$4 

,?AT ( ,D5IK9 W5T TO PIECES ) /RANGE SUDD5NESS4 ,HAV+ REA*$ ! GATES ( ,MOSC[1 HIS ,>MY ABRUPTLY LEFT EV]Y?+ & RETREAT$ 9 DISORD] TO ! ,S\?4 ,!RE IT DISAPPE>$ 9 A CATA/ROPHIC DEBACLE4 ,ITS REMNANTS1 W&]+ ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 W]E WIP$ \T ONE AFT] ANO!R BY DETA*M5TS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 COM+ FROM ! ,NOR? ON ! TRACK ( ! FUGITIVES1 & BY P>TISANS4 

,= AT LEA/ #bd H\RS ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 9 ,MOSC[1 OV]COME BY PANIC1 C\LD NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,D5IK9'S TROOPS HAD RETREAT$1 S9CE !Y DID NOT UND]/& ! REASON = IT4 ,!Y GOT AN EXPLANATION MU* LAT]4 ,F9ALLY CONV9C$1 !Y S5T SOME ,R$ REGIM5TS 9 PURSUIT ( ! ,:ITES4 ,D5IK9'S :OLE MOVEM5T WAS DE/ROY$4 

,WRANGEL'S EF=T1 BEG9N+ SOME TIME LAT]1 A*IEV$ SEV]AL GREAT SUCCESSES AT FIR/4 ,)\T BE+ ABLE TO ?REAT5 ,MOSC[1 IT NEV]!LESS WORRI$ ! ,L59 REGIME MU* MORE ?AN ,D5IK9'S EXP$ITION4 ,= ! ,RUSSIAN POPULACE1 MORE & MORE DISGU/$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 SEEM$ NOT TO WANT TO (F] S]I\S RESI/ANCE TO ?IS NEW ANTI-,BOL%EVIK DRIVE2 IT REMA9$ 9DIFF]5T4 

,BUT BECAUSE ( ?IS ALMO/ G5]AL 9DIFF]5CE1 ! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD C\NT ON ITS [N ,>MY LESS ?AN EV]4 

,H[EV]1 AFT] ?OSE E>LY SUCCESSES1 ,WRANGEL'S MOVEM5T FOLD$ UP LIKE ALL ! O!RS4 

,:AT W]E ! REASONS = !SE ALMO/ 0MIRACUL\S0 REV]SALS1 = ! F9AL DEFEAT ( CAMPAIGNS :I* BEGAN SO SUCCESSFULLY8 

,! REAL CAUSES & ! EXACT CIRCUM/ANCES ( ?OSE FLUCTUATIONS >E LITTLE KN[N1 .<L>GELY BECAUSE.> !Y HAVE BE5 DELIB]ATELY DI/ORT$ BY-BIAS$ AU?ORS4 

,*IEFLY1 ! REASONS = ! D[NFALL ( ! ,:ITE MOVEM5TS W]E ! FOLL[+3 

,FIR/1 ! AWKW>D1 CYNICAL1 & PROVOCATIVE ATTITUDE ( ! LEAD]S4 ,HAV+ CAPTUR$ .<C]TA9 >EAS ( ,RUSSIA.> !Y 9/ALL$ !MSELVES 9 ! CONQU]$ REGIONS AS V]ITABLE DICTATORS1 NO BETT] ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,UUSUALLY LEAD+ A DISSOLUTE LIFE1 & LIKEWISE 9CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ A HEAL?Y SOCIETY1 SWELL$ ) PRIDE1 & FULL ( MI/RU/ ( ! WORK]S1 !Y BRUTALLY MADE KN[N TO ! LATT] ?AT !Y 9T5D$ TO RE/ORE ! OLD REGIME1 ) ALL ( ITS 0BEAUTIES04 ,! ALLUR+ PROMISES ( !IR MANIFE/OS1 ISSU$ ON ! OCCASION ( !IR (F5SIVES SIMPLY = ! PURPOSE ( W9N+ OV] ! POPULATION1 W]E QUICKLY =GOTT54 

,!SE G5TLEM5 DID NOT EV5 HAVE 5\< PATI5CE TO WAIT = COMPLETE VICTORY4 ,!Y ?REW (F !IR MASKS BE=E !Y W]E SECURE1 ) A SUDD5NESS :I* SOON REVEAL$ !IR REAL DESIGNS4 ,& !SE BOD$ NO?+ GOOD = ! MASSES4 ,! ,:ITE T]ROR & SAVAGE REPRISALS1 ) !IR USUAL RET9UE ( D5UNCIATIONS1 >RE/S1 & SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS )\T TRIAL & )\T M]CY BEGAN TO TAKE PLACE EV]Y:]E4 

,MOREOV]1 ! =M] L&$ PROPRIETORS & 9DU/RIAL LORDS1 :O LEFT VOLUNT>ILY OR HAD BE5 DRIV5 \T ) ! ADV5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 RETURN$ ) ! ,:ITE >MIES & MADE HA/E TO REGA9 POSSESSION ( !IR 0PROP]TY04 

,?US ! ABSOLUTI/ & FEUDAL REGIME ( ! PA/ HAD SUDD5LY REAPPE>$ 9 ALL ( ITS HIDE\SNESS4 

,SU* AN ATTITUDE .<ON ! P>T ( ! ,:ITE LEAD]S.> SWIFTLY PROVOK$ A VIOL5T PSY*OLOGICAL REACTION AMONG ! LABOR+ MASSES4 ,!Y FE>$ ! RETURN ( ,CZ>ISM & ( ! POME/-*IKI1 ! BIG L&-[N]S1 MU* MORE ?AN ,BOL%EVISM4 ,) ! LATT]1 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 !Y C\LD HOPE TO A*IEVE SOME IMPROVEM5TS1 A R$RESS+ ( WRONGS1 & F9ALLY 0A FREE & HAPPY LIFE04 ,BUT !Y C\LD HOPE = NO?+ FROM ! RETURN ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,SO IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BLOCK ITS PA? DIRECTLY4 ,! PEASANTS1 :O AT ?AT TIME1 HAD PR(IT$ AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE BY ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! AVAILABLE L&1 ESPECIALLY W]E T]RIFI$ AT ! IDEA ( HAV+ TO RE/ORE ?OSE L&S TO ! =M] [N]S4 7,?IS SPIRITUAL /ATE ( ! MASSES EXPLA9S1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! MOM5T>Y SOLIDITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T3 ( ! TWO EVILS !Y *OSE ! ONE :I* SEEM$ TO !M ! LESS]74 

,?US ! REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,:ITES WAS RESUM$ IMM$IATELY AFT] !IR EPHEM]AL VICTORIES4 ,AS SOON AS ! DANG] WAS REALIZ$1 ! POPULACE BEGAN TO RESI/ ANEW4 ,& ! P>TISAN DETA*M5TS1 CREAT$ 9 HA/E & SUPPORT$ BY BO? ! ,R$ ,>MY & BY ! WORK+ MULTITUDE1 :I* HAD RECOV]$ ITS UND]/&+1 9FLICT$ CRU%+ DEFEATS ON ! ,:ITES4 

,NOTABLY1 ! >MY :I* CONTRIBUT$ MO/ TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ,D5IK9'S & ,WRANGEL'S COMM&S WAS ?AT ( ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ! ,UKRA9E1 KN[N AS ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,>MY FROM ! NAME ( ITS MILIT>Y *IEF1 ! ,AN>*I/ P>TISAN ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 ,BATTL+ 9 ! NAME ( A FREE SOCIETY1 ?AT >MY HAD TO FI<T SIMULTANE\SLY AGA9/ ALL ! =CES ( OPPRESSION 9 ,RUSSIA1 AGA9/ BO? ! ,:ITES & ! ,R$S4 

,SPEAK+ ( ! ,:ITE REACTION1 IT WAS ,MAKHNO'S POPUL> ,>MY :I* COMPELL$ ,D5IK9 TO AB&ON ,OREL & BEAT A PRECIPIT\S RETREAT4 ,& IT WAS ?AT SAME >MY :I* DEALT AN OV]:ELM+ DEFEAT TO ! RE>GU>D & ! SPECIAL =CES ( ,D5IK9 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 

,AS = ,WRANGEL'S >M$ =CES1 ! FACT ( !IR FIR/ S]I\S REV]SAL1 SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( ,MAKHNO'S >MY1 WAS ADMITT$ TO ME BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES1 UND] RA!R CURI\S CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ,WRANGEL'S FURI\S (F5SIVE1 ,I WAS 9 A ,BOL%EVIK PRISON 9 ,MOSC[4 ,LIKE ,D5IK91 ,WRANGEL BEAT ! ,R$ ,>MY & DROVE IT RAPIDLY ,NOR?W>D4 ,MAKHNO1 :O AT ?IS TIME1 WAS W>R+ AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 DECID$1 9 VIEW ( ! GRAVE DANG] :I* ! ,REVOLUTION FAC$1 TO (F] PEACE TO !M & L5D !M A H& AGA9/ ! ,:ITES4 ,BE+ 9 A BAD WAY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI ACCEPT$1 & CONCLUD$ AN ALLIANCE ) ,MAKHNO4 

,IMM$IATELY ! ,AN>*I/ LEAD] ?REW HIS =CES AGA9/ ,WRANGEL'S >MY & DEFEAT$ IT UND] ! WALLS ( ,OREKHOV4 ,! BATTLE OV]1 BE=E CONT9U+ ! /RUGGLE & PURSU+ ,WRANGEL'S RETREAT+ TROOPS1 ,MAKHNO S5T A TELEGRAM TO ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,MOSC[1 ANN\NC+ ! VICTORY & DECL>$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT ADVANCE ANO!R /EP UNLESS IT SET FREE BO? HIS ADJUTANT ,T*UB5KO & MYSELF4 ,/ILL HAV+ NE$ ( ,MAKHNO1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGRE$ & LIB]AT$ ME4 ,ON ?AT OCCASION !Y EXHIBIT$ HIS TELEGRAM & PRAIS$ ! GREAT FI<T+ QUALITIES ( ?IS P>TISAN4 

,9 5D+ MY COMM5TS ON ! RI<TI/ REACTIONS1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE ! FALSITY ( C]TA9 LEG5DS 9V5T$ & SPREAD BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI & !IR FRI5DS4 

,! FIR/ IS ?AT ( ! =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! LEG5D1 ?AT 9T]V5TION WAS HI<LY IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS PRIM>ILY 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS EXPLA9 ! /R5G? & SUCCESS ( SOME ( ! ,:ITE MOVEM5TS4 1 

,?AT ASS]TION1 H[EV]1 BELIES ! REALITY4 ,IT IS A GROSS EXAGG]ATION4 ,9 FACT1 ! =EIGN 9T]V5TION DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS NEV] EI!R VIGOR\S OR P]SEV]+4 ,A MODE/ AM\NT ( AID1 9 MONEY1 MUNITIONS1 & EQUIPM5T3 ?AT WAS ALL4 ,! ,:ITES !MSELVES COMPLA9$ BITT]LY ( .<ITS PAUCITY.> LAT] ON4 ,& AS = DETA*M5TS ( TROOPS S5T TO ,RUSSIA1 !Y ALWAYS W]E ( M9OR SIGNIFICANCE & PLAY$ ALMO/ NO TANGIBLE P>T4 

,?AT IS EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! =EIGN B\RGEOISIE HAD 5\< TO DO AT HOME1 BO? DUR+ & AFT] ! ,EUROPEAN W>4 ,!N1 TOO1 ! MILIT>Y *IEFS FE>$ ! 0DECOMPOSITION0 ( !IR TROOPS FROM CONTACT ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,SO SU* CONTACT WAS AVOID$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,EV5TS %[$ ?AT !SE FE>S W]E WELL F\ND$4 ,)\T SPEAK+ ( ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% DETA*M5TS1 :I* NEV] CAME TO FI<T AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>IES1 ! TROOPS ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPATION 7AFT] ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TREATY71 FAIRLY NUM]\S & PROTECT$ BY ! ,UKRA9IAN GOV]NM5T ( ,SKORO-PADSKY1 QUICKLY DECOMPOS$ & W]E WON OV] BY ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 

,I ALSO W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE1 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ?AT ! RESULT ( ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION CONFIRM$ ! ,AN>*I/ !SIS AT ! TIME ( ! PEACE ( ,BRE/-,LITOVSK4 ,:O KN[S :AT ! WORLD W\LD BE LIKE TODAY IF1 AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 9/EAD ( DEAL+ ) ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S1 HAD LET ! ,KAIS]'S TROOPS P5ETRATE 9TO REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA8 ,:O CAN SAY :E!R ! CONSEQU5CES ( SU* P5ETRATION W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ! SAME AS ?OSE :I* LAT] CAUS$ ,D5IK91 ,WRANGEL1 ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 & ALL ! RE/ TO DISAPPE>8 

,BUT BEHOLD6 ,ANY GOV]NM5T ALWAYS MEANS = ! ,REVOLUTION 3 ! POLITICAL WAY1 /AGNATION1 MI/RU/1 REACTION1 DANG]1 MIS=TUNE4 

,L591 ,TROTSKY1 & !IR COLLEAGUES W]E NEV] REVOLUTION>IES4 

,!Y W]E ONLY RA!R BRUTAL RE=M]S1 & LIKE ALL RE=M]S & POLITICIANS1 ALWAYS HAD REC\RSE TO ! OLD B\RGEOIS ME?ODS1 9 DEAL+ ) BO? 9T]NAL & MILIT>Y PROBLEMS4 

,!Y HAD NOT CONFID5CE 9 EI!R ! MASSES NOR 9 ! REAL ,REVOLUTION1 & DID NOT EV5 UND]/& IT4 

,9 TRU/+ !SE B\RGEOIS /ATI/-RE=M]S ) ! FATE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIAN WORK]S COMMITT$ A FUNDAM5TAL & IRREP>ABLE ]ROR4 

,! EXPLANATION ( EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA S9CE ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 LIES AT LEA/ P>TLY 9 ?IS4 

,! SECOND WIDESPREAD LEG5D IS ?AT ( ! IMPORTANT ROLE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK 0HI/ORIANS01 IT DEFEAT$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y TROOPS1 DE/ROY$ ! ,:ITE (F5SIVES1 & WON ALL ! VICTORIES4 

,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE FALSE4 ,9 ALL ! BIG C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVES1 ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS BEAT5 & PUT TO FLI<T4 ,IT WAS ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE !MSELVES1 9 REVOLT & ONLY P>TIALLY >M$1 :O DEFEAT$ ! ,:ITES4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY1 9V>IABLY RETURN+ AFT] ! BL[ 7BUT 9 FULL =CE7 TO L5D A H& TO ! ALREADY TRIUMPHANT P>TISANS1 SIMPLY GAVE ! C\P DE GRACE TO ! ALREADY R\T$ ,:ITE >MIES & CR[N$ ITSELF ) ! LAURELS ( VICTORY4 

  

.<#a.> ,TO AVOID CONFUSION1 ,I WILL GIVE SOME DEF9ITIONS H]E3  

 ,I USE ! T]M ,/ATE 9 ITS CURR5T & CONCRETE MEAN+3 A MEAN+ ?AT IT HAS ACQUIR$ AT ! 5D ( A LONG HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 A MEAN+ :I* IS P]FECTLY & UNI=MLY ACCEPT$ BY EV]YONE3 A MEAN+ F9ALLY1 :I* PRECISELY CON/ITUTES ! OBJECT ( ! :OLE CONTROV]SY4  

 ,H]E9 ! ,/ATE SIGNIFIES A CONGEAL$ POLITICAL ORGANISM1 0ME*ANICALLY0 C5TRALIZ$ OR DIRECT$ BY A POLITICAL GOV]NM5T SUPPORT$ BY A COMPLEXITY ( LAWS & CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS4  

 ,C]TA9 B\RGEOIS4 ,SOCIALI/1 & ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORS & CRITICS USE ! T]M ,/ATE 9 ANO!R S5SE1 VA/ & G5]AL1 DECL>+ ?AT ALL ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY ON A L>GE SCALE REPRES5TS A ,/ATE4 ,& !Y D$UCE FROM ?IS ?AT ANY NEW SOCIETY1 :ATEV] IT IS1 WILL 0NECESS>ILY0 BE A ,/ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 WE >E FRUITLESSLY DISCUSS+ A WORD4  

 ,ACCORD+ TO US1 !Y >E PLAY+ ) WORDS4 ,= A CONCRETE CONCEPT1 G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ & HI/ORICALLY GIV51 !Y SUB/ITUTE ANO!R1 & !Y COMBAT1 9 ! NAME ( ! LATT]1 ANTI-/ATI/1 LIB]T>IAN1 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y ?US CONFUSE1 UNCONSCI\SLY OR DELIB]ATELY1 TWO ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T CONCEPTS3 ,/ATE & ,SOCIETY4  

 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ! FUTURE SOCIETY -- ! REAL ONE -- WILL BE SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! WORD1 BUT ( ! ESS5CE4 7,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT !Y .<?OSE AU?ORS & CRITICS.> WILL AB&ON A T]M :I* DESIGNATES A DET]M9$ & LIMIT$ =M ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IF ! FUTURE GOOD SOCIETY IS CALL$ A 0,/ATE0 IT WILL ?US GIVE ?AT T]M AN 5TIRETY DIFF]5T MEAN+ FROM ?AT :I* IS ! SUBJECT ( ! CONTROV]SY47 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT -- & :AT ! ,AN>*I/S MA9TA9 -- IS ?AT ?IS FUTURE SOCIETY WILL BE 9COMPATIBLE ) :AT IS CALL$ A ,/ATE AT PRES5T4  

 ,I TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS OCCASION TO REM>K ?AT MANY AU?ORS >E WRONG 9 ADMITT+ ONLY TWO DEF9ITIONS ( ! T]M ACCEPT$ UP TO N[3 ,EI!R ! ,/ATE 7:I* !Y CONFUSE ) ,SOCIETY7 OR A FREE DISORGANIZ$ ASSEMBLY & A *AOTIC /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 !Y OMIT A ?IRD POSSIBILITY :I* IS NEI!R A ,/ATE 79 ! CONCRETE MEAN+ 9DICAT$7 NOR A R&OM GA!R+ ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! FREE & NATURAL UNION ( ALL SORTS ( ASSOCIATIONS & F$]ATIONS3 CONSUM]S & PRODUC]S4  

 ,!RE EXI/S1 !RE=E1 NOT ONE BUT TWO ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T ANTI-/ATISMS4 ,ONE1 UNREASONABLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY EASILY ATTACK$1 IS ALLEG$LY BAS$ ON ! 0FREE CAPRICE ( 9DIVIDUALS4 0 7,:O HAS ADVOCAT$ SU* AN ABSURDITY8 ,IS IT NOT A PURE 9V5TION1 CREAT$ = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T87 ,! O!R IS A-POLITICAL1 BUT IS REASONABLY BAS$ ON SOME?+ P]FECTLY ORGANIZ$1 ON ! COOP]ATIVE UNION ( V>I\S ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT IS 9 ! NAME ( ! LATT] =M ( ANTI-/ATISM ?AT ,AN>*ISM COMBATS ! ,/ATE4  

 ,AN ANALOG\S OBS]VATION ALSO %\LD BE MADE AB\T ! T]M GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE >E MANY :O DECL>E3 0,IT WILL NEV] BE POSSIBLE TO DISP5SE ) M5 :O ORGANIZE1 ADM9I/]1 DIRECT1 ET CET]A40 ,?OSE :O DO !SE ?+S = A VA/ SOCIAL COMPLEX -- = A 0,/ATE0 -- =M A 0GOV]NM5T0 :E!R Y\ LIKE IT OR NOT4 ,& !Y /ILL PRET5D ?AT IT IS ONLY A DISCUSSION ( WORDS6 ,!Y FALL H]E 9TO ! SAME ]ROR4 ,! POLITICAL & CO]CIVE GOV]NM5T ( A POLITICAL ,/ATE IS ONE ?+2 A BODY ( ADM9I/RATORS1 ORGANIZ]S &1 ANIMATORS1 OR ( TE*NICAL1 PR(ESSIONAL1 OR O!R DIRECTORS1 9DISP5SABLE = ! CO-ORD9AT$ FUNCTION+ ( ! ASSOCIATIONS1 F$]ATIONS1 ET CET]A1 IS ANO!R4  

 ,SO LET US NOT PLAY ) WORDS4 ,LET US BE PRECISE & CLE>4 ,DOES ONE ACCEPT1 YES OR NO1 ?AT A POLITICAL ,/ATE1 DIRECT$ BY A REPRES5TATIVE1 POLITICAL1 OR O!R GOV]NM5T1 CAN S]VE A FUNCTION 9 A TRUE FUTURE SOCIETY8 ,IF YES1 ONE IS NOT AN ,AN>*I/4 ,IF NO1 ONE IS ALREADY ONE1 = ! MO/ P>T4 ,DOES ONE AGREE1 YES OR NO1 ?AT A POLITICAL ,/ATE1 ET CET]A1 CAN S]VE A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY ON ! WAY TO TRUE ,SOCIALISM8 ,IF YES1 ONE IS NOT AN ,AN>*I/4 ,IF NO1 ONE IS4 

.<#b.> ,SOME 9DIVIDUALS PRET5D ?AT FRE$OM ( IDEAS IS A DANG] TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! >M$ =CES >E ) ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE 7O!RWISE ! ,REVOLUTION C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE7 & ! PEOPLE !MSELVES CONTROL !M1 :AT DANG] C\LD AN OP9ION HAVE8 ,& !N1 IF ! WORK]S !MSELVES >E GU>D+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 !Y WILL KN[ H[ TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ANY REAL DANG] BETT] ?AN AN 0EXT+UI%]04 

.<#c.> ,READ]S :O WI% TO 9VE/IGATE ! PROBLEM ( MOD]N ECONOMIC EVOLUTION %\LD CONSULT ESPECIALLY ! WORKS ( ,JACQUES ,DUBO94 

.<#d.> ,SEE1 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ! AU?OR'S ,*OSES ,VECUES1 A FIR/ BRIEF /UDY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 9 ,LA ,REVUE ,AN>*I/E ( ,SEBA/IAN ,FAURE1 .<,P>IS8.> #a#i#b#b-#b#d4 

.<#e.> ,ALL !SE IDEAS >E DEVELOP$ MORE FULLY 9 MY /UDY M5TION$ E>LI]3 ,*OSES ,VECUES 

.<#f.> ,AS ! READ] WILL SEE1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT 9 ?IS CASE ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E JU/IFI$4 ,?OSE :O W\LD MA9TA9 ?AT !Y W]E MU/ PROVE ?AT !Y DID NOT HAVE ANY O!R WAY ( ACT+ 9 ORD] TO PREP>E ! MASSES1 PROGRESSIVELY1 TO A*IEVE A FREE & TOTAL REVOLUTION4 ,I AM EMPHATICALLY ( ! OP9ION ?AT !Y C\LD HAVE F\ND O!R ME?ODS4 ,BUT ,I AM NOT MU* CONC]N$ ) ?AT ASPECT ( ! QUE/ION4 ,CONSID]+ ! !SIS ( ! 9CAPACITY ( ! MASSES AS BE+ ABSOLUTELY FALSE1 & CONSID]+ ?AT ! FACTS SET =? 9 ?IS WORK PROVE IT ABUNDANTLY1 ,I HAVE NO REASON TO 5VISAGE A SITUATION :I*1 TO ME1 SIMPLY DID NOT EXI/4 

.<#g.> ,PETROGRAD1 ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#h.> ,AS 9 MANY O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$1 = A LONG TIME1 TO DI/ORT ! FACTS CONC]N+ ,JELEZNIAKOV4 ,!Y CLAIM$1 9 !IR PRESS1 ?AT HE HAD BECOME-OR ?AT HE ALWAYS HAD BE5 A ,BOL%EVIK4 ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! CONTR>Y TR\BL$ !M4  

 ,AT ! TIME ( ,JELEZNIAKOV'S DEA? 7HE WAS MORTALLY W\ND$ 9 A BATTLE ) ! 0,:ITES0 9 C5TRAL ,RUSSIA7 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ASS]T$1 9 A NOTE ?AT APPE>$ 9 LZVE/IA1 ?AT ON HIS DEA? B$1 HE DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS 9 AGREEM5T ) ,BOL%EVISM4 ,S9CE !N !Y HAVE SAID SQU>ELY ?AT HE WAS ALWAYS A ,BOL%EVIK4  

 ,ALL ?IS1 H[EV]1 IS FALSE4 ,! AU?OR ( !SE L9ES & O!R COMRADES KNEW ,JELEZNIAKOV 9TIMATELY4 ,:5 HE LEFT ,PETROGRAD = ! FRONT1 TAK+ LEAVE ( ME1 & KN[+ ?AT AS AN ,AN>*I/ HE C\LD EXPECT ANY?+ FROM ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 HE SAID TO ME1 WORD = WORD3 0,:ATEV] MAY HAPP5 TO ME4 & :ATEV] !Y MAY SAY ( ME1 KN[ WELL ?AT #a AM AN ,AN>*I/1 ?AT I FI<T AS ONE1 & ?AT :ATEV] MY FATE1 #a WILL DIE AN ,AN>*I/40  

 ,& HE 5TRU/$ TO ME ! DUTY ( DEMOLI%+1 IF NE$ BE1 ! LIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,I AM H]E P]=M+ ?AT DUTY4 

.<#i.> ,NO4 #b#g1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 #a#i#a#h4 

.<#a.> ,9 ,PRAVDA1 ,NO4 #c#a4 

.<#a#a.> ,?AT TREATY TOOK FROM ,RUSSIA 0T]RITORIES EQUAL 9 SIZE TO APPROXIMATELY EI<TE5 PROV9CES04 

.<#a#b.> ,! WORDS 9 ,FR5* >E B\RREURS & B\RREAUX -- ONE ( ,VOL9E'S R>E PUNS4 -- ,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4 

.<#a#c.> ,NABAT 9 ,RUSSIAN MEANS ,TOCS91 OR ,AL>M4 

.<#a#d.> ,9 PA/ C5TURIES HETMAN WAS ! TITLE ( ! ELECT$ LEAD] ( ! 9DEP5D5T ,UKRA9E4 ,9/ALL$ 9 P[] BY ! ,G]MANS1 ,SKOROPADSKY APPROPRIAT$ ?IS TITLE4 

.<#a#e.> ,VOL9E'S TEXT 9 ,FR5* READS 0TOTALLY UNKN[N \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA04 ,! WORD TOTALLY HAS BE5 *ANG$ TO PRACTICALLY ABOVE BECAUSE SOME COPIES ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS DID REA* ,RUSSIAN #fMIGR,G,B,PS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ?AT P]IOD1 HAV+ BE5 SMUGGL$ 9 BY EMISS>IES ( ! UND]GR\ND4 ,P>TICUL>LY1 SPECIM5S ( SU* LIT]ATURE F\ND !IR WAY TO ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 

.<#a#f.> ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#a#g.> ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 ,AUGU/ #a#h1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#a#h.> ,AUGU/ #b#e1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#a#i.> ,TO GIVE AN IDEA ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,GOV]NM5T ACT$ DUR+ !SE FEW MON?S LET US CITE C]TA9 ( ITS PRACTICES4 ,MA/] ( ELECTRIC CURR5T1 IT CUT (F1 NE>LY EV]Y MORN+ >\ND #c O'CLOCK1 ! L9E ?AT F$ ! ,UNION'S PR9T+ %OP4 ,! CURR5T RETURN$ >\ND #e OR #f O'CLOCK 7OR DID NOT RETURN AT ALL74 ,?US ! PAP] C\LD NOT APPE> UNTIL #i OR #a O'CLOCK1 :5 ALL EMPLOY$ P]SONS BE+ AT WORK1 NO ONE C\LD BUY IT4 ,ALSO1 ! NEWSBOYS W]E JO/L$1 *AS$1 & SOMETIMES >RE/$ ON FALSE PRETEXTS4 ,AT ! ,PO/ ,(FICE UP TO #e P] C5T1 ( ! COPIES ( ,GOLOS ,TRUDA W]E DELIB]ATELY 0LO/04 ,9 %ORT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO /RUGGLE CON/ANTLY AGA9/ SABOTAGE BY ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES4 

.<#b.> ,?OSE >TICLES 9 ,GOLOS ,TRUDA W]E3 ,& ,AFT]W>DS81 ,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#i#a#g2 ,! ,SECOND ,REVOLUTION1 ,NOVEMB] #c_/#a#f2 & ,! ,DECL>ATION & ,LIFE1 ,NOVEMB] #d_/#a#g4 

.<#b#a.> ,! ,NEW ,P[]1 9 ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 ,NOVEMB] #d_/#a#g1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#b#b.> ,NO4 #a#e1 ,NOVEMB] #f_/#a#i1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#b#c.> ,NO4 #a#f1 ,NOVEMB] #g_/#b1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#b#d.> ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 ,NO4 #a#i1 ,NOVEMB] #a#h_/,DECEMB] #a1 #a#i#a#g4 ,O!R NOTABLE >TICLES OR $ITORIALS 9 ?AT PUBLICATION :I* DES]VE M5TION H]E >E ,! ,W>1 ,! ,FAM9E1 & ,! ,LA/ ,/AGE1 9 ,NO4 #a#g1 ,NOVEMB] #h_/#b#a1 #a#i#a#g2 ,W>N+1 9 ,NO4 #b1 & ,! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS1 9 ,NO #b#a4 

.<#b#e.> ,! ,PEASANT ,JOB1 9 ,NO4 #b#b1 & O!RS4 

.<#b#f.> ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\RSE1 9 ,NO4 #g ( ! DAILY ,GOLOS ,TRUDA2 ,! ,WORK]S' ,TASK1 9 ,NO4 #a#a2 ,! ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS 7NO DATE NOR S]IAL NUMB] GIV571 & O!RS4 

.<#b#g.> ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 ,NO4 #e1 ,DECEMB] #a#i1 #a#i#a#g_/,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#a#h4 

.<#b#h.> ,9 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#a#i ?IS WAS /ILL POSSIBLE4 

.<#b#i.> ,! CIRCUM/ANCES CONNECT$ ) ! DEA? ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,DURRUTI TO ,SPA9 9 #aicf PO9T$LY RECALL ! ,GRAT*OV CASE4 

.<#c.> ,!SE L9ES W]E WRITT5 BE=E ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,TROTSKY4 

.<#c#a.> ,! AU?OR ( ?IS WORK WAS ONE ( ?OSE SUBJECT$ TO VIOL5CE BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 

.<#c#b.> ,KH>KOV IS AB\T #ae MILES ,S\? ( ,KURSK1 :ILE ,MOSC[ IS SOME #c MILES ,NOR? ( ! LATT] CITY4 

.<#c#c.> ,?IS WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#c#i4 

.<#c#d.> ,NATURALLY ,I EMPLOY ! T]M 0DIRECT0 9 ! S5SE ( ORGANIZ+1 & ( ADM9I/RATION 7A SOCIAL T]M71 & NOT 9 ?AT ( GOV]N+ 7A POLITICAL T]M74 ,A GOV]NM5T1 EV5 IF IT W]E COMPOS$ ( WORK]S 7:I* IS NOT ! CASE 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R47 C\LD S]VE ONLY ! 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS :I* 9EVITABLY DEVELOPS 9TO A /ATI/ POLITICAL SY/EM4 

.<#c#e.> ,! READ] %\LD NOT SUSPECT ME ( PREF]R+ PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,I /ATE A FACT1 NO?+ MORE4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT FRE$OM TO *OOSE AN EMPLOY] IS A SMALL ?+4 ,BUT TO LIVE & WORK UND] ! ET]NAL ?REAT ( LOS+ ! ONLY EXPLOIT] POSSIBLE IS NOT PLEASANT4 ,?IS ?REAT1 SUSP5D$ CON/ANTLY OV] ! HEAD ( ! WORK] 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 MAKES HIM A SLAVE4 ,?AT IS ALL ,I MEANT TO SAY4 

.<#c#f.> ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,WORK]S ,BE=E & ,AFT] ,L591 BY ,MANYA ,GORDON2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DUTTON1 #a#i#d#a4 

.<#c#g.> ,DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #b#e1 #a#i#a#g4 .<,BUT 9 ! F\R? P>AGRAPH ( ,*APT] XXV ,VOL9E GIVES ,OCTOB] #bf AS ! DATE ( :AT APP>5TLY IS ! SAME DECREE.> 

.<#c#h.> ,MILI\KOV1 ,PAUL1 ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 ,VOLUME ,I,I,I1 P4 #a#b#g#d4 

.<#c#i.> ,! 0DICTATION01 SUP]VISION1 & ?REAT EXI/$ FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,ALSO1 WE MU/ PO9T \T 9 PASS+ ?AT ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,POLITBURO & O!R SUPREME ORGANS1 W]E NEV] ELECT$1 BUT W]E APPO9T$ BY ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9FLU5C$ BY ! 0G5IAL ,VOJD01 & VALIDAT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 DOCILE 9/RUM5T ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 

.<#d.> ,COMP>$ TO !M1 ! ,NAZIS >E ONLY MODE/ PUPILS & IMITATORS4 

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.<#d#b.> ,PRAVDA = ,MAY #c#a4 

.<#d#c.> ,SEE ,/AL9 ,CON/ITUTION1 ,>TICLE #a#b#e4 

.<#d#d.> ,PRAVDA1 ,MAY #c#a1 #a#i#c#i4 

.<#d#e.> ,NO4 #a#f#h1 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#i4 

.<#d#f.> ,GORLOVKA IS AN 9DU/RIAL LOCALITY 9 ?AT BAS94 

.<#d#g.> ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#c#f4 

.<#d#h.> ,SEE ,IZVE/IA1 ,JUNE #b#h1 #a#i#c#f4 

.<#d#i.> ,SEE ! LAW ( ,MAY1 #a#i#c#f1 5ACTM5T ( :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY NUM]\S >RE/S4 

.<#e.> ,OR?ODOX PRIE/S 9 ,RUSSIA >E COMMONLY REF]R$ TO AS 0POPES04 

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