,! ,W> & ,ITS ,EFFECTS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 ,OCTOB] #a#d1 #a#i#a#d4 
,TRANSLATION3 ,ALFR$ ,D4 ,S*O*4 
,PUBLI%$3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 VOL4 #a#e1 NO4 #f4 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#d4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,MICAH ,MU]1 #b#a#g4 

,! W> HAS ALREADY LA/$ TWO MON?S & IT IS /ILL UNDECID$4 ,:AT IT HAS 
BR\<T IS A FRI<TFUL DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN LIFE & HUMAN HAPP9ESS1 NOT ONLY 
= ! SOLDI]S1 BUT ALSO = ! CIVIL POPULATION2 NOT ONLY ( PROP]TY & 
FOOD SUPPLIES1 BUT ALSO ( >*ITECTURAL MONUM5TS & WORKS ( >T IMPOSSIBLE 
TO REPLACE4 ,BELGIUM HAD BE5 = MANY C5TURIES ! BATTLEFIELD ( ,EUROPE1 BUT 
9 SPITE ( ?AT FACT ! OLD CITIES1 ! WOND]FUL *UR*ES1 ! TREASURES ( 
>T LEFT BY ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 W]E /ILL PRES]V$ :5 ! FIR/ FL\RI%+ & 
P[]FUL PR(IT-MAK+ CLASS >OSE !RE1 = ! >MIES W]E SMALL & !IR 
MEANS ( DE/RUCTION W]E LIMIT$4 ,?AT CITIES & VILLAGES HAVE N[ BE5 LAID 
9 A%ES1 ?AT HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEACEABLE CITY FOLKS & PEASANTS1 
ROBB$ ( ALL !Y POSSESS$1 HAVE FL$ 9 T]ROR AS BE=E ! ,HUNS1 IS NOT DUE 
TO ANY SPECIAL ,G]MAN B>B>ITY 79 ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA ! ,RUSSIANS W]E /ILL WORSE71 
BUT IS AN EFFECT ( ! AWFUL DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N W> MA*9]Y1 NOT ONLY 9 
! LIFELESS MAT]IAL ( W>1 BUT ALSO 9 ! LIV+4 ,A MOD]N IMP]IALI/IC W> 
REQUIRES & AT ! SAME TIME >\SES DEEP FEEL+S ( HATR$ = ! 5EMY & 
( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG PEOPLE ( !IR [N C\NTRY1 BUT BY ! LAWS ( 
W> ONLY SOLDI]S 9 UNI=M >E ALL[$ TO FI<T1 & :5 !SE FEEL+S >E 
TRANSLAT$ 9TO HO/ILE ACTS )\T ! UNI=M1 !Y >E PUNI%$ )\T 
M]CY AS CRIMES4 ,?IS IS ! EXPLANATION ( ! ATROCITIES :I* ?IS W> IS 
BR++ =? ON A MORE GIGANTIC SCALE ?AN PREVI\S W>S2 EV]Y?+ HAS 
BECOME MORE COLOSSAL1 ! >MIES1 ! CANNONS &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! T]RORS 
( W>4 ,MANY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ALREADY HAVE FALL54 ,BUT ! 5D IS NOT YET 
9 SI<T4 

,AT FIR/ ! ,G]MAN >MY ROLL$ 9 ,AUGU/ LIKE AN 5ORM\S W> MA*9E ACROSS 
,BELGIUM 9TO ,FRANCE & CRU%$ EV]Y?+ ) ITS IRRESI/IBLE IMPACT4 ,! 
MO/ MOD]N =TS W]E UNABLE TO /OP IT1 BUT W]E R$UC$ TO RU9S 9 A FEW 
DAYS BY NEW MON/] MORT>S4 ,! COMP>ISON ) A MA*9E IS1 9DE$1 A FITT+ 
ONE2 ! ,G]MANS C>RI$ ON ! W> LIKE A GREAT 9DU/RIAL OP]ATION2 ALL ! 
W> MAT]IAL ( ! HI<E/ EFFICI5CY1 EV]Y?+ COMPLETELY >RANG$ = 9 
ADVANCE1 & -- :AT ALSO GIVES ,G]MAN 9DU/RY ITS /R5G? -- 
REGULAT$ D[N TO ! SMALLE/ DETAILS BY A SPL5DID ORGANIZATION4 ,P>IS ALREADY 
SEEM$ LO/2 !N ! ONW>D M>* CAME TO A HALT ON ,SEPTEMB] #h2 ! ,G]MAN 
TROOPS W]E DRIV5 BACK OV] ! ,M>NE AS F> AS ! ,AISNE BY ! ,FR5* >MY1 
RE9=C$ BY AN ,5GLI% AUXILI>Y CORPS2 & !RE1 ALONG A L9E ( #c 
KILOMET]S FROM ! ,SOMME TO ! ,VOSGES M\NTA9S1 ! >MIES HAVE /OOD FAC+ 
EA* O!R S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ,SEPTEMB]1 DEEPLY & /RONGLY 5TR5*$1 
PU%+ & PRESS+ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 CONT9UAL FI<T+ ) HEAVY LOSSES1 
)\T GA9+ GR\ND4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,RUSSIAN >MIES ADVANC$ FROM ! EA/1 AT 
FIR/ 9TO ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA1 :]E !Y W]E DRIV5 BACK AGA9 ) HEAVY LOSSES BY 
A VIGOR\S ATTACK ( ! ,G]MANS1 !N 9TO ,GALICIA1 :]E !Y ?REW ! 
,AU/RIAN >MY BACK BEH9D ! =TIFICATIONS ( ,PRZEMYSL AFT] A /RUGGLE ( 
SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN >MY HAS %[N ITSELF TO BE F> BETT] ?AN IT WAS 
COMMONLY SUPPOS$ TO BE BE=E4 0,LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES10 WROTE AS E>LY 
AS ,AUGU/ #bi ! ,AU/RIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 ,HUGO ,S*ULZ1 A MAN WELL 9=M$ ON 
MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 :O S]V$ 9 ! ,GALICIAN CAMPAIGN1 0VICTORY OV] ! 
MILLIONS-/RONG ,RUSSIAN >MY WILL BE H>D TO W91 MU* H>D] ?AN OV] ! 
,FR5*40 ,! ,AU/RIAN >MY %[$ ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( HOLD+ BACK ! ,RUSSIANS 
LONG 5\< TILL ! 5EMY 9 ,FRANCE C\LD BE OV]COME2 N[ ! ,G]MANS >E 
COMPELL$ TO S5D A /RONG =CE AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,IT WILL DEP5D ON ! 
/RUGGLE N[ BEG9N+ 9 ,POL&1 :E!R ! ,G]MANS WILL BE ABLE TO ?R[ 
!MSELVES AGA9 ) =CES SUP]IOR 9 NUMB]S AGA9/ ! ,FR5* POSITIONS1 
:I* HAVE BE5 RE9=C$ 9 ! MEANTIME BY NEW ,5GLI% TROOPS1 OR :E!R 
!Y WILL BE COMPELL$ TO C>RY ON A DEF5SIVE W>F>E1 9 :I* !Y WILL NOT 
EASILY BE SUBDU$4 ,& SO IT SEEMS AS IF NEI!R ( ! TWO SIDES1 AFT] A LONG 
& BLOODY /RUGGLE1 MAY BE ABLE TO OBTA9 ! VICTORY1 BUT ?AT !Y MAY HAVE 
TO BREAK (F ! W> AFT] MAK+ 5ORM\S SACRIFICES1 BECAUSE FUR!R FI<T+ 
W\LD EXHAU/ EV5 ! POSSIBLE VICTOR TO ! LA/ DROP ( BLOOD4 

,AS LONG AS MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS LEAVE ! F9AL RESULT UNDECID$1 IT IS 
IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE ! EFFECTS ( ! W> ON 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,:AT IS 
TO BECOME ( ,AU/RIA1 ( ,POL&1 ( ,TURKEY1 ( ,G]MANY AS A WORLD-P[]1 ( ! 
RELATIONS ( ! C\NTRIES ON ! ,PACIFIC -- NO?+ CAN AS YET BE SAID 
AB\T ALL ?AT4 ,BUT IT IS ALREADY EASY TO SEE1 BY V>I\S EFFECTS ( ! W>1 
H[ DEEPLY ALL DOME/IC POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 OLD ,EUROPE WILL BE 
REVOLUTIONIZ$4 ,W> IS AN 5ORM\S CRISIS ( ! SOCIAL BODY2 IT COMPELS PEOPLE 
TO %[ :AT !Y >E 9 REALITY1 & TE>S AWAY ALL PHRASES & TRADITIONS ?AT 
RUL$ M5'S M9DS2 SO WE SEE CONS]VATIVES APPE> AS ADEPTS ( ! REVOLUTION1 
& REVOLUTIONI/S AS NATIONALI/S4 ,IT COMPELS ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 ! 
DIFF]5T C\NTRIES TO /RA9 !IR /R5G? TO ! UTMO/ TO W9 ! VICTORY1 
& SO OP5S !IR EYES TO ! NECESSITY ( AB&ON+ OLD-TIME TRADITIONAL 
POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & PASSWORDS4 ,LET US H]E CONSID] SOME ( !SE EFFECTS 
ALREADY VISIBLE4 

,I,I4 

,! W> DID NOT BECOME A WORLD-W> UNTIL ,5GL& JO9$ ! RANKS ( 
! 5EMIES ( ,G]MANY4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT ! LEAD]S 9 ,G]MAN POLICY W5T 
9TO ! W> ONLY BECAUSE !Y BELIEV$ ,5GL& W\LD REMA9 NEUTRAL4 ,9 ?IS 
ASSUMPTION1 H[EV]1 LIES !IR GREATE/1 ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE MI/AKE 9 POLICY1 
?AT !Y C\LD BELIEVE ?IS1 ?AT !Y %\LD ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE LULL$ TO 
SLEEP BY ! FRI5DLY APPROA*ES ( ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 9/EAD ( RECOGNIZ+ 
CLE>LY ?AT ,5GLI% IMP]IALISM C\LD NOT POSSIBLY KEEP \T ( IT4 ,9 ! YE>S 
GONE BY1 :5EV] W> BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY WAS CONSID]$1 NOBODY EV] 
?\<T ( ANY?+ BUT A NAVAL W> -- ?AT IS :Y ,G]MANY HAS BE5 
BUILD+ W>%IPS SO FEV]I%LY = ! PA/ FIFTE5 YE>S4 ,& N[ ! NAVAL 
W> HAS NOT YET MADE ITS APPE>ANCE2 BO? SIDES >E HOLD+ !IR FLEETS 9 
RES]VE4 ,EV]YBODY LOOK$ AT IT 9 ?IS WAY3 ?AT ,G]MANY WAS UNQUE/IONABLY 
SUP]IOR ON L&1 & ?AT ,5GL& C\LD NOT ?9K ( DISPUT+ H] SUPREMACY1 
BUT ?AT ,5GL& WAS UNCONDITIONAL MI/RESS ( ! SEAS4 ,! C>E ) :I* 
,5GL& HOLDS BACK H] FLEET1 H[EV]1 %[S 9 ITSELF ?AT %E IS AFRAID ( 
SURPRISES ?AT ! PROGRESS ( MOD]N SCI5CE 9 DE/RUCTIVE AG5CIES MI<T 
(F]4 

,SO :ILE !RE HAS BE5 NO REAL W> ON ! SEA WOR? CONSID]+1 WE SEE 
! ,5GLI% >MY TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE AGA9/ ,G]MANY ON ! CONT95T4 
,?IS IS A FACT ( GREAT HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! RUL]S ( ,5GL& CONSID] 
IT NECESS>Y = !M TO HAVE ,5GL&'S WORLD-P[] DEF5D$ ON ! CONT95T BY 
! ,5GLI% >MY1 AS !Y DID AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON4 ,:AT IS MORE1 IF ! ASS]TION 
IS WELL F\ND$ ?AT ! HELP ( ! SMALL ,5GLI% >MY WAS ! DECISIVE FACTOR 
9 BR++ ! ,G]MAN >MY TO A /OP & DRIV+ IT BACK1 !N IT APPE>S ?AT 
AN ,5GLI% >MY CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T H]E AS WELL AS ! O!RS2 & ! 
NUMB] ( ! ,5GLI% TROOPS1 EV5 IF B5EA? COMP>ISON ) ! GIGANTIC 
>MIES ( ,G]MANY1 GR[S CONT9UALLY 9 ,BELGIUM & NOR!RN ,FRANCE4 ,& IT IS 
NO LONG] UN?9KABLE1 :AT NO ONE C\LD HAVE EXPECT$ BE=E1 ?AT ,G]MAN 
IMP]IALISM 9 ITS M>* ( CONQUE/ MAY YET BATT] ITS HEAD (F ON L& AGA9/ 
! ,BRITI% L& >MY AS A QUITE NECESS>Y ADDITION TO ! ,FR5* =CES4 

,?IS EXP]I5CE1 H[EV]1 C>RIES ) IT IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES = ! HOME 
POLICIES ( ,5GL&4 ,IF ,5GLI% CAPITAL FEELS ! NECESSITY & ! POSSIBILILTY 
.<SIC.> ( DEF5D+ ON L& ,5GLI% DOM9ION 9 ! 
WORLD1 IT WILL HAVE TO TAKE MEASURES TO BUILD UP A L>GE EFFICI5T >MY 
UNLESS IT WI%ES TO REMA9 ABSOLUTELY DEP5D5T ON ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA4 ,! SY/EM 
( 5LI/+ VOLUNTE] RECRUITS MI<T DO WELL 5\< = ! NE$S ( A COLONIAL 
>MY1 BUT UND] ?AT SY/EM ! ,5GLI% >MY WILL NOT /& COMP>ISON AT ALL 
) ! MILLIONS-/RONG CONT95TAL >MIES1 :I* >E BAS$ ON COMPULSORY 
MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,:ILE ! ,5GLI% CAPITALI/ CLASS USES HIR$ 
PROLET>IANS TO FI<T ITS BATTLES1 AT ! SAME TIME MAK+ ITSELF COM=TABLE AT 
HOME1 ! ,G]MAN CAPITALI/S /& ) ! RANK & FILE ON ! FRONTI]S1 RISK 
!IR LIVES FULL ( 5?USIASM = ! 0FA!RL&10 ?AT IS1 = ! DOM9ANCE 
( ,G]MAN CAPITAL1 & SO C>RY ) !M ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,9 !SE 
T]RIBLE W>S1 ) LIFE & DEA? 9 ! BALANCE1 MONEY CAN NOT TAKE ! PLACE 
( ! P]SONAL SACRIFICE4 ,:5 ONCE ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T & ! ,5GLI% 
CAPITALI/ CLASS SEE ?IS CLE>LY1 !Y WILL HAVE TO RESORT TO SOME =M ( 
COMPULSORY1 MILIT>Y S]VICE2 !Y WILL HAVE TO 9TRODUCE MILIT>ISM AS 
! PRICE ( MA9TA9+ !IR POSITION 9 ! WORLD4 ,! 0T]RITORIALS0 ALREADY 
CON/ITUTE A SORT ( TRANSITION /AGE1 & ! PRES5T W> WILL EASILY BR+ ! 
BEG9N+ ( MILIT>Y 5?USIASM :I* IS NECESS>Y = SU* A REVOLUTION 9 
POLICY4 ,NO D\BT ?IS RADICAL *ANGE WILL 5C\NT] GREAT OPPOSITION1 & WILL 
NOT COME ALL AT ONCE1 EI!R2 BUT ! T5D5CY ( DEVELOPM5T IS PLA9LY TO BE 
SE54 

,) ! ADOPTION ( A MILIT>Y SY/EM BAS$ ON COMPULSORY P]SONAL S]VICE1 
ONE ( ! PILL>S ( OLD-TIME 0FREE0 ,5GL& FALLS TO ! GR\ND4 ,:AT GAVE 
,5GLI%M5 A PRIVILEG$ POSITION ABOVE ! CITIZ5S ( O!R C\NTRIES1 :O W]E 
COMPELL$ TO TAKE !IR PLACES 9 ! >MY & DO ! BIDD+ ( ?OSE PLAC$ 9 
COMM&1 WAS PRECISELY ?IS 9VIOLABLE P]SONAL LIB]TY2 ?AT GAVE !M ! 
FEEL+ ( BE+ A SORT ( PEOPLE AP>T1 A LORDLY RACE ( FREE ,BRITONS4 ,:5 
?AT ALL COMES TO AN 5D1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ! OLD LIB]AL 
9/ITUTIONS WILL BE GONE4 ,! OPPOSITION ( RADICAL & MIDDLE-CLASS TRADITIONS 
WAS NOT ABLE TO H9D] ! PROGRESS ( ! IMP]IALI/IC POLICY4 ,H[ !Y DID 
(T5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ALLIANCE ) ! 0,BLOOD ,CZ>60 ,BUT :AT MEAN+ HAVE 
!IR S5TIM5TAL >GUM5TS :5 CONFRONT$ ) ! FACT ?AT )\T ! 
,RUSSIAN >MY ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM CAN NOT BE 9TIMIDAT$ & KEPT ON ! 
DEF5SIVE8 ,9 ! FACE ( ! NECESSITIES ( MOD]N IMP]IALISM1 AS IT HAS N[ 
GR[N TO BE1 ) ITS ROBB]-LIKE1 VIOL5T ME?ODS1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! 
FRI<T5$ MIDDLE CLASS1 SEE+ ITS PEACEFUL OLD WORLD S9K+ AWAY BE=E ITS 
EYES1 IS P[]LESS4 ,AGA9/ IMP]IALISM NO?+ BUT A NEW P[] CAN /RUGGLE1 
! P[] ( A SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT ?AT REFUSES TO GO BACK TO ! 
QUIET ( PETTY CAPITALISM1 BUT WILL M>* ONW>D TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,& ?IS P[] WILL COME4 ,! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,5GL& WILL BE DRIV5 BY ! 
NEW DEVELOPM5TS 9 HOME POLITICS TO A MORE 9T5SE POLITICAL CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SO 
F> !Y HAVE HELD TO A MIDDLE-CLASS1 LIB]AL POLICY 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,IF ! HEAVY 
P]SONAL BURD5 ( COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE IS PLAC$ UPON !M ALONG ) 
! GR[+ BURD5 ( TAXATION TO DEF5D ! WORLD-DOM9ION ( ,5GLI% CAPITAL1 
!N !IR POLITICAL OPPOSITION WILL TAKE ON A MORE 9T5SE1 MORE REVOLUTION>Y 
*>ACT]4 ,! FREE1 LIB]AL 9/ITUTIONS ( ,5GL& HAVE SO F> KEPT D[N 
CLASS-CONSCI\S FEEL+ AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE2 :5 ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS >E 
DONE AWAY )1 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WILL GR[ /RONG4 ,IF ! ,5GLI% 
CAPITALI/ CLASS TAKES UP ) MILIT>ISM1 !N ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS WILL 
TAKE UP ) SOCIALISM4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! W> N[ GO+ ON WILL BE ! 
BEG9N+ ( A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 ! DOME/IC POLITICS ( ,5GL&2 ! 
BACKW>DNESS ( SOCIALISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,5GL& WILL DISAPPE> 9 
! SAME DEGREE AS ! ,5GLI% CAPITALI/ CLASS IS DRIV5 TO DEF5D ITS 
WORLD-P[] MORE 9T5SELY4 

,I,I,I4 

,= ,RUSSIA ?IS W> MEANS ADMISSION TO ! RANK ( ! MOD]N 
CAPITALI/IC GREAT P[]S ( ,EUROPE4 

,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ,RUSSIA WAS ! UNASSAILABLE COLOSSUS AGA9/ :I* 
! WAVES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BROKE )\T EFFECT1 & :I* ALSO REMA9$ 
UN%AK5 9 ! /ORMY TIMES ( #a#h#d#h4 ,?AT WAS BECAUSE ,RUSSIA1 9 ITS 9N] 
ORGANIZATION1 WAS AN ,ASIATIC DESPOTISM2 ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! CZ> WAS BUILT 
UP ON ! VILLAGE COMMUNISM ( ! PEASANTS1 :I* HAD EXI/$ UN*ANGEABLE = 
C5TURIES4 ,!N 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 CAPITALISM 
MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 IT %[$ ITSELF AT FIR/ ONLY 9 ! =M ( 
MANIFE/ATIONS ( SOCIAL DISSOLUTION & DEG5]ATION4 ,VILLAGE COMMUNISM SL[LY 
& QUIETLY W5T TO PIECES1 ! PEASANTS SUFF]$ FROM />VATION1 SOME ( !M 
AS RAGG$ BEGG>S W5T TO WORK 9 ! NEW FACTORIES2 CORRUPTION1 9COMPET5CE1 
?IEV]Y1 GREW UP 9 ! GOV]NM5T 9TO AN UNBE>ABLE SY/EM ?AT F9ALLY CAME 
D[N ) A T]RIBLE CRA% 9 ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W>4 ,:O HAS NOT READ ! 
ACC\NTS ,V]E%*AG9 HAS GIV5 ( :AT HE SAW 9 ?IS W> -- H[ 9 
,KH>B9 ! TRA9S ( SOLDI]S C\LD NOT RUN \T TO ! BATTLEFIELD1 BECAUSE ! 
GOV]NOR1 ,ALEXEIEFF1 HAD OCCUPI$ ALL ! SIDETRACKS ) HIS LUXURI\S PRIVATE 
TRA9 KEPT CONT9UALLY UND] FULL /EAM1 SO ?AT HE C\LD MAKE HIS ESCAPE AT ANY 
MOM5T1 & H[ G5]ALS SQU&]$ ) !IR MI/RESSES ! FUNDS COLLECT$ BY 
! ,R$ ,CROSS1 :ILE ! W\ND$ SOLDI]S LAY GROAN+ = LACK ( ATT5TION6 
,! REVOLUTION ( #aie DE/ROY$ ! OLD ,RUSSIA ( ABSOLUTISM2 IT ALL[$ ! 
WORK+ PEOPLE TO COME =? AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS2 IT CREAT$ ! ,DUMA1 9 
:I* ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/S1 ! NOBILITY & ! PEASANTRY 
C\LD RUN ITS C\RSE1 & />T$ A ?OR\<GO+ REVOLUTION 9 AGR>IAN 
CONDITIONS4 ,:ILE ! SURVIV+ REVOLUTION>Y FI<T]S W]E BE+ M>TYR$ & 
MURD]$ 9 SU* A PITILESS1 BE/IAL WAY UND] ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ?AT A CRY 
( 9DIGNATION W5T UP FROM ALL ,EUROPE1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS SETTL$ D[N TO 
MAK+ PR(ITS1 & ! PEASANTS W]E QUIET$ BY ,/OLYP9'S AGR>IAN RE=MS ( 
#a#i#f1 :I* MADE ! PEASANTS P]SONAL [N]S ( !IR L& & DID AWAY ) 
! LA/ TRACES ( ! =M] VILLAGE COMMUNISM4 ,& SO ! WAY WAS OP5$ 9 
,RUSSIA = A CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SAME =M AS 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,! MILIT>Y P[] ( ,RUSSIA WAS COMPLETELY BROK5 9 ! ,JAPANESE W> & 
! REVOLUTION4 ,= YE>S ! GOV]NM5T WAS UNABLE TO CUT ANY FIGURE 9 
,EUROPEAN POLITICS2 IT HAD TO /& BY P[]LESS & SEE AFFAIRS SETTL$ 9 ! 
,BALKANS & ! BATTLES F\<T )\T ITS 9T]V5TION4 ,:5 IT /IRR$ UP 
,S]VIA TO RESI/ ,AU/RIA SOME YE>S AGO1 IT WAS COMPELL$ TO DESI/ AS SOON AS 
,G]MANY ?REAT5$ W>4 ,BUT GRADUALLY AS /ABLE CONDITIONS CAME TO PREVAIL 9 
! C\NTRY1 ! >MY ALSO WAS MADE BETT] AGA94 ,IT WAS KN[N1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT 
IT WAS NO LONG] SU* AN 5TIRELY NEGLIGIBLE FACTOR AS IT WAS SEV5 YE>S AGO1 
BUT ! /R5G? IT HAS SO F> %[N 9 ! PRES5T W> HAS REALLY BE5 A 
SURPRISE TO EV]YBODY4 ,NOT ONLY ! W> MAT]IAL BUT ALSO ! QUALITY ( ! 
(FIC]S & SOLDI]S IS MU* BETT] ?AN =M]LY4 ,IT IS A NEW ,RUSSIA WE HAVE 
BE=E US -- NO LONG] ! ,ASIATIC FATALI/IC 9DIFF]5CE ( 0NIT%EVO10 
BUT ! BEG9N+ ( A CAPITALI/IC ,RUSSIA4 

,!RE IS ANO!R PH5OM5ON TO CONSID] 9 ?IS CONNECTION3 ,A G5U9E 
,RUSSIAN NATIONALISM N[ APPE>S = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,=M]LY ONE 
SPECIAL ,RUSSIAN POPUL> *>ACT] OR ONE ,RUSSIAN PECULI>ITY WAS (T5 S+L$ 
\T & GLORIFI$ BY AU?ORS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 ?AT WAS ! UNUSUAL 
*>ACT] ( ! COMMUNI/IC PEASANTS4 ,!N :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y EPO* CAME1 
IT WAS 0LIB]TY0 :I* WAS REV]$ & LONG$ =1 & ! GRAFT+ T%9OVNIKS 
) ! CZ> AT !IR HEAD W]E OBJECTS ( SCORN & HATR$4 ,AT PRES5T A 
MOD]N NATIONALISM IS APPE>+ AMONG ! UPP] CLASS & ! 9TELLECTUALS1 AN 
5?USIASM = ! GOV]NM5T UNIT ?AT HAS TO FI<T AGA9/ O!R NATIONS2 ! 
CZ> AS ! HEAD ( ?IS GOV]NM5T IS N[ HONOR$ BY ! SAME CLASSES :I* 
ONCE CURS$ HIM AS ! *IEF ( ! BLACK HUNDR$S4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! SAME 
?+ AS HAPP5$ BE=E 9 ,PRUSSIA1 :5 ! SAME PR9CE :O WAS DETE/$ AFT] 
#ahdh AS ! 0GRAPE%OT PR9CE0 WAS ACCLAIM$ 9 #ahg AS ! 0H]O EMP]OR40 
,SEV]AL WEEKS AGO AN 9T]VIEW ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ,BURTSEFF WAS PUBLI%$ 9 
! NEWSPAP]S1 MADE PUBLIC BY REVELATION ( A MEMB] ( ! SECRET POLICE1 
,ATSEFF2 HE SPOKE LIKE A G5U9E NATIONALI/ AB\T ! UNIFI$ ,RUSSIA ?AT IS 
FI<T+ = ITS HOLY CAUSE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! CZ> AGA9/ ,G]MAN 
MILIT>Y B>B>ISM1 & ?AT WILL COME \T ( ! /RUGGLE A FREE1 DEMOCRATIC 
PEOPLE6 ,! ILLUSION & SELF-DECEPTION 9 ! IDEA ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE WILL 
BE GIV5 DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES AS A REW>D = ALL[+ ITSELF TO BE SLAU<T]$ 
= ! RUL+ CLASS1 IS EVID5CE ( ! LACK ( 9SI<T ( ?IS V>IETY ( 
REVOLUTIONI/S2 SU* EXPRESSIONS ( OP9ION >E1 H[EV]1 WOR?Y ( 
CONSID]ATION AS SYMPTOMS ( ! *ANGE 9 FEEL+ ?AT HAS COME OV] ! M9DS 
( ! OPPOSITION4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORK+M5 
WILL NOT BE AFFECT$ BY ?IS2 !Y HAVE SET !IR FACES AGA9/ ! W>1 & 
N[1 AS BE=E1 !Y /& 9 A MO/ 9T5SE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T 
OPPRESS+ !M BY =CE4 

,EV5 IF ! ME?ODS ( ! GOV]NM5T >E /ILL B>B>\S & BACKW>D 9 
,RUSSIA1 AS !Y W]E 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! W> ( #a#h#g1 EV5 IF ! C\NTRY IS 
/ILL PR9CIPALLY AGRICULTURAL 7SIX-SEV5?S ( IT7 & ! WAGE-WORK]S HAVE TO 
FI<T H>D = !IR RI<TS1 /ILL WE CAN SAY3 ,RUSSIA HAS F9ALLY /EPP$ 
\T ( ! RANK ( AN ,ASIATIC DESPOTISM2 IT HAS ALSO PASS$ ?R\< ! 
TRANSITION /AGE1 & HAS N[ BECOME ONE ( ! ORD9>Y CAPITALI/IC GREAT 
P[]S ( ,EUROPE4 ,& AS SU* IT IS ONLY 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ITS 
DEVELOPM5T1 & ) ITS L>GE POPULATION & RI* NATURAL RES\RCES /ILL HAS 
A GREAT FUTURE BE=E IT4 

,I,V4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 TOO1 ! W> WILL HAVE A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON HOME 
POLITICS4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY IS DET]M9$ 
5TIRELY BY ! %>P CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! RUL+ CLASS & ! WORK+ CLASS4 
,= FE> ( PROLET>IAN UPRIS+S ! ,G]MAN CAPITALI/ CLASS HAS COME TO RELY 
MORE & MORE ON ! PROTECTION ( ! L&$ NOBILITY & ! MILIT>Y P[]S1 
:O BUILT UP ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE BY W> & BY =CE4 ,!Y SUPPORT$ ! VIOL5T 
& BRUTAL ME?ODS ( SUPPRESSION US$ BY ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! WORK+ 
PEOPLE1 ! 5EMIES ( !IR CLASS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 :O 
9T5SIFI$ ! TRADITIONS ( ! OLD MIDDLE-CLASS DEMOCRACY ) !IR CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS1 W]E /IRR$ UP TO /R5U\S RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ?IS WAY MUTUAL 
E/RANGEM5T & HATR$ GREW EXCE$+LY /RONG4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS CALL$ 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WAS P]SECUT$ FROM ABOVE AS ANTI-PATRIOTIC & SUBV]SIVE1 
WAS PROSCRIB$ & PUT UND] ! BAN AS 9F]IOR1 & H9D]$ 9 ITS FREE 
DEVELOPM5T BY PETTY1 EXASP]AT+ POLICE 9T]F]5CE4 ,SO !RE GREW UP 9 
,G]MANY TWO 5TIRELY SEP>ATE WORLDS1 COMPLETE /RANG]S TO EA* O!R1 
! (FICIAL WORLD ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ! WORK+M5'S WORLD4 ,! 
WORK+ PEOPLE BUILT UP !IR [N ORGANIZATION1 :I*1 SO TO SAY1 =M$ A 
SEP>ATE /ATE )9 ! GREAT /ATE1 ) !IR [N SY/EM ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 
& WELL-FILL$ TREASURIES1 !IR [N PRESS1 !IR [N LIT]ATURE1 !IR [N 
WORLD ( ?\<T ADOPT$ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,AS !Y 
GREW 9 /R5G?1 ! FE> ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 9CREAS$1 & ! RIGOR ( 
REPRESSIVE MEASURES 9CREAS$ CORRESPOND+LY4 ,IT IS TRUE1 !RE W]E VOICES 
RAIS$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS L9E ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! RE=M]S TRI$ TO TURN 
! WORK+ CLASS ASIDE FROM ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & TO UNITE !M ) ! LEFT 
W+ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS TO FI<T TOGE!R AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y ELEM5T2 
?AT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 ?IS WAS MO/LY DUE TO ! LACK ( C\RAGE & 
/R5G? DISPLAY$ BY !SE LIB]ALS ( ! LEFT4 ,AMONG ! LIB]ALS ATT5TION 
WAS (T5 CALL$ TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,5GLI% ME?OD ( HUMOR+ ! WORK]S 
) SMALL CONCESSIONS & FRI5DLY TREATM5T WAS F> MORE EFFECTIVE AGA9/ ! 
?REAT5+ REVOLUTION ?AN =CIBLE MEASURES ( REPRESSION4 ,BUT !Y LACK$ ! 
/R5G? TO MAKE !IR ME?OD PREVAIL4 

,!N ! W> CAME4 ,! REASONS :Y ALL AT ONCE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W5T OV] 
TO ! SIDE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! WORK+M5 F\<T = ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 
W]E GIV5 9 ,! ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,R,E,V,I,E,W = ,OCTOB]4 ,! FIR/ RESULT 
( ?IS ATTITUDE WAS ! ABOLITION ( ! GOV]NM5T REGULATIONS & DECREES 
:I* MADE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY A P>TY ) LESS LEGAL RI<TS ?AN O!R 
P>TIES2 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WRIT+S MAY N[ BE CIRCULAT$ EV5 9 ! >MY1 
?\<1 ( C\RSE -- PRECAUTION IS NEV] \T ( PLACE -- ONLY SU* AS 
>E PUBLI%$ FROM N[ ON & DO NOT 9T]F]E ) ! MAGNIFIC5T UNITY ( ! 
PEOPLE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?OSE ?AT DO NOT PREA* ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NO D\BT 
! EQUALITY ( RI<TS N[ PREVAIL+ 9 ! TREATM5T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS IS 
NOT SIMPLY A REW>D = !IR PATRIOTIC CONDUCT1 BUT ABOVE ALL ELSE A MATT] ( 
NECESSITY -- TO AVOID EV]Y?+ 9 ?IS S]I\S /RUGGLE ?AT MI<T >\SE 
DISCORD4 ,& :5 ! W> IS OV]1 ! OLD SPIRIT ( BRUTALITY & REPRESSION IS 
SURE TO WAKE UP AGA94 ,BUT NEV] AGA9 CAN ?+S BE QUITE ! SAME AS !Y W]E 
BE=E4 ,AFT] WORK+M5 & MEMB]S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS HAVE F\<T 
%\LD] TO %\LD] AS COMRADES 9 ! FIELD1 & HAVE PASS$ ?R\< ! SAME 
PRIVATIONS1 !Y CAN NO LONG] =M TWO WORLDS 5TIRELY UNKN[N TO EA* O!R4 
,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK+M5 HAVE N[ SE5 ! CAPITALI/S FROM !IR 
BE/ SIDE1 AS SOLDI]S 9 A COMMON CAUSE1 TO :I* !Y SACRIFICE !IR 
9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S2 SO MANY A WEI<TY OLD CAT*WORD HAS LO/ ITS =CE4 ,:AT 
REAL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 :AT REAL 9SI<T 9TO CLASS DI/9CTIONS !RE WAS ON 
BO? SIDES AS A RESULT ( EXPLOITATION /ILL EXI/S1 & WILL BECOME /ILL MORE 
9T5SE AS ! CONTRA/ WID5S4 ,BUT :AT WAS ONLY 9/9CTIVE HATR$ & 
APP>5T ILL WILL1 A CONSEQU5CE ( ! ADDITIONAL REPRESSIVE ACTIVITY ( ! 
POLICE1 MU* ( ?AT WILL DISAPPE>4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS NOT LIKELY ?AT ! 
WORK+ PEOPLE WILL BE GIV5 NEW RI<TS ( ANY CONSEQU5CE -- NEW RI<TS 
>E ONLY PROMIS$ BE=E ! /RUGGLE OR GA9$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 NOT GIV5 AS A 
REW>D AFT] ! /RUGGLE IS OV] -- UNLESS ,G]MANY FACES SOME T]RIBLE 
M5ACE4 ,BUT ! ME?ODS ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,G]MANY NO D\BT WILL *ANGE1 
BECOM+ MILD]1 LESS /UPIDLY BRUTAL2 ! %>P SEP>ATION ( ! CLASSES 9 
PUBLIC & POLITICAL LIFE NO D\BT WILL DISAPPE>2 P]HAPS /EPS MAY ALSO BE 
TAK5 TO OP5 ! WAY TO FRE] POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ON :I* ! /RONG 
OPPOSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE EASI] BROK5 ?AN BY =M] ME?ODS4 ,BUT 
EV5 IF ! CLASS /RUGGLE AFT]W>DS BECOMES MORE 9T5SE & PURIFI$ UND] 
! NEW DEVELOPM5T ( AFFAIRS1 /ILL ! W> WILL *ANGE ! =MS & 
CONDITIONS ( DOME/IC POLITICS 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! 
CONDITIONS 9 ,5GL&4 

,5GLI% AU?ORS HAVE BE5 BLA!R+ AB\T ,5GL& BE+ CALL$ UPON TO GIVE 
?IS C\NTRY BACK ITS FRE$OM BY OV]?R[+ ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y 
TO BE 9 FULL POSSESSION ( ! IGNORANCE ?AT PREVAILS 9 ,5GL& REG>D+ 
,G]MAN AFFAIRS1 AS WELL AS 9 ,G]MANY REG>D+ ,5GLI% AFFAIRS1 TO BELIEVE ?AT 
! ,G]MAN SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T IS A =EIGN BODY 9 ,G]MANY1 AN \TSIDE =CE 
:I* IS BORNE ) AGA9/ !IR WILL BY ! /URDY DESC5DANTS ( ,GOE! & 
,S*ILL]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT HAS ITS F\NDATION DEEP 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
CAPITALISM1 & NO =EIGN P[] NE$S TO COME TO ! RESCUE1 ANY MORE ?AN A 
,G]MAN VICTORY %\LD HAVE AS ITS OBJECT FREE+ ! ,RUSSIANS FROM CZ>ISM4 ,SU* 
/ATEM5TS >E SIGNS ( A B5I<T$ NATIONALISM :I* EXALTS ! HOME C\NTRY 
& PICKS IT \T AS ! SALVATION ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,MR4 ,WELLS1 :O 
SPEAKS ( ! NECESSITY ( DE/ROY+ 0,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM10 WILL OP5 HIS EYES 
:5 HE SEES ?IS MILIT>ISM HE HATES AS 0,PRUSSIAN0 GA9 A FOO?OLD 9 HIS [N 
DE> OLD ,5GL&4 ,= ?AT IS :AT APPE>S1 FROM AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! =CES 
AT WORK1 TO BE ! RESULT ( ! W> AS AFFECT+ DOME/IC POLITICAL CONDITIONS3 
A NOTEWOR?Y EQUALIZATION ( ! ?REE GREAT WORLD-EMPIRES :I* HAVE 
BE5 DRAWN 9TO ?IS CONFLICT4 ,! GREAT DISSIMIL>ITY :I* !Y %[$ BECAUSE 
( !IR DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 GIVES PLACE TO ! ID5TITY ( !IR 
IMP]IALI/IC NECESSITIES4 ,!IR CLOSE ASSOCIATION 9 ! W> COMPELS !M TO 
ADAPT !MSELVES TO EA* O!R1 SO ?AT NONE ( !M MAY BE 9F]IOR TO ! 
O!RS4 ,! T5D5CY ( !SE READJU/M5TS CAN BE BRIEFLY /AT$ 9 ?IS WAY3 
,5GL& BECOMES MORE ,G]MAN1 ,G]MANY BECOMES MORE ,5GLI%1 ,RUSSIA BECOMES 
MORE ,EUROPEAN ?AN IT WAS BE=E4 

,= ! PROLET>IAT ! /RUGGLE WILL 9 ?IS WAY TAKE ON1 A MU* MORE 
UNI=M & CONSEQU5TLY A MU* MORE DET]M9$ *>ACT] 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,OCTOB] #a#d1 #a#i#a#d4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,W> & ,ITS ,EFFECTS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,W> & ,ITS ,EFFECTS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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