,! ,UTOPIAN ,IMPULSE ,REFLECTIONS ON A ,TRADITION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,DAN ,*ODORK(F ,TEXT 3 ,! ECOSPH]E IS ?REAT5$ TO A DEGREE UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMANITY'S T5URE ON ! PLANET4 ,! RUPTURE ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS SYMPTOMATIC ( & A CAUSAL FACTOR 9 ! BREAKD[N ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION EXT5DS TO BO? PEOPLE & NATURE & GIV5 !IR CONCURR5T EVOLUTION IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ONE WILL BE ELIM9AT$ EXCLUSIVE ( ! O!R4 ,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS MO/ CONSCI\S MANIFE/ATIONS1 ?AT IS1 P>TS ( ! ANT9UKE1 ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY1 & EC(EM9I/ MOVEM5TS1 HAS RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = A RECON/RUCTIVE VISION ?AT ACKN[L$GES ! PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE ( !SE 9T]RELATIONS4 ,! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T REJECTS SIMPLE TE*NICAL FIXES AS ! SOLUTION TO ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE !IR ROOTS DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 ! CULTURE4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS /RESS$ ! NE$ = A HOLI/IC APPROA* TO ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & FUR!R1 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT BASIC *ANGES 9 ! E?OS ( ! CULTURE & ! /RUCTURE ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS >E NECESS>Y IF WE >E TO EV] A*IEVE A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,RADICAL ECOLOGI/S >E ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE A !ORY & PRACTICE = SU* AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY3 A RECON/RUCTIVE VISION ?AT !Y CAN BEG9 TO ACTUALIZE 9 ! H]E & N[4 ,9 ! CREATION ( !IR RECON/RUCTIVE PRAXIS !Y DRAW 9SPIRATION FROM MANY S\RCES1 9CLUD+ ! SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E ( ECOLOGY1 ! TRADITIONAL CULTURES ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN PEOPLES1 & ! SPIRITUAL PA?S ( ! ,EA/4 ,!RE IS ANO!R TRADITION ?AT 9=MS !IR VISION AS WELL ?\< UN=TUNATELY IT REMA9S L>GELY UNKN[N1 IGNOR$1 MISUND]/OOD1 OR UNACKN[L$G$1 EV5 BY ! MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,IT IS ! UTOPIAN TRADITION4 ,:ILE US+ A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE & SET ( REF]5CES1 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION 9 MANY WAYS P>ALLELS ! CONC]NS ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,!RE IS MU* 9 ! !ORY & HI/ORY ( UTOPIA ?AT CAN HELP ILLUM9ATE CRITICAL PROBLEMS 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,:AT FOLL[S >E REFLECTIONS ON ?AT UTOPIAN TRADITION1 A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS :I* DIFF]5TIATES V>I\S /RA9S 9 ! TRADITION1 & AN ANALYSIS ( ?OSE ASPECTS ( ! TRADITION MO/ RELEVANT TO ! EM]G+ PRAXIS ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,?R\<\T ! :OLE ( HI/ORY !RE HAVE BE5 ATTEMPTS TO TRANS=M ! GIV5 SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCE 9 BASIC WAYS1 TO VISUALIZE & TO ACTUALIZE A SOCIETY MORE H>MONI\S1 FULFILL+ & CLE>LY CLOSE TO IDEAL ?AN ! ONE GIV54 ,!SE ATTEMPTS HAVE TAK5 A V>IETY ( =MS RANG+ FROM ! PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL & CONCEPTUAL TO ! RECON/RUCTIVE & REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 A BROAD S5SE1 !SE EF=TS CAN BE UND]/OOD AS P>T ( ! UTOPIAN IMPULSE4 ,UTOPIA IS A T]M CO9$ BY ,SIR ,?OMAS ,MORE 9 #a#e#a#e4 ,HE TRACES ! ROOT TO TWO ,GREEK WORDS3 \TOPIA1 TRANSLAT$ AS NO PLACE1 & EUTOPIA1 ! GOOD PLACE4 ,! WORD HAS ACQUIR$1 S9CE ,FR$]ICK ,5GLES' CRITIQUE ( 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALISM 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+1 ! NEGATIVE CONNOTATION ( \TOPIA--CL\D CUCKOO L&4 ,= \R PURPOSES1 ! T]M MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 A MORE NEUTRAL WAY3 AS A DESCRIPTION ( AN APPROA* TO SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ORI5T$ T[>D ! CREATION ( AN 0IDEAL0 SOCIETY4 ,! UTOPIAN IMPULSE IS A RESPONSE TO EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & AN ATTEMPT TO TRANSC5D OR TRANS=M ?OSE CONDITIONS TO A*IEVE AN IDEAL4 ,IT ALWAYS CONTA9S TWO 9T]RELAT$ ELEM5TS3 A CRITIQUE ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS & A VISION OR RECON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM = A NEW SOCIETY4 ,UTOPIAS USUALLY >ISE DUR+ P]IODS ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 :5 ! OLD WAYS ( A SOCIETY >E BE+ QUE/ION$ BY NEW DEVELOPM5TS4 ,?US1 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC EM]G$ 9 ,A!NS AFT] ! VICTORY ( ,SP>TA 9 ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>S1 ,MORE'S ,UTOPIA EM]G$ DUR+ ! ,AGE ( ,DISCOV]Y1 & ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION GAVE BIR? TO NUM]\S UTOPIAN EXP]IM5TS4 ,:ILE !SE UTOPIAS & C\NTLESS O!RS >E ALL DI/9CT 9 A PROGRAMMATIC S5SE !Y %>E C]TA9 /RUCTURAL ELEM5TS4 ,! COMB9ATION ( CRITIQUE & RECON/RUCTIVE VISION HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$4 ,!Y ALSO %>E A HOLI/IC P]SPECTIVE1 FOCUS+ ON ! RE=MATION ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN ! SIMPLE RE=M ( SPECIFIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y T5D TO *OOSE A HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITY AS !IR LOCUS ( ACTION & ELABORATE !IR TRANS=MATIVE VISION )9 ?AT CONTEXT4 ,UTOPIAS (T5 DISPLAY AN ORI5TATION T[>D 0HAPP9ESS0 DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( MAT]IAL PL5TY 7COMMUNAL PROP]TY7 & 0JU/ICE10 A CONCEPT DEF9$ 9 WIDELY DIV]G5T T]MS4 ,!Y FREQU5TLY EMPHASIZE EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 & AN 9TEGRATION ( T[N & C\NTRY4 ,! !MES ( BALANCE & H>MONY RESONATE ?R\<\T UTOPIA4 ,UTOPIAS DEVELOP !IR VISION EI!R BY DRAW+ ON RESIDUAL TRADITIONAL ELEM5TS OR HI/ORIC T5D5CIES ( A SOCIETY ?AT >E SE5 AS POSITIVE & ELABORAT+ & SUPPORT+ ?OSE ELEM5TS--AS ,PLATO TOOK 9SPIRATION FROM ASPECTS ( ,GREEK TRADITION--OR BY DRAW+ UPON & ELABORAT+ NEW DEVELOPM5TS1 (T5 SCI5TIFIC OR TE*NOLOGICAL1 ?AT SEEM TO HOLD PROMISE--AS ,FRANCIS ,BACON DID 9 ,NEW ,ATLANTIS4 ,! IMPULSE T[>D UTOPIA HAS P]SI/$ OV] MILL5NIA4 ,PAUL ,RAD9 SUGGE/S ?AT EV5 PRIMITIVE HUNT]S & GA!R]S H>K5$ T[>D UTOPIA1 AS REFLECT$ 9 !IR DREAM_/MY?S ( A PA/ ,GOLD5 ,AGE ?AT W\LD RETURN 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,WE SEE A C]TA9 CONT9UITY ( UTOPIAN ?\D5 ( ,$57 & ,ES*ATOLOGY4 ,9 MORE REC5T TIMES1 UTOPIA HAS %IFT$ FROM ! RELIGI\S TO ! SECUL> >5A4 ,FROM ! ,5LID1 UTOPIA BEGAN TAK+ A MORE EXPLICITLY SOCIAL =M4 ,H]E TOO ?\<1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! UTOPIAS ( 9TELLECT & ATTEMPTS TO ACTUALIZE UTOPIA ?R\< COMMUNALI/IC OR REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5TS4 ,9 EXAM9+ ! BROAD HI/ORIC TRADITION ?AT COMPRISES ! UTOPIAN IMPULSE WE CAN DEVELOP G5]AL CATEGORIES ( UTOPIAS ?AT DISPLAY SIMIL> *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,AT ONE 5D ( ! CONT9UUM1 ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS PRES5T A !ORETICAL 0BLUEPR9T0 = A P]FECT SOCIETY1 :ILE ON ! O!R 5D1 UTOPIAN SOCIAL !ORIES1 EXP]IM5TS & MOVEM5TS MAKE CONCRETE ATTEMPTS TO BR+ AB\T 0UTOPIA40 ,!SE TWO APPROA*ES TO UTOPIA >E DESCRIB$ BY ,LEWIS ,MUM=D 9 ANO!R CONTEXT3 0,ONE ( !SE FUNCTIONS IS ESCAPE OR COMP5SATION2 IT SEEKS AN IMM$IATE RELEASE FROM ! DIFFICULTIES OR FRU/RATIONS ( \R LOT4 ,! O!R ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE A CONDITION = \R RELEASE 9 ! FUTURE4 ,! ,UTOPIAS ?AT CORRESPOND TO !SE TWO FUNCTIONS1 ,I %ALL CALL ! ,UTOPIAS ( ESCAPE & ! ,UTOPIAS ( RECON/RUCTION4 ,! FIR/ LEAVES ! EXT]NAL WORLD ! WAY IT IS2 ! SECOND SEEKS TO *ANGE IT SO ?AT ONE MAY HAVE 9T]C\RSE ) IT ON ONE'S [N T]MS4 ,9 ONE WE BUILD IMPOSSIBLE CA/LES 9 ! AIR2 9 ! O!R WE CONSULT A SURVEYOR & AN >*ITECT & A MASON & PROCE$ TO BUILD A H\SE :I* MEETS \R ESS5TIAL NE$S2 AS WELL AS H\SES BUILT ( /ONE & MORT> >E CAPABLE ( MEET+ !M40 ,PHILOSOPHICAL & LIT]>Y UTOPIAS >E ! WORK ( 9DIVIDUALS & AS SU* T5D TO REFLECT !IR CREATORS' LIKES & DISLIKES4 ,!SE IDIOSYNCRATIC APPROA*ES HAVE GIV5 RISE TO ! CLI*E ?AT 0,ONE MAN'S UTOPIA IS ANO!R MAN'S HELL40 ,:ILE ! PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS ADDRESS !MSELVES TO IMPORTANT SOCIAL PROBLEMS !Y T5D TO G5]ATE 0SOLUTIONS0 ?AT TAKE ! =M ( ME*ANI/IC PLANS REQUIR+ AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL /RUCTURE = 5=CEM5T4 ,!Y >E USUALLY HI]>*ICAL1 DOGMATIC1 /ATIC SOCIETIES4 7,?IS RATIONALIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! CONCURR5T RIGIDIFICATION ( SOCIAL HI]>*IES IS DESCRIB$ BY ,K>L ,POPP] & BRILLIANTLY EXPLOR$ 9 ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND'S CRITIQUE ( ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC1 ! >*ETYPAL LIT]>Y UTOPIA47 ,RECON/RUCTIVE UTOPIAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS APPROA* ! PROBLEM ( CREAT+ A NEW SOCIAL ORD] 9 A MORE ORGANIC FA%ION4 ,! EMPHASIS AT ! \T] $GE ( ! CONT9UUM IS ON UTOPIAN PROCESS1 ) ! ACTUAL RECON/RUCTIVE DETAILS ( ! 0NEW SOCIETY0 LEFT TO ! P>TICIPANTS' DET]M9ATION4 ,AT ?IS 5D ( ! CONT9UUM WE CAN PLACE ! V>I\S 0PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 :I* HAVE A LONG HI/ORY SUGGE/$ BY ! E>LY SLAVE REVOLTS1 ! H]ETIC COMMUNITIES SU* AS ! ,GNO/ICS 7! ,PAT]9I & ,LOMB>DI 9 ,ITALY71 ! ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,FREE ,SPIRITS1 ! ,TRUE ,LEVEL]S & ,DIGG]S DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLT ( ,?OMAS ,MUN/] & O!R MOVEM5TS ( ! ,RE=MATION1 PEASANT REVOLTS1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 & 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES AN>*I/ PRAXIS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,SPA91 & ELSE:]E4 ,!SE >E ! MORE LIB]T>IAN =MS ( UTOPIA1 TO V>Y+ DEGREES P>TICIPATORY1 DEMOCRATIC & NON-HI]>*ICAL1 & ALL DYNAMIC & TRANS=MATIVE 9 !IR APPROA*4 ,9 ,MUM=D'S WORDS3 0,! ,UTOPIA ( RECON/RUCTION IS :AT ITS NAME IMPLIES3 ,A VISION ( A RECON/ITUT$ 5VIRONM5T :I* IS BETT] ADAPT$ TO ! NATURE & AIMS ( ! HUMAN BE+S :O DWELL )9 IT ?AN ! ACTUAL ONE2 & NOT M]ELY BETT] ADAPT$ TO !IR ACTUAL NATURE1 BUT BETT] FITT$ TO !IR POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T40 0,BY A RECON/RUCT$ 5VIRONM5T ,I DO NOT MEAN M]ELY A PHYSICAL ?+4 ,I MEAN 9 ADDITION A NEW SET ( HABITS1 A FRE% SCALE ( VALUES1 A DIFF]5T NET ( RELATION%IPS & 9/ITUTIONS40 ,AT A V>IETY ( PO9TS BETWE5 ! EXTREMES1 WE CAN PLACE ! IDEAL CON/ITUTIONS1 PLANN$ COMMUNITIES1 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES1 COMMUNES1 & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,!Y CON=M TO A G5]AL DEF9ITION ( UTOPIA ?AT 9CLUDES ! COMB9ATION ( CRITIQUE & RECON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM--A HOLI/IC VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY ?AT 9SI/S ON ! 9TEGRATION ( ! V>I\S PSY*OLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SPIRITUAL ASPECTS ( SOCIETY4 ,! TRADITION ( ! RECON/RUCTIVE 0PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 IS AN OLD ONE1 PR$AT+ ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL4 ,IT IS 9 ALL PROBABILITY A T5D5CY ?AT PR$ATES WRITT5 HI/ORY4 0,PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 HAVE BE5 EF=TS ON ! P>T ( GR\PS ( PEOPLE TO ACTUALIZE !IR UTOPIA RA!R ?AN TO RELEGATE IT TO A LO/ P>ADISE OR TO DEF] IT UNTIL DEA?4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ ) A TOTAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,!SE EF=TS HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( ! 9/ITUTION ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] EI!R ?R\< ! CREATION ( SEP>ATI/ 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES OR ?R\< ACTIVE REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! OLD ORD]4 ,! COMMUNIT>IAN EF=TS ( ! CLASSIC 0UTOPIANS0--,/4 ,SIMEON1 ,F\RI]1 & ,ROB]T ,[5--W]E AN \TGR[? ( ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 0SY/EMS0 USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! LIT]>Y TRADITION4 ,YET !Y DID ATTEMPT TO BR+ !IR UTOPIAS 9TO BE+ & 9 SO DO+ LAID ! F\NDATIONS = MOD]N SOCIALI/ ?\Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,ONE WAY ( DEF9+ UTOPIAN SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS BY EXAM9+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 !SE MOVEM5TS & ! 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 ( !IR *IEF CRITICS1 ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM IS MO/ CLE>LY EXPRESS$ BY ,5GELS 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 ,HE ACKN[L$GES ! CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY ,F\RI]1 ,/4 ,SIMEON1 & ,[5 T[>D ! =MULATION ( ! BASIC IDEAS ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,5GELS' WORDS1 0,9 ,/4 ,SIMEON WE F9D A COMPREH5SIVE BREAD? ( VIEW1 BY VIRTUE ( :I* ALMO/ ALL ! IDEAS ( LAT] SOCIALI/S1 ?AT >E NOT PURELY ECONOMIC1 >E F\ND 9 HIM 9 EMBRYO4440 ,( ! UTOPIANS 9 G5]AL HE /ATES1 0,WE DELIGU$ ?AT ,/4 ,SIMEON'S UTOPIA1 A UNIFICATION ( SCI5CE & 9DU/RY 9 A 0,NEW ,*RI/IANITY0 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS >E TRANSF]R$ 9TO PUBLIC S]VANTS BY ! SPIRIT ( REASON & COOP]ATION1 WAS AN EXPRESSION ( A P]IOD :5 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM & ITS 5SU+ CLASS ANTAGONISMS W]E /ILL 9 AN UNDEVELOP$ /ATE4 ,?\< HE RECOGNIZ$ AN EMBRYONIC CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 ,/4 ,SIMEON'S OV]RID+ CONC]N = 0! CLASS ?AT IS ! MO/ NUM]\S & MO/ POOR10 ULTIMATELY ,/4 ,SIMEON IS SE5 TO BE DOM9AT$ BY ! HI/ORICAL SITUATION ?AT /IMULAT$ HIS !ORY4 0,TO ! CRUDE CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ! CRUDE CLASS CONDITIONS CORRESPOND$ CRUDE !ORIES40 ,F\RI] IS PRAIS$ BY ,5GELS = HIS A/UTE & BIT+ CRITICISM ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,5GELS' WORDS1 0,F\RI] IS AT HIS GREATE/ 9 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! HI/ORY ( SOCIETY4 ,HE DIVIDES ITS :OLE C\RSE1 ?US F>1 9TO F\R /AGES ( EVOLUTION--SAVAG]Y1 B>B>ISM1 ! PATRI>*ATE & CIVILIZATION40 ,5GELS SEES 9 ,F\RI]'S HI/ORICAL IDEAS AN APPLICATION ( DIALECTICS ANALOG\S TO ,KANT'S USE ( ! ME?OD 9 NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,YET1 ,F\RI]1 DESPITE HIS BRILLIANT 9SICUSE & ,NORMAN ,O4 ,BR[N4 ,! IDIOSYNCRATIC ELEM5T 9 !SE UTOPIAN SY/EMS WAS1 9 ,5GELS' VIEW1 9EVITABLE4 ,AS ) ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS1 !Y W]E ! WORKS ( 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S :O SAW ! NEW SOCIETY >IS+ \T ( REASON & SELF-CONSCI\S ACTIVITY1 DIVORC$ FROM A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL P]IOD & LEVEL ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y W]E AN EXPRESSION ( ! LIKES & DISLIKES ( !IR CREATORS1 CONDITION$ BY !IR SUBJECTIVE VIEWS & EXPRESS+ !IR [N ABSOLUTE TRU?S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 9 HIS SE>* = 0SCI5CE0 & 9 HIS 9SI/5CE ON A N>R[LY DEF9$ CLASS ANALYSIS1 ,5GELS REJECTS SOME ( ! MORE PR(\ND ASPECTS ( ! ,FR5* UTOPIAN TRADITION4 ,ROB]T ,[5 WAS A =MULATOR ( SY/EMS AS WELL1 BUT ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,5GL&1 :]E ,[5 PUT HIS !ORIES 9TO PRACTICE1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DEVELOP$ ?AN 9 ,FRANCE4 ,[51 :O BEGAN HIS C>E] AS A SOCIAL RE=M] FROM ! UNLIKELY POSITION ( FACTORY MANAG]1 GRADUALLY CAME TO BELIEVE ?AT SOCIALISM WAS ! ONLY MEANS ( GU>ANTEE+ JU/ICE TO ! WORK+ CLASS HE SAW BATT]$ & DEGRAD$ BY ! NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,[5 MADE ! TRANSITION FROM PHILAN?ROPI/ TO SOCIALI/ UPON HIS REALIZATION ?AT 0! NEWLY CREAT$ GIGANTIC PRODUCTIVE =CES1 HI!RTO US$ ONLY TO 5RI* 9DIVIDUALS & TO 5?RALL$ ! MASSES1 (F]$ ! F\NDATIONS = A RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY2 !Y W]E DE/9$1 AS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL1 TO BE WORK$ = ! COMMON GOOD ( ALL40 ,HE SAW PRIVATE PROP]TY1 RELIGION1 & ! PRES5T =M ( M>RIAGE AS ! OB/ACLES TO ! 9/ITUTION ( HIS IDEAL SOCIETY4 ,:ILE HIS ATTEMPT TO ACTUALIZE HIS IDEAL 9 ! =M ( A COMMUNI/ COMMUNITY 9 ,9DIANA MET ) FAILURE1 HE WAS A MAJOR 9FLU5CE ON ! ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,[5'S COMMUNISM1 GR\ND$ 9 ! MAT]IALI/ VIEW ?AT PEOPLE W]E A PRODUCT ( !IR H]$ITY1 BUT MOREOV] !IR 5VIRONM5T1 WAS /ILL AN APPEAL TO REASON4 ,RA!R ?AN LOOK+ TO ! PROLET>IAT TO EMANCIPATE !MSELVES1 HE DEMON/RAT$ ! LOGIC ( HIS SY/EM & HOP$ TO CONV9CE ! B\RGEOISIE ?R\< ?AT LOGIC4 ,?IS BR+S US TO ANO!R CRUCIAL PO9T 9 ,5GELS' CRITIQUE ( ! UTOPIANS4 ,HE /ATES ?AT DESPITE A G5U9E CONC]N = ! WORK+ CLASS1 0ONE ?+ IS COMMON TO ALL ?REE4 ,NOT ONE ( !M APPE>S AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT PROLET>IAT1 :I* HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAD 9 ! MEANTIME PRODUC$40 ,H]E ,5GELS IS REF]R+ TO ! FAILURE ( ,/4 ,SIMEON1 ,F\RI] & ,[5 TO REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT EXCLUSIVELY1 BAS$ ON !IR LACK ( P]CEPTION ( :AT HE SAW AS ! DEEP1 IRREP>ABLE *ASM :I* DEVELOP$ BETWE5 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAT UND] ! IMPETUS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ALL ?REE W]E CONC]N$ ) ! PLIY SOCIALISM2 !Y /ILL BELIEV$ 9 ! IDEAL ( REASON1 :I* LAY AT ! ROOT ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 & 9 ! ABILITY ( REASON TO BR+ AB\T ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! ESS5CE ( ,5GELS' CRITIQUE ( ! UTOPIANS LIES NOT ) !IR =MULATION ( ! BASIC IDEALS ( SOCIALI/ !ORIES1 BUT ) !IR LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! PROCESS BY :I* ! NEW SOCIETY MAY BE BR\Y MOVEM5T1 FIR/ 9 ,FRANCE1 LAT] 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T FOLL[$ TWO DI/9CT PA?S1 ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & A CONT9U$ 0UTOPIANISM0 BE/ PRES5T$ BY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,PR\DHON & ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 ,BO? POSITIONS W]E 9FLU5TIAL AMONG ! EM]G+ WORK]S' MOVEM5T2 ,M>X'S 9FLU5CE WAS /RONGE/ 9 ,G]MANY & ,5GL& :]E AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT HAD DEVELOP$ &1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S !ORY1 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS W]E SUFFICI5TLY EVOLV$ TO ALL[ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,! AN>*I/S' !ORIES W]E EMBRAC$ BY WORK]S' MOVEM5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,SWITZ]L& & ,SPA91 :]E ! CRAFT TRADITION ( ! SMALL WORK%OP & 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC] HAD NOT 5TIRELY GIV5 WAY TO ! FACTORY SY/EM NECESS>Y = ! CREATION ( A TRUE 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S W]E ! TWO MAJOR =CES 9 ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,?\< DOCTR9AL DIFF]5CES HAD SURFAC$ BE=E ! =MATION ( ?AT ORGANIZATION 7MO/ NOTABLY 9 ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON1 SP>K$ 9 P>T BY ,PR\DHON'S REFUSAL TO COLLABORATE ) ,M>X7 IT WAS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT ! ISSUES :I* DIVID$ ! ,M>XI/ 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/ 0UTOPIANS0 CLE>LY SURFAC$4 ,! DIFF]5CES REVOLV$ >\ND ?REE 9T]RELAT$ QUE/IONS CONC]N+ CLASS ANALYSIS1 ORGANIZATIONAL =M1 & ! ROLE ( ! /ATE4 ,?\< ! AN>*I/S RECOGNIZ$ A SEV]E CLASS ANTAGONISM & HAD DISC>D$ ! CLASSIC UTOPIAN'S VIEW ?AT ! B\RGEOIS W\LD RE=M !MSELVES1 !Y DID NOT ACCEPT ,M>X'S NOTION ?AT ! ONLY TRULY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS WAS AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,!Y POSIT$ ! CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY >IS+ FROM A MULTIPLICITY ( CLASSES3 WORK]S1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ALSO PEASANTS1 DECLASSE 9TELLECTUALS & /UD5TS1 & EV5 ! SANS CULOTTES1 ?AT LUMP5 ELEM5T = :OM ,M>X HAD NO?+ BUT CONTEMPT4 ,! ,M>XI/S CRITICIZ$ ?IS POSITION AS PETIT B\RGEOIS4 ,9DE$1 9 ,PR\DHON WE DO SEE A NAIVE BELIEF 9 ! ABILITY ( ! WORK]S TO CREATE ! NEW SOCIETY )\T A DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! [N]S1 BUT ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 BO? CLE>LY EXPRESS A BELIEF 9 CLASS /RUGGLE AS ! MEANS ( C>RY+ \T ! 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,! DISPUTE LIES !N NOT ) ! CONCEPT ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ) ! COMPOSITION ( ! CLASSES ?AT MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 ,! SECOND MAJOR DISPUTE WAS BAS$ ON TWO V]Y DIFF]5T CONCEPTS = ORGANIZ+ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,M>X SAW ! NE$ = A RIGID1 DISCIPL9$1 C5TRALIZ$ P>TY ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD TAKE AS ITS MODEL ?AT MO/ EFFICI5T =M ( ORGANIZATION YET DEVIS$1 ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,WORK]S1 ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES1 W\LD F9D ! EMBRYO ( ! NEW SOCIETY )9 ! SWEAT%OP ( ! OLD & USE ANY MEANS POSSIBLE1 9CLUD+ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 TO 5D ITS EXPLOITATION4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E HI*ICAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN & /IFL+ TO PEOPLE'S 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS APPROA*1 ?\< IT MIG] /RUCTURES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y W]E NOT SIMPLY CONC]N$ ) 5D+ EXPLOITATION1 AN ESS5TIALLY ECONOMIC CONCEPT1 BUT ) 5D+ DOM9ATION AS WELL1 A BROAD] SOCIAL CONC]N4 ,!Y OPT$ = AN ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL ?AT WAS DEC5TRALIZ$1 EGALIT>IAN1 NON-HI]>*ICAL & COMMITT$ TO A /RATEGY ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,! AN>*I/S BELIEV$ ?AT ! MEANS & 5DS ( !IR MOVEM5T C\LD NOT BE SEP>AT$3 ?AT ! =M ( ORGANIZATION = BUILD+ ! NEW SOCIETY MU/ BE CONGRU5T ) ! =MS !Y WI%$ TO CREATE 9 ?AT NEW SOCIETY4 ,?IS DISPUTE OV] ORGANIZATIONAL =MS IS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ TO ! ?IRD MAJOR >EA ( DISAGREEM5T3 ! ROLE ( ! /ATE4 ,M>X CALL$ = ! CREATION ( A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 ?AT W\LD SEIZE /ATE P[]1 & ?R\< A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 PAVE ! WAY = ! 0WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE40 ,! AN>*I/S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT RA!R ?AN WI!R+ AWAY1 SU* A /ATE W\LD MAKE ITS HI*I/S ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 WE SEE A NEW DEF9ITION ( UTOPIA EM]GE4 ,!Y W]E NOT CONC]N$ ) BLUEPR9T+ ! IDEAL SOCIETY = 9H]5T 9 !IR APPROA* WAS AN AV]SION TO 0SY/EMS0 & PRECONCEIV$ UTOPIAS4 ,RA!R !Y TRI$ TO DEVELOP A PROCESS :]EBY A MULTIPLICITY ( NEW SOCIETIES C\LD =M !MSELVES4 ,!Y HAD A /RONG BELIEF 9 CULTURAL DIV]SITY AS A VALUE TO BE 5C\RAG$ = ITS [N SAKE4 ,!Y RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! VE/IGES ( AU!NTIC COMMUNITY LIFE ?AT SURVIV$ ! /ATE1 AS WELL AS ! NEW ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ! WORK]S1 ! EMBRYO ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,!Y VISUALIZ$ COMMUNISM DEVELOP+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SPECIFIC CULTURAL TRADITION ( EA* COMMUNITY1 & EA* COMMUNITY1 ?\< P>TICIPAT+ 9 A REGIONAL & NATIONAL ECONOMY1 RETA9+ A DI/9CT CULTURAL ID5TITY & ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( AUTONOMY POSSIBLE1 )\T SACRIFIC+ ?AT DEGREE ( COORD9ATION NECESS>Y TO 9SURE ! SMOO? FUNCTION+ ( AN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,!Y SAW ! CREATION ( A NETWORK ( SU* SELF-MANAG$ COMMUNITIES1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC UNITS AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! /ATE4 ,! AN>*I/ VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY TOOK MU* ( ITS 9SPIRATION FROM :AT !Y SAW AS ! AU!NTIC SOCIAL LIFE & CULTURE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y 5VISION$ P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY & SELF-CONSCI\S E?ICAL BEHAVIOR TAK+ ! PLACE ( LAW4 ,!Y CALL$ = ! CREATION ( 0PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLIES0 AS ! BASIC UNIT ( GOV]NANCE4 7,KROPOTK9 (F]S ! ,FOLK ,MOTE ( ! ,M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,MIR1 OR PEASANT VILLAGE COMMUNE1 & ! CANTONAL /RUCTURES ( ,SWITZ]L& AS POSSIBLE MODELS47 ,! AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ CONCEPTS ( LEAD]%IP ?AT W]E SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* RUL$ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!IR IDEAL WAS MU* CLOS] TO COMMUNAL & TRADITIONAL LEAD]%IP ROLES1 ) LEAD]S EM]G+ 9 SPECIFIC SITUATIONS BECAUSE ( SPECIFIC SKILLS1 & ) RESPONSIBILITY & DECISION MAK+ ULTIMATELY LY+ ) ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,! AN>*I/S' BR& ( COMMUNISM WAS CLOSE TO ! COMMUNAL ECONOMIC BASE *>ACT]I/IC ( PRE-/ATE PEOPLES4 ,!Y 5VISION$ ! CREATION ( SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITIES :I* 9TEGRAT$ 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 T[N & C\NTRY1 & WORK & PLAY4 ,!Y PROJECT$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 NOT M$IAT$ BY ! /ATE--AS IT IS UND] A POLICY ( NATIONALIZATION--& COORD9AT$ ON ! LOCAL1 REGIONAL &1 ULTIMATELY1 PLANET>Y LEVEL BY A PROCESS ( F$]ATION4 ,!IR E?OS WAS FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$4 ,! AN>*I/S >E A CLE> EXT5SION ( ! TRADITION ( ! PEOPLE'S UTOPIA4 ,YET1 DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES1 & DESPITE ! D5IAL ( MANY ,M>XI/S1 9 A S5SE1 SO TOO IS ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,IF WE VIEW UTOPIA AS A CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT REPLACES ! POLITICAL ASSOCIATION ( ! /ATE AS ! ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIETY ) A MULTIPLICITY ( AU!NTIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS1 WE GA9 A P]SPECTIVE :I* ALL[S US TO UND]/& ! UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 ,M>XISM4 ,:ILE ,M>X NEV] SPELL$ \T HIS 0UTOPIA0 9 CONCRETE T]MS1 HE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY MU/ EM]GE FROM =MS ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! OLD4 ,C]TA9 WRIT+S >E PREGNANT ) IMPLICATIONS ( ! =M A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T MIT9 ,BUB] PO9TS \T1 ,M>X'S =MULATIONS CONC]N+ ! 0WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE0 PO9T 9 A DIRECTION SIMIL> TO ?AT SUGGE/$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,9 #ahdd 9 HIS ESSAY 0,CRITICAL ,GLOSSES10 AFT] DISCUSS+ REVOLUTION AS ! LA/ 0POLITICAL0 ACT1 ,M>X SAYS1 0,BUT :5 ITS ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY BEG9S1 :5 ITS ULTIMATE PURPOSE1 ITS S\L EM]GES1 SOCIALISM WILL ?R[ ! POLITICAL HUSK AWAY40 ,M>X'S BELIEF 9 ! ABILITY ( & NE$ = ! PROLET>IAT TO SEIZE DIRECT CONTROL ( ! ORGANS ( PRODUCTION IS REFLECT$ 9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 7ALSO CLAIM$ AS A MODEL BY ! AN>*I/S7 :I* HE PRAISES AS AN EXPRESSION ( 0! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PRODUC]S40 ,M>X BELIEV$ ?AT ULTIMATELY 0! COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION W\LD HAVE R5D]$ UP TO ! BODY SOCIAL ALL ! P[]S :I* HAVE HI!RTO BE5 DEV\R$ BY ! P>ASITIC EXCRESC5CE ( ! ,/ATE :I* BATT5S ON SOCIETY & 9HIBITS ITS FREE MOVEM5T40 ,CONTRADICT+ HIS [N /ATEM5TS ?AT CAPITALISM MU/ ORGANIZE ! =CES ( PRODUCTION BE=E SOCIALISM CAN EM]GE1 ,M>X 9DICATES 9 HIS LETT] TO ,V]A ,ZASULIT* CONC]N+ ! PROSPECTS ( ADOPT+ ! COOP]ATIVE TRADITION ( ! ,MIR1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT COMMUNITY1 AS A BASIS = SOCIALISM1 ?AT SU* COMMUNAL =MS W\LD PROVE VALUABLE AS MODELS = ! NEW SOCIETY & 9 FACT MIX WAS NOT ADVOCAT+ A RETURN TO PRIMITIVE VILLAGE COMMUNISM1 BUT RA!R ! 9TEGRATION ( ! TRADITION ( COOP]ATION & COMMUNAL [N]%IP AT A HI<] LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T 9TO ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,FUR!R 9DICATION ( ! UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 ,M>X'S !ORIES CAN BE F\ND 9 ! SECTION ( ! ,GRUNDRISSE DISCUSS+ PRE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =MATIONS4 ,M>X'S DESCRIPTIONS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM & !IR EVOLUTION 9TO ?OSE ( CAPITALISM COMMUNICATE A S5SE ( ! RESPECT ?AT HE HAD = ?OSE E>LIE/ ECONOMIC =MS4 ,9 ! DIALECTICAL =MULATIONS CONC]N+ ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIALISM FROM CAPITALISM1 IT IS POSSIBLE ONCE AGA9 TO GET A S5SE ( ! REEM]G5CE ( ! COMMUNI/ IMPULSE1 LAT5T 9 SOCIETY = EPO*S1 ON A HI<] LEVEL1 SET FREE BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT PROVIDE ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,! IMPULSE IS NOT A ME*ANICAL APPLICATION ( TRIBAL1 COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION BUT AN UNFOLD+ ( ! SAME HUMAN POT5TIAL 9 A NEW SET ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,M>X DOES NOT LOOK TO A *ANGE 9 HUMAN NATURE AS ! CATALY/ TO BR+ SOCIALISM 9TO BE+1 BUT RA!R TO ! MATURATION ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 REF]5CE TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HE SAYS1 0,IT HAS NO IDEALS TO REALIZE1 IT HAS ONLY TO SET FREE ?OSE ELEM5TS ( ! NEW SOCIETY :I* HAVE ALREADY DEVELOP$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! COLLAPS+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40 ,M>X AVOID$ ANY BUT ! SKET*IE/ 9TIMATIONS ( :AT ! 0DEVELOP$ ELEM5TS0 MIIAT PROVID$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM1 BUT HE LEAVES NO QUE/ION AS TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,IT IS 0CLASSLESS0 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! CLASS ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOIS WILL BE RESOLV$ BY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & IT WILL BE ORGANIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,M>X'S CRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! E>LY UTOPIANS & ALL SOCIALI/S :O PROPOS$ COMPLETE 0SY/EMS0 = ! NEW SOCIETY IS REFLECT$ 9 HIS UNWILL+NESS TO DRAW HIS [N BLUEPR9T4 ,HE FOCUSES HIS ATT5TION 9/EAD ON ! PROCESS ?R\< :I* ! NEW SOCIETY CAN BE ACTUALIZ$4 ,IT IS1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 9 ! REALM ( PROCESS ?AT HIS VISION DEP>TS FROM ! TRADITION ( UTOPIANISM4 ,9 ! CREATION ( ! 9CREAS+LY RIGID & REIFI$ BODY ( !ORETICAL WORK ?AT =MS ! BASIS ( HIS POLITICAL LEGACY 7MO/ NOTICEABLY 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL71 ,M>X BETRAYS HIS [N UTOPIAN PROMISE4 ,9 HIS SE>* = A SCI5CE ) REGUL> 0PR$ICTABLE LAWS0 & A UNIV]SAL1 9EXORABLE DIALECTIC1 HE COMMITS ! V]Y ]ROR = :I* ,5GELS *A/IS$ ! ,FR5* UTOPIANS2 HE CREATES A RIGID SY/EM ?AT1 DESPITE MANY VALUABLE 9SIX'S [N IDIOSYNCRASIES4 ,DESPITE HIS UNWILL+NESS TO BLUEPR9T HIS UTOPIA1 BY ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 PRET5SE ( HIS 5DEAVOR & BY ?US 5%R9+ ! LIMITATIONS ( HIS ?\X DOOM$ HIS FOLL[]S TO A BETRAYAL ( HIS UTOPIAN IMPULSE4 ,M>X'S UTOPIANISM IS 9 A C]TA9 S5SE ! MO/ 9T]E/+1 PROVOCATIVE & 9SPIR+ ASPECT ( HIS VA/1 (T5 CONTRADICTORY VOLUME ( WORK4 ,?IS IS ! CORE ( ,M>X'S HUMANISM & ! 5G9E ?AT DRIVES =W>D HIS REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,IT IS ! POSITIVI/IC 0SCI5CE0 ( ,M>X ?AT HAS PREV5T$ ! REALIZATION ( ?IS UTOPIAN CORE1 & ALL[$ = ITS DI/ORTION BY ! V>I\S P>TIES & SECTS ?AT BE> HIS NAME4 ,AS ,]N/ ,BLO* PO9TS \T3 0,A DI/9CTION HAS TO BE MADE BETWE5 ! ,UTOPI/IC & ! ,UTOPIAN2 ! ONE APPROA*ES CIRCUM/ANCES ONLY IMM$IATELY & AB/RACTLY1 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE !M 9 A PURELY C]EBRAL FA%ION1 :]EAS ! O!R HAS ALWAYS BR\X'S CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM CAN BE SE5 AS UTOPIAN4 ,! UTOPIAN P]SPECTIVE IS ABLE TO PROVIDE A VALUABLE CRITIQUE BECAUSE IT EXI/S \TSIDE ( ! GIV54 ,UNLIKE IDEOLOGY1 UTOPIA IS A PROJECTION ( ?AT :I* DOES NOT YET EXI/1 RA!R ?AN A REFLECTION ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,AS SU*1 IT IS EXEMPT FROM DECAY4 ,9 ,BLO*'S P>APHRASE1 0,ONLY ?AT :I* HAS NEV] YET COME TO PASS CANNOT GR[ OLD40 ,BLO* CONCURS ) ! VIEW ?AT ! URGE TO UTOPIA IS A PRIMAL ONE1 DISC]NIBLE FROM ! E>LIE/ EPO*S TO ! PRES5T1 ?\< REPRES5T$ BY DIFF]5T =MS 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 HE SEES CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! V>I\S ASPECTS :I* UTOPIA PRES5TS4 ,! URGE T[>D UTOPIA1 ! VISION ( AN IDEAL1 H>MONIZ$ SOCIETY1 EV] %IMM]+ ON ! HORIZON1 IS 9 ,BLO*'S VIEW AN >*ETYPE :I* PREC$ES EV5 =MALIZ$ MY?OLOGY4 ,BLO* ID5TIFIES ,M>X AS AN HEIR TO ?AT TRADITION4 ,IT IS ! PROMISE ( UTOPIA1 NOT ITS SPECIFIC IMAGE1 :I* GIVES URG5CY TO ! ,M>XI/ PROJECT4 ,?AT PROMISE1 :ILE NEV] CRY/ALLIZ$1 IS C5TRAL TO UND]/&+ ! DYNAMICS ( REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,M>X'S [N WORDS3 0,\R SLOGAN1 !RE=E1 MU/ BE3 ,RE=M ( CONSCI\SNESS1 NOT ?R\< DOGMAS1 BUT ?R\< ANALYSIS ( ! MY/ICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IS UNCLE> AB\T ITSELF1 :E!R 9 RELIGION OR POLITICS4 ,IT WILL BE EVID5T !N ?AT ! WORLD HAS LONG DREAM$ ( SOME?+ ( :I* IT ONLY HAS TO BECOME CONSCI\S 9 ORD] TO POSSESS IT 9 ACTUALITY4 ,IT WILL BE EVID5T ?AT !RE IS NOT A BIG BLANK BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 BUT RA!R ?AT IT IS A MATT] ( REALIZ+ ! ?\E40 ,9 T]MS ( HIS CRITIQUE & HIS IMPLICIT VISION1 !N1 EV5 ,M>X 7?\< NOT ! ,M>XI/S ( V>Y+ HUES :I* POPULATE ! LEFT7 MU/ BE UND]/OOD TO CONTA9 AN ELEM5T ?AT IS UTOPIAN4 ,OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 AS PRACTIC$ BY 0SOCIALI/0 /ATES & P>TIES1 H[EV]1 IS C]TA9LY DI/9CT FROM ! UTOPIAN PRAXIS ( PEOPLE'S MOVEM5TS4 0,PEOPLE'S MOVEM5TS0 >E AN EXPRESSION ( A DIFF]5T SET ( ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLES1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S OV] ! ?REE 9T]RELAT$ QUE/IONS ( ! CON/ITU5CY ( ! MOVEM5T 7PROLET>IANS V]SUS PROLET>IANS & DECLASSE 9TELLECTUALS1 PEASANTS1 PETIT B\RGEOISIE1 & LUMP5 ELEM5TS72 ! /RUCTURE ( ! MOVEM5T 7DEC5TRALIZ$ V]SUS C5TRALIZ$72 & ! ROLE ( ! /ATE & POLITICS 7DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT V]SUS DEC5TRALIZ$ F$]ATION1 P>TY V]SUS MOVEM5T1 POLITICAL ECONOMY V]SUS HOLI/IC SOCIO-ECONOMIC-CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION74 ,CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !SE MAJOR DIFF]5CES >E QUE/IONS AB\T ! =MS ( [N]%IP & DECISION MAK+ 7NATIONALISM V]SUS COLLECTIVIZATION1 C5TRAL PLANN+ V]SUS SELF-MANAGEM5T74 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO POSITIONS HAS BE5 COMPLEX HI/ORICALLY & H>D & FA/ CATEGORIZATION IS DIFFICULT1 BELT !SE >E ! C5TRAL QUE/IONS4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ON1 WE CAN CLE>LY NOTE ?IS BIFURCATION4 ,! DEC5TRALI/ MOVEM5TS1 AS !Y REJECT ! /ATI/ FRAMEWORK & 0POLITICAL0 7REALLY P>LIAM5T>Y7 ACTIVITY AS A VALID MEANS = CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION1 >E ! MORE DIRECT L9E ( CONNECTION TO ! UTOPIAN CONT9UUM4 ,GIV5 ! HI/ORICAL TRAJECTORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! UTOPIAN TRADITION1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !RE HAS BE5 AN ASSOCIATION ( ! AN>*I/ & RECON/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ) ! CONSCI\S ELEM5TS ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,ASPECTS ( ! TRADITION ?AT BE> A DIRECT RELATION TO ! MORE CONSCI\S & RADICAL ELEM5TS 9 ?IS ECOLOGY MOVEM5T GR[ \T ( ! !ORETICAL CONGRU5CE ( CONC]NS :I* TRANSC5D GROSS ECONOMIC ISSUES TO EXAM9E ! OV] ALL QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,! UTOPIAN 7P>TICUL>LY AN>*I/7 CONC]N = A PROCESS & ORGANIZATION ?AT EMBODIES ! IDEALS ( ! NEW SOCIETY IS AN OBVI\S PO9T ( CONNECTION4 ,! MO/ PR(\ND 9SITICULAT$ BY A MOVEM5T ?AT EXI/$ HUNDR$S ( YE>S BE=E ! WORD 0ECOLOGY0 5T]$ \R VOCABUL>Y4 ,9 ITS CONC]N ) ! :OLE ( PEOPLE'S LIVES & ITS REFUSAL TO OPT = ! SIMPLI/IC R$UCTIONISM ( ! MORE ME*ANICAL 0SCI5TIFIC VIEW10 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION DISPLAY$ AN 9TUITIVE UND]/&+ ( ! HOLI/IC APPROA* EMBODI$ 9 ECOLOGY AS A SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E4 ,! P]CEPTION ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE & ! CONC]N ( ! UTOPIAN IMPULSE ) ! TRANS=MATION ( ! :OLE1 RA!R ?AN ! RE=M ( ITS P>TS1 IS REFLECT$ 9 ! UND]/&+ ?AT GR[S \T ( ! /UDY ( ECOLOGY3 ?AT !RE >E CRITICAL 9T]DEP5D5CIES & RELATION%IPS 9 ANY SY/EM1 SOCIAL OR ECOLOGICAL1 ?AT CREATE A TOTALITY GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( COMPON5TS1 ! AWESOME DISPLAY ( UNITY GR[+ FROM ! DIV]SITY ( NATURE1 PROVIDES A P[]FUL P>ADIGM = ! UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS4 ,?IS %>$ \TLOOK1 ?IS CONC]N ) :OLE SY/EMS1 IS ! UND]LY+ CONNECTION BETWE5 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION & ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 BUT IT IS FUR!R REF9$ BY A :OLE SET ( P>TICUL>S ?AT ! TWO %>E AS WELL4 ,IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! 0LAWS0 ( NATURAL ECOLOGY ?AT 9FLU5CE ! VISION ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T >E P>ADIGMATIC1 P[]FUL METAPHORS = ! H>MONI\S1 HOMEO/ATIC REWORK+ 5VISION$ BY ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?AT REWORK+1 WE C\LD DO WELL TO RECONSID] ! ROLE ( UTOPIA1 = AS ,BLO* PO9TS \T1 0,UTOPIAN CONSCI\SNESS REMA9S :OLLY )\T DESCRIPTION 9ASMU* AS ! MOM5T ( ITS FULFILLM5T IS /ILL \T/&+--& C]TA9LY NOT = SKEPTICAL OR AGNO/IC REASONS4 ,YET ?IS ,UTOPIAN CONSCI\SNESS DOES NOT OBSCURE ITS BL9D+ GOAL ) SOLUTIONS1 LET ALONE ) MORE REIFI$ MEANS FROM ! R\TE TO ?AT GOAL1 & !N 7EV5 ON A ,HEGELIAN LEVEL7 (F] AN ABSOLUTIZ$ HALF LI*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,! ,UTOPIAN ,IMPULSE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,UTOPIAN ,IMPULSE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/