,! ,W> & ! ,9TELLECTUALS 

#aiag 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE 

,TAGS 3 AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS1 ANIMUS AGA9/ W>1 PRACTITION]S ( LIT]ATURE1 9T]NATIONALIZE ! WORLD1 \R 9TELLECTUAL CLASS1 %OCK ( W>1 LEAGUE ( PEACE1 9TELLECTUAL CLASS1 AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL1 COLLEGE PR(ESSORS4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY M]MAID1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,TO ?OSE ( US :O /ILL RETA9 AN IRRECONCILABLE ANIMUS AGA9/ W>1 IT 
HAS BE5 A BITT] EXP]I5CE TO SEE ! UNANIMITY ) :I* ! ,AM]ICAN 
9TELLECTUALS HAVE ?R[N !IR SUPPORT TO ! USE ( W>-TE*NIQUE 9 ! 
CRISIS 9 :I* ,AM]ICA F\ND H]SELF4 ,SOCIALI/S1 COLLEGE PR(ESSORS1 
PUBLICI/S1 NEW-REPUBLICANS1 PRACTITION]S ( LIT]ATURE1 HAVE VI$ ) 
EA* O!R 9 CONFIRM+ ) !IR 9TELLECTUAL FAI? ! COLLAPSE ( 
NEUTRALITY & ! RIVET+ ( ! W>-M9D ON A HUNDR$ MILLION MORE ( 
! WORLD'S PEOPLE4 ,& ! 9TELLECTUALS >E NOT CONT5T ) CONFIRM+ 
\R BELLIG]5T GE/URE4 ,!Y >E N[ COMPLAC5TLY ASS]T+ ?AT IT WAS !Y 
:O EFFECTIVELY WILL$ IT1 AGA9/ ! HESITATION & DIM P]CEPTIONS ( 
! ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRATIC MASSES4 ,A W> MADE DELIB]ATELY BY ! 9TELLECTUALS6 
,A CALM MORAL V]DICT1 >RIV$ AT AFT] A P5ETRAT+ /UDY ( 9EXORABLE 
FACTS6 ,SLUGGI% MASSES1 TOO REMOTE FROM ! WORLD-CONFLICT TO BE /IRR$1 
TOO LACK+ 9 9TELLECT TO P]CEIVE !IR DANG]6 ,AN AL]T 9TELLECTUAL 
CLASS1 SAV+ ! PEOPLE 9 SPITE ( !MSELVES1 BID+ !IR TIME ) 
,FABIAN /RATEGY UNTIL ! NATION C\LD BE MOV$ 9TO W> )\T S]I\S 
RESI/ANCE6 ,AN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS1 G5TLY GUID+ A NATION ?R\< %E] 
=CE ( IDEAS 9TO :AT ! O!R NATIONS 5T]$ ONLY ?R\< PR$ATORY 
CRAFT OR POPUL> HY/]IA OR MILIT>I/ MADNESS6 ,A W> FREE FROM ANY TA9T 
( SELF-SEEK+1 A W> ?AT WILL SECURE ! TRIUMPH ( DEMOCRACY & 
9T]NATIONALIZE ! WORLD6 ,?IS IS ! PICTURE :I* ! MORE SELF-CONSCI\S 
9TELLECTUALS HAVE =M$ ( !MSELVES1 & :I* !Y >E SL[LY IMPRESS+ 
UPON A POPULATION :I* IS BE+ L$ NO MAN KN[S :I!R BY AN 9DUBITABLY 
9TELLECTUALIZ$ ,PRESID5T4 ,& !Y >E RI<T1 9 ?AT ! W> C]TA9LY 
DID NOT SPR+ FROM HY/]IAS1 ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 H[EV] ACQUIESC5T 
! MASSES PROVE TO BE1 & H[EV] CLE>LY ! 9TELLECTUALS PROVE !IR 
PUTATIVE 9TUITION4 

,?OSE 9TELLECTUALS :O HAVE FELT !MSELVES TOTALLY \T ( SYMPA?Y ) 
?IS DRAG T[>D W> WILL SEEK SOME EXPLANATION = ?IS JOYFUL LEAD]%IP4 
,!Y WILL WANT TO UND]/& ?IS WILL+NESS ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECT TO 
OP5 ! SLUICES & FLOOD US ) ! SEWAGE ( ! W> SPIRIT4 ,WE CANNOT 
=GET ! VIRTU\S HORROR & /UPEFACTION :I* FILL$ \R COLLEGE 
PR(ESSORS :5 !Y READ ! FAM\S MANIFE/O ! !IR N9ETY-?REE 
,G]MAN COLLEAGUES 9 DEF5SE ( !IR W>4#a ,TO ! 
,AM]ICAN ACADEMIC M9D ( #aiad DEF5SE ( W> WAS 9CONCEIVABLE4 ,FROM 
,B]NH>DI#b IT RECOIL$ AS FROM BLASPHEMY1 LITTLE 
DREAM+ ?AT TWO YE>S LAT] W\LD F9D IT CREAT+ ITS [N CLEANLY 
REASONS = IMPOS+ MILIT>Y S]VICE ON ! C\NTRY & = TALK+ 
( ! R\< RUDE CURR5TS ( HEAL? & REG5]ATION ?AT W> W\LD S5D 
?R\< ! ,AM]ICAN BODY POLITIC4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE ?\<T ANYONE MAD :O 
TALK$ ( %IPP+ ,AM]ICAN M5 BY ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S - CONSCRIPTS - 
TO DIE ON ! FIELDS ( ,FRANCE4 ,SU* A SPIRITUAL *ANGE SEEMS CATA/ROPHIC 
:5 WE %OOT \R M9DS BACK TO ?OSE DAYS :5 NEUTRALITY WAS A PR\D 
?+4 ,BUT ! 9TELLECTUAL PROGRESS HAS BE5 SO GRADUAL ?AT ! C\NTRY 
RETA9S LITTLE S5SE ( ! IRONY4 ,! W> S5TIM5T1 BEGUN SO GRADUALLY 
BUT SO P]SEV]+LY BY ! PREP>$NESS ADVOCATES :O COME FROM ! RANKS 
( BIG BUS9ESS1 CAU<T HOLD ( ONE AFT] ANO!R ( ! 9TELLECTUAL 
GR\PS4 ,) ! AID ( ,ROOSEVELT1 ! MURMURS BECAME A MONOTON\S *ANT1 
& F9ALLY A *ORUS SO MI<TY ?AT TO BE \T ( IT WAS AT FIR/ TO BE 
DISREPUTABLE & F9ALLY ALMO/ OBSC5E4 ,& SL[LY A /RID5T RANT WAS 
WORK$ UP AGA9/ ,G]MANY :I* COMP>$ V]Y CR$ITABLY ) ! ,G]MAN 
FULM9ATIONS AGA9/ ! GRE$Y P[] ( ,5GL&4 ,! N]VE ( ! W>-FEEL+ 
C5T]$1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! RI*] & OLD] CLASSES ( ! ,ATLANTIC 
SEABO>D1 & WAS KE5E/ :]E !RE W]E ,FR5* OR ,5GLI% BUS9ESS & 
P>TICUL>LY SOCIAL CONNECTIONS4 ,! S5TIM5T !N SPREAD OV] ! C\NTRY 
AS A CLASS-PH5OM5ON1 T\*+ EV]Y:]E ?OSE UPP]-CLASS ELEM5TS 9 
EA* SECTION :O ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) ?IS ,EA/]N RUL+ GR\P4 ,IT 
MU/ NEV] BE =GOTT5 ?AT 9 EV]Y COMMUNITY IT WAS ! LEA/ LIB]AL 
& LEA/ DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS AMONG :OM ! PREP>$NESS & LAT] ! W> 
S5TIM5T WAS F\ND4 ,! F>M]S W]E APA!TIC1 ! SMALL BUS9ESS M5 & 
WORK+M5 >E /ILL APA!TIC T[>DS ! W>4 ,! ELECTION WAS A VOTE ( 
CONFID5CE ( !SE LATT] CLASSES 9 A ,PRESID5T :O W\LD KEEP ! FAI? 
( NEUTRALITY4#c ,! 9TELLECTUALS1 9 O!R WORDS1 HAVE 
ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) ! LEA/ DEMOCRATIC =CES 9 ,AM]ICAN LIFE4 
,!Y HAVE ASSUM$ ! LEAD]%IP = W> ( ?OSE V]Y CLASSES :OM ! 
,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 IMMEMORIALLY FI<T+4 ,ONLY 9 A WORLD :]E 
IRONY WAS DEAD C\LD AN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS 5T] W> AT ! HEAD ( SU* 
ILLIB]AL COHORTS 9 ! AV[$ CAUSE ( WORLD-LIB]ALISM & WORLD-DEMOCRACY4 
,NO ONE IS LEFT TO PO9T \T ! UNDEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ?IS W>-LIB]ALISM4 
,9 A TIME ( FAI?1 SKEPTICISM IS ! MO/ 9TOL]ABLE ( ALL 9SULTS4 

,\R 9TELLECTUAL CLASS MI<T HAVE BE5 OCCUPI$1 DUR+ ! LA/ TWO YE>S 
( W>1 9 /UDY+ & CL>IFY+ ! IDEALS & ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN 
DEMOCRACY1 9 DISCOV]+ A TRUE ,AM]ICANISM :I* W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 
M]ELY NEBUL\S BUT MI<T HAVE F$]AT$ ! DIFF]5T E?NIC GR\PS & 
TRADITIONS4 ,!Y MI<T HAVE SP5T ! TIME 9 5DEAVOR+ TO CLE> ! PUBLIC 
M9D ( ! CANT ( W>1 TO GET RID ( OLD MY/ICAL NOTIONS ?AT CLOG \R 
?9K+4 ,WE MI<T HAVE US$ ! TIME = A GREAT WAVE ( $UCATION1 = 
SETT+ \R H\SE 9 SPIRITUAL ORD]4 ,WE C\LD AT LEA/ HAVE SET ! PROBLEM 
BE=E \RSELVES4 ,IF \R 9TELLECTUALS W]E GO+ TO LEAD ! ADM9I/RATION1 
!Y MI<T CONCEIVABLY HAVE TRI$ TO F9D SOME WAY ( SECUR+ PEACE BY MAK+ 
NEUTRALITY EFFECTIVE4 ,!Y MI<T HAVE TURN$ !IR 9TELLECTUAL 5]GY NOT 
TO ! PROBLEM ( JOCKEY+ ! NATION 9TO W>1 BUT TO ! PROBLEM ( 
US+ \R VA/ NEUTRAL P[] TO ATTA9 DEMOCRATIC 5DS = ! RE/ ( ! 
WORLD & \RSELVES )\T ! USE ( ! MALEVOL5T TE*NIQUE ( W>4 
,!Y MI<T HAVE FAIL$4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT !Y SC>CELY TRI$4 ,! TIME WAS 
SP5T NOT 9 CL>IFICATION & $UCATION1 BUT 9 MULL+ OV] NEBUL\S IDEALS 
( DEMOCRACY & LIB]ALISM & CIVILIZATION :I* HAD NEV] MEANT ANY?+ 
FRUITFUL TO ?OSE RUL+ CLASSES :O N[ SO GLIBLY US$ !M1 & 9 GIV+ 
FREE RE9 TO ! ELEM5T>Y 9/9CT ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,! :OLE ]A HAS BE5 
SPIRITUALLY WA/$4 ,! \T/&+ FEATURE HAS BE5 NOT ITS ,AM]ICANISM 
BUT ITS 9T5SE COLONIALISM4 ,! (F5SE ( \R 9TELLECTUALS WAS NOT SO 
MU* ?AT !Y W]E COLONIAL - = :AT C\LD WE EXPECT ( A NATION COMPOS$ 
( SO MANY NATIONAL ELEM5TS8 - BUT ?AT IT WAS SO ONE-SID$LY & P>TISANLY 
COLONIAL4 ,! (FICIAL1 REPUTABLE EXPRESSION ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS HAS 
BE5 ?AT ( ! ,5GLI% COLONIAL4 ,C5TA9 PORTIONS ( IT HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE 
LOYALI/ ?AN ! ,K+1 MORE ,BRITI% EV5 ?AN ,AU/RALIA4 ,O!R COLONIAL 
ATTITUDES HAVE BE5 VULG>4 ,! COLONIALISM ( ! O!R ,AM]ICAN /OCKS 
WAS D5I$ A HE>+ FROM ! />T4 ,AM]ICA MI<T HAVE BE5 MADE A MEET+-GR\ND 
= ! DIFF]5T NATIONAL ATTITUDES4 ,AN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS1 CULTURAL COLONI/S 
( ! DIFF]5T ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 MI<T HAVE ?RE%$ \T ! ISSUES H]E 
AS !Y C\LD NOT BE ?RE%$ \T 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9/EAD ( ?IS1 ! ,5GLI% 
COLONIALS 9 UNIV]SITY & PRESS TOOK COMM& AT ! />T1 & WE BECAME 
AN 9TELLECTUAL ,HUNG>Y :]E ?\<T WAS SUBJECT TO AN EFFECTIVE PROCESS 
( ,MAGY>IZATION4 ,! REPUTABLE OP9ION ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS 
BECAME MORE & MORE EI!R :AT C\LD BE READ PLEASANTLY 9 ,LONDON1 OR 
:AT WAS WRITT5 9 AN E>NE/ EF=T TO PUT ,5GLI%M5 /RAI<T ON !IR 
W>-AIMS & W>-TE*NIQUE4 ,?IS ,MAGY>IZATION ( ?\<T PRODUC$ AS A 
C\NT]-REACTION A PECULI>LY (F5SIVE & 9EPT ,G]MAN APOLOGETIC1 & 
! TWO P>TISANS DIVID$ ! FIELD BETWE5 !M4 ,! GREAT MASSES1 ! 
O!R E?NIC GR\PS1 W]E 9>TICULATE4 ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC OP9ION WAS ALMO/ 
AS LITTLE PREP>$ = W> 9 #aiag AS IT WAS 9 #a#i#a#d4 

,! /]ILE RESULTS ( SU* AN 9TELLECTUAL POLICY >E 9EVITABLE4 ,DUR+ ! 
W> ! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS HAS PRODUC$ ALMO/ NO?+ 9 ! WAY 
( ORIG9AL & ILLUM9AT+ 9T]PRETATION4 ,VEBL5'S 0,IMP]IAL ,G]MANY20 
,PATT5'S 0,CULTURE & ,W>10 & ADDRESSES2 ,DEWEY'S 0,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY & 
,POLITICS20 A *APT] OR TWO 9 ,WEYL'S 0,AM]ICAN ,=EIGN ,POLICIES20 - IS 
!RE MU* ELSE ( CREATIVE VALUE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL REP]CUSSION ( ! 
W>8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! %OCK ( W> PUT ! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL TO AN 
UNUSUAL /RA94 ,HE HAD TO SIT IDLE & ?9K AS SPECTATOR NOT AS ACTOR4 
,!RE WAS NO GOV]NM5T TO :I* HE C\LD DOCILY & LOYALLY T5D] HIS M9D 
AS DID ! ,OX=D PR(ESSORS TO JU/IFY ,5GL& 9 H] [N EYES4 ,! 
,AM]ICAN'S TRA9+ WAS SU* AS TO MAKE ! FACT ( W> ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE4 
,BO? 9 HIS READ+ ( HI/ORY & 9 HIS LACK ( ECONOMIC P]SPECTIVE HE 
WAS BADLY PREP>$ = IT4 ,HE HAD TO EXPLA9 TO HIMSELF SOME?+ :I* WAS 
TOO COLOSSAL = ! MOD]N M9D1 :I* \TRAN ANY LANGUAGE OR T]MS :I* 
WE HAD TO 9T]PRET IT 94 ,HE HAD TO EXPLA9 HIS SYMPA?IES TO ! 
BREAK+-PO9T1 :ILE PULL+ ! PA/ & PRES5T 9TO SOME SORT ( 
9T]PRETATIVE ORD]4 ,! 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! FI<T+ C\NTRIES HAD ONLY 
TO RATIONALIZE & JU/IFY :AT !IR C\NTRY WAS ALREADY DO+4 ,!IR TASK 
WAS EASY4 ,A NEUTRAL1 H[EV]1 HAD REALLY TO SE>* \T ! TRU?4 ,P]HAPS 
P]SPECTIVE WAS TOO MU* TO ASK ( ANY M9D4 ,C]TA9LY ! OLD] COLONIALS 
AMONG \R COLLEGE PR(ESSORS LET !IR PREJUDICES AT ONCE DICTATE !IR 
?\<T4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 COM=TABLE EV] S9CE4 ,! W> HAS TAU<T !M 
NO?+ & WILL TEA* !M NO?+4 ,& !Y HAVE HAD ! SATISFACTION1 
UND] ! RIGOR ( EV5TS1 ( SEE+ PREJUDICE SUBM]GE ! 9TELLECTS ( !IR 
Y\NG] COLLEAGUES4 ,& !Y HAVE LIV$ TO SEE ALMO/ !IR 5TIRE CLASS1 
PACIFI/S & DEMOCRATS TOO1 JO9 !M AS APOLOGI/S = ! 0GIGANTIC 
IRRELEVANCE0 ( W>4 

,WE HAD HAD TO WAT*1 !RE=E1 9 ?IS C\NTRY ! SAME PROCESS :I* SO 
%OCK$ US ABROAD - ! COALESC5CE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASSES 9 SUPPORT 
( ! MILIT>Y PROGRAM4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 9DE$1 ! SOCIALI/ 9TELLECTUALS 
DID NOT EV5 HAVE ! GRACE ( !IR ,G]MAN BRO!RS & WAIT = ! 
DECL>ATION ( W> BE=E !Y BROKE = COV]4 ,& :5 !Y DECL>$ = 
W> !Y %[$ H[ ?9 WAS ! 9TELLECTUAL V5E] ( !IR SOCIALISM4 ,= 
!Y CALL$ US 9 T]MS ?AT MI<T HAVE EMANAT$ FROM ANY B\RGEOIS J\RNAL 
TO DEF5D DEMOCRACY & CIVILIZATION1 JU/ AS IF IT WAS NOT EXACTLY AGA9/ 
?OSE V]Y B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACIES & CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATIONS ?AT SOCIALI/S 
HAD BE5 FI<T+ = DECADES4 ,BUT SO SUBTLE IS ! SPIRITUAL *EMI/RY ( ! 
09SIDE0 ?AT ALL ?IS 9TELLECTUAL COHESION - H]D-9/9CT - :I* SEEM$ 
ABROAD SO HY/]ICAL & SO S]VILE1 COMES TO US H]E 9 HI<LY RATIONAL 
T]MS4 ,WE GO TO W> TO SAVE ! WORLD FROM SUBJUGATION6 ,BUT ! ,G]MAN 
9TELLECTUALS W5T TO W> TO SAVE !IR CULTURE FROM B>B>IZATION6 ,& 
! ,FR5* TO SAVE 9T]NATIONAL HONOR6 ,& ,RUSSIA1 MO/ ALTRUI/IC & 
SELF-SACRIFIC+ ( ALL1 TO SAVE A SMALL ,/ATE FROM DE/RUCTION6 ,:5CE IS 
\R MIRACUL\S 9TUITION ( \R MORAL SPOTLESSNESS8 ,:5CE \R CONFID5CE 
?AT HI/ORY WILL NOT UNRAVEL HUGE ECONOMIC & IMP]IALI/ =CES UPON :I* 
\R RATIONALIZATIONS FLOAT LIKE BUBBLES8 ,! ,JEW (T5 M>VELS ?AT HIS RACE 
ALONE %\LD HAVE BE5 *OS5 AS ! TRUE PEOPLE ( ! COSMIC ,GOD4 ,>E NOT 
\R 9TELLECTUALS EQUALLY FATU\S :5 !Y TELL US ?AT \R W> ( ALL 
W>S IS /A9LESS & ?RILL+LY A*IEV+ = GOOD8 

,AN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS ?AT WAS :OLLY RATIONAL W\LD HAVE CALL$ 9SI/5TLY 
= PEACE & NOT = W>4 ,= MON?S ! CRY+ NE$ HAS BE5 = A NEGOTIAT$ 
PEACE1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! RU9 ( A DEADLOCK4 ,W\LD NOT ! SAME AM\NT 
( RESOLUTE /ATESMAN%IP ?R[N 9TO 9T]V5TION HAVE SECUR$ A PEACE ?AT 
W\LD HAVE BE5 A SUBJUGATION = NEI!R SIDE8 ,WAS ! T]RIFIC B>GA9+ 
P[] ( A GREAT NEUTRAL EV] REALLY US$8 ,\R W> FOLL[$1 AS ALL W>S 
FOLL[1 A MON/R\S FAILURE ( DIPLOMACY4 ,%AMEFAC$NESS %\LD N[ BE \R 
9TELLECTUALS' ATTITUDE1 BECAUSE ! ,AM]ICAN PLAY = PEACE WAS MADE SO 
LITTLE MORE ?AN A POLITE PLAY4 ,! 9TELLECTUALS HAVE /ILL TO EXPLA9 :Y1 
WILL+ AS !Y N[ >E TO USE =CE TO CONT9UE ! W> TO ABSOLUTE 
EXHAU/ION1 !Y W]E NOT WILL+ TO USE =CE TO CO]CE ! WORLD TO A 
SPE$Y PEACE4 

,!IR =W>D VISION IS NO MORE CONV9C+ ?AN !IR PA/ RATIONALITY4 ,WE 
GO TO W> N[ TO 9T]NATIONALIZE ! WORLD6 ,BUT SURELY !IR LEAGUE TO 
,5=CE ,PEACE#d IS ONLY A PALPABLE APOCALYPTIC MY?1 
LIKE ! SYNDICALI/S' MY? ( ! 0G5]AL /RIKE40 ,IT IS NOT A RATIONAL 
PROGRAM SO MU* AS A GL[+ SYMBOL = ! PURPOSE ( FOCUS+ BELIEF1 
( SETT+ 5?USIASM ON FIRE = 9T]NATIONAL ORD]4 ,AS F> AS IT DOES 
?IS IT HAS PRAGMATIC VALUE1 BUT AS F> AS IT PROVIDES A C]TA9 RADIANT 
MIRAGE ( IDEALISM = ?IS W> & = A WORLD-ORD] F\ND$ ON MUTUAL 
FE>1 IT IS DANG]\S & OBNOXI\S4 ,IDEALISM %\LD BE KEPT = :AT IS 
IDEAL4 ,IT IS DEPRESS+ TO ?9K ?AT ! PROSPECT ( A WORLD SO /RONG 
?AT NONE D>E *ALL5GE IT %\LD BE ! IMM$IATE PROSPECT ( ! 
,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL4 ,IF ! ,LEAGUE IS ONLY A MAKE%IFT1 A COALITION 9TO 
:I* WE 5T] TO RE/ORE ORD]1 !N IT IS ONLY A DESCRIPTION ( AN 
EXI/+ FACT1 & ! IDEA %\LD BE TREAT$ AS SU*4 ,BUT IF IT IS AN 
ACTUALLY PROSPECTIVE \TCOME ( ! SETTLEM5T1 ! KEY/ONE ( ,AM]ICAN 
POLICY1 IT IS NEI!R REALIZABLE NOR DESIRABLE4 ,= ! PROGRAM ( SU* 
A ,LEAGUE CONTA9S NO PROVISION = DYNAMIC NATIONAL GR[? OR = 9T]NATIONAL 
ECONOMIC JU/ICE4 ,9 A WORLD :I* REQUIRES RECOGNITION ( ECONOMIC 
9T]NATIONALISM F> MORE ?AN (  POLITICAL 9T]NATIONALISM1 AN IDEA IS 
REACTION>Y :I* PROPOSES TO PETRIFY & F$]ATE ! NATIONS AS POLITICAL 
& ECONOMIC UNITS4 ,SU* A S*EME = 9T]NATIONAL ORD] IS A DUBI\S 
JU/IFICATION = ,AM]ICAN POLICY4 ,& IF ,AM]ICAN POLICY HAD BE5 S9C]E 
9 ITS BELIEF ?AT \R P>TICIPATION W\LD A*IEVE 9T]NATIONAL BEATITUDE1 
W\LD WE NOT HAVE MADE \R 5TRANCE 9TO ! W> CONDITIONAL UPON A SOLEMN 
G5]AL AGREEM5T TO RESPECT 9 ! F9AL SETTLEM5T !SE PR9CIPLES ( 
9T]NATIONAL ORD]8 ,C\LD WE HAVE AF=D$1 IF \R W> WAS TO 5D W> BY 
! E/ABLI%M5T ( A LEAGUE ( HONOR1 TO RISK ! DEFEAT ( \R VISION 
& \R BETRAYAL 9 ! SETTLEM5T8 ,YET WE >E 9 ! W>1 & NO SU* 
SOLEMN AGREEM5T WAS MADE1 NOR HAS IT EV5 BE5 SUGGE/$4 

,! CASE ( ! 9TELLECTUALS SEEMS1 !RE=E1 ONLY V]Y SPECI\SLY RATIONAL4 
,!Y C\LD HAVE US$ !IR 5]GY TO =CE A JU/ PEACE OR AT LEA/ TO DEVISE 
O!R MEANS ?AN W> = C>RY+ ?R\< ,AM]ICAN POLICY4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE 
US$ !IR 9TELLECTUAL 5]GY TO 5SURE ?AT \R P>TICIPATION 9 ! W> 
MEANT ! 9T]NATIONAL ORD] :I* !Y WI%4 ,9TELLECT WAS NOT SO US$4 ,IT 
WAS US$ TO LEAD AN APA!TIC NATION 9TO AN IRRESPONSIBLE W>1 )\T 
GU>ANTEES FROM ?OSE BELLIG]5TS :OSE CAUSE WE W]E SAV+4 ,! ,AM]ICAN 
9TELLECTUAL1 !RE=E HAS BE5 RATIONAL NEI!R 9 HIS H9DSI<T1 NOR HIS 
=ESI<T4 ,TO EXPLA9 HIM WE MU/ LOOK B5EA? ! 9TELLECTUAL REASONS TO 
! EMOTIONAL DISPOSITION4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* :AT !Y ?\<T AS H[ !Y 
FELT ?AT EXPLA9S \R 9TELLECTUAL CLASS4 ,ALL[+ = COLONIAL SYMPA?Y1 
!RE WAS /ILL ! P]SONAL %OCK 9 A WORLD-W> :I* \TRAG$ ALL \R 
PRECONCEIV$ NOTIONS ( ! WAY ! WORLD WAS T5D+4 ,IT R$UC$ TO RUBBI% 
MO/ ( ! HUMANIT>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM & DEMOCRATIC NATIONALISM :I* 
HAD BE5 ! EMOTIONAL ?READ ( \R 9TELLECTUALS' LIFE4 ,WE HAD SUDD5LY TO 
MAKE A NEW ORI5TATION4 ,!RE W]E M5TAL CONFLICTS4 ,\R LAT5T COLONIALISM 
/ROVE ) \R LONG+ = ,AM]ICAN UNITY4 ,\R DESIRE = PEACE /ROVE ) 
\R DESIRE = NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! WORLD4 ,?AT FIR/ L(TY & 
REMOTE & NOT ALTOGE!R UNS\ND FEEL+ ( \R SPIRITUAL ISOLATION FROM 
! CONFLICT C\LD NOT LA/4 ,!RE WAS ! IT* TO BE 9 ! GREAT EXP]I5CE 
:I* ! RE/ ( ! WORLD WAS HAV+4 ,NUMB]S ( 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE :O 
HAD NEV] BE5 /IRR$ BY ! HORRORS ( CAPITALI/IC PEACE AT HOME W]E 
%AK5 \T ( !IR SLUMB] BY ! HORRORS ( W> 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,NEV] HAV+ 
FELT RESPONSIBILITY = LABOR W>S & OPPRESS$ MASSES & EXCLUD$ RACES 
AT HOME1 !Y HAD A L>GE FUND ( IDLE EMOTIONAL CAPITAL TO 9VE/ 9 ! 
OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES & RAVAG$ VILLAGES ( ,EUROPE4 ,HE>TS ?AT HAD FELT 
ONLY ! UGLY CONTEMPT = DEMOCRATIC /RIV+S AT HOME BEAT 9 TUNE ) 
! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM ABROAD4 ,ALL ?IS WAS NATURAL1 BUT IT T5D$ TO 
OV]-EMPHASIZE \R RESPONSIBILITY4 ,& IT ?REW \R ?9K+ \T ( GE>4 
,! TASK ( MAK+ \R [N C\NTRY DETAIL$LY FIT = PEACE WAS AB&ON$ 
9 FAVOR ( A FEV]I% CONC]N = ! MANAGEM5T ( W>1 ADVICE TO ! 
FI<T+ GOV]NM5TS ON ALL MATT]S1 MILIT>Y1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL1 & A 
GRADUAL WORK+ UP ( ! CONVICTION ?AT WE W]E ORDA9$ AS A NATION TO 
LEAD ALL ]R+ BRO!RS T[>DS ! LI<T ( LIB]TY & DEMOCRACY4 ,! 
FAILURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS TO ]ECT A CREATIVE ATTITUDE 
T[>D ! W> CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY !SE /]ILE M5TAL CONFLICTS :I* ! 
%OCK TO \R IDEALS S5T RAG+ ?R\< US4 

,M5TAL CONFLICTS 5D EI!R 9 A NEW & HI<] SYN!SIS OR ADJU/M5T1 OR 
ELSE 9 A REV]SION TO MORE PRIMITIVE IDEAS :I* HAVE BE5 \TGR[N BUT TO 
:I* WE DROP :5 JOLT$ \T ( \R ATTA9$ POSITION4 ,! W> CAUS$ 9 
,AM]ICA A RECRUDESC5CE ( NEBUL\S IDEALS :I* A Y\NG] G5]ATION WAS 
FA/ \TGR[+ BECAUSE IT HAD PASS$ ! WI/FUL /AGE & WAS DISCOV]+ 
CONCRETE WAYS ( GETT+ !M 9C>NAT$ 9 ACTUAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! %OCK 
( W> ?REW US BACK FROM ?IS PRAGMATIC WORK 9TO AN EMOTIONAL BA? ( !SE 
OLD IDEALS4 !RE WAS EV5 A SOME:AT R>EFI$ REVIVAL ( \R PRIMITIVE 
,YANKEE BOA/FULNESS1 ! REV]SION ( S5ILITY TO ?AT REPUBLICAN *ILDHOOD 
:5 WE EXPECT$ ! :OLE WORLD TO COPY \R REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,WE 
AMUS+LY IGNOR$ ! FACT ?AT IT WAS JU/ ?AT ,IMP]IAL ,G]MAN REGIME1 TO 
:OM WE >E TO TEA* ! >T ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 :I* \R [N ,F$]AL 
/RUCTURE1 ) ITS EXECUTIVE IRRESPONSIBLE 9 =EIGN POLICY & ) ITS 
ABS5CE ( P>LIAM5T>Y CONTROL1 MO/ RESEMBLES4 ,& WE >E MISS+ ! 
EXQUISITE IRONY ( ! UNAFFECT$ HOMAGE PAID BY ! ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRATIC 
9TELLECTUALS TO ! LA/ & MO/ DETE/$ ( ,BRITA9'S TORY PREMI]S AS 
! REPRES5TATIVE ( A 0LIB]AL0 ALLY1 AS WELL AS ! IRONY ( ! SELECTION 
( ! BE/ HAT$ ( ,AM]ICA'S B\RBON 0OLD GU>D0 AS ! MISSION>Y ( 
,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY TO ,RUSSIA4#e 

,! 9TELLECTUAL /ATE ?AT C\LD PRODUCE SU* ?+S IS ONE :]E REV]SION 
HAS TAK5 PLACE TO MORE PRIMITIVE WAYS ( ?9K+4 ,SIMPLE SYLLOGISMS >E 
SUB/ITUT$ = ANALYSIS1 ?+S >E KN[N BY !IR LABELS1 \R HE>T'S 
DESIRE DICTATES :AT WE %ALL SEE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS1 HAV+ 
FAIL$ TO MAKE ! HI<] SYN!SIS1 REGRESSES TO IDEAS ?AT CAN ISSUE 9 
QUICK1 SIMPLIFI$ ACTION4 ,?\<T BECOMES ANY EASY RATIONALIZATION ( :AT 
IS ACTUALLY GO+ ON OR :AT IS TO HAPP5 9EVITABLY TOMORR[4 ,IT IS TRUE 
?AT C]TA9 GR\PS DID RATIONALIZE !IR COLONIALISM & ATTA* ! DOCTR9E 
( ! 9EVITABILITY ( ,BRITI% SEAP[] TO ! DOCTR9E ( A ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE4 
,BUT ?IS AGILE RESOLUTION ( ! M5TAL CONFLICT DID NOT BECOME A HI<] 
SYN!SIS1 TO BE CREATIVELY DEVELOP$4 ,IT GRADUALLY M]G$ 9TO A JU/IFICATION 
= \R GO+ TO W>4 ,IT PETRIFI$ 9TO A DOGMA TO BE PROPAGAT$4 ,CRITICISM 
FLAGG$ & EMOTIONAL PROPAG&A BEGAN4 ,MO/ ( ! SOCIALI/S1 ! COLLEGE 
PR(ESSORS & ! PRACTITION]S ( LIT]ATURE1 H[EV]1 HAVE NOT EV5 REA*$ 
?IS HI<-WAT] M>K ( SYN!SIS4 ,!IR M5TAL CONFLICTS HAVE BE5 RESOLV$ 
MU* MORE SIMPLY4 ,W> 9 ! 9T]E/S ( DEMOCRACY6 ,?IS WAS ALMO/ ! SUM 
( !IR PHILOSOPHY4 ,! PRIMITIVE IDEA TO :I* !Y REGRESS$ BECAME ALMO/ 
9S5SIBLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO A CRAV+ = ACTION4 ,W> WAS SE5 AS ! CR[N+ 
RELIEF ( !IR 9DECISION4 ,AT LA/ ACTION1 IRRESPONSIBILITY1 ! 5D ( 
ANXI\S & TORTUR+ ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE PEACE-IDEALS ) ! DRAG ( ! 
WORLD T[>DS ,HELL4 ,AN 5D TO ! PA9 ( TRY+ TO ADJU/ ! FACTS TO :AT 
!Y \<T TO BE6 ,LET US CONSECRATE ! FACTS AS IDEAL6 ,LET US JO9 ! 
GREAS$ SLIDE T[>DS W>6 ,! MOM5TUM 9CREAS$4 ,HESITATIONS1 IRONIES1 
CONSCI5CES1 CONSID]ATIONS1 - ALL W]E DR[N$ 9 ! ELEM5TAL BL>E ( 
DO+ SOME?+ AGGRESSIVE1 COLOSSAL4 ,! NEW-F\ND ,SABBA? 0PEACEFULNESS 
( BE+ AT W>06 ,! ?ANKFULNESS ) :I* SO MANY 9TELLECTUALS LAY 
D[N & FLOAT$ ) ! CURR5T BETRAYS ! HESITATION & SUSP5SE 
?R\< :I* !Y HAD BE54 ,! ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITY IS A BRISK & HAPPY 
PLACE !SE DAYS4 ,SIMPLE1 UNQUE/ION+ ACTION HAS SUP]S$$ ! KNOTS ( 
?\<T4 ,! ?9K] DANCES ) REALITY4 

,) H[ MANY ( ! ACCEPTORS ( W> HAS IT BE5 MO/LY A DREAD ( 
9TELLECTUAL SUSP5SE8 ,IT IS A MI/AKE TO SUPPOSE ?AT 9TELLECTUALITY 
NECESS>ILY MAKES = SUSP5D$ JUDGM5TS4 ,! 9TELLECT CRAVES C]TITUDE4 
,IT TAKES EF=T TO KEEP IT SUPPLE & PLIABLE4 ,9 A TIME ( DANG] & 
DISA/] WE JUMP DESP]ATELY = SOME DOGMA TO CL+ TO4 ,! TIME COMES1 
IF WE TRY TO HOLD \T1 :5 \R N]VES >E SICK ) FATIGUE1 & WE SEIZE 
9 A GREAT HEAL+ WAVE ( RELEASE SOME DOCTR9E ?AT CAN IMM$IATELY BE 
TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTION4 ,NEUTRALITY MEANT SUSP5SE1 & SO IT BECAME ! 
OBJECT ( LOA?+ TO FRAY$ N]VES4 ,! VITAL MY? ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE 
PROVIDES A DOGMA TO JUMP TO4 ,) W> ! WORLD BECOMES MOTOR AGA9 & 
SPECULATION IS BRU%$ ASIDE LIKE COBWEBS4 ,! BLESS$ EMOTION ( SELF-DEF5SE 
9T]V5ES TOO1 :I* FOCUS$ MILLIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,A FEW KEEP UP A CRITICAL 
POSE AFT] W> IS BEGUN1 BUT S9CE !Y USUALLY ADVISE ACTION :I* IS 9 
ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPOND5CE ) :AT ! MASS IS ALREADY DO+1 !IR 
CRITICISM IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A RATIONALIZATION ( ! COMMON EMOTIONAL DRIVE4 

,! RESULTS ( W> ON ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS >E ALREADY APP>5T4 ,!IR 
?\<T BECOMES LITTLE MORE ?AN A DESCRIPTION & JU/IFICATION ( :AT IS 
GO+ ON4 ,!Y TURN UPON ANY RA% ONE :O CONT9UES IDLY TO SPECULATE4 ,ONCE 
! W> IS ON1 ! CONVICTION SPREADS ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ?\<T IS HELPLESS1 
?AT ! ONLY WAY ONE CAN C\NT IS AS A COG 9 ! GREAT :EEL4 ,!RE IS NO 
GOOD HOLD+ BACK4 ,WE >E TOLD TO DRY \R UNNOTIC$ & 9EFFECTIVE TE>S & 
PLUNGE 9TO ! GREAT WORK4 ,NOT ONLY IS EV]YONE =C$ 9TO L9E1 BUT ! 
NEW C]TITUDE BECOMES IDEALIZ$4 ,IT IS A NOBLE REALISM :I* OPPOSES ITSELF 
TO FUTILE OB/RUCTION & ! C[>DLY REFUSAL TO FACE FACTS4 ,?IS REALI/IC 
BOA/ IS SO L\D & SONOR\S ?AT ONE WOND]S :E!R REALISM IS ALWAYS A 
/]N & 9TELLIG5T GRAPPL+ ) REALITIES4 ,MAY IT NOT BE SOMETIMES A 
M]E SURR5D] TO ! ACTUAL1 AN ABDICATION ( ! IDEAL ?R\< A %E] 
FATIGUE FROM 9TELLECTUAL SUSP5SE8 ,! PACIFI/ IS R\NDLY SCOLD$ = 
REFUS+ TO FACE ! FACTS1 & = RETIR+ 9TO HIS [N WORLD ( 
S5TIM5TAL DESIRE4 ,BUT IS ! REALI/1 :O REFUSES TO *ALL5GE OR CRITICIZE 
FACTS1 5TITL$ TO ANY MORE CR$IT ?AN ?AT :I* COMES FROM FOLL[+ ! 
L9E ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE8 ,! REALI/ ?9KS HE AT LEA/ CAN CONTROL EV5TS 
BY L9K+ HIMSELF TO ! =CES ?AT >E MOV+4 ,P]HAPS HE CAN4 ,BUT IF IT 
IS A QUE/ION ( CONTROLL+ W>1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ! *ILD ON 
! BACK ( A MAD ELEPHANT IS TO BE ANY MORE EFFECTIVE 9 /OPP+ ! 
BEA/ ?AN IS ! *ILD :O TRIES TO /OP HIM FROM ! GR\ND4 ,! 
EX-HUMANIT>IAN1 TURN$ REALI/1 SNE]S AT ! SNOBBI% NEUTRALITY1 
COLOSSAL CONCEIT1 CROOK$ ?9K+1 DAZ$ S5SIBILITIES1 ( ?OSE :O >E 
/ILL UNABLE TO F9D ANY BALM ( CONSOLATION = ?IS W>4 ,WE MANUFACTURE 
CONSOLATIONS H]E 9 ,AM]ICA :ILE !RE >E PROBABLY NOT A DOZ5 M5 
FI<T+ 9 ,EUROPE :O DID NOT LONG AGO GIVE UP EV]Y REASON = !IR 
BE+ !RE EXCEPT ?AT NOBODY KNEW H[ TO GET !M AWAY4 

,BUT ! 9TELLECTUALS :OM ! CRISIS HAS CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO AN ACCEPTANCE ( 
W> HAVE PUT !MSELVES 9TO A T]RIFY+ /RATEGIC POSITION4 ,IT IS ONLY ON 
! CRAFT1 9 ! /REAM1 !Y SAY1 ?AT ONE HAS ANY *ANCE ( CONTROLL+ 
! CURR5T =CES = LIB]AL PURPOSES4 ,IF WE OB/RUCT1 WE SURR5D] ALL 
P[] = 9FLU5CE4 ,IF WE RESPONSIBLY APPROVE1 WE !N RETA9 \R P[] 
= GUID+4 ,WE WILL BE LI/5$ TO AS RESPONSIBLE ?9K]S1 :ILE ?OSE 
:O OB/UCT$ ! COM+ ( W> HAVE COMMITT$ 9TELLECTUAL SUICIDE & %ALL 
BE CA/ 9TO \T] D>KNESS4 ,CRITICISM BY ! RUL+ P[]S WILL ONLY BE 
ACCEPT$ FROM ?OSE 9TELLECTUALS :O >E 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! G5]AL 
T5D5CY ( ! W>4 ,WELL1 IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y MAY GUIDE1 BUT IF !IR /REAM 
LEADS TO DISA/] & ! FRU/RATION ( NATIONAL LIFE1 IS !IR GUID+ ANY 
MORE ?AN A PREF]5CE :E!R !Y %ALL GO OV] ! RI<T-H& OR ! 
LEFT-H& SIDE ( ! PRECIPICE8 ,MEAN:ILE1 H[EV]1 !RE IS COM=T ON 
BO>D4 ,BE ) US1 !Y CALL1 OR BE NEGLIGIBLE1 IRRRELEVANT4 ,DISS5T]S 
>E ALREADY EXCOMMUNICAT$4 ,IRRECONCILABLE RADICALS1 WR++ !IR H&S 
AMONG ! DEBRIS1 BECOME ! MO/ DESPICABLE & IMPOT5T ( M54 ,!RE 
SEEMS NO *OICE = ! 9TELLECTUAL BUT TO JO9 ! MASS ( ACCEPTANCE4 
,BUT AGA9 ! T]RIBLE DILEMMA >ISES1 - EI!R SUPPORT :AT IS GO+ ON1 
9 :I* CASE Y\ C\NT = NO?+ BECAUSE Y\ >E SWALL[$ 9 ! MASS 
& GREAT 9CALCULABLE =CES BE> Y\ ON2 OR REMA9 ALO(1 PASSIVELY 
RESI/ANT1 9 :I* CASE Y\ C\NT = NO?+ BECAUSE Y\ >E \TSIDE ! 
MA*9]Y ( REALITY4 

,IS !RE NO PLACE LEFT !N1 = ! 9TELLECTUAL :O CANNOT YET CRY/ALLIZE1 
:O DOES NOT DREAD SUSP5SE1 & IS NOT YET DRUGG$ ) FATIGUE8 ,! 
,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS1 9 !IR PREOCCUPATION ) REALITY1 SEEM TO HAVE 
=GOTT5 ?AT ! REAL 5EMY IS ,W> RA!R ?AN IMP]IAL ,G]MANY4 ,!RE IS 
WORK TO BE DONE TO PREV5T ?IS W> ( \RS FROM PASS+ 9TO POPUL> 
MY?OLOGY AS A HOLY CRUSADE4 ,:AT %ALL WE DO ) LEAD]S :O TELL US ?AT 
WE GO TO W> 9 MORAL SPOTLESSNESS1 OR :O MAKE 0DEMOCRACY0 SYNONYM\S ) 
A REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T8 ,!RE IS WORK TO BE DONE 9 /ILL %\T+ 
?AT ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y BYPRODUCTS WILL NOT JU/IFY ! W>1 OR MAKE 
W> ANY?+ ELSE ?AN ! MO/ NOXI\S COMPLEX ( ALL ! EVILS ?AT AFFLICT 
M54 ,!RE MU/ BE SOME TO F9D NO CONSOLATION :ATEV]1 & SOME TO SNE] 
AT ?OSE :O BUY ! *EAP EMOTION ( SACRIFICE4 ,!RE MU/ BE SOME 
IRRECONCILABLES LEFT :O WILL NOT EV5 ACCEPT ! W> ) WALRUS TE>S4 
,!RE MU/ BE SOME TO CALL UNCEAS+LY = PEACE1 & SOME TO 9SI/ ?AT 
! T]MS ( SETTLEM5T %ALL BE NOT ONLY LIB]AL BUT DEMOCRATIC4 ,!RE MU/ 
BE SOME 9TELLECTUALS :O >E NOT WILL+ TO USE ! OLD DISCR$IT$ C\NT]S 
AGA9 & TO SUPPORT A PEACE :I* W\LD LEAVE ALL ! OLD 9FLAMMABLE 
MAT]IALS ( >MAM5T LY+ AB\T ! WORLD4 ,!RE MU/ /ILL BE OPPOSITION 
TO ANY CONTEMPLAT$ 0LIB]AL0 WORLD-ORD] F\ND$ ON MILIT>Y COALITIONS4 
,! 0IRRECONCILABLE0 NE$ NOT BE DISLOYAL4 ,HE NE$ NOT EV5 BE 0IMPOSSIBILI/40 
,HIS APA?Y T[>DS W> %\LD TAKE ! =M ( A HI<T5$ 5]GY & 
5?USIASM = ! $UCATION1 ! >T1 ! 9TREPRETATION ?AT MAKE = LIFE 
9 ! MID/ ( ! WORLD ( DEA?4 ,! 9TELLECTUAL :O RETA9S HIS ANIMUS 
AGA9/ W> WILL PU% \T MORE BOLDLY ?AN EV] TO MAKE HIS CASE SOLID 
AGA9/ IT4 ,! OLD IDEALS CRUMBLE2 NEW IDEALS MU/ BE =G$4 ,HIS M9D 
WILL CONT9UE TO ROAM WIDELY & CEASELESSLY4 ,! ?+ HE WILL FE> MO/ 
IS PREMATURE CRY/ALLIZATION4 ,IF ! ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL CLASS RIVETS 
ITSELF TO A 0LIB]AL0 PHILOSOPHY ?AT P]PETUATES ! OLD ]RORS1 !RE 
WILL !N BE NE$ = 0DEMOCRATS0 :OSE TASK WILL BE TO DIVIDE1 CONFUSE1 
DI/URB1 KEEP ! 9TELLECTUAL WAT]S CON/ANTLY 9 MOTION TO PREV5T 
ANY SU* ICE FROM EV] =M+4 

,\R ,NOTES3 

 0,APPEAL TO ! ,CIVILIZ$ ,WORLD0 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#d1 BY N9ETY-?REE 
,G]MAN WRIT]S & TEA*]S4 ,9 IT !Y DEF5D$ ,G]MANY'S W> EF=T & PRAIS$ 
ITS MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T4 

 ,G]MAN G5]AL & MILIT>Y HI/ORIAN1 ,FRI$RI* VON ,B]NH>DI1 :OSE #aiab BOOK1 
0,G]MANY & ! ,NEXT ,W>01 ADVOCAT$ A W> ( CONQUE/ = ,G]MANY4 ,! BOOK 
WAS US$ = PROPAG&A PURPOSES BY ! ALLIES4 

 ,CAMPAIGN+ = ! ,PRESID5CY 9 #a#i#a#f1 ,WILSON PL$G$ HIMSELF TO NON9T]V5TION 
9 ! W> 9 ,EUROPE4 

 ,! ,LEAGUE TO ,5=CE ,PEACE1 ORGANIZ$ AS A NONP>TIZAN GR\P1 ADVOCAT$ A 
PO/W> LEAGUE ( NATIONS TO EMPLOY ECONOMIC SANCTIONS OR MILIT>Y =CE AGA9/ ANY 
MEMB] WAG+ W>4 

 ,! REF]5CES >E TO ,LORD ,BALF\R1 ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,SECRET>Y & =M] PRIME 
M9I/]1 & TO ,ELIHU ,ROOT4 ,BALF\R HEAD$ ! ,BRITI% W> MISSION TO ! ,U4,S4 9 
,APRIL #a#i#a#g4 ,ROOT WAS APPO9T$ 9 ! SAME MON? TO HEAD AN ,AM]ICAN MISSION TO 
REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA4 

7,S\RCE3 ,SEV5 ,>TS1 #a#i#a#g47 

,FROM 3 ,BIG,EYE4COM4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaf 3 ,! ,W> & ! ,9TELLECTUALS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #d1 #bag 3 ,! ,W> & ! ,9TELLECTUALS -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,W> & ! ,9TELLECTUALS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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