,! ,V]Y ,IDEA ( ,CONSUMPTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,ONE ( ! NICE ?+S--IF SOMETIMES ALSO ONE ( ! MORE IRRITAT+ ?+S--AB\T AN?ROPOLOGY IS ?AT IT IS UNIQUELY WELL POSITION$ TO PUNCTURE !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO DO 9 ?IS ESSAY IS TO 9VE/IGATE ONE SU* ASSUMPTION1 OR RA!R1 SET ( ASSUMPTIONS3 ONES :I* HAVE1 9 A WAY1 BECOME SOME ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL UND]P9N+S ( \R CURR5T CIVILIZATION4 ,I AM SPEAK+ ( ! :OLE CON/ELLATION ( IDEAS SURR\ND+ ! NOTION ( 0CONSUMPTION04 

,LET ME CL>IFY4 ,I DON'T WANT TO WRITE A CRITIQUE ( CONSUMPTION1 ! PH5OM5ON4 ,I WANT TO ASK :Y IT IS ?AT WE ASSUME ANY SU* PH5OM5ON EXI/S4 ,:Y IS IT ?AT :5 WE SEE SOMEONE BUY+ REFRIG]ATOR MAGNETS1 & SOMEONE ELSE PUTT+ ON EYE-L9]1 OR COOK+ D9N]1 OR S++ AT A K>AOKE B>1 OR JU/ SITT+ >\ND WAT*+ ,T,V1 WE ASSUME ?AT !Y >E ON SOME LEVEL DO+ ! SAME ?+1 SOME?+ :I* CAN B$ESCRIB$ AS 0CONSUMPTION0 OR 0CONSUM] BEHAVIOR01 & ?AT ALL !SE ACTIVITIES >E 9 SOME WAY ANALOG\S TO EAT+ FOOD4 ,I WANT TO ASK :]E ?IS T]M CAME FROM1 :Y WE EV] />T$ US+ IT1 :AT IT SAYS AB\T \R ASSUMPTIONS AB\T PROP]TY1 DESIRE1 & SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT WE CONT9UE TO USE IT2 & F9ALLY1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT MAYBE ?IS IS NOT ! BE/ WAY TO ?9K AB\T SU* PH5OM5A & ?AT ! TIME HAS COME TO COME UP ) BETT] ONES4 

,TO DO SO NECESS>ILY MEANS TAK+ ON A :OLE 9TELLECTUAL 9DU/RY ?AT HAS DEVELOP$1 OV] ! LA/ FEW DECADES1 >\ND ! /UDY ( CONSUMPTION4 ,= MO/ S*OL>S1 NOT ONLY IS ! CATEGORY ( 0CONSUMPTION0 SELF-EVID5T 9 ITS IMPORTANCE.<#a.>1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ S9S ( PA/ SOCIAL !ORI/S WAS TO FAIL TO SUFFICI5TLY ACKN[L$GE IT4 ,S9CE ! LATE '#gS AT LEA/1 !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS ( CONSUMPTION 9 AN?ROPOLOGY--9 SOCIOLOGY1 SEMIOTICS OR CULTURAL /UDIES TOO1 = ?AT MATT]--ALMO/ 9V>IABLY BEG9 BY D5\NC+ PA/ S*OL>S = HAV+ REFUS$ TO GIVE IT SUFFICI5T DUE4 ,ONCE UPON A TIME1! /ORY ALWAYS SEEMS TO BEG91 WE US$ TO SUBSCRIBE TO A ,M>XI/ VIEW ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ?AT SAW PRODUCTION AS ! MOTOR ( HI/ORY1 & ONLY TRULY LEGITIMATE FIELD ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,9S(> AS WE EV5 ?\<T AB\T CONSUMPTION1 OR CONSUM] DEM&1 OR ANY?+ ( ?AT SORT1 IT WAS L>GELY WRITT5 (F AS AN >TIFICIAL CREATION1 ! RESULTS ( MANIPULATIVE TE*NIQUES BY ADV]TIZ]S & M>KET]S MEANT TO UNLOAD PRODUCTS ?ATNOBODY REALLY NE$$4 ,BUT EV5TUALLY1 ! /ORY CONT9UES1 WE BEGAN TO REALIZE ?AT ?IS VIEW WAS NOT ONLY MI/AK51 IT WAS ALSO ELITI/ & PURITANICAL4 ,REAL WORK+ PEOPLE F9D MO/ ( LIFE'S PLEASURES 9 CONSUMPTION4 ,:AT'S MORE1 !Y DO NOT SIMPLY SWALL[ :ATEV] M>KET]S ?R[ AT !M LIKE SO MANY M9DLESS AUTOMATONS2 !Y CREATE !IR [N MEAN+S \T ( ! PRODUCTS ) :I* !Y *OSE TO SURR\ND !MSELVES4 ,9FACT1 9S(> AS !Y FA%ION ID5TITIES = !MSELVES1 ?OSE ID5TITIES >E L>GELY BAS$ ON :AT SORT ( C>S !Y DRIVE1 :AT SORT ( CLO!S !Y WE>1 :AT SORT ( FOOD !Y EAT1 :AT SORT ( MOVIES !Y WAT*4 ,IT IS CONSUMPTION ?AT GIVES MEAN+ TO ! LIVES ( ! PEOPLE WE 79 !ORY7 WI% TO LIB]ATE4 

,N[1 ! 9T]E/+ QUE/ION AB\T ?IS /ORY IS :O ! 0WE0 9 QUE/ION ISSUPPOS$ TO BE4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT'S ONE ?+ TO 5C\NT] SU* >GUM5TS COM+ FROM SOMEONE LIKE ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D1 :O ACTUALLY HAD />T$ \T AS A TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ & BE5 %AK5 UP BY ! EV5TS ( '#f#h4 ,IT'S QUITE ANO!R TO HE> ! /ORY 9VOK$ 9 ! #a#i#iS BY CULTURAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,JONA?AN ,FRI$MAN 7#a#i#i#d7 OR ,DANIEL ,MILL] 7#a#i#i#e71 MEMB]S ( A DISCIPL9E ?AT AS F> AS ,I KN[ NEV] ACTUALLY PRODUC$ ANY SU* ,FRANKFURT-S*OOL-/YLE ANALYSIS ( CONSUMPTION TO BEG9 )4 ,:Y1 !N1 DECADES LAT]1>E WE /ILL REPEAT+ V>IATIONS ON ?IS SAME /ORY8 

,NO D\BT !RE >E MANY REASONS4 ,PROBABLY ONE IS ?AT IT E*OES A COMMON LIFE EXP]I5CE = ACADEMICS1 :O (T5 DO HAVE TO /RUGGLE TO DEAL ) !IR [N Y\?FUL 9/9CTS ( REVULSION AGA9/ CONSUM] CULTURE AS !Y GET OLD]4 ,IT REPRES5TS A REAL DILEMMA2 BUT ,I ?9K FRAM+ ! /ORY ?IS WAY HAS SOME V]Y P]V]SE EFFECTS4 ,/>T+ FROM ,M>X1 & !N CRITIQU+ HIM = NEGLECT+ CONSUMPTION1 ALL[S US TO PRES]VE O!R ,M>XI/ CATEGORIES COMPLETELY UNQUE/ION$3 P>TICUL>LY1 ! PICTURE ( ! WORLDAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO BROAD SPH]ES1 ONE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 ANO!R1 ( CONSUMPTION--A VIEW EQUALLY DE> TO ,M>XI/ !ORI/S :O ONCE WI%$ TO *ALL5GE ! WORLD CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & TO ! ,NEOLIB]AL ECONOMI/S :O >E CURR5TLY MANAG+ IT4 

,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS PICTURE ,I W\LD LIKE TO QUE/ION H]E2 TO ASK H[ IT COMES AB\T ?AT WE CALL C]TA9 K9DS ( BEHAVIOR 0CONSUMPTION01 RA!R ?AN SOME?+ ELSE4,IT IS A CURI\S FACT1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ?OSE :O WRITE AB\T CONSUMPTION ALMO/ NEV] DEF9E ! T]M4 ,I SUSPECT ?IS IS 9 P>T BECAUSE ! TACIT DEF9ITION !Y >E US+ IS SOEXTRAORD9>ILY BROAD4 ,9 COMMON ACADEMIC USAGE 7& TO AN ONLY SLI<TLY LESS DEGREE1 POPUL> USAGE7 0CONSUMPTION0 HAS COME TO MEAN 0ANY ACTIVITY ?AT 9VOLVES ! PUR*ASE1 USE OR 5JOYM5T ( ANY MANUFACTUR$ OR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT = ANY PURPOSE O!R ?AN ! PRODUCTION OR EX*ANGE ( NEW COMMODITIES40 ,= MO/ WAGE LABOR]S1?IS MEANS NE>LY ANY?+ !Y DO :5 NOT WORK+ = WAGES4 ,IMAG9E1 = EXAMPLE1 A BUN* ( TE5AG]S :O DECIDE TO =M A B&4 ,!Y SC>E UP SOME 9/RUM5TS1 TEA* !MSELVES H[ TO PLAY !M2 !Y WRITE SONGS1 COME UP ) AN ACT1 PRACTICE LONG H\RS9 ! G>AGE4 ,N[1 IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO SEE SU* BEHAVIOR AS PRODUCTION ( SOME SORTOR ANO!R2 BUT 9 EXI/+ SOCIAL SCI5CE LIT]ATURE1 IT W\LD BE MU* MORE LIKELY TO BE PLAC$ 9 ! SPH]E ( CONSUMPTION1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y DID NOT !MSELVES MANUFACTURE ! GUIT>S6.<#b.> ,IT IS PRECISELY BY DEF9+ 'CONSUMPTION' SO BROADLY1 9 FACT1?AT ONE CAN !N TURN >\ND & CLAIM ?AT CONSUMPTION HAS BE5 FALSELY PORTRAY$ AS PASSIVE ACQUIESC5CE1 :5 9 FACT IT IS MORE (T5 AN IMPORTANT =M ( CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,TRUE 5\<1 IF ONE 9SI/S ON DEF9+ CONSUMPTION 9 ?IS ALL 9CLUSIVE WAY4 ,BUT C\LDN'T ONE JU/ AS EASILY TAKE ?IS TO REF] TO ! RA!R UNREM>KABLE FACT ?AT 9! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 IT'S PRETTY MU* IMPOSSIBLE TO 5GAGE 9 ANY =M ( CREATIVESELF-EXPRESSION ?AT DOES NOT 9VOLVE ! USE ( MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS8 ,9 O!R WORDS3 SO :AT8 ,:Y DOES ! FACT ?AT MANUFACTUR$ GOODS >E 9VOLV$ 9 AN ACTIVITY AUTOMATICALLY BECOME SO IMPORTANT ?AT IT COMES TO DEF9E ! NATURE ( ! ACTIVITY ITSELF8 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS !ORETICAL *OICE--! V]Y IDEA ( 0CONSUMPTION01 ! V]Y ASSUMPTION ?AT ! MA9 ?+ PEOPLE DO :5 !Y >E NOT WORK+ IS0CONSUM+0 ?+S--C>RIES )9 IT A TACIT COSMOLOGY1 A !ORY ( HUMAN DESIRE & FULFILLM5T :OSE IMPLICATIONS WE W\LD DO WELL TO ?9K AB\T4.<#c.> ,?IS IS :AT ,I WANT TO 9VE/IGATE 9 ! RE/ ( ?IS PAP]4 

,LET ME BEG9 BY LOOK+ AT ! HI/ORY ( ! WORD ITSELF4 

,E,T,Y,M,O,L,O,G,I,E,S 

,! ,5GLI% 0TO CONSUME0 D]IVES FROM ! ,LAT9 V]B CONSUM]E1 MEAN+ 0TO SEIZE OR TAKE OV] COMPLETELY01 & H5CE1 BY EXT5SION1 TO 0EAT UP1 DEV\R1 WA/E1DE/ROY1 OR SP5D04 ,TO BE CONSUM$ BY FIRE1 OR = ?AT MATT] CONSUM$ ) RAGE1 /ILL HOLDS ! SAME IMPLICATIONS3 NOT JU/ ?OR\<LY TAK5 OV]1 BUT OV]:ELM$ 9 A WAY ?AT DISSOLVES AWAY ! V]Y AUTONOMY ( ! OBJECT1 OR EV51 ?AT DE/ROYS ! OBJECT ITSELF4 

,9 E>LY ,FR5* & ,5GLI% USAGES--0CONSUMPTION0 FIR/ APPE>S 9 ,5GLI% 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY--! CONNOTATIONS W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS NEGATIVE4 ,TO CONSUME SOME?+ MEANT TO DE/ROY IT1 TO MAKE IT BURN UP1 EVAPORATE1 OR WA/E AWAY4 ,H5CE WA/+ DISEASES 0CONSUM$0 !IR VICTIMS3 A USAGE ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! ,OX=D ,5GLI% ,DICTION>Y IS ALREADY DOCUM5T$ BY #a#c#i#e1 :I* IS :Y TUB]CULOSIS CAME TO BE KN[NAS 0CONSUMPTION04 ,CONSUM+ 9 ! N[-FAMILI> S5SE ( EAT+ OR DR9K+ WAS1 AT FIR/1 V]Y MU* A SECOND>Y MEAN+4 

,RA!R1 :5 APPLI$ TO MAT]IAL GOODS1'CONSUMPTION' WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS SYNONYM\S ) WA/E3 IT MEANT DE/ROY+ SOME?+ ?AT DID NOT HAVE TO BE 7AT LEA/ QUITE SO ?OR\<LY7 DE/ROY$4.<#d.> 

,! CONTEMPOR>Y USAGE1 !N1 IS RELATIVELY REC5T4 ,IF WE W]E /ILL TALK+ ! LANGUAGE ( ! F\RTE5? OR EV5 SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 A 0CONSUM] SOCIETY' W\LDHAVE MEANT A SOCIETY ( WA/RELS & DE/ROY]S4 

,CONSUMPTION 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y S5SE ONLY REALLY EM]GES 9 ! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY LIT]ATURE 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :5 AU?ORS LIKE ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,DAVID ,RIC>DO BEGAN TO USE IT AS ! OPPOSITE ( 'PRODUCTION'4.<#e.> ,ONE ( ! CRUCIAL FEATURES ( ! NEW1 CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?AT WAS EM]G+ AT ! TIME WAS A GR[+ SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! PLACES 9 :I* PEOPLE--OR M51 AT LEA/--WORK$ & ! PLACES :]E !Y LIV$4 ,ESPECIALLY ) ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E ?AT !0ECONOMY0 7ITSELF A V]Y NEW CONCEPT7 WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO COMPLETELY SEP>ATE SPH]ES3 ! WORKPLACE1 9 :I* GOODS W]E 0PRODUC$01 & ! H\SEHOLD1 9 :I* !Y W]E0CONSUM$04 ,?AT :I* WAS CREAT$ 9 ONE SPH]E WAS US$1 & ULTIMATELY1 US$ UP1 DE/ROY$1 9 ! O!R4 ,V9TN]S PRODUCE W9E2 CONSUM]S TAKE IT HOME & DR9K IT2 *EMICAL PLANTS PRODUCE 9K1 CONSUM]S TAKE IT HOME1 PUT IT 9 P5S1 & WRITE ) IT1 & SO ON4 ,( C\RSE EV5 FROM ! />T1 ! USAGE C\LD (T5 SEEM /RA9$4 ,IT'S MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO SEE 9 :AT S5SE CONSUM]S >E REALLY 0CONSUM+0 SILV]W>E1 OR BOOKS1 OR TELEVISION SETS1 S9CE !SE >E NOT DE/ROY$ BY USE2 BUT S9CE JU/ AB\T ANY?+ DOES1 EV5TUALLY1 WE> \T OR HAVE TO BE REPLAC$1 ! USAGE WAS NOT 5TIRELY IMPLAUSIBLE4 

,PHRAS+ ?+S 9 !SE T]MS DID1 C]TA9LY1 BR+ HOME ONE ( ! DEF9+ FEATURES ( CAPITALISM3 ?AT IT IS A MOTOR ( 5DLESS PRODUCTION2 ONE ?AT CAN ONLY MA9TA9 ITS EQUILIBRIUM1 9 FACT1 BY CONT9UAL GR[?4 ,5DLESS CYCLES ( DE/RUCTION DO SEEM TO BE1 NECESS>ILY1 ! O!R SIDE ( ?IS4 ,TO MAKE WAY = NEW PRODUCTS1 ALL ?AT OLD /UFF MU/ SOMEH[ BE CLE>$ AWAY2 DE/ROY$1 OR AT LEA/1 CA/ ASIDE AS \TMOD$ OR IRRELEVANT4 ,& ?IS IS 9DE$ ! DEF9+ FEATURE ( 0CONSUM] SOCIETY0 AS USUALLY DESCRIB$ 7ESPECIALLY BY ITS CRITICS73 ONE ?AT CA/S ASIDE ANY LA/+ VALUES 9 ! NAME ( AN 5DLESS CYCL+ ( EPHEM]A4 ,IT IS A SOCIETY ( SACRIFICE & DE/RUCTION4 ,& (T51 :AT SEEMS TO MO/ FASC9ATE ,WE/]N S*OL>S--& ! ,WE/]N PUBLIC--AB\T PEOPLE LIV+ 9 RADICALLY DIFF]5T ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES >E PH5OM5A ?AT SEEM TO MIRROR ?IS 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,GEORGE ,BATAILLE 7#a#i#c#g7 SAW H]E A CLUE TO ! NATURE ( CULTURE ITSELF1 :OSE ESS5CE HE SAW AS LY+ 9 APP>5TLY IRRATIONAL ACTS ( WILD SACRIFICIAL DE/RUCTION1 = :I* HE DREW ON EXAMPLES SU* AS ,AZTEC HUMAN SACRIFICE OR ! ,KWAKIUTL POTLAT*4.<#f.> ,OR1 MORE TO ! PO9T1 CONSID] ! FASC9ATION ) ! POTLAT* ITSELF4 

,IT'S H>D NOT TO ?9K AB\T ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ POTLAT* )\T IMM$IATELY EVOK+ IMAGES ( *IEFS SETT+ FIRE TO VA/ PILES ( WEAL?--SU* IMAGES PLAY A C5TRAL ROLE NOT ONLY 9 ,BATAILLE'S BUT JU/ AB\T EV]Y POPUL> ESSAY ON 'GIFT ECONOMIES' S9CE4 ,IF ONE EXAM9ES ! S\RCES ?\<1 IT TURNS \T ?IS ALMO/ NEV] REALLY HAPP5$2 REALLY1 ALL !SE PEOPLE >E FASC9AT$ NOT ) '! POTLAT*' 7A USUALLY FAIRLY S$ATE C]EMONY 9VOLV+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( BLANKETS OR O!R WEAL?7 BUT BY ?REE OR F\R EXTREMELY UNUSUAL ,KWAKIUTL POTLAT*ES HELD >\ND #a#i1 AT A TIME :5 ! ,KWAKIUTL POPULATION WAS DECL9+ CATA/ROPHICALLY DUR+ AN UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC BOOM4 ,CLE>LY1 ! SPECTACLE ( *IEFS VY+ = TITLES BY SETT+ FIRE TO PILES ( BLANKETS OR O!R VALUABLES /RIKES \R IMAG9ATION NOT SO MU* BECAUSE IT REVEALS SOME FUNDAM5TAL TRU? AB\T HUMAN NATURE1 L>GELY SUPPRESS$ 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 ?AN SOME B>ELY HIDD5 TRU?AB\T ! NATURE ( \R [N CONSUM] SOCIETY4 

0,CONSUMPTION01 !N1 REF]S TO AN IMAGE ( HUMAN EXI/5CE ?AT FIR/ APPE>S1 9 ! ,WE/1 >\ND ! TIME ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION3 ONE ?AT SEES :AT HUMANS DO \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE L>GELY AS A MATT] ( DE/ROY+ ?+S OR US+ !M UP4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY EASY TO MAKE \T ! IMPOV]I%M5T ?IS 9TRODUCES 9TO ACCU/OM$ WAYS ( TALK+ AB\T ( ! BASIC S\RCES ( HUMAN DESIRE & GRATIFICATION BY COMP>+ IT TO ! WAYS E>LI] ,WE/]N ?9K]S HAD TALK$ AB\T SU* MATT]S4 ,/4 ,AUGU/9E OR ,HOBBES1 = EXAMPLE1 BO? SAW HUMAN BE+S AS CREATURES ( UNLIMIT$ DESIRE1 & !RE=E CONCLUD$ ?AT IF LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 !Y W\LD ALWAYS 5D UP LOCK$ 9 COMPETITION4 ,AS ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S HAS PO9T$ \T 7#b#a3,X,X,X71 9 ?IS !Y ALMO/ EXACTLY ANTICIPAT$ ! ASSUMPTIONS ( LAT] ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,BUT :5 !Y LI/$ :AT IT WAS ?AT HUMANS DESIR$1 NEI!R EMPHASIZ$ ANY?+ LIKE ! MOD]N NOTION ( CONSUMPTION4 ,9 FACT1 BO? CAME UP ) MORE OR LESS ! SAME LI/3 HUMANS1 !Y SAID1DESIRE 7#a7 S5SUAL PLEASURES1 7#b7 ! ACCUMULATION ( RI*ES 7A PURSUIT ASSUM$ TO BE L>GELY AIM$ AT W9N+ ! PRAISE & E/EEM ( O!RS71 & 7#c7 P[]4.<#g.> ,NONE W]E PRIM>ILY AB\T US+ ?+S UP4.<#h.> ,EV5 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :O FIR/ 9TRODUC$ ! T]M0CONSUMPTION0 9 ITS MOD]N S5SE 9 ,! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS1 TURN$ TO AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FRAMEWORK :5 HE TRI$ TO DEVELOP A SY/EMATIC !ORY ( DESIRE 9 HIS ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5TS3 ONE ?AT ASSUM$ ?AT :AT MO/ HUMANS WANT ABOVE ALL IS TO BE! OBJECT ( O!RS' SYMPA!TIC ATT5TION4.<#i.> ,IT WAS ONLY ) ! GR[? ( ECONOMIC !ORY1 & ITS GRADUAL COLONIZATION ( O!R DISCIPL9ES1 ?AT DESIRE ITSELF BEGAN TO BEIMAG9$ AS ! DESIRE TO CONSUME4 

,! NOTION ( CONSUMPTION1 !N1 ?AT ASSUMES ?AT HUMAN FULFILLM5T IS L>GELY AB\T ACTS ( 7MORE OR LESS C]EMONIAL7 MAT]IAL DE/RUCTION1 REPRES5TS SOME?+ ( A BREAK 9 ! ,WE/]N TRADITION4 ,IT'S H>D TO F9D ANY?+ WRITT5 BE=E1 SAY1 ! #a#h? C5TURY ?AT EXACTLY ANTICIPATES IT4 ,IT APPE>S ABRUPTLY1 MA9LY 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,5GL& & ,FRANCE1 AT EXACTLY ! MOM5T :5 HI/ORIANS ( ?OSE PLACES BEG9 TO TALK AB\T ! RISE ( SOME?+ !Y CALL 0CONSUM] SOCIETY01 OR SIMPLY 0CONSUM]ISM0 7,X,X,X1 ,Y,Y,Y1,W4 ,SMI? #b#b74 ,?AT IS1 ! MOM5T :5 A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( ! POPULATION C\LD BE SAID TO BE ORGANIZ+ !IR LIVES >\ND ! PURSUIT ( SOME?+ CALL$ 0CONSUM] GOODS01 DEF9$ AS GOODS !Y DID NOT SEE AS NECESSITIES1 BUT AS 9 SOME S5SE OBJECTS ( DESIRE1 *OS5 FROM A RANGE ( PRODUCTS1 SUBJECT TO ! :IMS ( FA%ION 7EPHEM]A AGA944471 & SO ON4 ,! IDEOLOGY1 & ! PRACTICE1 W\LD SEEM TO EM]GE AS TWO SIDES( ! SAME CO94 

,!,O,R,I,E,S ,( ,D,E,S,I,R,E 

,ALL ?IS MAKES IT S\ND AS IF ! /ORY %\LD REALLY BEG9 >\ND #a#g#e1 OR EV5 #a#g#g#f4 ,BUT C\LD SOME?+ ?AT IMPORTANT--SU* BASIC QUE/IONS AB\T :AT PEOPLE ?\<T LIFE IS AB\T--REALLY *ANGE ?AT ABRUPTLY8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME !RE >E O!R WAYS TO TELL ! /ORY1 :I* REVEAL MU* GREAT] CONT9UITIES4 ,ONE W\LD BE TO EXAM9E ! CONCEPT ( 0DESIRE0 ITSELF1 AS IT EM]G$ 9 ! ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION4 

,N[1 ?IS MI<T SEEM DIFFICULT TO DO BECAUSE ,WE/]N ?9K+ ON ! MATT] CONTA9S A NUMB] ( APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY /R&S4 ,S9CE ,PLATO1 ! MO/ COMMON APPROA* HAS BE5 TO SEE DESIRE AS ROOT$ 9 A FEEL+ ( ABS5CE OR LACK4 ,?IS DOES MAKES A C]TA9 OBVI\S 9TUITIVE S5SE4 ,ONE DESIRES :AT ONE DOESN'T HAVE4 ,ONE FEELS AN ABS5CE2 IMAG9ES H[ ONE MI<T LIKE TO FILL IT2 ?IS V]Y ACTION ( ! M9D IS :AT WE ?9K ( AS 0DESIRE04 ,BUT !RE IS ALSO AN ALT]NATIVE TRADITION ?AT GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ,SP9OZA1 ?AT />TS (F NOT FROM ! YE>N+ = SOME ABS5T OBJECT1 BUT FROM SOME?+ EV5 MORE FUNDAM5TAL3 SELF-PRES]VATION1 ! DESIRE TO CONT9UE TO EXI/4 7,AS ,NIETZS*E PUTS IT1 0LIFE :I* DESIRES ITSELF074 ,H]E DESIRE BECOMES ! FUNDAM5TAL 5]GETIC GLUE ?AT MAKES 9DIVIDUALS :AT !Y >E OV] TIME4 ,BO? /R&S CONT9UE TO DO BATTLE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL !ORY AS WELL4 ,DESIRE AS LACK IS ESPECIALLY DEVELOP$ 9 ! WORK ( ,JACQUES ,LACAN4 ,! KEY NOTION H]E IS ( ! 0MIRROR /AGE01 :]E AN 9FANT1 :O IS AT FIR/ REALLY A BUNDLE ( DRIVES & S5SATIONS UNAW>E ( ITS [N EXI/5CE AS A DISCRETE1 B\ND$ 5TITY1 MANAGES TO CON/RUCT A S5SE ( SELF >\ND SOME EXT]NAL IMAGE3 = EXAMPLE1 AN 5C\NT] ) H] [N REFLECTION 9 ! MIRROR4 ,ONE CAN G5]ALIZE FROM H]E A MU* BROAD] !ORY ( DESIRE 7OR P]HAPS1 ( DESIRE 9 ITS MORE TAWDRY1 N>CISSI/IC =MS71 :]E ! OBJECT ( DESIRE IS ALWAYS SOME IMAGE ( P]FECTION1 AN IMAG9>Y COMPLETION = ONE'S [N RUPTUR$ S5SE ( SELF 7,GRAEB] #b#b74 ,BUT !N !RE IS ALSO ! APPROA* ADOPT$ BY AU?ORS LIKE ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I 7#a#i#h#c71 :O WROTE ,ANTI-,O$IPUS1 !IR FAM\S CRITIQUE ( PSY*OANALYSIS1 L>GELY AS AN ATTACK ON ?IS K9D ( ?9K+4 ,APPEAL+ TO ! ,SP9OZI/_/,NEITZS*EAN TRADITION1 !Y D5Y ?AT DESIRE %\LD BE F\ND 9 ANY S5SE ( LACK AT ALL4 ,RA!R1 IT IS SOME?+ ?AT0FL[S0 BETWE5 EV]YONE & EV]Y?+2 MU* LIKE P[] 9 ,F\CAULT1 IT BECOMES ! 5]GY KNITT+ EV]Y?+ TOGE!R4 ,AS SU*1 DESIRE IS EV]Y?+ & NO?+2 !RE'S LITTLE ONE CAN ACTUALLY SAY AB\T IT4 

,ONE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO CONCLUDE AT ?IS PO9T1 ?AT 0DESIRE0 IS NOT A V]Y USEFUL !ORETICAL CONCEPT.<#a.>--?AT IS1 SOME?+ :I* CAN BE MEAN+FULLY DI/+UI%$ FROM NE$S1 OR URGES1 OR 9T5TIONS--S9CE EV5 AU?ORS WORK+ )9 ! SAME1 ,WE/]N TRADITION CAN'T MAKE UP !IR M9DS :AT IT IS SUPPOS$ TO MEAN4 ,BUT ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS TRUE4 ,IF ONE GOES BACK TO ! ORIG9S ( ! ALT]NATIVE TRADITION 9 ,SP9OZA1 ONE SOON DISCOV]S ?AT ! TWO /R&S >E NOT NE>LY AS DIFF]5T AS !Y APPE>4 ,:5 ,SP9OZA REF]S TO ! UNIV]SAL DRIV+ =CE ( ALL BE+S TO P]SI/ 9 !IR BE+ & EXP& !IR P[]S ( ACTION1 HE IS REALLY NOT REF]R+ TO DESIRE 7CUPIDITAS7 AS MU* AS TO :AT HE CALLS CONATUS1 :I* IS USUALLY TRANSLAT$ 0WILL04 ,ON A BODILY LEVEL1 CONATUS TAKES ! =M ( A HO/ ( APPETITES3 ATTRACTIONS1 DISPOSITIONS1 & SO =?4 ,DESIRE IS 0! IDEA ( AN APPETITE01 ! IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTION ONE PUTS ON SOME SU* ATTRACTION ORDISPOSITION4.<#a#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ONE CON/ANT ELEM5T 9 ALL !SE DEF9ITIONS IS ?AT DESIRE 7UNLIKE NE$S1 URGES1 OR 9T5TIONS7 NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES ! IMAG9ATION4 ,OBJECTS ( DESIRE >E ALWAYS IMAG9>Y OBJECTS1 & USUALLY1 IMAG9>Y TOTALITIES ( SOME SORT--S9CE TOTALITIES !MSELVES >E USUALLY IMAG9>Y OBJECTS4 

,IF ONE WANT$ TO MAKE DESIRE 9TO A TRULY USEFUL !ORETICAL CONCEPT1 ?\<1 ,I ?9K ONE HAS TO ADD ANO!R ELEM5T4 ,?IS IS ! FACT ?AT1 AS ,TZVETAN ,TODOROV PUTS IT 7#b#a3,X,X,X7 DESIRE IS ALWAYS ! DESIRE = A SOCIAL RELATION2 IT 9VOLVES SOME K9D ( QUE/ = RECOGNITION4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT1 [+ TO ! EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM TYPICAL ( !,WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION1 ?IS T5DS TO BE OCCLUD$2 EV5 :]E IT ISN'T1 ! DESIRE = RECOGNITION IS ASSUM$ TO BE ! BASIS = SOME K9D ( PR(\ND EXI/5TIAL CONFLICT4,! KEY TEXT H]E IS ,HEGEL'S 0,ON ,LORD%IP & ,BONDAGE01 ! FAM\S 0MA/]_/SLAVE DIALECTIC0 9 ! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT1 ?AT HAS MADE IT DIFFICULT = FUTURE !ORI/S TO ?9K ( ?IS K9D ( DESIRE )\T ALSO ?9K+ ( VIOL5CE & DOM9ATION4 

,IF ,I MAY BE ALL[$ A V]Y ABBREVIAT$ SUMM>Y ( ,HEGEL'S >GUM5T.<#a#b.>3 HUMAN BE+S >E NOT ANIMALS BECAUSE !Y HAVE ! CAPACITY = SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,TO BE SELF-CONSCI\S MEANS TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AT \RSELVES FROM AN \TSIDE P]SPECTIVE--?AT MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ?AT ( ANO!R HUMAN BE+4 ,NONE ( ?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY NEW ORORIG9AL AT ! TIME4 ,HEGEL'S GREAT 9NOVATION WAS TO CONNECT ?IS ) DESIRE1 TO PO9T \T ?AT TO DO ?AT1 ONE HAS TO HAVE SOME REASON TO WANT TO DO SO4 ,BUT ?IS SORT ( DESIRE IS ALSO 9H]5T TO ! NATURE ( HUMANITY1 HE >GUES1 BECAUSE UNLIKE ANIMALS HUMANS DESIRE RECOGNITION4 ,ANIMALS EXP]I5CE DESIRE SIMPLY AS ! ABS5CE ( SOME?+3 !Y >E HUNGRY1 !RE=E !Y WI% 0NEGATE ?AT NEGATION0 BY OBTA9+ FOOD2 !Y HAVE SEXUAL URGES1 !RE=E !Y SEEK A MATE4.<#a#c.> ,HUMANS GO BEYOND ?IS4 ,!Y NOT ONLY WI%TO HAVE SEX--AT LEA/1 IF !Y >E BE+ TRULY HUMAN AB\T ! MATT]-- !Y ALSO WI% TO BE RECOGNIZ$ BY !IR P>TN] AS SOMEONE WOR?Y ( HAV+ SEX )4 ,?AT IS3 !Y WI% TO BE LOV$4 ,WE DESIRE TO BE ! OBJECTS ( ANO!R'S DESIRE4 ,SO F> ?IS SEEMS /RAI<T=W>D 5\<3 HUMAN DESIRE IMPLIES MUTUAL RECOGNITION4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT = ,HEGEL1 ! QUE/ = MUTUAL RECOGNITION 9EVITABLY LEADS TO VIOL5T CONFLICT1 TO 0LIFEA ND DEA? /RUGGLES0 = SUPREMACY4 ,HE PROVIDES A LITTLE P>ABLE3 TWO M5 CONFRONT EA* O!R AT ! BEG9N+ ( HI/ORY 7AS 9 ALL SU* /ORIES1 !Y APPE> TO BE #d-YE>-OLD MALES :O SIMPLY ROSE \T ( ! E>? FULLY =M$74 ,EA* WI%ES TO BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ! O!R AS A FREE1 AUTONOM\S1 FULLY HUMAN BE+4 ,BUT 9 ORD] = ! O!R'SRECOGNITION TO BE MEAN+FUL1 HE MU/ PROVE TO HIMSELF ! O!R IS FULLY HUMAN1 & WOR?Y ( RECOGNIZ+ HIM2 ! ONLY WAY TO DO ?IS IS TO SEE IF HE VALUES HIS FRE$OM & AUTONOMY SO MU* HE'S WILL+ TO RISK HIS LIFE = IT4 ,A BATTLE 5SURES4 ,BUT A BATTLE = RECOGNITION IS 9H]5TLY UNW9NABLE1 S9CE IF Y\ KILL Y\R OPPON5T1 !RE'S NO ONE TO RECOGNIZE Y\2 ON ! O!R H& IF Y\R OPPON5T SURR5D]S1 HE PROVES BY ?AT V]Y ACT ?AT HE WAS NOT WILL+ TO SACRIFICE HIS LIFE = RECOGNITION AFT] ALL1 & !RE=E1 ?AT HIS RECOGNITION IS MEAN+LESS4 ,ONE CAN ( C\RSE R$UCE A DEFEAT$ OPPON5T TO SLAV]Y1 BUT EV5 ?AT IS SELF-DEFEAT+ BECAUSE ONCE ONE R$UCES ! ,O!R TO SLAV]Y1 ONE BECOMES DEP5D5T ON ONE'S SLAVE = ONE'S V]Y MAT]IAL SURVIVAL1 :ILE ! SLAVE AT LEA/ PRODUCES HIS [N LIFE1 & IS 9 FACT ABLE TO REALIZE HIMSELF TO SOME DEGREE ?R\< HIS WORK4 

,CLE>LY !RE IS SOME?+ PR(\NDLY TRUE H]E4 ,BUT IT'S ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT ! QUE/ = MUTUAL RECOGNITION IS NECESS>ILY GO+ TO BE TRICKY1 FULL ( PITFALLS1 ) A CON/ANT DANG] ( DESC5D+ 9TO ATTEMPTS TO DOM9ATE OR EV5 OBLIT]ATE ! O!R4 ,IT'S ANO!R ?+ TO ASSUME FROM ! />T ?AT MUTUAL RECOGNITION IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AS,MAJE$ ,Y> HAS PO9T$ \T 7#b#a7 ?IS ASSUMPTION HAS COME TO DOM9ATE ALMO/ ALL SUBSEQU5T ,WE/]N ?9K+ ON ! SUBJECT3 ESPECIALLY1 S9CE ,S>TRE REFIGUR$ RECOGNITION AS 0! GAZE0 ?AT1 HE >GU$1 NECESS>ILY P9S D[N1 SQUA%ES1 & OBJECTIFIES ! ,O!R4.<#a#d.> ,AS 9 SO MU* ,WE/]N !ORY1 :5 SOCIAL RELATIONS >E NOT SIMPLY IGNOR$1 !Y >E ASSUM$ TO BE 9H]5TLY COMPETITIVE4 ,TODOROV NOTES 7#b3,X,X,X7 ?AT MU* ( ?IS IS ! RESULT ( />T+ ONE'S EXAMPLES ) A COLLECTION ( ADULT MALES3 PSY*OLOGICALLY1 HE >GUES1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ! FIR/ MOM5T 9 :I* WE ACT AS FULLY HUMAN BE+S IS :5 WE SEEK RECOGNITION FROM O!RS2 BUT ?AT'S BECAUSE ! FIR/ ?+ A HUMAN BABY DOES ?AT AN ANIMAL BABY DOES NOT DO IS TO TRY TO CAT* H] MO!R'S EYE1 AN ACT ) DIFF]5T IMPLICATIONS4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ,I ?9K WE HAVE ! ELEM5TS = A PRELIM9>Y SYN!SIS4 ,9S(> AS IT IS USEFUL TO DI/+UI% SOME?+ CALL$ 0DESIRE0 FROM NE$S1 URGES1 OR 9T5TIONS1 !N1 IT IS BECAUSE DESIRE 

IS ALWAYS ROOT$ 9 IMAG9ATION 

T5DS TO DIRECT ITSELF T[>DS SOME K9D ( SOCIAL RELATION1 REAL OR IMAG9>Y 

?AT SOCIAL RELATION G5]ALLY 5TAILS A DESIRE = SOME K9D ( RECOGNITION1 & H5CE1 AN IMAG9ATIVE RECON/RUCTION ( ! SELF2 A PROCESS FRAU<T ) DANG]S ( DE/ROY+ ?AT SOCIAL RELATION1 OR TURN+ IT 9TO SOMEK9D ( T]RIBLE CONFLICT4 

,N[1 ALL ?IS IS MORE >RANG+ ! ELEM5TS ( A POSSIBLE !ORY ?AN PROPOS+ ONE2 IT LEAVES OP5 ! ACTUAL ME*ANICS ( H[ !SE ELEM5TS 9T]ACT4 ,BUT IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT HELPS EXPLA9 :Y ! WORD 0DESIRE0 HAS BECOME SO POPUL> ) AU?ORS :O WRITE AB\T MOD]N CONSUM]ISM--:I* IS1 WE >E TOLD1 ALL AB\T IMAG9>Y PLEASURES1 & ! CON/RUCTION ( ID5TITIES4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 ! HI/ORICAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 IDEAS >E NOT :AT ONE MI<T HAVE 9ITIALLY IMAG9$4 

,L,O,V,],S ,& ,C,O,N,S,U,M,],S 

,LET ME />T ) ! >GUM5T ( ,COL9 ,CAMPBELL'S ,ROMANTIC ,E?IC & ! ,SPIRIT ( ,MOD]N ,CONSUM]ISM 7#a#i#h#g71 ONE ( ! MORE CREATIVE REC5T ESSAYS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,CAMPBELL IS TRY+ TO PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! USUAL CRITIQUE ( CONSUM] CULTURE AS ?R[+ UP ALL SORTS ( WOND]FUL FANTASIES AB\T :AT Y\'LL GET :5 Y\ PUR*ASE SOME PRODUCT1 & 9EVITABLY DISAPPO9T+ Y\ ONCE Y\ GET IT4 ,IT IS ?IS CON/ANT LACK ( SATISFACTION1 ! >GUM5T GOES1 ?AT !N DRIVES 5DLESS PUR*AS+1 & ?US1 ALL[S 5DLESS EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 ,IF ! SY/EM DELIV]$ ON ITS PROMISES1 IT W\LDN'T WORK4 ,CAMPBELL ISN'T D5Y+ ?IS HAPP5S SO MU* AS QUE/ION+ :E!R ! PROCESS ITSELF IS REALLY SO FRU/RAT+ OR UNPLEASANT AS MO/ ACC\NTS IMPLY4 ,REALLY HE SAYS1 ALL ?IS IS A =M ( PLEASURE 9 ITSELF4 ,IT IS ! UNIQUE ACCOMPLI%M5T ( MOD]N CONSUM]ISM TO HAVE ASSI/$ 9 ! CREATION ( A G5U9ELY NEW =M ( H$ONISM1 ALL ITS [N 7ONE FIR/ SPE>HEAD$ 9 ,ROMANTIC & BOHEMIAN CIRCLES74 ',TRADITIONAL H$ONISM01 ,CAMPBELL >GUES1 WAS BAS$ ON ! DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( PLEASURE3 SEX & DRUGS & ROCK'N'ROLL OR !IR LOCAL EQUIVAL5TS4 ,! PROBLEM ) IT1 FROM A CAPITALI/ P]SPECTIVE1 IS ?AT !RE>E 9H]5T LIMITS TO IT4 ,PEOPLE BECOME SAT$1 BOR$4 ,!RE >E LOGI/ICAL PROBLEMS40,MOD]N SELF-ILLUSORY H$ONISM0 AS HE CALLS IT SOLVES ?IS DILEMMA BECAUSE H]E1 :AT ONE IS REALLY CONSUM+ >E FANTASIES & DAY-DREAMS AB\T :AT HAV+ A C]TA9 PRODUCT W\LD BE LIKE4 ,! RISE ( ?IS NEW K9D ( H$ONISM1 HE >GUES1 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO C]TA9 S5SATIONAL =MS ( ,PURITAN RELIGI\S LIFE1 BUT PRIM>ILY1 TO ! NEW 9T]E/ 9 PLEASURE ?R\< ! VIC>I\S EXP]I5CE ( EXTREME EMOTIONS & /ATES ?AT ONE SEES EM]GE 9 ! POPUL>ITY ( ,GO?IC NOVELS & ! LIKE 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY & ?AT PEAKS ) ,ROMANTICISM ITSELF4 ,! RESULT IS A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT HAS BECOME1 9 L>GE MEASURE1 A VA/ APP>ATUS = ! FA%ION+ ( DAY-DREAMS4 ,!SE REV]IES ATTA* !MSELVES TO ! PROMISE ( PLEASURE AF=D$ BY SOME P>TICUL> CONSUM] GOOD1 OR SET ( !M2 !Y PRODUCE ! 5DLESS DESIRES ?AT DRIVE CONSUMPTION2 BUT 9 ! 5D1 ! REAL 5JOYM5T IS NOT 9 ! CONSUMPTION ( ! PHYSICAL OBJECTS1 BUT 9 ! REV]IES !MSELVES4 

,! PROBLEM ) ?IS >GUM5T--OR1 ONE ( !M1 ONE C\LD F9D ALL SORTS--IS ! CLAIM ?AT ALL ( ?IS WAS SOME?+ NEW4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT1 AS ONE MI<T SUSPECT1 PLEASURE ?R\< VIC>I\S P>TICIPATION 9 EXTREME EXP]I5CE DID NOT REALLY ONLY BECOME SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL PH5OM5ON 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS ACCEPT$ WISDOM EV5 9 ! #a#a? C5TURY ?AT DESIRE WAS L>GELY AB\T TAK+ PLEASURE 9 FANTASIES4 

,H]E ,I TURN TO ! WORK ( ! ,ITALIAN PHILOSOPH] ,GIORGIO ,AGAMB5 7#a#i#i#c7 &! ,ROMANIAN HI/ORIAN ( RELIGIONS ,IOAN ,C\LIANO 7#a#i#h#g7 ON ,M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE !ORIES ( LOVE4.<#a#e.> ,!SE !ORIES ALL TURN$ ON ! NOTION ( :AT WAS CALL$ ! 'PNEUMATIC SY/EM'4 

,ONE ( ! GREATE/ PROBLEM 9 ,M$IEVAL METAPHYSICS WAS TO EXPLA9 H[ IT WAS POSSIBLE = ! S\L 7OR M9D7 TO P]CEIVE OBJECTS 9 ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 S9CE ! TWO W]E ASSUM$ TO BE ( ABSOLUTELY ALI5 NATURES4 ,! SOLUTION WAS TO POSIT AN 9T]M$IATE A/RAL SUB/ANCE CALL$ PNUEMA1 OR SPIRIT1 ?AT TRANSLAT$ S5SE IMPRESSIONS 9TO PHANTASMIC IMAGES4 ,!SE IMAGES !N CIRCULAT$ ?R\< ! BODY'S PNEUMATIC SY/EM 7:I* C5T]$ ON ! HE>T7 BE=E !Y C\LD BE COMPREH5D$ BY ! 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES ( ! S\L4 ,S9CE ?IS WAS ESS5TIALLY ! ZONE ( IMAG9ATION1 ALL S5SATIONS1 OR EV5 AB/RACT IDEAS1 HAD TO PROCE$ ?R\< ! IMAG9ATION--BECOM+ EMOTIONALLY *>G$ 9 ! PROCESS--BE=E !Y C\LD REA* ! M9D4 ,H5CE ]OTIC !ORY HELD ?AT :5 A MAN FELL 9 LOVE1 HE WAS REALLY 9 LOVE NOT ) ! WOMAN H]SELF BUT ) H] IMAGE2 AN IMAGE ?AT1 ONCE LODG$ 9 HIS PNEUMATIC SY/EM1 GRADUALLY CAME TO HIJACK IT1 VAMPIRIZ+ HIS IMAG9ATION & ULTIMATELY DRAW+ (F ALL HIS PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL 5]GIES4 ,M$ICAL WRIT]S T5D$ TO REPRES5T ?IS AS A DISEASE ?AT NE$$ TOBE CUR$2 POETS & LOV]S1 A H]OIC /ATE ?AT COMB9$ PLEASURES 79 FANTASY1 BUT ALSO1 SOME:AT P]V]SELY1 9 ! V]Y EXP]I5CE ( FRU/RATION & D5IAL7 ) AN 9TR9SIC SPIRITUAL OR MY/ICAL VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,! ONE ?+ ALL AGRE$ ON ?\< IS ?AT ANYONE :O GOT ! IDEA ?AT ONE C\LD RESOLVE ! MATT] BY 0EMBRAC+0 ! OBJECT ( HIS FANTASY WAS MISS+ ! PO9T4 ,! V]Y IDEA WAS CONSID]$ A SYMPTOM ( A PR(\ND M5TAL DISORD]1 A SPECIES ( MELAN*OLIA4 ,AGAMB5 ON ,FIC9O3 

,9 ! SAME PASSAGE1 ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( MELAN*OLIC ,]OS WAS ID5TIFI$ BY ,FIC9O AS DISJUNCTION & EXCESS4 0,?IS T5DS TO OCCUR10 HE WROTE1 0TO ?OSE :O1 MISUS+ LOVE1 TRANS=M :AT RI<TLY BELONGS TO CONTEMPLATION 9TO ! DESIRE ( ! EMBRACE40 ,! ]OTIC 9T5TION ?AT UNLEA%ES ! MELAN*OLIC DISORD] PRES5TS ITSELF AS ?AT :I* W\LD POSSESS & T\* :AT \<T M]ELY TO BE ! OBJECT ( CONTEMPLATION1 & ! TRAGIC 9SANITY ( ! SATURN9E TEMP]AM5T ?US F9DS ITS ROOT 9 ! 9TIMATE CONTRADICTION ( A GE/URE ?AT W\LD EMBRACE ! UNOBTA9ABLE40 7#a#i#i#cA3#a#g-#a#h7 

,AGAMB5 GOES ON TO QUOTE ! ,FR5* ,S*OLA/IC ,H5RY ( ,<5T1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT MELAN*OLICS 0CANNOT CONCEIVE ! 9CORPOREAL0 AS SU*1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT KN[0 H[ TO EXT5D !IR 9TELLIG5CE BEYOND SPACE & SIZE40 ,= SU* DEPRESSIVE *>ACT]S1 LONELY BROOD+ IS PUNCTUAT$ BY FRU/RAT$ URGES TO SEIZE :AT CANNOT REALLY BE SEIZ$4 

,?AT IS ! 9CAPACITY ( CONCEIV+ ! 9CORPOREAL & ! DESIRE TO MAKE ( IT ! OBJECT ( AN EMBRACE >E TWO FACES ( ! SAME CO91 ( ! PROCESS 9 :OSE C\RSE ! TRADITIONAL CONTEMPLATIVE VOCATION ( ! MELAN*OLIC REVEALS ITSELF VULN]ABLE TO ! VIOL5T DI/URBANCE ( DESIRE M5AC+ IT FROM )9 7#a#i#i#cA3#a#h74 

,N[1 ONE MI<T QUIBBLE OV] :E!R ANYONE WAS EV] QUITE SO CONSI/5TLY PURE 9 !IR AFFECTIONS AS ALL ?IS MI<T IMPLY2 A FAIR AM\NT ( 0EMBRAC+0 C]TA9LY DID GO ON2 BUT ?IS WAS ! IDEAL1 & CRITICALLY IT BECAME ! MODEL = DESIRE 9 G5]AL1 NOT JU/ SEXUAL DESIRE4 

,:I* LEADS TO ! 9T]E/+ SUGGE/ION ?AT1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ,M$IEVAL PSY*OLOGICAL !ORY1 \R 5TIRE CIVILIZATION IS REALLY BAS$ ON A =M ( CL9ICAL DEPRESSION4 ,:I* 9 SOME WAYS DOES ACTUALLY MAKES A LOT ( S5SE4.<#a#f.> 

,C\LIANO IS MORE 9T]E/$ 9 H[ ]OTIC !ORY WAS APPROPRIAT$ BY ,R5AISSANCE MAGICIANS LIKE ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO1 = :OM ! ME*ANICS ( SEXUAL ATTRACTION BECAME ! P>ADIGM = ALL =MS ( ATTRACTION OR DESIRE1 & H5CE1 ! KEY TO SOCIAL P[]4 ,IF HUMAN BE+S T5D TO BECOME DOM9AT$ BY P[]FUL1 EMOTIONALLY *>G$ IMAGES1 !N ANYONE :O DEVELOP$ A COMPREH5SIVE1 SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ! ME*ANICS BY :I* SU* IMAGES WORK C\LD BECOME A MA/] MANIPULATOR4 ,IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP TE*NIQUES = 0B9D+0 & 9FLU5C+ O!RS' M9DS3 = 9/ANCE1 BY FIX+ C]TA9 EMOTIONALLY *>G$ IMAGES 9 !IR HEADS1.<#a#g.> OR EV5 LITTLE BITS ( MUSIC 7J+LES1 BASICALLY7 ?AT C\LD BE DESIGN$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO KEEP COM+ BACK 9TO PEOPLE'S M9DS DESPITE !MSELVES1 & PULL !M 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ANO!R4 ,9 ALL ( ?IS ,C\LIANO SEES1 NOT UNREASONABLY1 ! FIR/ SELF-CONSCI\S =M ( ! MOD]N >TS ( PROPAG&A & ADV]TIS+4 ,BRUNO FELT HIS S]VICES %\LD BE ( GREAT 9T]E/ TO PR9CES & POLITICIANS4 

,IT APP>5TLY NEV] OCCURR$ TO ,BRUNO OR ANYONE ELSE1 9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 TO APPLY SU* PROTO-ADV]TIS+ TE*NIQUES TO ECONOMIC RA!R ?AN POLITICAL PURPOSES4 ,POLITICS1 AFT] ALL1 IS AB\T RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,MANIPULAT+ O!R PEOPLE WAS BY DEF9ITION A POLITICAL BUS9ESS4 ,:I* ,I ?9K BR+S \T ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,M$IEVAL CONCEPTION ( DESIRE & ! SORT ( ?+ ,CAMPBELL DESCRIBES4 ,IF ONE />TS ) A MODEL ( DESIRE :]E ! OBJECT ( DESIRE IS ASSUM$ TO BE A HUMAN BE+1 !N IT ONLY MAKES S5SE ?AT ONE CANNOT COMPLETELY POSSESS ! OBJECT4 70,EMBRACE0 IS A NICE METAPHOR1 ACTUALLY1 BECAUSE IT IS SO 9H]5TLY TEMPOR>Y47 ,& ONE IS PRESUMABLY NOT 9T5TIONALLY 9 ! BUS9ESS ( DE/ROY+ IT EI!R4 

,ONE MI<T SAY1 !N1 AS A />T+ PO9T1 ?AT ! %IFT FROM ! K9D ( MODEL ( DESIRE ?AT PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ,R5AISSANCE1 TO ! K9D ( CONSUM]I/ MODEL DESCRIB$ BY ,CAMPBELL1 IS A %IFT FROM ON :OSE P>ADIGM IS ]OTIC1 TO ONE 9 :I* ! PRIM>Y METAPHOR 70CONSUMPTION0 AGA97 IS EAT+ FOOD4 

,C,O,M,P,L,I,C,A,T,I,O,N,S ,I3 ,9,D,I,V,I,D,U,A,L,I,S,M 

,/ILL1 EV5 IF ONE EXAM9ES ! ORIG9AL1 ,M$IEVAL V]SION1 ! BASIC CONCEPTION IS ALREADY EXTREMELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE IT IS SO PASSIVE4 ,DESIRE IS ! RESULT ( AN 9DIVIDUAL RECEIV+ S5SE IMPRESSIONS FROM \TSIDE4 ,N[1 IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ?IS IS ONE V]Y COMMON EXP]I5CE ( DESIRE3 DESIRE AS SOME?+ ?AT SEEMS TO SEIZE US \TSIDE \R CONSCI\S CONTROL1 LET ALONE \R BETT] JUDGM5T1 & (T51 CAUSE US TO DO ?+S = :I* WE W\LD REALLY RA!R NOT FEEL 5TIRELY RESPONSIBLE4 ,BUT IT ALSO ALL[S US TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT DESIRE EM]GES 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 

,IT'S EASI] TO SEE ALL ?IS IF ONE COMP>ES ?IS ,WE/]N MODEL ( DESIRE1 AS DEVELOP$ EXPLICITLY 9 ,M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE !ORY & TACITLY ?R\< ! SORT ( CONSUM] PRACTICE ,CAMPBELL DESCRIBES1 TO1 SAY1 ! K9D ( VALUE-BAS$ APPROA* ,I HAVE TRI$ TO DEVELOP ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB] #b#a74 ,?AT APPROA* SET \T 9 P>T FROM ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( MONEY1 :I* 9 TURN EM]G$ FROM ,M>X'S [N P>TICUL> TAKE ON ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE :I* HELD ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO MEASURE ! IMPORTANCE A SOCIETY GIVES TO C]TA9 PRODUCTS IS TO MEASURE H[ MU* ( ITS PEOPLE'S TOTAL CREATIVE 5]GIES !Y PUT 9TO CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ !M4 ,( ALL ! PRODUCTIVE LABOR P]=M$ 9 A SOCIETY1 :AT PROPORTION 5DS UP BE+ ALLOCAT$ TO ,X OR ,Y OR ,Z8 ,?IS IS ITS VALUE4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 MONEY PLAYS A UNIQUE ROLE 9 ?IS PROCESS BECAUSE WORK]S >E PAID = !IR WORK 7OR MORE EXACTLY1 = !IR 0TIME07 ) ! SAME /UFF ?AT O!RS WILL LAT] USE TO BUY :AT !Y PRODUCE4 ,?IS MEANS IT'S POSSIBLE TO MEASURE ! PROPORTION ( LABOR ON ! M>KET PRETTY PRECISELY2 C]TA9LY MU* MORE ?AN UND] ANY O!R WAY ( ORGANIZ+ LABOR4 ,BUT IT ALSO HAS PR(\ND EFFECTS ON PEOPLE'S P]CEPTIONS4 ,= ONE ?+1 IT MEANS ?AT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A WAGE LABOR]1 MONEY IS BO? 7A7 A REPRES5TATION ( ! VALUE1 OR IMPORTANCE1 ( !IR [N LABOR1 & AT ! SAME TIME 7B7 AN OBJECT ( DESIRE ?AT 9 FACT MOTIVATES ONE TO 5GAGE 9 ! V]Y =MS ( ACTION 7PRODUCTIVE LABOR7 :OSE VALUE IT REPRES5TS--S9CE OBVI\SLY IT IS TO GET ! MONEY ?AT ONE DOES ! WORK4 ,AS SU* IT BECOMES A K9D ( FETI%I/IC OBJECT ?AT SEEMS TO HAVE AN APPEAL & P[] 9 AN ( ITSELF4 

,9 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM1 ! SAME CAN BE SAID ( ALL SORTS ( O!R OBJECTS TOO3 COMMODITIES1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( POT5TIAL PUR*AS]S1 CAPITAL1 FROM ! PO9T( VIEW ( CAPITALI/S1 & SO ON4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( A M>KET1 SOME?+ SIMIL> HAPP5S1 ?\< ?R\< SOME:AT DIFF]5T ME*ANISMS 7VIZ41 ,TURN] #a#i#h#d1 ,GRAEB] OP CIT74 ,ALWAYS1 VALUE IS ! WAY ACTORS' ACTION TAKE ON !IR FULL SIGNIFICANCE1 OR IMPORTANCE1 TO ?OSE ACTORS BY BE+ 9CORPORAT$ 9 SOME L>G] COLLECTIVE SY/EM ( MEAN+4.<#a#h.> ,ALWAYS1 ?IS CAN ONLY TAKE PLACE ?R\< SOME K9D ( CONCRETE M$IUM--WAMPUM1 ORATORICAL P]=MANCES1 SUMPTU\S TABLEW>E1 KULA >TIFACTS1 ,EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS--?AT T5D TO 9CORPORATE 9 !IR [N /RUCTURE ! /RUCTURE ( ! =MS ( CREATIVE ACTION ?AT BR+ !M 9TO BE+4 

,! CRITICAL ?+ IS ?AT ! VALUE-BAS$ MODEL IS ALL AB\T CAPACITIES & DISPOSITIONS = ACTION4 ,IT IS ! UND]LY+ PATT]NS & PR9CIPLES ?AT /RUCTURE =MS ( ACTION ?AT REAPPE> 9 !SE SPECTRAL1 FETI%IZ$ =MS4 ,!RE IS A COMPLEX CIRCUL>ITY1 :]EBY ?AT :I* IS 9 FACT A MODEL ( C]TA9 =MS ( ACTION REAPPE>S AS AN OBJECT ( DESIRE ?AT 9SPIRES ONE TO ACT 9 ?OSE =MS2 ! DESIRE = MONEY1 :I* IS A REPRES5TATION ( ! VALUE ( LABOR1 9SPIRES ONE TO LABOR2 ! DESIRE = TOK5S ( HONOR 9SPIRES =MS ( HONORABLE BEHAVIOR2 ! DESIRE = TOK5S ( LOVE 9SPIRES ROMANTIC BEHAVIOR2 & SO ON4 ,VALUE ITSELF IS ! WAY ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ONE'S [N ACTIONS REGI/] 9 ! IMAG9ATION--BUT ALWAYS1 BY TRANSLATION 9TO SOME L>G] SOCIAL LANGUAGE1 BY BE+ 9TEGRAT$ 9TO SOME GREAT] SOCIAL :OLE4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS1 ?IS ALSO 5DS UP 9VOLV+ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( FETI%IZATION1 :]E ! OBJECTS 5D UP APPE>+1 FROM ! ACTORS' P]SPECTIVE1 TO BE ! S\RCE ( ! V]Y P[]S BY :I* !Y >E 9 FACT CREAT$2 BECAUSE1 FROM ! ACTORS' POSITION1 ?IS MI<T AS WELL BE TRUE4.<#a#i.> 

,BY CONTRA/ ! ,M$IEVAL !ORY BEG9S NOT FROM ACTIONS BUT ! OPPOSITE1 :AT MI<T ONCE HAVE BE5 CALL$ 0PASSIONS04 ,GODFREY ,LE9H>DT 7#a#i#f#a3,X,X,X7 LONG AGO PO9T$ \T H[ !SE TWO =M A LOGICAL SET--EI!R Y\ ACT ON ! WORLD1 OR ! WORLD ACTS ON Y\--BUT WE HAVE BECOME SO UNCOM=TABLE ) ! IDEA ( SEE+ \RSELVES AS PASSIVE RECIPI5TS ?AT ! LATT] T]M HAS L>GELY DISAPPE>$1 EV5 :5 WE TALK AB\T EXP]I5CE4 ,M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N AU?ORS DID NOT YET HAVE SU* QUALMS4 ,9 PNEUMATIC !ORY1 0PASSIONS0 >E NOT :AT ONE DOES BUT :AT IS DONE TO ONE 79 :I* ONE IS NOT AG5T BUT 'PATI5T'72 AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y REF]R$1 AS !Y DO N[1 TO /RONG EMOTIONS1 ?AT SEEM$ TO SEIZE US AGA9/ \R WILL4 

,! TWO W]E L9K$3 EMOTIONS LIKE LOVE W]E 9 FACT SE5 AS BE+ CAUS$ BY JU/ SU* IMPRESSIONS ON ! PNEUMATIC SY/EM4 ,F> FROM BE+ MODELS ( ACTION1 9 FACT1 ! PASSIVITY ( ! SITUATION CAME TO BE SE5 AS A VIRTUE 9 ITSELF3 ?OSE :O TRI$ TO ACT ON !IR PASSIONS1 TO SEIZE ! OBJECT RA!R ?AN CONTEMPLATE IT1 W]E PR(\NDLY MI/AK54 

,FRAM+ ?+S 9 SU* PASSIVE T]MS !N OP5$ ! WAY = ! EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM1 AN 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT APPE>S TO BE ! O!R SIDE ( ! PECULI>LY ,WE/]N !ORY ( DESIRE4 ,A S*EMA ( ACTION IS ALMO/ ( NECESSITY A COLLECTIVE PRODUCT2 ! IMPRESSION ( A BEAUTIFUL IMAGE IS SOME?+ ?AT ONE CAN IMAG9E 9VOLVES A RELATION BETWE5 ONLY TWO PEOPLE1 OR EV5 79S(> AS LOVE BECAME A MY/ICAL PH5OM5ON71 BETWE5 ! DESIR] & ,GOD4 ,EV5 ) ROMANTIC LOVE1 ! IDEAL WAS ?ATIT %\LD NOT REALLY BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO AN ONGO+ SOCIAL RELATION1 BUT REMA9 A MATT] ( CONTEMPLATION & FANTASY4 

,C,O,M,P,L,I,C,A,T,I,O,N,S ,I,I3 ,%,I,F,T,+ ,L,9,E,S ,( ,C,L,A,S,S ,& ,G,5,D,] 

,IF ! TRADITIONAL ,WE/]N WAY ( CONCEPTUALIZ+ DESIRE WAS ALREADY SO HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 IT MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& H[ IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO %IFT FROM ]OTIC FANTASIES TO SOME?+ MORE LIKE ! MOD]N IDEA ( 'CONSUMPTION'4 ,! TRANSITION1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ALSO REQUIR$ A S]IES ( CONCEPTUAL %IFTS & DISPLACEM5TS1 BO? 9 T]MS ( CLASS & 9 T]MS ( G5D]4 

,COMP>E = EXAMPLE H[ IMAGES ( P>ADISE1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ,E>LY ,MOD]N P]IODS1 V>I$ BY SOCIAL MILIEU4 ,:5 PEASANTS1 CRAFTSM5 & ! URBAN POOR TRI$ TO IMAG9E A L& 9 :I* ALL DESIRES W\LD BE FULFILL$1 !Y T5D$ TO FOCUS ON ! ABUNDANCE ( FOOD4 

,H5CE ! L& ( ,COCKAIGNE1 :]E BLOAT$ PEOPLE LOLL AB\T AS GEESE FLY FULLY COOK$ 9TO !IR M\?S1 RIV]S RUN ) BE]1 & SO =?4 ,C>NIVAL1 AS ,MIKHAIL ,BAKHT9 SO RI*LY ILLU/RAT$1 EXP&S ON ALL ! SAME !MES1 JUMBL+ TO GE!R EV]Y SORT ( BODILY 9DULG5CE & 5ORMITY1 PLEASURES SEXUAL AS WELL AS GA/RONOMIC& ( EV]Y O!R K9D1 BUT ! PR$OM9ANT IMAG]Y ALWAYS C5T]S ON SAUSAGES1 HOG%EADS1 LEGS ( MUTTON1 L>D & TRIPES & TUBS ( W9E4 ,! EMPHASIS ON FOOD IS 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ ) VISIONS ( E>?LY P>ADISE 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD AT ?AT TIME 7SAY1 ?OSE PREVAL5T 9 ,ISLAMIC WORLD71 ?AT W]E MO/LY AB\T SEX4 ,]OTIC FANTASIES >E USUALLY /RIK+LY ABS5T FROM ! LIT]ATURE ON ! ,L& ( ,COCKAIGNE2 OR IF !Y >E PRES5T1 SEEM ?R[N 9 RA!R 9 WAY ( AN AFT]?\<T4 

,AS ,H]MAN ,PLEIJ HAS PO9T$ \T 7#b#a3#d#b#a71 ! ,M$IEVAL HI< CULTURE V]SION ( P>ADISE WAS 9 MANY WAYS CONCEIV$ 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! POPUL> ONE4 ,NOT ?AT IT EMPHASIZ$ ]OTIC PLEASURES EI!R4 ,9/EAD1 IT T5D$ TO FIX ON :AT WE W\LD N[ CALL ELITE CONSUMABLES1 ! EXOTIC COMMODITIES ( ! DAY ?AT W]E PRIM>ILY1 ESS5CES3 SPICES1 MO/ ( ALL1 BUT ALSO 9C5SE1 P]FUMES & SIMIL> DELICATE SC5TS & FLAVORS4 ,9/EAD ( ! ,L& ( ,COCKAIGNE1 ONE F9DS A HANK]+ AFT] ! LO/ ,G>D5 ( ,$51 ?\<T TO EXI/ SOME:]E 9 ! ,EA/1 NE> ! FABL$ K+DOM ( ,PRE/] ,JOHN2 ANYWAY1 FROM SOME:]E NE> ?OSE FRAGRANT L&S :5CE C>DAMOM1 MACE1 PEPP]S & CUM9 7NOT TO M5TION FRANK 9C5SE & MYRRH7 W]E H>VE/$4 ,RA!R ?AN A L& ( COMPLETE1 FATTY 9DULG5CES 9 EV]Y SORT ( FOOD1 !SE W]E (T5 CONCEIV$ AS L&S :OSE E!REAL 9HABITANTS DID NOT HAVE TO EAT AT ALL1 BUT SIMPLY SUBSI/$ ON BEAUTIFUL SMELLS 7VIZ4 ALSO ,S*IVELBUS* #a#i#i#b74 ,?IS EMPHASIS ON REF9$ FLAVORS & FRAGRANCES 9 TURN OP5S ONTO A :OLE DIFF]5T REALM ( EXP]I5CE3 ( 0TA/E01 EPHEM]ALITY1 FLEET+ ESS5CES1 & ULTIMATELY1 ! FAMILI> ELITE CONSUMPTION WORLDS ( FA%ION1 /YLE1 ! PURSUIT ( UNGRASPABLE NOVELTY4 ,ONCE AGA91 !N1 ! ELITE--:O 9 FACT GRASP$ & EMBRAC$ A GREAT DEAL--CON/RUCT$ !IR IDEAL ( DESIRE >\ND ?AT :I* SOMEH[ SEEM$ TO ESCAPE ?AT4 ,ONE MI<T >GUE1 !N1 ?AT ! MOD]N CONSUM] E?OS IS BUILT ON A K9D ( FUSION BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASS IDEALS4 ,! %IFT FROM A CONCEPTION DESIRE MODEL$ ON ]OTIC LOVE TO ONE BAS$ ON ! DESIRE = FOOD 70CONSUMPTION07 WAS CLE>LY A %IFT 9 ! DIRECTION ( POPUL> DISC\RSE2 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?\<1 ONE MI<T SAY ! 9NOVATIVE ASPECT ( MOD]N1 CONSUM]I/IC !ORIES ( DESIRE IS TO COMB9E ! POPUL> MAT]IALI/ EMPHASIS ON CONSUMPTION ) ! NOTION ( ! EPHEM]AL1 UNGRASPABLE IMAGE AS ! DRIV+ =CE ( MAXIMIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 

,?IS MI<T AT LEA/ SUGGE/ A SOLUTION TO :AT HAS ALWAYS /RUCK ME AS A PR(\ND P>ADOX 9 ,WE/]N SOCIAL !ORY4 ,AS ,I'VE ALREADY NOT$1 ! IDEA ( HUMAN BE+S AS CREATURES TA9T$ BY ORIG9AL S91 & !RE=E1 CURS$ ) 9F9ITE WANTS1 :O !RE=E W]E 9 AN ALMO/ NATURAL /ATE ( COMPETITION ) EA* O!R1 WAS ALREADY FULLY DEVELOP$ 9 AU?ORS LIKE ,/4 ,AUGU/9E1 & !RE=E A P>T ( ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 V]Y FEW PEOPLE1 DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ACTUALLY SEEM$ TO BEHAVE LIKE ?IS4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 WE >E /ILL 9 ! DOMA9 ( 'T>GET 9COMES'1 9 :I* ! TYPICAL REACTION TO ECONOMIC GOOD TIMES1 EV5 AMONG URBAN CRAFTSM5 & MO/ ( ! PROTO-B\RGEOISIE1 WAS TO TAKE MORE DAYS (F4 ,IT'S AS IF ! NOTION ( ! MAXIMIZ+ 9DIVIDUAL EXI/$ 9 !ORY LONG BE=E IT EM]G$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,ONE EXPLANATION MI<T BE ?AT UNTIL ! ,E>LY ,MOD]N P]IOD1 AT LEA/1 HI< CULTURE 7:E!R 9 ITS MO/ ,*RI/IAN OR MO/ C\RTLY V]SIONS7 T5D$ TO DEVALUE ANY OP5 DISPLAY ( GRE$1 APPETITE1 OR ACQUISITIV5ESS1 :ILE POPUL> CULTURE--:I* C\LD SOMETIMES HE>TILY EMBRACE SU* IMPULSES--DID SO 9 =MS ?AT W]E 9H]5TLY COLLECTIVE4 ,:5 ! ,L& ( ,COCKAIGNE WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO REALITY IT WAS 9 ! =M ( POPUL> FE/IVALS LIKE ,C>NIVAL2 ALMO/ ANY 9CREASE 9 POPUL> WEAL? WAS IMM$IATELY DIV]T$ 9TO COMMUNAL FEA/S1 P>ADES1 & COLLECTIVE 9DULG5CES4 ,ONE ( ! PROCESSES ?AT MADE CAPITALISM POSSIBLE !N WAS ! PRIVATIZATION ( DESIRE4 ,! HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC P]SPECTIVES ( ! ELITE HAD TO BE COMB9$ ON ! MAT]IALI/IC 9DULG5CES ( :AT ,BAKHT9 LIK$ TO CALL ! 0MAT]IAL L[] /RATUM04 

,GETT+ FROM !RE TO ANY?+ LIKE ! CAPITALI/ NOTION ( CONSUMPTION REQUIR$1 ,I ?9K1 ONE FUR!R %IFT3 ?IS TIME1 NOT ALONG L9ES ( CLASS1 BUT ( G5D]4 ,! C\RTLY LOVE LIT]ATURE1 & RELAT$ !ORIES ( DESIRE1 OBVI\SLY REPRES5T AN EXTREMELY MALE P]SPECTIVE4 ,EV5 WOM51 :5 !Y WROTE LOVE POEMS1 T5D$ TO ADOPT A MALE PO9T ( VIEW4 ,?IS NO D\BT APPLIES TO FANTASIES AB\T ! ,L& ( ,COCKAIGNE & SIMIL> IDEALIZ$ WORLDS ( GA/RONOMIC FULFILLM5T1 TOO4 ,?\< H]E IT WAS COMPLICAT$ ! FACT ?AT1 9 ! FOLK PSY*OLOGY ( ! DAY1 WOM5 W]E WIDELY CONSID]$ MORE LU/FUL1 GRE$Y1 & G5]ALLY DESIR\S ?AN M54 

,9S(> AS ANYONE WAS REPRES5T$ AS 9SATIABLE1 !N1 IT WAS WOM53 ! IMAGE ( WOMAN AS A RAV5\S BELLY1 DEM&+ EV] MORE SEX & FOOD1 & M5 AS HAPLESSLY LABOR+ 9 AN 5DLESS1 BUT ULTIMATELY IMPOSSIBLE1 EF=T TO SATISFY !M1 IS A /&>D MISOGYNI/ TOPOS GO+ BACK AT LEA/ TO ,HESIOD4 ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E ONLY RE9=C$ IT SADDL+ WOM5 ) ! PRIM>Y BLAME = ORIG9AL S91 & ?US >GU+ ?AT !Y BORE ! BRUNT ( ! PUNI%M5T4 ,IT WAS ONLY >\ND ! TIME ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 & ! FULL SPLIT BETWE5 WORKPLACE & H\SEHOLD1 ?AT ?IS SORT ( RHETORIC WAS L>GELY SET ASIDE2 CURI\SLY1 AT JU/ ! SAMETIME AS CONSUMPTION CAME TO BE SE5 AS AN ESS5TIALLY FEM99E BUS9ESS 7,?OMAS#a#i#g#a3#e#f#h-#e#f#i2 ,DAVIS #aige #a#b#e-#a#e#a2 ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g3,X,X,X74 

,O,N ,H,A,V,+ ,Y,\,R ,C,A,K,E ,& ,E,A,T,+ ,I,T ,T,O,O1 ,& ,C,],T,A,9 ,P,R,O,B,L,E,M,S ,9,C,U,M,B,5,T ,!,R,E,9 

,:AT ,I AM SUGGE/+ !N1 IS ?AT :ILE ,M$IEVAL MORALI/S ACCEPT$1 9 ! AB/RACT1 ?AT HUMANS W]E CURS$ ) LIMITLESS DESIRES 7?AT1 AS ,AUGU/9E PUT IT1 !IR NATURES REBELL$ AGA9/ !M JU/ AS !Y HAD REBELL$ AGA9/ ,GOD71 !Y DID NOT ?9K ?IS WAS AN EXI/5TIAL DILEMMA :I* AFFECT$ !M2 RA!R1 PEOPLE T5D$ TO ATTRIBUTE SU* S9FUL PR$ILECTIONS MA9LY TO PEOPLE !Y SAW AS SOCIAL1 & !RE=E MORAL1 9F]IORS4 ,M5 SAW WOM5 AS 9SATIABLE2 PROSP]\S WOM5 SAW ! POOR AS GRASP+ & MAT]IALI/IC1 & SO ON4 ,IT WAS REALLY 9 ! ,E>LY ,MOD]N P]IOD ?AT ALL ?IS BEGAN TO *ANGE4 

,AGAMB5 HAS A !ORY AB\T :Y IT HAPP5$4 ,HE SUGGE/S ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ?AT ALL HUMANS >E DRIV5 BY 9F9ITE1 UNQU5*ABLE DESIRES IS ONLY REALLY POSSIBLE :5 ONE SEV]S IMAG9ATION & EXP]I5CE4 ,9 ! WORLD POSIT$ BY ,M$IEVAL PSY*OLOGY1 DESIRES REALLY C\LD BE SATISFI$ = ! V]Y REASON ?AT !Y W]E REALLY DIRECT$ AT PHANTASMS3 IMAG9ATION WAS ! ZONE 9 :I* SUBJECT & OBJECT1 LOV] & BELOV$1 REALLY C\LD G5U9ELY MEET & P>TAKE ( ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT />T+ ) ,DESC>TES1 HE >GUES1 IMAG9ATION WAS R$EF9$ AS SOME?+ 9H]5TLY SEP>ATE FROM EXP]I5CE--AS1 9 FACT1 AS A COMP5DIUM ( ALL ?OSE ?+S 7DREAMS1 FLI<TS ( FANCY1 PICTURES 9 ! M9D7 ?AT ONE FEELS ONE HAS EXP]I5C$ BUT REALLY HASN'T4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T1 ONCE WE W]E EXPECT$ TO TRY TO SATISFY ONE'S DESIRES 9 :AT WE HAVE COME TO ?9K ( AS 0! REAL WORLD01 ?AT ! EPHEM]AL NATURE ( EXP]I5CE1 & !RE=E ( ANY 0EMBRACE01 BECOMES AN IMPOSSIBLE DILEMMA 7#a#i#i#cB3#b#e-#b#h74 ,ONE IS ALREADY SEE+ SU* DILEMMAS WORK$ \T 9 ,DE ,SADE1 HE >GUES3 AGA91 >\ND ! V]Y DAWN ( CONSUM] CULTURE4 

,?IS IS PRETTY MU* ! >GUM5T ONE W\LD HAVE TO MAKE1 IF ONE W]E TO CONF9E ONESELF1 AS ,AGAMB5 DOES1 5TIRELY TO LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTS4 ,9 ! LA/ C\PLE SECTIONS ,I'VE BE5 TRY+ TO DEVELOP A MORE SOCIALLY NUANC$ APPROA*1 :I* >GUES AMONG O!R ?+S ?AT ! MOD]N CONCEPT ( 0CONSUMPTION01 :I* C>RIES 9 IT ! TACIT ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE'S NO 5D TO :AT ANYONE MI<T WANT1 C\LD REALLY ONLY TAKE =M ONCE C]TA9 ELITE CONCEPTS ( DESIRE--AS ! PURSUIT ( EPHEM]A & PHANTASMS--FUZ$1 EFFECTIVELY1 ) ! POPUL> EMPHASIS ON FOOD4 ,/ILL1 ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS QUITE A COMPLETE OR ADEQUATE EXPLANATION4 ,I ?9K !RE'S ANO!R ELEM5T1 :I* MADE ALL ?IS POSSIBLE2 P]HAPS1 :I* MADE IT 9EVITABLE4 ,?IS WAS ! RISE1 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ( :AT ,C4 ,B4 ,MAC,PH]SON FIR/ CALL$ 0POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM0 7#a#i#f#b71 ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE 9CREAS+LY CAME TO DEF9E !IR V]Y RELATION ) ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,IT WAS ONLY !N ?AT ! PROBLEM ( H[ ONE C\LD 0HAVE0 ?+S1 OR = ?AT MATT] EXP]I5CES 70WE'LL ALWAYS HAVE ,P>IS07 C\LD REALLY BECOME A CRISIS4.<#b.> 

,! NOTION ( 'CONSUMPTION'1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 RESOLVES A C]TA9 CONTRADICTION--OR ANYWAY1 DILEMMA--9H]5T 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( PROP]TY4 ,FROM AN ANALYTICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ( C\RSE1 PROP]TY IS A SOCIAL RELATION3 IT CONSI/S ( ! RI<T TO EXCLUDE 0ALL ! WORLD0 FROM ACCESS TO A C]TA9 H\SE1 OR %IRT1 OR PIECE ( L& 7& ( C\RSE1 TO MAKE EXCEPTIONS ON SU* T]MS AS ONE C>ES TO74 ,BUT A RELATION SO BROAD IS EASY TO IMAG9E SIMPLY AS A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & AN OBJECT4 ,BUT :AT C\LD A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & AN OBJECT ACTUALLY CONSI/ (8 

,FROM A PURELY SUBJECTIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,WE/]N NOTION ( [N]%IP COMB9ES AT LEA/ ?REE DIFF]5T ELEM5TS 7ONES ?AT C\LD EASILY BE SE5 AS SEP>ATE1 & 9 O!R TRADITIONS C]TA9LY >E74 ,IT'S ?IS COMB9ATION ,I SUSPECT ?AT MAKES TRUE POSSESSION SEEM AN IMPOSSIBILITY3 

AN ELEM5T ( 0ID5TIFICATION0 OR 0BELONG+03 :5 ,I SAY 0MY *AIR01 ,I MI<T BE REF]R+ TO A *AIR ,I [N1 OR JU/ ! ONE ,I AM SITT+ ON AT ! MOM5T1 9 CONTRA/ TO O!R *AIRS ?AT O!R PEOPLE >E SITT+ ,IT IS MU* AS ONE MI<T REF] TO 0MY MO!R0 OR 0MY BOSS04 ,:AT IS 9 SOCIAL T]MS A MATT] ( COMP>ISON ?\< T5DS TO BECOME1 9SUBJECTIVE T]MS1 A MATT] ( P]SONAL ID5TIFICATION OR P>TICIPATION 9 SOME OBJECT4 

AN ELEM5T ( ACCESS1 OR CONTROL3 ?IS IS ! SUBJECTIVE CONCOMITANT ( RI<TS ( EXCLUSION1 :I* IS :AT PROP]TY RI<TS BASICALLY COME D[N ,H]E1 AN OBJECT SEEMS Y\RS IF Y\ HAVE ! P[] MAKE IT AN EXT5SION ( Y\R WILL1 MAKE IT S]VE Y\R PURPOSES4 

AN ELEM5T ( SOV]EIGNTY1 OR DOM9IUM3 ?IS IS MORE SUBTLE3 ! P[] OV] ONE'S [N POSSESSIONS IT IMPLIES HI]>*ICAL 5COMPASSM5T 7?AT OBJECT IS SUBSUM$ 9 ONE'S ID5TITY71 BUT ALSO1 ULTIMATELY IMPLIES .<#b#a.> 

,! T]M 0SOV]EIGNTY0 H]E IS NO M]E METAPHOR3 LEGALLY1 PROP]TY RI<TS >E /ILL DEF9$ AS 0DOM9IUM0--EXACTLY ! SAME P[] ?AT WAS ONCE HELD BY K+S & PR9CES & ?AT IS /ILL RETA9$ BY /ATES 9 ! =M ( 0EM95T DOMA904 ,EV5 9 ,5GL&1 :I* L$ ! WAY 9 E/ABLI%+ PRIVATE PROP]TY LAW1 IT WAS ALMO/ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY BE=E JURI/S W]E WILL+ TO RECOGNIZE A DOM9IUM BELONG+ TO ANYONE O!R?AN ! K+4 

,:AT W\LD IT MEAN1 !N1 TO E/ABLI% 0SOV]EIGNTY0 OV] AN OBJECT8 ,9 LEGAL T]MS1 A K+S' DOM9IUM EXT5D$ TO HIS L&1 HIS SUBJECTS1 & !IR POSSESSIONS2 ! SUBJECTS W]E 09CLUD$ 90 ! P]SON ( ! K+1 :O REPRES5T$ !M 9 DEAL+ ) O!R K+DOMS1 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION TO ?AT BY :I* ! FA!R ( A FAMILY REPRES5T$ HIS WIFE1 *ILDR51 & S]VANTS BE=E ! LAW4 ,! WIFE1 *ILDR51 & S]VANTS ( A HEAD ( H\SEHOLD W]E LIKEWISE 09CLUD$ 90 HIS LEGAL P]SONALITY1 9 MU* 9 ! SAME WAY AS HIS POSSESSIONS4 ,& 9 FACT ! P[] ( K+S WAS ALWAYS BE+ LIK5$ TO ?AT ( FA!RS2 ! ONLY REAL DIFF]5CE 7ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT 9 ANY CONFLICT1 ! K+ WAS SE5 TO HAVE A HI<] CLAIM7 WAS ?AT UNLIKE FA!RS1 K+S WIELD$ ! P[] ( LIFE & DEA? OV] !IR SUBJECTS4 ,!SE W]E ! ULTIMATE /AKES ( SOV]EIGNTY2 C]TA9LY1 IT WAS ! ONE P[] K+S W]E LEA/ WILL+ TO DELEGATE OR %>E4.<#b#b.> ,! ULTIMATE PRO( ?AT ONE HAS SOV]EIGN P[] OV] ANO!R HUMAN BE+ IS ONE'S ABILITY TO HAVE !M EXECUT$4 ,9 A SIMIL> FA%ION1 ONE MI<T >GUE1 ! ULTIMATE PRO( ( POSSESSION1 ( ONE'S P]SONAL DOM9IUM OV] A ?+1 IS ONE'S ABILITY TO DE/ROY IT--& 9DE$ ?IS REMA9S ONE ( ! KEY LEGAL WAYS ( DEF9+ DOM9IUM1 AS A PROP]TY RI<T1 TO ?IS DAY4 ,BUT !RE'S AN OBVI\S PROBLEM H]E4 ,IF ONE DOES DE/ROY ! OBJECT1 ONE MAY HAVE DEF9ITIVELY PROV$ ?AT ONE [NS IT2 BUT AS A RESULT1 ONE DOES NOT [N IT ANY MORE4 

,WE 5D UP1 !N1 ) :AT MI<T SEEM A P>TICUL>LY P]V]SE V>IATION ON ,HEGEL'S MA/]_/ SLAVE DIALECTIC1 9 :I* ! ACTOR1 SEEK+ SOME SORT ( IMPOSSIBLE RECOGNITION ( HIS ABSOLUTE MA/]Y ( AN 9ANIMATE OBJECT1 CAN ONLY A*IEVE ?IS RECOGNITION BY DE/ROY+ IT4 ,BUT ,I DON'T REALLY ?9K ?IS IS A V>IATION ON !MA/]_/SLAVE DILEMMA4 ,I ?9K A BETT] CASE C\LD PROBABLY BE MADE ?AT ! DILEMMADESCRIB$ BY ,HEGEL ACTUALLY D]IVES FROM ?IS4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ONE ?+ LEA/ EXPLA9$ 9 ,HEGEL'S ACC\NT IS :]E ! NECESSITY ( CONFLICT COMES FROM 7AFT] ALL1 !RE >E WAYS TO RISK ONE'S LIFE TO IMPRESS ANO!R P]SON ?AT DO NOT 9VOLVE TRY+ TO KILL !M74.<#b#c.> ,! QUE/ = RECOGNITION1 9 ,HEGEL1 DOES NOT LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY3 BUT IT DOES LEAD TO A *OICE ( EI!R DE/ROY+ ! ,O!R1 OR R$UC+ ! ,O!R TO PROP]TY4 ,RELATIONS :I* >E NOT BAS$ ON PROP]TY--OR MORE PRECISELY1 ON ?AT V]Y AMBIGU\S SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! TWO TYPES ( SOV]EIGNTY--SUDD5LY BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E1 & ,I ?9K ?IS IS TRUE BECAUSE ,HEGEL IS />T+ FROM A MODEL ( POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,AT ANY RATE1 ! P>ADOX EXI/S1 & IT IS PRECISELY H]E :]E ! METAPHOR.<#b#d.> ( 0CONSUMPTION0 GA9S ITS APPEAL4 ,BECAUSE IT IS ! P]FECT RESOLUTION ( ?IS P>ADOX--OR AT LEA/1 AB\T AS P]FECT A RESOLUTION AS ONE IS GO+ TO GET4 ,:5 Y\ EAT SOME?+1 Y\ DO 9DE$ DE/ROY IT 7AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY71 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 Y\ ABSORB IT 9TO Y\R [N BE+1 IT REMA9S 09CLUD$ 90 Y\ 9 ! MO/ MAT]IAL ( S5SES4.<#b#e.> ,EAT+ FOOD1 !N1 BECAME ! P]FECT IDIOM = TALK+ AB\T DESIRE & GRATIFICATION 9 A WORLD9 :I* EV]Y?+1 ALL HUMAN RELATIONS1 W]E BE+ REIMAG9$ AS QUE/IONS ( PROP]TY4 

,S,A,C,R,I,F,I,C,E 

,:AT WE HAVE DOCUM5T$ SO F> IS A CONCEPTION ( HUMAN FULFILLM5T AS A =M( DE/RUCTION & 9CORPORATION2 A RECONCEPTION ( HUMAN BE+S AS EAT+ MA*9ES1 ABSORB+ ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD >\ND !M1 BURN+ !M UP OR SPITT+ !M \T1 9 A NEV]-5D+ PURSUIT ( PHANTASMS4 ,PROBABLY1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ! ONLY WAY TO UND]/& ALL ?IS IS1 AS ,BATAILLE SUGGE/S1 9 RELATION TO SOME K9D ( SACRIFICIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,IF ONE W]E TO WRITE A COMPLETE G5EALOGY ( ! IDEA1 ,I SUSPECT1 ONE W\LD PROBABLY BE/ BEG9 ) ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE ON ANIMAL SACRIFICE4 

,C]TA9LY1 MU* ( ?AT LIT]ATURE 7E4G41 ,LE9H>DT #a#i#f#d2 ,VAL]I #a#i#h#f7 IS V]Y SUGGE/IVE3 AT LEA/ 9S(> AS IT T5DS TO >GUE ?AT SU* RITUALS >E ULTIMATELY AB\T ! CREATION ( TRANSC5D5TAL IMAGES1 DESIR$ /ATES ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( DESIRABLE GOODS--GOODS ?AT W]E ALSO1 USUALLY1 LIV+ BE+S--A DE/RUCTION ?AT SEP>ATES ! P]MAN5T IMAGE FROM ! 7N[ $IBLE7 REMA9S4 ,ONLY !N CAN IT 5D 9 AN ACT ( COLLECTIVE CONSUMPTION1 A FEA/4 ,ONE MI<T !N GO ON TO OBS]VE ?AT ,EURASIAN WORLD RELIGIONS FROM ,ZOROA/] ONW>DS.<#b#f.> ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SEEM TO HAVE >IS51 9 L>GE P>T1 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS SORT ( SACRIFICIAL RITUAL & ALL IT REPRES5TS4 ,!Y W]E V]ITABLE ANTI-SACRIFICIAL IDEOLOGIES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS C\LD MEAN ANY?+ FROM UTT]LY NEGAT+ ONE CLASSIC =M ( ANIMAL SACRIFICE 7AS 9 ,H9DUISM1 :]E ONE WAS =BIDD5 TO KILL C[S7 TO 9V]T+ ITS LOGIC 7AS 9 ,*RI/IANITY1 :]E IT WAS N[ ,GOD1 AS PAS*AL LAMB1 :O HAD SACRIFIC$ HIMSELF 71 OR 5DLESS V>IATIONS 9 BETWE54 ,EA* TRADITION T5D$ TO MA9TA9 C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( ! CLASSIC SACRIFICIAL SC5E = CONT9U$ EMPHASIS--! FIRE 9 ,ZOROA/RIANISM1 ! 9C5SE 9 ,CONFUCIANISM1 ! ALT> 9 ,*RI/IANITY 7,HEE/]MAN #a#i#i#c7--EA*1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 WAS CONFRONT$ 9 DO+ SO ) ! NE$ TO DEVELOP SOME K9D ( PHILOSOPHICAL UND]/&+ ( HUMAN DESIRE4 ,! ,M$IEVAL ,EUROPEAN ONE :I* WE HAVE BE5 EXPLOR+ 9 ?IS ESSAY1 H[EV] SUP]FICIALLY1 MI<T BE CONSID]$ ONE P>TICUL> V>IATION1 DEVELOP$ 9 DIALOGUE BETWE5 ! ,JEWI%1 ,*RI/IAN & ,MUSLIM 9TELLECTUAL CULTURES ( ! TIME2 A RA!R DIFF]5T1 BUT 9 MANY WAYS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$1 APPROA* TO ! SAME EXI/5TIAL PROBLEMS DEVELOP$ 9 A P>ALLEL DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,BUDDHISM1 ,H9DUISM1 & ,TAOISM2 OR MORE 9T]E/+LY1 EV51 BETWE5 DIFF]5T /RA9S ( ,BUDDHISM OR O!RWISE )9 ?OSE TRADITIONS !MSELVES4 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N,S3 ,B,U,T ,:,A,T ,A,B,\,T ,C,O,N,S,U,M,],I,S,M8 

,SO :]E DOES ?IS GET US 9 RELATION TO ! QUE/ION ) :I* WE BEGAN3 RE?9K+ ! USEFULNESS ( ! T]M 0CONSUMPTION08 

,:AT DOES ALL ?IS MEAN = ! WAY WE TALK AB\T 'CONSUMPTION' N[8 ,= />T]S1 ,I ?9K IT MEANS WE %\LD ?9K AB\T H[ F> WE WANT TO EXT5D ! METAPHOR--BECAUSE A METAPHOR IS1 AFT] ALL1 :AT WE >E DEAL+ ) H]E4 ,IT MAKES P]FECT S5SE TO TALK AB\T ! 0CONSUMPTION0 ( FOSSIL FUELS4 ,IT IS QUITE ANO!R ?+ TO TALK AB\T !0CONSUMPTION0 ( TELEVISION PROGRAMM+--MU* ?\< ?IS HAS BE5 ! TOPIC ( 5DLESS BOOKS & ESSAYS4 ,:Y1 EXACTLY1 >E WE CALL+ ?IS 0CONSUMPTION08 ,AB\T ! ONLY REASON ,I CAN SEE IS ?AT ,T,V PROGRAMM+ IS CREAT$ BY PEOPLE PAID WAGES & SAL>IES SOME:]E O!R ?AN :]E VIEW]S >E WAT*+ IT4 ,O!RWISE1 !RE APPE>S TO BE NO REASON AT ALL4 ,PROGRAMM+ IS NOT EV5 A COMMODITY1 S9CE VIEW]S DON'T USUALLY PAY = IT2 IT IS NOT 9 ANY DIRECT S5SE 0CONSUM$0 BY ITS VIEW]S4 ,IT IS H>DLY SOME?+ ONE FANTASIZES AB\T ACQUIR+1 & ONE CANNOT1 9 FACT1 ACQUIRE IT4 ,IT IS NO S5SE DE/ROY$ BY USE4 ,RA!R1 WE >E DEAL+ ) A CONT9UAL /REAM ( POT5TIAL FANTASY MAT]IAL1 SOME 9T5D$ TO M>KET P>TICUL> COMMODITIES1 SOME NOT4 ,CULTURAL /UDIES S*OL>S1 & AN?ROPOLOGI/S WRIT+ 9 ! SAME VE91 T5D TO 9SI/ ?AT !SE IMAGES >E NOT SIMPLY PASSIVELY ABSORB$ BY 0CONSUM]S01 BUT ACTIVELY 9T]PRET$ & APPROPRIAT$1 9 WAYS ! PRODUC]S W\LD PROBABLY NEV] HAVE SUSPECT$1 & EMPLOY$ AS WAYS ( FA%ION+ ID5TITIES4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! 0CREATIVE CONSUMPTION0MODEL4 ,BUT TO H[ MU* ,T,V WAT*+ DOES ?IS REALLY APPLY8 ,C]TA9LY1 !RE'S SOME4 ,!RE >E PEOPLE :O ORGANIZE MU* ( !IR IMAG9ATIVE LIFE >\ND ONE P>TICUL> %[1 ,TREKKIES = 9/ANCE1 :O P>TICIPATE 9 A SUBCULTURE ( FANS :O WRITE /ORIES OR COMIC Z9ES >\ND !IR FAVORITE *>ACT]S1 ATT5D CONV5TIONS1 DESIGN CO/UMES &! LIKE 7,X,X,X74 ,BUT :5 A SIXTE5 YE> OLD GIRL WRITES A %ORT /ORY AB\T =BIDD5 LOVE BETWE5 ,KIRK & ,SPOCK1 OR SOMESU*1 ?IS IS H>DLY CONSUMPTION ANY MORE2 WE >E TALK+ AB\T PEOPLE 5GAG+ 9 A COMPLEX COMMUNITY ORGANIZ$ >\ND =MS ( 7RELATIVELY UNALI5AT$7 PRODUCTION4 ,SU* BEHAVIOR T5DS TO BE TYPICAL ( PEOPLE :O HAVEA GOOD DEAL ( TIME ON !IR H&S1 & A GREAT DEAL ( 5]GY4.<#b#g.> ,AT ! O!R EXTREME1WE HAVE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,T,V VIEW+1 :I* IS BY PEOPLE :O SP5D MO/ ( !IR WAK+ H\RS 5GAG$ 9 EXTREMELY ALI5AT$ =MS ( PRODUCTION--:O WORK =TY OR FIFTY H\RS A WEEK AT A JOB ?AT IS LIKELY AS NOT M9D-NUMB+LY BOR+1 EXTREMELY /RESSFUL1 OR BO?2 COMMUTE2 COME HOME F> TOO EXHAU/$ & EMOTIONALLY DRA9$ TOBE ABLE TO 5GAGE 9 ANY ( ! ACTIVITIES !Y W\LD CONSID] TRULY REW>D+1 PLEASURABLE OR MEAN+FUL1 BUT JU/ PLOP D[N 9 FROM ! ( ! TUBE BECAUSE IT'S ! EASIE/ ?+ TO DO4 ,AS SOME HAVE NOT$1 7E4G4 ,LODZIAK #b#b7 ?OSE :O ANALYZE CONSUMPTION AS AN AUTONOM\S DOMA9 ( MEAN+CREATION ALMO/ NEV] TAKE ! EFFECTS ( WORK 9TO ACC\NT4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :5 0CREATIVE CONSUMPTION0 IS AT ITS MO/ CREATIVE1 IT'S NOT CONSUMPTION2 :5 IT'S MO/ OBVI\SLY A =M ( CONSUMPTION1 IT IS NOT CREATIVE4 

,! FIR/ /EP 9 TRY+ TO REIMAG9E \R EXI/5CE1 !N1 IS TO TEMPOR>ILY SUSP5D ! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY HABIT ( SEE+ SOCIETY AS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SPH]ES1 ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 7OR AT BE/ ?REE3 PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 & EX*ANGE72 A HABIT :I* NECESS>ILY =CES US TO VIEW ALMO/ ALL =MS ( NON-ALI5AT$ PRODUCTIONAS 'CONSUM] BEHAVIOR'4 

,H]E'S A TYPICAL QUOTE3 

,COOK+1 PLAY+ SPORTS1 G>D5+1 ,D,I,Y 7,DO-,IT-,Y\RSELF71 HOM$ECORATION1 DANC+ & MUSIC-MAK+ >E ALL EXAMPLES ( CONSUM] ACTIVITIES :I* 9VOLVE SOME P>TICIPATION1 BUT !Y CANNOT ( !MSELVES TRANS=M ! MAJOR 9VASION BY COMM]CIAL 9T]E/ GR\PS 9TO CONSUMPTION :I* HAS OCCURR$ S9CE ! #a#i#eS 7,BOCOCK #a#i#i#c3#e#a74 

,WE >E BACK TO ! EXAMPLE ( TE5AG]S & ! ROCK B&4 ,IF SOMEONE KICK$ A BALL >\ND1 OR PLAY$ ! GUIT>1 OR RE>RANG$ !IR ROOM BE=E ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 W]E !Y REALLY 5GAG+ 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T ACTIVITY ?AN :5 SOMEONE :O DID ! SAME ?+ US+ MASS-PRODUC$ PRODUCTS A C5TURY LAT]8 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS LOGIC1 IF ,I B\<T SOME VEGETABLES & COOK$ A RATATUI TO %>E ) SOME FRI5DS1 ?AT W\LD ACTUALLY FALL )9 ! DOMA9 ( CONSUMPTION4 ,9 FACT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ABOVE QUOTE1 EV5 IF ,I GREW ! VEGETABLES MYSELF1 ?AT W\LD TOO1 BECAUSE G>D5+1 APP>5TLY1 IS ALSO A =M ( CONSUM]ISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE >E CATEGORIZ+ ALL NON-ALI5AT$ =MS ( PRODUCTION AS CONSUMPTION1 :I* HAS ! 9CR$IBLY REACTION>Y POLITICAL EFFECT ( TREAT+ ALMO/ ALL EV]Y =M ( UNALI5AT$ EXP]I5CE WE DO 5GAGE 9 AS SOMEH[ A GIFT GRANT$ US BY ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY4 

,SO :AT TO DO8 ,?IS PAP] IS MEANT TO RAISE ISSUES1 TRACE A HI/ORY1 & EXPOSE DILEMMAS1 MORE ?AN TO SUGGE/ ONE NECESS>Y WAY \T4 ,PROBABLY !RE >E ALL SORTS ( WAYS \T ( ?IS P>TICUL> BOX4 ,/ILL1 ,I CAN MAKE A FEW SUGGE/IONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 :Y NOT LIMIT ! USE ( ! T]M 0CONSUMPTION0 TO EI!R SITUATIONS :]E SOME?+ ACTUALLY IS BE+ CONSUM$1 OR ELSE ONES :I* >E SO DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ! IDEOLOGY ,I'VE BE5 DESCRIB+ H]E ?AT WE CAN BE FAIRLY CONFID5T IT 9=MS ! ACTORS' [N TACIT UND]/&+S ( ! MATT]--:I* IS ANO!R WAY ( SAY+1 LET'S NOT JU/ ASSUME IT ALWAYS DOES4 ,!RE PROBABLY >E PEOPLE \T !RE :O REALLY DO BASE KEY ASPECTS ( !IR ID5TITY >\ND :AT !Y SEE AS ! DE/RUCTIVE 5COMPASSM5T ( C]TA9 SORTS ( PRODUCTS1 BUT LET US ?9K AB\T :O !SE PEOPLE REALLY >E & H[ !Y RELATE TO O!RS :O DO NOT4 ,9S(> AS WE >E GO+ TO CONT9UE WORK+ 9 ) ,M>XI/ T]MS--& ,I MU/ ADMIT ,I F9D MANY ( !M EXTREMELY USEFUL--,I ?9K WE %\LD />T LOOK+ AT :AT WE'VE BE5 CALL+ ! 'CONSUMPTION' SPH]E RA!R AS ! SPH]E ( ! PRODUCTION ( HUMAN BE+S1 NOT JU/ AS LABOR P[] BUT AS P]SONS1 9T]NALIZ$ NEXES ( MEAN+FUL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 ?IS IS :AT SOCIAL LIFE IS ACTUALLY AB\T1 ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE 7( :I* ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S IS SIMPLY A SUBORD9ATE MOM5T71 & IT'S ONLY ! V]Y UNUSUAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM ?AT MAKES IT EV5 POSSIBLE = US TO IMAG9E O!RWISE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT EV]Y?+ HAS TO BE CONSID]$ EI!R A =M ( PRODUCTION OR ( CONSUMPTION 7CONSID] = EXAMPLE A S(TBALL GAME7 BUT IT AT LEA/ ALL[S US TO OP5 UP SOME NEGLECT$ QUE/IONS1 SU* AS ?AT ( ALI5AT$ & NONALI5AT$ =MS ( LABOR1 T]MS :I* HAVE SOME:AT FALL5 9TO ABEYANCE & !RE=E REMA9 RADICALLY UND]!ORIZ$4 ,:AT EXACTLY DOES 5GAG+ 9 NONALI5AT$ PRODUCTION ACTUALLY MEAN8 ,SU* QUE/IONS BECOME ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT :5 WE />T ?9K+ AB\T CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION & RESI/ANCE4 ,RA!R ?AN LOOK+ AT POOR PEOPLE 9 ! GLOBAL ,S\? & SAY+ 0LOOK6 !Y >E US+ CONSUMPTION TO CON/RUCT ID5TITIES601 & ?US IMPLY+ !Y >E WILL+LY1 OR P]HAPS UNKN[+LY1 SUBMITT+ TO ! LOGIC ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM1 P]HAPS WE %\LD CONSID] ?AT 9 MANY ( !SE SOCIETIES1 ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTS HAS ALWAYS BE5 SUBORD9ATE TO ! MUTUAL CON/RUCTION ( HUMAN BE+S & :AT !Y >E DO+1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 IS SIMPLY 9SI/+ ON CONT9U+ TO ACT ?IS WAY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 MAYBE IT IS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ACQUIESC5CE4 

,BUT ONE ?+ ,I ?9K WE CAN C]TA9LY ASS]T4 ,9S(> AS SOCIAL LIFE IS & ALWAYS HAS BE5 MA9LY AB\T ! MUTUAL CON/RUCTION ( HUMAN BE+S1 ! IDEOLOGY ( CONSUMPTION HAS BE5 5DLESSLY EFFECTIVE 9 HELP+ US =GET ?IS4 ,MO/ ( ALL IT DOES SO BY SUGGE/+ ?AT3 

HUMAN DESIRE IS ESS5TIALLY AS A MATT] ( A RELATION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & PHANTASMS2 

\R PRIM>ILY RELATION ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS1 !N1 BECOMES AN 5DLESS /RUGGLE TO E/ABLI% !IR SOV]EIGNTY1 OR AUTONOMY1 BY 9CORPORAT+ & DE/ROY+ ASPECTS ( ! WORLD >\ND !M 

?IS LOGIC ULTIMATELY BECOMES ! BASIS = WAYS ( IMAG9+ ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( RELATIONS ) O!R PEOPLE 7! PROBLEM ( 0! ,O!R07 

MAT]IALLY1 IT BECOMES ! BASIS = IMAG9+ SOCIETY AS A GIGANTIC 5G9E ( PRODUCTION & DE/RUCTION 9 :I* ! ONLY SIGNIFICANT HUMAN ACTIVITY IS EI!R MANUFACTUR+ ?+S1 OR 5GAG+ 9 ACTS ( C]EMONIAL DE/RUCTION SO AS TO MAKE WAY = MORE3 A VISION :I* 9 FACT SIDEL9ES MO/ ?+S ?AT REAL PEOPLE ACTUALLY DO & 9S(> AS IT IS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTUAL ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR1 IS OBVI\SLY UNSU/A9ABLE 

,EV5 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S & O!R SOCIAL !ORI/S DIRECTLY *ALL5GE ?IS VIEW ( ! WORLD1 ! UNREFLECTIVE USE & 9DE$ PROPAGATION ( T]MS LIKE 0CONSUMPTION0 5DS UP COMPLETELY UND]CUTT+ !IR EF=TS & REPRODUC+ EXACTLY ! TACIT IDEOLOGICAL LOGIC WE W\LD WI% TO UND]CUT4 

.<#a.> ,TO TAKE ONE EXAMPLE1 A LITTLE :ILE AGO A BOOK CAME \T CALL$ 08E ,CONSUM] ,SOCIETY ,READ]0 7,S*OR@& ,HOLT #b71 :I* CONTA9S ESSAYS BY TW5TY EI<T AU?ORS RANG+ FROM 8OR/5 ,VEBL5 TO ,TOM ,FRANK AB\T CONSUMPTION & CONSUM]ISM4 ,NOT A S+LE ONE ( !M /OPS TO DEF9E EI!R T]M1 ORPAUSES TO REFLECT ON :Y !Y >E US+ !M RA!R ?AN SOME?+ ELSE4 

.<#b.> ,ESPECIALLY IF ! B& HAD NOT YET RECEIV$ A RECORD CONTRACT OR MANY PR(ESSIONAL GIGS2 IF !Y W]EABLE TO M>KET SOME K9D ( PRODUCT1 IT MI<T BE CONSID]$ PRODUCTION AGA94 

.<#c.> ,H]E ,I ALSO WANT TO ANSW] SOME ( ! QUE/IONS RA!R LEFT DANGL+ AT ! 5D ( MY BOOK ON VALUET HEORY 7,GRAEB] #b#a74 

.<#d.> ,9 ,FR5* ! WORD CONSUMMATION1 :I* IS FROM A DIFF]5T ROOT1 EV5TUALLY DISPLAC$ CONSUMPTION4 ,BUT ! IDEA ( TAK+ POSSESSION ( AN OBJECT SEEMS TO REMA92 & ANY NUMB] ( AU?ORS HAVE REM>K$ ON ! IMPLI$ P>ALLEL BETWE5 SEXUAL APPROPRIATION & EAT+ FOOD4 

.<#e.> 0,PRODUCE0 IS D]IV$ FROM A ,LAT9 WORD MEAN+ TO 0BR+ \T0 7A USAGE /ILL PRES]V$ 9 PHRASES LIKE0! DEF5SE PRODUC$ A WITNESS4440 OR 0HE PRODUC$ A FLA%LI<T FROM UND] HIS CLOAK07 OR 0TO PUT \T0 7AS FROM A FACTORY74 

.<#f.> ,BATAILLE'S >GUM5T WAS ?AT PRODUCTION1 :I* ,M>X SAW AS QU9TESS5TIALLY HUMAN1 IS ALSO ! DOMA9 ( ACTIVITY MO/ CON/RA9$ BY PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS2 CONSUMPTION1 ! LEA/ SO4 ,TO DISCOV] :AT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO A CULTURE1 !RE=E1 ONE %\LD LOOK NOT AT H[ !Y MAKE ?+S BUT H[ !Y DE/ROY !M4 

.<#g.> ,SIMIL> LI/S APPE> ?R\<\T ! ,WE/]N TRADITION4 ,KANT ALSO HAD ?REE--WEAL?1 P[]1 & PRE/IGE--9T]E/+LY1 SKIPP+ PLEASURE4 

.<#h.> ,! S5SUAL PLEASURES !Y HAD 9 M9D SEEM TO HAVE C5T]$ AS MU* ON HAV+ SEX AS ON EAT+ FOOD1 ON L\NG+ ON SILK PILL[S AS BURN+ 9C5SE OR HA%I%2 & BY 'WEAL?' BO? SEEM$ TO HAVE 9 M9D FIR/ & =EMO/ P]MAN5T ?+S LIKE MANSIONS1 L&$ E/ATES1 & MAGNIFIC5T JEWELRY ?AN CONSUMABLES4 

.<#i.> ,ONE C\LD CONCEIVABLY >GUE ?AT ,SMI?'S APPROA* TO QUE/IONS ( DESIRE & FULFILLM5T IS SO ONE-SID$1 C5T]+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ON SOCIAL RECOGNITION & IMMAT]IAL REW>DS 7WEAL?1 9 HIS SY/EM1WAS ONLY REALLY DESIRABLE 9S(> AS WEAL?Y PEOPLE W]E MORE LIKELY TO BE ! OBJECT ( O!RS'ATT5TION & SPONTANE\S SYMPA!TIC CONC]N7 ?AT IT =MS A K9D ( ANTICIPATORY OPPOSITE ( ! CONSUMPTION MODEL ?AT WAS TO DEVELOP FROM HIS WORK4 

.<#a.> ,WORK+ H]E ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT IF ONE EXAM9ES ANY 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION C>EFULLY 5\<1 ONE C\LD F9D ! MAT]IALS = A G5U9ELY 9SI<TFUL ANALYSIS ( SU* 0BIG QUE/IONS0--I4E41 SUFFICI5T P]USAL ( ! ,BUDDHI/ W\LD ALSO HAVE YIELD$ USEFUL RESULTS1 HAD ,I BE5 COMPET5T TO DO IT1 :I* ,I'M NOT4 

.<#a#a.> ,= ! BE/ COLLECTION ( ESSAYS ON ,SP9OZA'S !ORY ( DESIRE1 SEE ,YOVEL #a#i#i#i4 ,ON HIS !ORY ( IMAG9ATION1 SEE ,GATES @& ,LLOYD #a#i#i#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,I AM ESPECIALLY DRAW+ ON ! FAM\S 0/RONG READ+0 ( ?IS PASSAGE BY ,ALEX&] ,KOJEVE 7#a#i#f#i74 

.<#a#c.> ,9 ,HEGEL'S LANGUAGE1 !Y CON/RUCT !MSELVES AS A NEGATION1 !RE=E !Y SEEK TO NEGATE ?AT NEGATION BY NEGAT+ SOME?+ ELSE - I4E41 BY EAT+ IT4 

.<#a#d.> ,LACAN'S 0MIRROR PHASE0 ITSELF ACTUALLY DRAWS DIRECTLY ON ,HEGEL444 7,CASEY @& ,WOODY #a#i#h#c74 ,I MI<T NOTE TOO ?AT IT'S ! ,HEGEL-,KOJEJE-,S>TRE CONNECTION :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ! HABIT ( WRIT+ AB\T 0! ,O!R0 ) A CAPITAL 0,O01 AS AN 9H]5TLY UNKN[ABLE CREATURE4 

.<#a#e.> ,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT MU* ( ,C\LIANO'S WORK DRAWS ON ,AGAMB5 = 9SPIRATION1 ?\< ,C\LIANO ONLY CITES ,AGAMB5 OCCASIONALLY1 & ALWAYS TO ATTACK HIM ON M9OR PO9TS4 

.<#a#f.> ,!RE IS A LOT ( EVID5CE :I* SUGGE/S ?AT LEVELS ( CL9ICAL DEPRESSION DO 9 FACT RISE %>PLY 9 CONSUM]-ORI5T$ SOCIETIES2 !Y HAVE C]TA9LY BE5 RIS+ /EADILY 9 ! ,U4,S4 = MO/ ( ! C5TURY4 

.<#a#g.> ,ALONG L9ES ALREADY DEVELOP$ BY ! ,>T ( ,MEMORY3 SEE ,YATES ,X,X,X4 

.<#a#h.> ,?IS IS 9T5D$ TO COMB9E ! BE/ 9SI<TS ( ! ,SAUSSUREAN1 & ! 9T]PRETIVI/1 APPROA*ES TO MEAN+4 

.<#a#i.> ,(T5 AS NOT1 !Y BECOME IMAG9>Y MICRO-TOTALITIES :I* PLAY ! SAME ROLE AS ,LACAN'S MIRROR-OBJECTS 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#fA2 #b#a3,X,X,X7444 

.<#b.> ,9 O!R WORDS 1 RA!R ?AN ASK+ H[ IS IT POSSIBLE TO TRULY 0HAVE0 OR POSSESS SOME OBJECT OR EXP]I5CE1 P]HAPS WE %\LD BE ASK+ :Y ANYONE %\LD DEVELOP A DESIRE TO DO SO TO BEG9 )4 

.<#b#a.> ,ONE C\LD MAKE AN >GUM5T IT IS REALLY JU/ A FUSION BETWE5 ! FIR/ TWO4 

.<#b#b.> ,SUPPOS$LY 9 E>LY ,ROMAN LAW ! PAT] FAMILIAS DID HAVE ! P[] TO EXECUTE HIS *ILDR51 AS WELL AS HIS SLAVES2 BO? RI<TS IF !Y REALLY DID EXI/ W]E /RIPP$ AWAY QUITE QUICKLY444 

.<#b#c.> 0,SIMIL>LY1 JU/ AS EA* /AKES HIS [N LIFE1 SO EA* MU/ SEEK ! O!R'S DEA?1 = IT VALUES ! O!R NO MORE ?AN ITSELF2 ITS ESS5TIAL BE+ IS PRES5T4 

.<#b#d.> ,OR MORE TE*NICALLY1 ,I SUPPOSE1 SYNECDO*E4 

.<#b#e.> ,& IT HAS ! ADDITIONAL ATTRACTION ( BE+ ALMO/ ! ONLY P[] :I* K+S DO NOT HAVE OV] !IR SUBJECTS3 AS ONE #a#f? C5TURY ,SPANI% JURI/ WROTE1 9 >GU+ ?AT ,AM]ICAN CANNIBALISM VIOLAT$ NATURAL LAW1 0NO MAN MAY POSSESS ANO!R SO ABSOLUTELY ?AT HE MAY MAKE USE ( HIM AS A FOOD/UFF079 ,PAGD5 #a#i#h#d"9"93#h#f7 

.<#b#f.> 0,AXIAL AGE0 RELIGIONS AS !Y'RE (T5 CALL$4 

.<#b#g.> ,AS1 9CID5TALLY1 DO ?OSE PEOPLE FROM O!R CULTURES :O RADICALLY RE9T]PRET ,T,V %[S1 SO MU* BELOV$ ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL M$IA !ORI/S4444 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM DAVIDGRAEB]4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,V]Y ,IDEA ( ,CONSUMPTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/