,! ,WORK]S' ,FI<T ,AGA9/ ,FASCISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ! ,AM]ICAN J\RNAL ,LIV+ ,M>XISM1 ,W9T] #a#i#d#a2 
,S\RCE3 ,JOHN ,GRAY'S ,>*IVE2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c2 
,PRO(READ3 BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

0,DEMOCRACY0 - A SELF-/YL$ NAME =  
 ! TRADITIONAL SET-UP ( PRES5T DAY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY - IS  
 FI<T+ A LOS+ BATTLE AGA9/ ! ATTACK+ =CES ( FASCISM 7NAZISM1  
 FALANGISM1 IRON GU>DISM1 & SO =?74 ,! WORK]S /& BY4 ,!Y SEEM  
 TO SAY AGA9 :AT !IR PR$ECESSORS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,P>IS  
 9 #a#h#d#i1 SAID 9 REG>D TO ! F9AL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LEAD]S ( A  
 SELF-DEFEAT$ LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & ! QUASI-FASCI/ *IEF ( A NEW  
 ,NAPOLEONIC IMP]IALISM1 ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4 

,!Y SAY 7AS 9T]PRET$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS71  
 0,C'E/ UNE AFFAIRE P\R ,MESSIEURS LES B\RGEOIS40 7,?IS TIME IT'S A MATT]  
 TO BE SETTL$ AMONG ! BOSSES47 

,! 0SECRET0 UND]LY+ ! V]BAL BATTLES  
 BETWE5 0TOTALIT>IANISM0 & 0ANTI-TOTALIT>IANISM0 & ! MORE  
 IMPORTANT DIPLOMATIC & MILIT>Y /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,AXIS & !  
 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN GR\P ( IMP]IALI/ P[]S IS ! HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT !  
 WOR/1 & ! MO/ 9TIMATE FOE ( DEMOCRACY TODAY IS NOT ,H]R ,HITL]1  
 BUT 0DEMOCRACY0 ITSELF4 

,YET ?IS IS NOT A PROBLEM ( 0SPLIT  
 P]SONALITY0 NOR CAN IT BE EXPLA9$ AS AN 09F]IORITY COMPLEX10 OR A  
 0FA!R COMPLEX10 OR ANY ( ! O!R L(TY CREATIONS ( ,FREUDIAN  
 PSY*OLOGY4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 A CONFLICT BETWE5 OLD AGE & Y\?1 OR1 AS  
 ,MRS4 ,L9DB]< PUTS IT1 BETWE5 0! =CES ( ! PA/ & ! =CES (  
 ! FUTURE40 

,! REAL FACTS UND]LY+ ALL !SE  
 HI<-S\ND+ PHRASES >E TO BE S\<T NO:]E ELSE BUT - RE5T]  
 ,M>X - 9 ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( ALL IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS1 ?AT IS1  
 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY OR 9 ! IMPASSE ?AT  
 MOD]N CAPITALISM HAS REA*$ 9 ! PRES5T PHASE ( ITS HI/ORICAL  
 DEVELOPM5T4 
,AMBIGUITIES ( ,DEMOCRACY 

,WE MU/ NOT1 H[EV]1 JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS4  
 ,BE=E WE EXPLA9 ! BASIC REASONS = ! AMBIGUITIES ( 0,DEMOCRACY0 9  
 ITS PRES5T 0FI<T0 AGA9/ ! FASCI/ *ALL5GE1 WE MU/ DEAL SOME:AT  
 MORE CLOSELY ) ! PH5OM5ON ITSELF4 ,WE MU/ %[ ?AT ! ASSUM$  
 SPLIT1 ?\< IT DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ANY PSY*OLOGICAL1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL OR  
 COSMIC S5SE1 DOES YET EXI/ AS A V]Y REAL SPLIT 9 :AT1 = WANT ( A  
 BETT] T]M1 WE %ALL CONT9UE TO CALL ! 0CLASS CONSCI\SNESS0 ( !  
 RUL+ /RATA ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 

,WE %ALL NOT WA/E \R TIME ) A DISCUSSION  
 ( ! MORE CONSPICU\S =MS 9 :I* ?IS CONDITION MANIFE/S ITSELF  
 - A WORLD-WIDE W> BETWE5 TWO EQUALLY CAPITALI/IC P>TS ( ?AT  
 ONE BIG CAPITALI/IC P[] ?AT RULES ! WORLD TODAY & ! OP5  
 DIVISION ( EA* ( ! FI<T+ P>TIES 9TO MUTUALLY OPPOS$ FACTIONS4  
 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT 9 \R TRULY 0,*9ESE0 AGE EV]Y P>TY & EV]Y  
 FACTION 5DEAVORS ABOVE ALL TO ''SAVE FACE0 BY HID+ ITS [N &  
 BORR[+1 ITS OPPON5TS' SLOGANS & BY PRET5D+ 0NOT TO (F] ANY  
 SOLUTION10 IT IS SUFFICI5TLY CLE> TODAY ?AT ! SAME DIVISIONS ?AT  
 BECAME VISIBLE 9 ! COLLAPSE ( ,NORWAY1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM1 & ,FRANCE  
 EXI/ & DEVELOP 9 V>I\S =MS BO? 9 ! ACTUALLY FI<T+1 & !  
 SO-CALL$ NEUTRAL 0DEMOCRACIES40 ,?IS ALONE IS SUFFICI5T TO PROVE ?AT  
 ! PRES5T 0W>0 IS FUNDAM5TALLY A 0CIVIL W>10 & WILL BE DECID$ 9  
 ! FUTURE1 JU/ AS IT HAS BE5 UP TO N[1 NOT BY ! RELATIVE MILIT>Y1  
 OR EV5 ! ECONOMIC1 /R5G? ( ! FI<T+ C\NTRIES1 BUT BY ! HELP  
 ?AT ! ATTACK+ =CE ( FASCISM WILL GET FROM ITS ALLIES )9 !  
 0DEMOCRATIC0 C\NTRIES4 ,! MA9 TASK ( ! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPHS IS TO  
 DEAL ) ! LESS CONSPICU\S MANN] 9 :I* ?IS 9T]NAL /RIFE  
 P]VADES ! 0CONSCI5CE0 ( EV]Y GR\P1 ( EV]Y 9/ITUTION1 &1 AS IT  
 W]E1 ( EV]Y S+LE MEMB] ( PRES5T-DAY 0DEMOCRATIC0  
 SOCIETY4 

,! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC TODAY HATES & FE>S !  
 GR[+ ?REAT ( FASCISM4 ,IT TAKES A F]V5T 9T]E/ 9 ! V>I\S  
 (FICIAL & NON-(FICIAL =MS ( ! SE>* = 0,TROJAN HORSES0 &  
 0FIF? COLUMNI/S40 ,IT GIRDS ITSELF = ! DEF5SE ( ! DEMOCRATIC  
 TRADITIONS AGA9/ ! ATTACK ?AT IS BR\<T NE>] \R %OES BY !  
 PROGRESS ( ! ,NAZI W> 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 & ,ASIA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN  
 9CREAS+ P>T ( ?IS ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC IS SECRETLY CONV9C$ ( !  
 SEV]AL MAT]IAL B5EFITS ?AT C\LD BE D]IV$ = ! SO-CALL$ ELITE  
 &1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 = ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE AS WELL1 FROM AN  
 ACCEPTANCE ( FASCI/ ME?ODS 9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMICS1 POLITICS1 &1  
 MAYBE1 EV5 = ! PROMOTION ( ! SO-CALL$ HI<] ,CULTURAL &  
 IDEOLOGICAL 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS APT TO REG>D ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS &  
 IDEALS = :I* IT IS PREP>$ TO 0FI<T0 AS A K9D ( 0FAUX FRAIS0 (  
 PRODUCTION1 ( CONDUCT+ ! BUS9ESS ( AN EFFICI5T MOD]N  
 ADM9I/RATION1 & ( FI<T+ A MOD]N W>4 ,IT NEV] S]I\SLY  
 CONSID]$ 0DEMOCRATIC0 ME?ODS IS AN ADEQUATE MEANS ( RUNN+ AN  
 IMPORTANT PRIVATE BUS9ESS1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 A BUS9ESS-LIKE TRADE  
 UNION4 ,IT W\LD PREF]1 ON ! :OLE1 TO HAVE ITS CAKE & EAT IT TOO1  
 ?AT IS1 TO APPLY ?OSE AMAZ+LY SUCCESSFUL NEW ME?ODS TO ! FULLE/  
 ADVANTAGE1 & YET AT ! SAME TIME1 SOMEH[ RETA9 A WORKABLE 0MAXIMUM0  
 ( ! TRADITIONAL 0DEMOCRATIC0 AM5ITIES4 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ?IS MORE OR LESS  
 PLATONIC ATTA*M5T TO ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC TRADITION1 9 SPITE ( !  
 ASSUM$LY GREAT] MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES ( ! FASCI/ ME?ODS1 (F]S SMALL  
 COM=T = ! REAL PROSPECTS ( DEMOCRACY 9 TIMES ( A S]I\S1 &  
 HI!RTO UNCONQU]ABLE CRISIS4 ,9 FACT1 AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( !  
 =EMO/ SPOKESM51 ! MO/ VOCIF]\S 0EXP]TS10 & ! TRUE/ FRI5DS  
 ( DEMOCRACY BEG9 TO EXPRESS SOME GRAVE D\BTS AS TO :E!R !IR  
 UNYIELD+ ALLEGIANCE TO ! 0UND]LY+ VALUES ( ! DEMOCRATIC ,AM]ICAN  
 TRADITION0 HAS NOT ALREADY DEG5]AT$ 9TO A CO/LY HOBBY ?AT ! NATION  
 MAY1 OR1 9 ! LONG RUN1 MAY NOT BE ABLE TO AF=D4 7,?IS S5TIM5T  
 BECAME MO/ EVID5T 9 ! ALL TOO RESPONSE ( ! GREAT] P>T ( !  
 ,AM]ICAN 0DEMOCRATIC0 PUBLIC TO ,ANNE ,L9DB]<'S BOOKLET47 

,!RE >E SOME DEF9ITE FIELDS 9 :I* EV5  
 ! MO/ F]V5T OPPOS]S ( ! RU?LESSNESS ( ! FASCI/ PR9CIPLES  
 ADMIT AN UND5IABLE SUP]IORITY ( TOTALIT>IAN A*IEVEM5TS4 ,!RE IS1  
 = EXAMPLE1 UNIV]SAL ADMIRATION = ! SPL5DID WORK DONE BY ! ,NAZI  
 PROPAG&A4 ,!RE IS WIDESPREAD BELIEF 9 ! FULL SUCCESS ( ! ,NAZI  
 ATTACK AGA9/ ! MO/ 9CURABLE PLAGUES ( MOD]N DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4  
 ,FASCISM IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE ABOLI%$ P]MAN5T MASS UNEMPLOYM5T &1 BY  
 ONE BOLD /ROKE1 TO HAVE RELEAS$ ! BRAKES PUT ON FREE 5T]PRISE BY  
 WAGES DISPUTES & LABOR UNRE/4 ,!RE IS A TACIT AGREEM5T ?AT AN  
 ALL-R\ND ADOPTION ( FASCI/ ME?ODS WILL BE NECESS>Y 9 TIME (  
 W>4 
,AN ,ECONOMIC ,PY?IA 

,! MO/ /RIK+ TE/IMONY TO PRES5T-DAY  
 DEMOCRACY'S IMPLICIT BELIEF 9 AN OV]:ELM+ SUP]IORITY ( FASCI/  
 ME?ODS IS TO BE F\ND 9 AN (FICIAL DOCUM5T PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#i1 BY  
 ! ,NATIONAL ,RES\RCES ,COMMITTEE1 ?AT DEALS ) ! BASIC  
 *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,ECONOMY4 .<#a.> ,WE %ALL MAKE AMPLE USE ( ?IS  
 REPORT :5 WE APPROA* ! MA9 QUE/ION ( \R PRES5T 9VE/IGATION4  
 ,= ! MOM5T1 H[EV]1 WE %ALL DISREG>D ! MOM5T\S DISCOV]IES MADE  
 BY ,DR4 ,G>D9] ,C4 ,MEANS & HIS /AFF ) REG>D TO ! PRES5T /ATE (  
 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY4 ,WE %ALL DEAL EXCLUSIVELY ) ! =ECA/ ( !  
 *ANCES = A SURVIVAL ( ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE ?AT IS REVEAL$ 9 !  
 G5]AL /ATEM5TS CONTA9$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION & CONCLUSION4 .<#b.> 

,! AU?ORS ( ! REPORT />T FROM  
 IMPRESSIVE DESCRIPTION ( ! WELL-KN[N 0FAILURE0 ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC  
 SY/EM TO USE ITS GIGANTIC RES\RCES EFFECTIVELY3 0,RES\RCES >E  
 WA/$ OR US$ 9EFFECTIVELY AS P>TS ( ! ORGANIZATION GET \T (  
 ADJU/M5T ) EA* O!R1 OR AS ! ORGANIZATION FAILS TO ADJU/ TO NEW  
 CONDITIONS2 AS 9DIVIDUALS FAIL TO F9D1 OR >E PREV5T$ FROM F9D+1  
 ! MO/ USEFUL FIELD ( ACTIVITY2 AS MAT]IAL RES\RCES >E UNUS$1 OR AS  
 !IR EFFECTIVE USE IS IMP$$ BY HUMAN B>RI]S2 & AS ! MO/  
 EFFECTIVE TE*NOLOGY IS NOT US$ OR ITS USE IS PREV5T$40 

,!Y ATTEMPT TO E/IMATE & PICTURE !  
 0MAGNITUDE ( WA/ES0 ?AT RESULT$ FROM ?IS FAILURE BO? DUR+ !  
 DEPRESSION & ! PREC$+ NON-DEPRESSION YE>S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS  
 E/IMATE ! DEPRESSION LOSS 9 NATIONAL 9COME DUE TO ! IDL5ESS ( M5  
 & MA*9ES FROM #aibi TO #aicg WAS 09 ! MAGNITUDE ( #b BILLION  
 DOLL>S WOR? ( GOODS & S]VICES40 ,?IS EXTRA 9COME W\LD HAVE BE5  
 5\< TO PROVIDE 0A NEW @s#f1 H\SE = EV]Y FAMILY 9 ! C\NTRY40 ,AT  
 ?IS CO/ 0! 5TIRE RAILROAD SY/EM ( ! C\NTRY C\LD HAVE BE5  
 SCRAPP$ & REBUILT FIVE TIMES OV]4'' ,IT IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! CO/ (  
 REBUILD+ ! :OLE ( ! EXI/+ 0AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PLANT0  
 ( ! NATION4 .<#c.> ,EV5 9 !  
 PEAK PRE-DEPRESSION YE>1 #a#i#b#i1 BO? PRODUCTION & NATIONAL 9COME C\LD  
 HAVE BE5 9CREAS$ #ai P]C5T BY M]ELY PUTT+ TO WORK ! M5 &  
 MA*9ES ?AT W]E IDLE 9 ?AT YE>1 EV5 )\T ! 9TRODUCTION (  
 IMPROV$ TE*NIQUES ( PRODUCTION4 .<#d.>  

,! AU?ORS !N GO ON TO DEAL ) !  
 0IMPACT0 ( ?IS WA/E UPON ! COMMUNITY AS REFLECT$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T  
 ( A 0S5SE ( SOCIAL FRU/RATION0 & 9 0JU/IFI$ SOCIAL UNRE/ &  
 UNAVOIDABLE FRICTION40 ,!Y BEG91 H[EV] TO %[ A WAV]+ 9 !IR  
 DEMOCRATIC CONVICTIONS :5 !Y PROCE$1 9 ! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPH TO  
 DISCUSS ! 0TREM5D\S OPPORTUNITY0 & ! 0GREAT *ALL5GE0 ?AT ?IS  
 V]Y WA/E ( RES\RCES & MANP[] PRES5TS = ! ,AM]ICAN NATION  
 TODAY4 ,! 0GREAT *ALL5GE0 = DEMOCRACY ASSUMES AT ONCE ! S9I/]  
 FEATURES ( AN IMP5D+ TRAG$Y3 0,H[ LONG ?IS OPPORTUNITY WILL BE  
 OP5 TO ! ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY 9VOLVES A S]I\S QUE/ION4 ,!  
 OPPORTUNITY = A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+ IS SO GREAT1 ! SOCIAL  
 FRU/RATION FROM ! FAILURE TO OBTA9 IT SO REAL1 ?AT O!R MEANS WILL  
 UND\BT$LY BE S\<T IF A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION IS NOT WORK$ \T4 ,! TIME  
 = F9D+ SU* A SOLUTION IS NOT UNLIMIT$40 ,& !Y REVEAL !IR  
 9MO/ S5TIM5T AS TO ! PROBABILITIES ( A 0DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION0 (  
 ?AT TREM5D\S TASK BY ! V]Y LANGUAGE 9 :I* !Y F9ALLY 0/ATE !  
 PROBLEM0 >IS+ FROM ! RESULTS ( !IR  
 9VE/IGATION4 

,?IS PROBLEM1 ! BASIC PROBLEM FAC+  
 ECONOMIC /ATESMAN%IP TODAY1 CAN BE /AT$ AS FOLL[S43 ,H[ CAN WE  
 GET EFFECTIVE USE ( \R RES\RCES1 ,Y,E,T1 ,A,T ,! ,S,A,M,E ,T,I,M,E PRES]VE !  
 UND]LY+ VALUES 9 \R TRADITION ( LIB]TY & DEMOCRACY8 ,H[ CAN  
 WE EMPLOY \R UNEMPLOY$1 H[ CAN WE USE \R PLANT & EQUIPM5T TO !  
 FULL1 H[ CAN WE TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 ,Y,E,T ,9 ,A,L,L ,?,I,S  
 MAKE ! 9DIVIDUAL ! S\RCE ( VALUE & 9DIVIDUAL FULFILLM5T 9  
 SOCIETY ! BASIC OBJECTIVE8 ,H[ CAN WE OBTA9 EFFECTIVE  
 ORGANIZATION ( RES\RCES ,Y,E,T ,A,T ,! ,S,A,M,E ,T,I,M,E RETA9 ! MAXIMUM FRE$OM  
 ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION8 

,?IS SAME DEFEATI/IC S5TIM5T P]VADES1 AS  
 IT W]E1 ! :OLE ( ?IS O!RWISE MO/ VALUABLE (FICIAL DOCUM5T4  
 ,!RE IS NO:]E AN UNAMBIGU\S ATTEMPT TO CLAIM = ! DEMOCRATIC  
 PR9CIPLES ANY MAT]IAL VALUE OR USEFULNESS = RE/OR+ ! GOOD OLD  
 DAYS ( CAPITALISM OR = BR++ AB\T AN EV5 GREAT] EXPANSION = !  
 PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ BUT  
 A S5TIM5TAL CRAV+ = A POLICY ?AT W\LD NOT BE ALTOGE!R  
 9COMPATIBLE ) A MORE OR LESS V]BAL ALLEGIANCE TO A FEW REMNANTS (  
 ! 0DEMOCRATIC0 & 0LIB]AL0 TRADITIONS & :AT MI<T YET WORK AS WELL  
 AS ! FASCI/ ME?ODS1 :I* !Y NEV] QUE/ION4 ,?US ! :OLE ( !  
 PR\D ATTEMPT TO CONQU] A NEW WORLD ( PROSP]ITY & ( FULL USE (  
 RES\RCES & MANP[] = ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY BOILS D[N TO A  
 PRON\NCEM5T AB\T ! RESULT ( ! IMP5D+ /RUGGLE BETWE5 DEMOCRACY  
 & FASCISM ?AT 9 ITS S9I/] AMBIGUITY RIVALS ! WELL-KN[N ORACLE (  
 ! PRIE/ESS ( ,DELPHI4 0,IF ,CROESUS SETS \T TO CONQU] ! C\NTRY  
 BEYOND ! ,HALYS1 HE WILL DE/ROY A GREAT EMPIRE10 SAID ! ORACLE (  
 ANCI5T ,GREECE4 0,IF ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T ( ! ,U,S,A SETS \T TO CONQU]  
 ! PROBLEMS ( UNUS$ RES\RCES & MASS UNEMPLOYM5T1 IT WILL DE/ROY AN  
 IMPORTANT =M ( GOV]NM5T10 E*OES ! ECONOMIC ORACLE ( \R  
 TIME4 
,A ,NEW ,FI<T+ ,GR\ND 

,IT APPE>S FROM ! PREC$+ OBS]VATIONS  
 ?AT ! WORK]S >E QUITE RI<T IF !Y ?9K TWICE BE=E !Y LI/5 TO  
 ! G5]\S 9VITATIONS EXT5D$ TO !M FROM EV]Y QU>T]1 9CLUD+  
 MO/ ( !IR =M] LEAD]S1 TO =GET = ! TIME BE+ AB\T !IR [N  
 COMPLA9TS AGA9/ CAPITAL & TO JO9 :OLEHE>T$LY ! FI<T AGA9/  
 ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! WORK]S CANNOT P>TICIPATE 9 0DEMOCRACY'S FI<T  
 AGA9/ FASCISM0 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !RE IS NO SU* FI<T4 ,TO  
 FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM MEANS = ! WORK]S 9 ! HI!RTO DEMOCRATIC  
 C\NTRIES TO FI<T FIR/ ( ALL AGA9/ ! DEMOCRATIC BRAN* ( FASCISM  
 )9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,TO BEG9 !IR [N FI<T AGA9/ ! NEW &  
 MORE OPPRESSIVE =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT IS CONCEAL$ 9 ! V>I\S =MS  
 ( PSEUDO-SOCIALISM (F]$ TO !M TODAY1 !Y HAVE FIR/ TO FREE  
 !MSELVES FROM ! IDEA ?AT IT MI<T /ILL BE POSSIBLE = PRES5T-DAY  
 CAPITALISM TO 0TURN ! CLOCK BACK0 & TO RETURN TO TRADITIONAL  
 PRE-FASCI/ CAPITALISM4 ,!Y MU/ LE>N TO FI<T FASCISM ON ITS [N GR\ND  
 :I*1 AS WE HAVE SAID BE=E1 IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ! V]Y  
 POPUL>1 BUT 9 FACT SELF-DE/RUCTIVE1 ADVICE ?AT ! ANTI-FASCI/S  
 %\LD LE>N TO FI<T FASCISM BY ADOPT+ FASCI/ ME?ODS4 

,TO /EP FROM ! GR\ND ON :I* ! WORK]S'  
 CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM WAS WAG$ 9 ! PREC$+ EPO* TO !  
 GR\ND ON :I* IT MU/ BE CONT9U$ TODAY PRESUPPOSES FULL 9SI<T 9TO A  
 HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT IS NOT LESS A FACT BECAUSE IT HAS S]V$ AS A  
 !ORETICAL BASIS = ! CLAIMS ( FASCISM4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT HAS  
 F9ALLY >RIV$ TODAY CAN BE DESCRIB$1 AS A FIR/ APPROA*1 EI!R  
 NEGATIVELY OR POSITIVELY1 9 ANY ( ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 ,5D ( !  
 ,M>KET1 ,5D ( ,COMPETITIVE ,CAPITALISM1 0,5D ( ,ECONOMIC ,MAN02 ,TRIUMPH (  
 ,BUREAUCRACY1 ( ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,RULE1 ( ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITALISM2 ,]A (  
 ,RUSSIAN ,F\R ,YE> ,PLANS1 ,ITALIAN ,:EAT ,BATTLES1 ,G]MAN 0,WEHRWIRTS*AFT02  
 ,TRIUMPH ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM OV] ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY & ,9DIVIDUAL  
 ,5T]PRISE4  

,! T5D5CY T[>D ?IS TRANS=MATION WAS  
 FIR/ 5VISAG$ BY ! E>LY SOCIALI/S 9 !IR CRITICISM ( !  
 MILL5NIAL HOPES ( ! B\RGEOIS APO/LES ( FREE TRADE4 ,IT WAS LAT]  
 MORE & MORE NEGLECT$ BY ! SOCIALI/ WRIT]S 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO ADOPT  
 !IR !ORIES TO ! NE$S ( ! PROGRESSIVE FRACTIONS ( !  
 B\RGEOISIE4 ,:5 IT WAS F9ALLY REVIV$1 >\ND ! TURN ( ! PRES5T  
 C5TURY1 IT WAS ALREADY DE/9$ AS WE CAN SEE TODAY - TO S]VE NOT  
 ! PURPOSES ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 BUT RA!R ! AIMS ( !  
 IMP]CEPTIBLY GR[+ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,WE %ALL PRES5TLY SEE ?AT TODAY  
 ANY FUR!R D5IAL ( ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE EV5 =  
 H>D-BOIL$ DEF5D]S ( ! TRADITIONAL DREAMS ( B\RGEOIS  
 ECONOMY4 
,! ,CORPORATE ,COMMUNITY 

,= A MORE DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION & FACTUAL  
 CONFIRMATION ( ?IS G5]AL /ATEM5T WE TURN AGA9 TO ! ABOVE  
 DISCUSS$ DOCUM5T :I* CONTA9S1 AS F> AS ! WRIT] CAN SEE1 BY F>  
 ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE1 ! MO/ RELIABLE &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MO/  
 DRAMATICALLY PRES5T$ 9=MATION ON ! SUBJECT4 ,:5 ?IS GOV]NM5T  
 REPORT ON ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY FIR/ BECAME KN[N TO !  
 ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC1 ! *IEF S5SATION WAS CREAT$ BY ITS C>EFUL  
 /ATI/ICAL PRO( ?AT EV5 ! BOLDE/ E/IMATES PREVI\SLY MADE W]E F>  
 BEL[ ! DEGREE ( MONOPOLI/IC CONC5TRATION ACTUALLY REA*$ BY  
 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! /ATI/ICS GIV5 & EXPLA9$ 9  
 ,*APT]S #g & #i & ,APP5DICES #i-#a#c ( ! REPORT - ?AT BR+  
 UP-TO-DATE ! FIGURES PUBLI%$ 9 #aic BY ,B]LE & ,MEANS 9 ,! ,MOD]N  
 ,CORPORATION & ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY - ! ONE HUNDR$ L>GE/  
 MANUFACTUR+ COMPANIES ( ?IS C\NTRY 9 #aice EMPLOY$ #b4#g P]C5T (  
 ALL ! MANP[] 5GAG$ 9 MANUFACTUR+2 ACC\NT$ = #c#b4#d P]C5T (  
 ! VALUE ( PRODUCTS REPORT$ BY ALL MANUFACTUR+ PLANTS2 &  
 CONTRIBUT$ #b#d4#g P]C5T ( ALL ! VALUE ADD$ 9 MANUFACTUR+  
 ACTIVITY4 

,AL?\< !RE >E SOME CASES 9 :I* !SE  
 L>GE CORPORATIONS COMPRISE ALMO/ ! :OLE ( A P>TICUL> 9DU/RY  
 7/EEL1 PETROLEUM1 REF9+1 RUBB] & CIG>ETTE MANUFACTUR+71  
 MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES ON ! AV]AGE CANNOT COMPETE ) ! MU*  
 HI<] DEGREE ( CONC5TRATION ?AT HAS BE5 REA*$ BY ! RAILROADS &  
 PUBLIC UTILITIES4 ,( ! TOTAL NUMB] ( ! TWO HUNDR$ 0L>GE/  
 NON-F9ANCIAL CORPORATIONS ?AT >E LI/$ 9 ! REPORT1 APPROXIMATELY  
 HALF >E RAILROADS & UTILITIES2 ! RAILROADS 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS LI/ 9  
 #aice OP]AT$ OV] #i P]C5T ( ! RAILROAD MILEAGE ( ! C\NTRY1  
 :ILE ! ELECTRIC UTILITIES ACC\NT$ = #h P]C5T ( ! ELECTRIC  
 P[] PRODUCTION1 = MO/ ( ! TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH S]VICES ( !  
 ,U,S,A1 & A L>GE P>T ( ! RAPID TRANSIT FACILITIES ( ,NEW ,YORK1  
 ,*ICAGO1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,BO/ON1 & ,BALTIMORE4 ,NO LESS /RIK+ >E !  
 FIGURES RELAT+ TO ! FIFTY 0L>GE/ F9ANCIAL CORPORATIONS0 9CLUD+  
 ?IRTY BANKS1 SEV5TE5 LIFE-9SURANCE COMPANIES1 & ?REE 9VE/M5T  
 TRU/S1 EA* ) ASSETS ( OV] #b MILLION DOLL>S4 ,! ?IRTY BANKS  
 TOGE!R HOLD #c#d4#c P]C5T ( ! BANK+ ASSETS ( ! C\NTRY \TSIDE (  
 ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE ,BANKS1 :ILE ! SEV5TE5 LIFE-9SURANCE COMPANIES  
 ACC\NT = OV] #h#a4#e P]C5T ( ! ASSETS ( ALL LIFE-9SURANCE  
 COMPANIES4 ,!RE IS AN EQUALLY HI< DEGREE ( CONC5TRATION 9 ! FIELD  
 ( GOV]NM5T ACTIVITIES4 ,! TW5TY 0L>GE/ GOV]NM5T UNITS0 TOGE!R  
 EMPLOY #df P]C5T ( ALL ! MANP[] EMPLOY$ 9 GOV]NM5T1 EXCLUD+  
 WORK-RELIEF PROGRAMS4 ,! L>GE/ ( !SE1 ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 IS BY  
 F> ! L>GE/ S+LE 0CORPORATION0 9 ! C\NTRY2 ! PO/ (FICE ALONE  
 EMPLOY$ 9 #aice NE>LY AS MANY P]SONS AS ! L>GE/ CORPORATE  
 EMPLOY]4 

,ALL !SE FIGURES1 H[EV]1 DO NOT TELL HALF  
 ! /ORY ( ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS CONC5TRATION4 ,MU* MORE IS %[N BY A  
 BREAKD[N ( ! TOTAL NUMB] 9TO MAJOR 9DU/RIAL CATEGORIES & BY AN  
 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! GR[? ( ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ALL  
 NON-F9ANCIAL CORPORATIONS 9 #aii TO OV] FIFTY F\R P]C5T 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,&  
 ! :OLE PICTURE BEG9S TO REVEAL ITS TRUE SIGNIFICANCE :5 ! REPORT  
 5DEAVORS TO %[ ! TREM5D\S DEGREE ( 9T]RELATION%IPS ?R\<  
 :I* 0! MANAGEM5TS ( MO/ ( ! L>G] CORPORATIONS >E BR\<T  
 TOGE!R 9 :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY0 .<EMPHASIS BY ,K4  
 ,K4.>4 ,?IS IS 9DE$ A PICTURE ?AT MI<T CURE ! ILLUSIONS ( ! MO/  
 9NOC5T BELIEV]S 9 ?AT 0SPIRIT ( FREE 5T]PRISE0 ?AT MU/ BE  
 PROTECT$ BY 0ALL MEANS %ORT ( W>0 FROM ! S9I/] ?REAT (  
 0TOTALIT>IANISM40 ,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?AT ECONOMIC  
 0CO-ORD9ATION0 ?AT IS A*IEV$1 & SOMETIMES NOT A*IEV$1 BY !  
 POLITICAL DECREES ( VICTORI\S NAZISM1 FASCISM1 & BOL%EVISM1 & ?IS  
 NEW 0CORPORATE COMMUNITY0 ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY A SL[ BUT REL5TLESS  
 PROCESS 9 ?IS C\NTRY ?R\< ! SY/EM ( 09T]LOCK+ DIRECTORATES10  
 ?R\< ! ACTIVITIES ( ! MAJOR F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ?R\<  
 P>TICUL> 9T]E/ GR\P+S1 ?R\< FIRMS R5D]+ LEGAL1 ACC\NT+1  
 & SIMIL> S]VICES TO ! L>G] CORPORATIONS1 ?R\< 09T]CORPORATE  
 /OCKHOLD+S10 & A NUMB] ( O!R DEVICES4 

,AFT] A C>EFUL /UDY ( ! WORK+ ( ALL  
 !SE DIFF]5T DEVICES ! REPORT REA*ES ITS CLIMAX BY DISCLOS+ ?AT  
 NO LESS ?AN #af ( ! A=ESAID #be L>GE/ 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL  
 CORPORATIONS & NE>LY TWO-?IRDS ( !IR COMB9$ ASSETS >E CONTROLL$  
 BY ONLY 0EI<T MORE OR LESS CLE>LY DEF9$ 9T]E/ GR\PS40 7,EV5 ?IS  
 E/IMATE1 AS PO9T$ \T BY1 ! AU?ORS !MSELVES1 FALLS F> %ORT (  
 REALITY3 0,NO ATTEMPT IS MADE TO 9CLUDE ! ASSETS ( SMALL]  
 CORPORATIONS FALL+ )9 ! SAME SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE1 ?\< MANY SU*  
 C\LD BE NAM$40 ,O!R & MORE IMPORTANT %ORTCOM+S WILL BE DISCUSS$  
 BEL[47 ,TO GIVE AN IDEA ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS FACT1 WE MU/ RE/RICT  
 \RSELVES TO A FEW DATA CONC]N+ EA* ( ?OSE EI<T MAMMO?  
 GR\PS4 

 7#a7 ,MORGAN-,FIR/ ,NATIONAL4 ,9CLUDES ?IRTE5  
 9DU/RIAL CORPORATIONS1 TWELVE UTILITIES1 ELEV5 MAJOR RAILROADS OR  
 RAILROAD SY/EMS 7CONTROLL+ #bf P]C5T ( ! RAILROAD MILEAGE ( !  
 C\NTRY71 & FIVE BANKS4 ,TOTAL ASSETS3 
  
 7,MILLIONS ( DOLL>S7 ,9DU/RIALS  
 #c1#i#b ,UTILITIES  
 #a#b1#a#i#a ,RAILS  
 #i1#f#g#h ,BANKS  
 #adba ,TOTAL  
 #c1#b#a  

7#b7 ,ROCKEFELL]4 ,CONTROLS SIX OIL COMPANIES  
 7SUCCESSORS TO ! DISSOLV$ ,/&>D ,OIL ,CO47 REPRES5T+ #d1#b#f#b  
 MILLION DOLL>S1 OR MORE ?AN HALF ( ! TOTAL ASSETS ( ! OIL  
 9DU/RY1 & ONE BANK 7,*ASE ,NATIONAL1 ! C\NTRY'S L>GE/ BANK2  
 ASSETS3 #b1#c#e#a MILLION DOLL>S7 4 

 7#c7 ,KUHN1 ,LOEB4 ,CONTROLS  
 ?IRTE5 MAJOR RAILROADS OR RAILROAD SY/EMS 7#b#b P]C5T ( ! RAILROAD  
 MILEAGE ( ! C\NTRY71 ONE UTILITY1 & ONE BANK4 ,TOTAL ASSETS3  
 #a1#h#e#c MILLION DOLL>S4 

 7#d7 ,MELLON4 ,CONTROLS AB\T N9E 9DU/RIAL  
 CORPORATIONS1 ONE RAILROAD1 TWO UTILITIES1 TWO BANKS4 ,TOTAL  
 ASSETS3 #c1#c#c#b MILLION DOLL>S4 

 7#e7 ,*ICAGO GR\P4 ,CONTROLS ON  
 ! BASIS ( 9T]LOCK+ DIRECTORATES F\R 9DU/RIAL CORPORATIONS1  
 ?REE UTILITIES1 F\R BANKS4 ,TOTAL ASSETS3 #d1#b#f#f MILLION  
 DOLL>S4 

 7#f7 ,DU ,PONT4 ,COMPRISES ?REE TOP RANK 9DU/RIAL  
 CORPORATIONS & ONE BANK4 ,TOTAL ASSETS3 #b1#f#b#h MILLION  
 DOLL>S4 

 7#g7 ,CLEVEL& GR\P4 ,! ,MA!R 9T]E/S CONTROL ?R\<  
 ! ,CLEVEL&-,CLIFFS ,IRON ,CO4 ! F\R SO-CALL$ 9DEP5D5T /EEL  
 COMPANIES2 CONTROL TWO O!R 9DU/RIAL CORPORATIONS & ONE BANK1 ,TOTAL  
 ASSETS3 #a1#d#d MILLION DOLL>S4 

 7#h7 ,BO/ON GR\P4 ,9CLUDES F\R  
 9DU/RIAL CORPORATIONS1 TWO UTILITIES1 ONE BANK4 ,TOTAL ASSETS3  
 #a1#g#a#i MILLION DOLL>S4 

,9 9T]PRET+ ?IS LI/1 ! READ] %\LD  
 HAVE 9 M9D ?AT IT IS F> FROM COMPLETE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! AU?ORS1  
 ON PR9CIPLE1 HAVE ONLY CONSID]$ 9T]CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! #be  
 L>GE/ NON-F9ANCIAL & F9ANCIAL CORPORATIONS4 ,EV5 )9 !SE  
 LIMITS1 MANY CORPORATIONS ?AT >E 0FAIRLY CLOSELY RELAT$ ) ONE OR  
 ANO!R ( !SE GR\PS0 HAVE BE5 LEFT \T = TE*NICAL REASONS4 ,=  
 EXAMPLE1 ! GIANT ,9T]NATIONAL ,PAP] & ,P[] ,CORPORATION ?AT IS  
 EQUALLY CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ,BO/ON & ,ROCKEFELL] WAS !RE=E ASSIGN$  
 TO NEI!R ! ,BO/ON NOR ! ,ROCKEFELL] GR\PS4 ,T5 EQUALLY IMPORTANT  
 L9KS BETWE5 ! EI<T BIG 9T]E/ GR\PS >E CONSID]$ 9 ! APP5DIX  
 BUT >E ONLY SLI<TLY T\*$ UPON 9 ! BODY ( ! REPORT4 

,EV5 ) !SE RE/RICTIONS1 ! CORPORATE  
 COMMUNITY AS DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS REPORT APPE>S AS A MOM5T\S CONC5TRATION  
 ( ECONOMIC & ?US ALSO ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,! REPORT DOES NOT D5Y !  
 IMPORTANCE ( ! CONTROLS ?AT ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY 0EX]CISES OV]  
 ! POLICIES ( ! L>G] CORPORATIONS1 ?R\< !M AFFECT+ ! :OLE  
 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY40 ,IT IS EQUALLY AW>E ( !IR POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE4  
 ,JU/ AS ! CONTROLS EX]CIS$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ 9T]E/ GR\PS  
 - ! BIG ASSOCIATIONS ( CAPITAL & LABOR1 BY ORGANIZATIONS (  
 F>M]S & ( CONSUM]S1 OP]ATE ?R\< GOV]NM5T1 SO ALSO DO 0SOME (  
 ! CONTROLS EX]CIS$ BY ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY OP]ATE ?R\<  
 GOV]NM5T40 ,YET1 SAYS ! REPORT3 0IT IS NOT 9T5D$ TO IMPLY ?AT  
 !SE AGGREGATIONS ( CAPITAL EV] ACT AS A UNIT UND] ! RULE (  
 9DIVIDUAL OR OLIG>*IC DICTATOR%IPS4 ,! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONT5T (  
 ! RELATION%IPS :I* B9D !M TOGE!R IS F> MORE SUBTLE & V>I$  
 ?AN ?IS40 ,IT W\LD NOT BE EASY TO DET]M9E JU/ :AT DEGREE ( SUBTLETY  
 & V>IETY SEP>ATES A DEMOCRATIC FROM A DICTATORIAL EX]CISE ( AN  
 UNCONTROLL$ P[]4 ,WE HAVE TO TRU/1 9/EAD1 ! JUDGM5T ( \R  
 EXP]TS :5 !Y TELL US ?AT ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY AS EXI/+ 9 !  
 ,U,S,A TODAY IS NOT A DICTATOR%IP2 IT IS ONLY A 0CONC5TRATION ( !  
 ECONOMIC LEAD]%IP 9 ! H&S ( A FEW40 
,! ,5D ( ! ,M>KET 

,! =EGO+ DESCRIPTION ( ! DEGREE (  
 CONC5TRATION REA*$ BY ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM DOES NOT BY ITSELF ANSW]  
 ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION AS TO :E!R ! PRES5T /RUCTURE ( ?IS ECONOMY  
 /ILL CON=MS TO ! TRADITIONAL PR9CIPLES ( 0DEMOCRATIC0 CAPITALISM1  
 OR :E!R IT ALREADY1 ASSUMES ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( PRES5T-DAY  
 ,NAZI1 FASCI/1 & ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMICS4 ,REC5T HI/ORY HAS %[N ?AT A  
 0TOTALIT>IAN0 =M ( GOV]NM5T C\LD JU/ AS WELL BE IMPOS$ UPON !  
 COMP>ATIVELY1 BACKW>D ECONOMIES ( ,RUSSIA1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 & SO ON AS  
 UPON ?AT MO/ HI<LY1 CONC5TRAT$ TYPE ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY :I*  
 EXI/$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT W\LD BE 0!ORETICALLY0 POSSIBLE  
 TO IMAG9E1 A DEVELOPM5T BY :I* A HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ CAPITALI/  
 ECONOMY W\LD /ILL RETA91 9 AN UNALT]$ =M1 ! :OLE ( !  
 9T]NAL /RUCTURE ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY CAPITALISM4 

,! ACTUAL TRU? ?AT IS REVEAL$ 9 ANO!R  
 &1 TO ! WRIT]1 MO/ SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ,DR4 ,MEANS' REPORT IS ?AT  
 ?IS MIRACLE HAS NOT HAPP5$ & ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EXT]NAL  
 *ANGE ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY HAS BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY AN  
 EV5 MORE 9CISIVE TRANS=MATION 9 ITS 9T]NAL /RUCTURE & OP]AT+  
 POLICIES4 

,AM]ICAN ECONOMY TODAY NO LONG] RECEIVES ITS  
 DECISIVE IMPULSES FROM ! COMPETITION ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES 9 AN  
 UNCONTROLL$ 70FREE07 M>KET1 BUT HAS BECOME1 BY & L>GE1 A MANIPULAT$  
 SY/EM4 ,GOODS >E /ILL PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES4 ,!RE IS /ILL SOME?+  
 ?AT IS CALL$ 0PRICES10 & !RE >E /ILL ! ?REE CAPITALI/  
 0M>KETS0 - GOODS1 LABOR1 & SECURITIES4 ,!RE EV5 REMA9 SOME  
 SIZABLE >EAS 9 :I* ! 0PRICE ( AN >TICLE CAN /ILL ACT1 AFT] A  
 FA%ION1 AS A REGULATOR ( PRODUCTION40 0,! PROPORTION ( COTTON & CORN  
 PLANT$ ON ,>KANSAS F>MS V>IES FROM YE> TO YE> ) *ANG+  
 RELATION%IPS 9 ! PRICES ( ?OSE CROPS1 & REFLECTS ! OP]ATION (  
 M>KETS AS AN ORGANIZ+ 9FLU5CE40 ,YET \TSIDE ( ?OSE 9CREAS+LY  
 RE/RICT$ >EAS - AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS & LI/$ SECURITIES  
 - ! BULK ( 0PRICES10 9CLUD+ LABOR RATES1 >E NO LONG]  
 E/ABLI%$ 9 FREE M>KETS4 ,!Y >E MANIPULAT$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE  
 DECISIONS ?AT >E 9FLU5C$ TO A V>Y+ EXT5T1 BUT NO LONG]  
 - AS ( OLD - /RICTLY & DIRECTLY DET]M9$ BY M>KET  
 CONDITIONS4 ,?IS APPE>S1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! :OLESALE PRICE (  
 AUTOMOBILES & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS ?AT >E SET & *ANG$ FROM TIME  
 TO TIME BY ! RESPECTIVE MANUFACTUR]S1 & ?US RESULT FROM  
 0ADM9I/RATIVE0 DECISIONS4 

,! READ] %\LD BE C>EFUL H]E TO  
 DI/+UI% BETWE5 ?OSE ELEM5TS )9 ! 0ADM9I/RATIVE0  
 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION ?AT HAVE LONG EXI/$ & HAVE *ANG$ 9  
 DEGREE ( IMPORTANCE ONLY1 & ?AT O!R ASPECT ?AT IS 5TIRELY NEW &  
 IS /ILL WIDELY IGNOR$ BY TRADITIONALLY M9D$ ECONOMI/S4 

,! M]E FACT ?AT ADM9I/RATIVE RULE  
 REPLACES ! ME*ANISM ( ! M>KET 9 ! COORD9ATION ( ECONOMIC  
 ACTIVITIES )9 ! LIMITS ( A S+LE 5T]PRISE HAS NO NOVELTY = !  
 ,M>XI/4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT EV5 ?IS FACT ASSUMES A NEW IMPORTANCE UND]  
 CONDITIONS ( MOD]N CONC5TRATION AS 9 ! CASE ( ,AM]ICA'S L>GE/  
 5T]PRISE1 ,A4,T4@&,T41 ! ACTIVITIES ( OV] #d#e1 P]SONS >E  
 COORD9AT$ )9 ONE ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT !RE  
 HAS BE5 A GREAT 9CREASE 9 ! PROPORTION 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC  
 ACTIVITIES ( ! PRODUC+ COMMUNITY >E ADM9I/RATIVELY COORD9AT$  
 7)9 S+LE 5T]PRISES7 AS AGA9/ ?AT 9 :I* !Y >E /ILL  
 COORD9AT$ ?R\< ! %IFT+ ( PRICES & ! 9T]ACTION ( A L>GE  
 NUMB] ( 9DEP5D5T SELL]S & BUY]S 9 ! M>KET4 

,! DECISIVE PROBLEM1 H[EV]1 ?AT HAS TO BE  
 9VE/IGAT$ IF ONE WANTS TO GRASP ! PROCESS ?AT HAS REC5TLY  
 UND]M9$ ! TRADITIONAL DEMOCRATIC *>ACT] ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IS  
 CONTA9$ 9 ! QUE/ION ( H[ F> ?AT *ANGE ( PROPORTION REFLECTS  
 ITSELF 9 ! :OLE /RUCTURE & OP]ATION ( PRES5T-DAY ,AM]ICAN  
 ECONOMY4 ,IT IS ! GREAT M]IT ( ! AU?ORS ( ?IS REPORT ?AT !Y  
 HAVE 9VE/IGAT$ ?AT DECISIVE PROBLEM TO ! FULL & ?AT !Y >E  
 ABSOLUTELY UNAMBIGU\S & \TSPOK5 AB\T ! RESULTS ( !IR  
 9VE/IGATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY AS A :OLE HAS BE5  
 TRANS=M$ 0FROM ONE REGULAT$ BY IMP]SONAL COMPETITION TO ONE 9 :I*  
 POLICIES >E ADM9I/RATIVELY DET]M9$40 

,!Y NEV] TIRE ( REPEAT+ ?IS MO/  
 IMPORTANT RESULT & ( DESCRIB+ 9 MO/ IMPRESSIVE T]MS !  
 0SIGNIFICANCE ( ! EXT5SIVE ROLE ( ADM9I/RATIVE PRICES0 ?AT APPE>S  
 TO BE 09H]5T 9 ! MOD]N ECONOMY0 & =MS 0AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( !  
 /RUCTURE ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY40 ,!Y 9SI/ AGA9 & AGA9 ?AT 0H[EV]  
 MU* ( A ROLE PRICE ADM9I/RATION MAY HAVE PLAY$ 9 ! E>LI] YE>S  
 ( ?IS C5TURY1 !RE CAN BE LITTLE QUE/ION ?AT IT PLAYS A DOM9ANT  
 ROLE TODAY40 .<#e.>  

,!RE IS NO SPACE H]E TO DESCRIBE 9 DETAIL  
 ! #aa ME?ODS & DEVICES BY :I* PRICES1 APP>5TLY SETTL$ BY ! LAW  
 ( SUPPLY & DEM& 9 AN OP5 M>KET1 >E 9 FACT MANIPULAT$ &  
 CONTROLL$ BY V]Y DEF9ITE 0PRICE POLICIES0 ( ! DECISIVE /RATA ( !  
 0CORPORATE COMMUNITY40 ,!SE CONTROLS MAY ORIG9ATE FROM ONE OR FROM  
 DIFF]5T FOCI ( CONTROL4 0,! ?READS ( CONTROL OV] LABOR POLICY MAY  
 BE DIVID$ BETWE5 ! CORPORATION & A LABOR UNION1 SOME ?READS  
 FOCUS+ 9 ! CORPORATE MANAGEM5T & SOME 9 ! UNION (FICIALS2  
 ?READS ( CONTROL OV] SOME ASPECTS ( POLICY MAY RE/ ) !  
 GOV]NM5T BODIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( M9IMUM WORK+ /&>DS OR PUBLIC  
 UTILITY REGULATIONS2 /ILL O!R ?READS MAY RE/ ) SOME DOM9ANT  
 BUY]1 OR A SUPPLI] ( RAW MAT]IALS OR ( S]VICES1 ETC40 ,!Y MAY1  
 FUR!RMORE1 BE DIRECT & IMM$IATE OR 9DIRECT & 9TANGIBLE4 0,!Y MAY  
 OP]ATE SIMPLY ?R\< E/ABLI%+ A CLIMATE ( OP9ION )9 :I*  
 POLICIES >E DEVELOP$40 

,!Y MAY BE 5TIRELY 9=MAL OR MAY BE  
 ACCOMPLI%$ BY A =MAL SETT+1 & 9 MANY CASES ! =MAL & !  
 ACTUAL L9ES ( CONTROL WILL DIFF]4 ,!Y >ISE FROM ?REE MA9  
 S\RCES3 POSSESSION ( ONE OR MORE ( ! 0FACTORS ( PRODUCTION10  
 POSSESSION ( LIQUID ASSETS1 & MO/ IMPORTANT1 POSITION 9 RELATION TO A  
 FUNCTION+ OP]ATION4 

,! MA9 ?+ TO UND]/& IS ?AT ! NEW  
 /RUCTURE ( CONTROLS ?AT EM]GES FROM !SE V>I\S =MS ( NON-M>KET  
 CONTROL 7#a7 IS 5TIRELY A *ILD ( MOD]N TIMES1 & 7#b7 IT HAS COME TO  
 /AY = A V]Y LONG TIME4 

,! CONTROLS ?US EX]CIS$ OV] PRICES &  
 M>KETS ON A NATION-WIDE SCALE BY ! LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! 9DU/RIAL  
 COMMUNITY F> SURPASS 9 IMPORTANCE ! WELL-KN[N NON-M>KET CONTROLS  
 H]ET(ORE EX]CIS$ BY F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< ! H&L+ (  
 9VE/M5T FUNDS - ! SO-CALL$ SUPREMACY ( F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,9  
 FACT1 AS %[N BY REC5T 9VE/IGATIONS NOT YET 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS REPORT1  
 MO/ ( ! L>GE/ BUS9ESS FIRMS >E TODAY 0SELF-F9ANC+0 & NO  
 LONG] DEP5D ON ! AID ( ! MONEYL5D] & HIS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!  
 /RICTLY 0PRIVATE0 CONTROLS EX]CIS$ BY ! ADM9I/RATIVE ACTS ( !  
 MEMB]S ( ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY >E EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! OLD  
 & NEW =MS ( NON-M>KET CONTROLS :I* >E EX]CIS$ BY GOV]NM5T  
 7F$]AL1 /ATE1 & LOCAL7 ?R\< ITS FISCAL POLICIES1 ?R\< !  
 PROTECTION ( PROP]TY & 5=CEM5T ( CONTRACTS1 & SO  
 =?4 

,NOR CAN ! 9FLU5CE EX]T$ ON ! M>KET  
 BY ! ACTION ( SOME P[]FUL PRESSURE GR\PS ANY LONG] BE REG>D$ AS A  
 TRANSITORY & UN-0NORMAL0 5CROA*M5T ON ! NORMAL ACTIVITIES ( TRADE  
 - ANY MORE ?AN ! 9FLU5CES EX]T$ ON ! ,U4,S4 ,CONGRESS BY  
 POLITICAL PRESSURE GR\PS 9 ,WA%+TON CAN BE CONSID]$ AN ANOMALY4 ,!  
 CON/ITUTION ( ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY HAS BECOME ! REAL CON/ITUTION  
 ( ! ,U4,S4 

,!RE REMA9S ! QUE/ION ( ! WORK+ (  
 ?IS NEW SY/EM4 ,H[ CAN 0ADM9I/RATION-DOM9AT$ PRICES0 ?AT >E  
 *ANG$ FROM TIME TO TIME REPLACE ! PRACTICALLY UNLIMIT$ FLEXIBILITY (  
 M>KET PRICES BO? 9 !IR REACTION TO ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( !  
 9DU/RIAL CYCLE 7PROSP]ITY & DEPRESSION7 & TO !  
 TE*NOLOGICALLY-CONDITION$ /RUCTURAL *ANGES8 ,DR4 ,MEANS & HIS  
 /AFF >E 9CL9$ TO TAKE A V]Y OPTIMI/IC ATTITUDE T[>D ! WORK+  
 ( ! NEW TYPE ( ADM9I/RATION-DOM9AT$ PRICES4 ,!Y CLE>LY SEE  
 C]TA9 0VIOL5T DI/ORTIONS0 ?AT >OSE DUR+ ! YE>S ( ! LA/  
 DEPRESSION & ! SUCCE$+ 0RECOV]Y0 FROM ! DIFF]5TIAL BEHAVIOR  
 ( ! TWO K9DS ( PRICES CO-EXI/+ 9 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY3 0,BETWE5  
 #aibi & #aicb !RE WAS A CONSID]ABLE DROP 9 ! :OLESALE PRICE 9DEX1  
 BUT ?IS DROP WAS MADE UP ( A VIOL5T DROP 9 ! PRICES (  
 M>KET-DOM9AT$ COMMODITIES1 & !RE WAS ONLY A V]Y SMALL OR NO DROP  
 AT ALL = ! BULK ( ! PRICES :I* >E SUBJECT TO EXT5SIVE  
 ADM9I/RATIVE CONTROL4 ,9 ! RECOV]Y P]IOD ( #aicb TO #a#i#c#g1 MU* (  
 ?IS DI/ORTION WAS ELIM9AT$ .<P]HAPS NEW DI/ORTIONS W]E  
 CREAT$8 -,K4 ,K4.> BY ! L>GE 9CREASES 9 ! M>KET-DOM9AT$  
 PRICES & ! RELATIVELY SMALL 9CREASE 9 ! BULK (  
 ADM9I/RATION-DOM9AT$ PRICES40 

,YET !Y DO NOT BLAME ?IS DI/URBANCE ON !  
 NEW PH5OM5ON ( ADM9I/RATION-CONTROL ( PRICES4 ,!Y RA!R TAKE IT  
 = GRANT$ ?AT ! M>KET1 ?\< 0!ORETICALLY0 /ILL ABLE TO ACT AS  
 AN ORGANIZ+ 9FLU5CE1 DOES 9 FACT NO LONG] ACT 9 ?AT B5EFICIAL  
 MANN]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y HAVE PROV$ TO !IR [N SATISFACTION ?AT  
 ! DEGREE ( FLEXIBILITY :I* RESULTS FROM ! ADM9I/RATIVE REGULATION  
 ( ! BULK ( ! PRICES ( GOODS1 LABOR & SECURITIES APPE>S  
 SUFFICI5T TO ALL[ ! GRADUAL READJU/M5T ( PRICE RELATION%IPS TO  
 REFLECT ! GRADUAL *ANGES 9 WANTS1 9 RES\RCES1 & 9 TE*NIQUES (  
 PRODUCTION1 IF ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY W]E REASONABLY WELL  
 MA9TA9$ .<EMPHASIS BY ,K4 ,K4.>4 ,?US TO ! AU?ORS ( ?IS REPORT1 0!  
 S]I\S DI/ORTIONS 9 ! PRICE /RUCTURE RESULT+ FROM ! DIFF]5TIAL  
 S5SITIVITY ( PRICES TO DEPRESSION 9FLU5CES REFLECT A DISORGANIZ+  
 RA!R ?AN AN ORGANIZ+ ROLE ?AT ! M>KET CAN PLAY0 7P4  
 #a#e#b74 

,?IS /ATEM5T MI<T BE ACCEPTABLE TO US :O  
 >E EQUALLY CONV9C$ - ?\< FROM AN ALTOGE!R OPPOSITE VIEWPO9T  
 - ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( RETA9+ OR RE/OR+ ! TRADITIONAL  
 =MS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT SEEMS1 H[EV]1 ?AT !Y TAKE A LOT =  
 GRANT$ IF !Y ASSUME ?AT ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY C\LD BE  
 REASONABLY WELL MA9TA9$ UND] EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC0  
 SOCIETY4 ,!Y DO NOT TELL US 9 :AT WAY !Y ?9K ?AT ?IS CONDITION  
 WILL BE BETT] FULFILL$ 9 ! NE> FUTURE ?AN IT HAS BE5 DUR+ !  
 REC5T PA/4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ?IS OMISSION BETRAYS ON ! P>T  
 ( ! AU?ORS AN UNCONSCI\S ANTICIPATION ( A FUTURE DICTATOR :O WILL  
 FILL ?IS APP>5T GAP 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY4 ,! ONLY  
 H9T ( A SOLUTION ( ?IS CRUCIAL PROBLEM ?AT WE W]E ABLE TO DISCOV]  
 9 ! REPORT IS ITS PA!TIC APPEAL TO 0AN 9CREAS$ UND]/&+ ( !  
 PROBLEM ON ! P>T ( LEAD]S ( BUS9ESS1 LABOR LEAD]S1 F>M LEAD]S1  
 POLITICAL LEAD]S1 & O!R LEAD]S ( PUBLIC ?9K+40 

,! ,VIEWPO9T ( !  
 ,WORK]S 

,WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO DISCUSS ! 0TASK0 (  
 ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S HAVE ALREADY TOO LONG DONE O!R PEOPLE'S TASKS1  
 IMPOS$ ON !M UND] ! HI<-S\ND+ NAMES ( HUMANITY1 ( HUMAN  
 PROGRESS1 ( JU/ICE1 & FRE$OM1 & :AT NOT4 ,IT IS ONE ( !  
 R$EEM+ FEATURES ( A BAD SITUATION ?AT SOME ( ! ILLUSIONS1 HI!RTO  
 SURVIV+ AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS FROM !IR PA/ P>TICIPATION 9 !  
 REVOLUTION>Y FI<T ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDAL SOCIETY1 HAVE  
 F9ALLY BE5 EXPLOD$4 ,! ONLY 0TASK0 = ! WORK]S1 AS = EV]Y  
 O!R CLASS1 IS TO LOOK \T = !MSELVES4 

,! FIR/ ?+ !N ?AT ! WORK]S CAN DO  
 IS TO MAKE ABSOLUTELY1 CLE> TO !MSELVES ?AT ! OLD SY/EM ( 0FREE  
 TRADE1 0 0FREE COMPETITION10 & 0DEMOCRACY0 HAS ACTUALLY COME TO AN 5D4  
 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] SO MU* :E!R WE DESCRIBE ! NEW SY/EM ?AT HAS  
 REPLAC$ IT 9 T]MS ( 0MONOPOLY CAPITALISM10 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 OR 0A  
 CORPORATE /ATE40 ,! LA/ T]M SEEMS MO/ APPROPRIATE TO ! WRIT] =  
 ! REASON ?AT IT RECALLS AT ONCE ! NAME ?AT WAS GIV5 TO ! NEW  
 TOTALIT>IAN =M ( SOCIETY AFT] ! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY TW5TY  
 YE>S AGO4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 A DIFF]5CE4 ,! CORPORATE COMMUNITY ( !  
 ,U,S REPRES5TS AS YET ONLY ! 0ECONOMIC BASIS0 ( A FULL FL$G$  
 TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM1 & NOT ITS POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL SUP]/RUCTURE4  
 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT 9 BACKW>D C\NTRIES LIKE ,ITALY &  
 ,SPA9 !RE EXI/S AS YET ONLY ! TOTALIT>IAN SUP]/RUCTURE1 )\T A  
 FULLY DEVELOP$ ECONOMIC BASIS4 

,AS TO 0MONOPOLY10 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT  
 EV]Y 9CREAS+ CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL IS TANTAM\NT TO AN 9CREASE 9  
 MONOPOLY4 ,! T]M ITSELF1 H[EV]1 HAS *ANG$ ITS MEAN+ S9CE A  
 PR$OM9ANTLY COMPETITIVE ECONOMY HAS BE5 SUP]S$$ BY A PR$OM9ANTLY  
 MONOPOLI/IC SY/EM4 ,AS LONG AS 0MONOPOLY0 WAS REG>D$ AS AN EXCEPTION1  
 IF NOT AN ABUSE1 ! EMPHASIS WAS ON ! 0EXCESSIVE0 & 0UNFAIR0 PR(ITS  
 D]IV$ FROM A MONOPOLI/IC POSITION )9 AN O!RWISE COMPETITIVE  
 ECONOMY4 ,AN OBS]VATION MADE BY ,M>X AT AN E>LY TIME 9 HIS CRITIQUE (  
 ,PR\DHON HAS REC5TLY BE5 UNCONSCI\SLY ACCEPT$ BY AN 9CREAS+ NUMB]  
 ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S4 0,COMPETITION10 SAID ,M>X1 0IMPLIES MONOPOLY1 &  
 MONOPOLY IMPLIES COMPETITION40 ,?US ! T]MS 0MONOPOLY0 & 0COMPETITION0  
 HAVE REC5TLY BE5 R$EF9$ TO REF] TO ! 0ELEM5TS ( A SITUATION0  
 RA!R ?AN TO ! SITUATION ITSELF1 :I* AS A :OLE IS NEI!R 5TIRELY  
 MONOPOLI/IC NOR 5TIRELY COMPETITIVE4 ,9 A S5SE IT CAN BE SAID TODAY  
 ?AT ALL 7OR MO/7 PR(ITS >E ESS5TIALLY MONOPOLI/IC PR(ITS1 JU/ AS  
 ! BULK ( PRICES HAVE BECOME MONOPOLI/IC PRICES4 ,MONOPOLY HAS BECOME  
 NOT AN EXCEPTIONAL BUT G5]AL CONDITION ( PRES5T-DAY  
 ECONOMY4 

,?US IT IS QUITE CORRECT TO DESCRIBE !  
 HI/ORICAL PROCESS H]E DISCUSS$ AS A TRANSITION FROM COMPETITIVE TO  
 MONOPOLI/IC CAPITALISM2 BUT ! T]M MONOPOLY HAS1 BY ! V]Y  
 G5]ALIZATION ( ! CONDITION TO :I* IT REF]S1 BECOME AN 5TIRELY  
 DESCRIPTIVE T]M1 NO LONG] FIT TO >\SE ANY P>TICUL> MORAL  
 9DIGNATION4 

,SIMIL>LY1 !RE IS NO S]I\S H>M 9  
 DESCRIB+ ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY AS A SY/EM ( 0/ATE CAPITALISM40 ,YET ?IS  
 DESCRIPTION DOES NOT FIT ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS SO WELL AS IT DOES !  
 G5]AL PATT]N ( ,G]MAN & O!R ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES4 ,9 SPITE ( !  
 SPECIAL P[]S ( CO]CION 9VE/$ 9 ! POLITICAL AU?ORITIES ALONE1  
 ! ADM9I/RATIVE DECISIONS EMANAT+ FROM V>I\S ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES  
 CONTROLL$ BY ! GOV]NM5T HAVE BECOME ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9FLU5CES  
 EX]T$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ON ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ,U4,S4 ECONOMY4 ,!Y >E  
 CO-ORD9AT$ ) ALL O!R =MS ( NON-M>KET CONTROLS :I*1 TOGE!R  
 ) ! /ILL-EXI/+ REMA9D]S ( M>KET CONTROLS1 CON/ITUTE !  
 ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( ! 0CONTROL /RUCTURE0 ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC  
 SY/EM4 ,! AU?ORS ( ! REPORT USE ! T]MS 0ADM9I/RATION10  
 0ADM9I/RATIVE RULES10 & SO ON 9DIFF]5TLY ) REF]5CE TO ALL  
 K9DS ( NON-M>KET CONTROLS :E!R !Y ORIG9ATE FROM GOV]NM5TAL  
 AG5CIES1 FROM DIFF]5T K9DS ( ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ ON BUS9ESS  
 9T]E/S 7OR = ?AT MATT] ON LABOR1 F>M]1 CONSUM] 9T]E/S7 OR  
 FROM PRIVATE FIRMS & COMB9ES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! POSITION (  
 ! GOV]NM5T WILL BE CONSID]ABLY /R5G!N$ 9 ! CASE ( W>4 ,BUT  
 EV5 ?IS W\LD NOT BE A DECISIVE REASON TO CALL ! EXI/+ SY/EM (  
 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY A 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 AS ! SAME CONDITION WILL OCCUR 9  
 ALL C\NTRIES AT W> :E!R !Y >E BACKW>D OR FULLY DEVELOP$1  
 0COMPETITIVE0 OR 0MONOPOLI/IC0 :E!R !Y >E BAS$ ON A SCATT]$ OR A  
 CONC5TRAT$ SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,! SECOND ?+ ! WORK]S MAY BE EXPECT$  
 TO DO1 ONCE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! *ANGE 9 ! BASIC CONDITIONS (  
 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY HAS BE5 FULLY EXP]I5C$ & GRASP$ BY !M1 IS TO  
 RE%UFFLE !IR HI!RTO MO/ *]I%$ REVOLUTION>Y & CLASS IDEAS4  
 ,:5 ,M>X DESCRIB$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS BE+ FUNDAM5TALLY A  
 0PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES0 ?IS T]M 9CLUD$ = HIM - & WAS  
 MEANT TO 9CLUDE = ALL ?OSE :O W\LD BE ABLE TO UND]/& !  
 PECULI> 0DIALECTICAL0 SLANG ( ! OLD ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY - !  
 :OLE ( ! SUPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S 9 A FULLY  
 DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ITS 9CREAS+LY  
 /RONG] =MS1 UP TO ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM & ITS  
 REPLACEM5T BY A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS ALL RI<T AS F> AS IT GOES1  
 EXCEPT ?AT TODAY IT %\LD BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO A LESS MY/]I\S & MU*  
 MORE DI/9CT & \TSPOK5 LANGUAGE4 ,BUT ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ON 0COMMODITY  
 PRODUCTION0 9CLUD$ SOME?+ ELSE &1 ?IS TIME1 SOME?+ ?AT MAY  
 WELL HAVE BECOME 9ADEQUATE = ! WORK]S' FI<T AGA9/ ! TWO SPECIES  
 ( ! 0CORPORATE /ATE0 ?AT EXI/ 9 ! FASCI/ & ! SO-CALL$  
 DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES TODAY4 

,! EMPHASIS ON ! PR9CIPLE ( COMMODITY  
 PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE = AN ANONYM\S &  
 EV]EXT5D$ M>KET1 WAS AT ! SAME TIME AN EMPHASIS ON ! POSITIVE &  
 PROGRESSIVE FUNCTIONS ?AT CAPITALISM WAS TO FULFILL BY EXP&+ MOD]N  
 0CIVILIZ$0 SOCIETY ALL OV] ! WORLD &1 AS ,M>X SAID1 0,TRANS=M+  
 ! :OLE WORLD 9TO ONE GIGANTIC M>KET = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION40 ,ALL  
 K9DS ( ILLUSIONS W]E 9EVITABLY B\ND UP ) ?AT GREAT 5T]PRISE  
 ?AT WAS CONDUCT$1 AS IT W]E1 BY HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,ALL PROBLEMS SEEM$ TO  
 BE SOLVABLE1 ALL CONTRADICTIONS & CONFLICTS TRANSITORY1 & ! GREATE/  
 HAPP9ESS = ! GREATE/ NUMB] ULTIMATELY OBTA9ABLE4 

,! WORK]S1 9 ALL !IR DIVISIONS1 HAD A  
 BIG %>E 9 ?OSE ILLUSIONS ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & !IR POLITICAL  
 EXPRESSION1 ! ILLUSIONS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y %>$ !M ) ALL O!R  
 SUPPRESS$ M9ORITIES & PROGRESSIVE /RATA ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY  
 - ,JEWS1 ,NEGROES1 PACIFI/S4 ,ALL 0RE=MISM0 & 0REVISIONISM0 ?AT  
 DI/RACT$ ! WORK]S' 5]GIES FROM !IR REVOLUTION>Y AIMS HAVE BE5  
 BAS$ ON ?OSE ILLUSIONS4 ,! V]Y ADV5T ( FASCISM 9 ! WORLD & ITS  
 9TRUSION 9TO ! 9N] SANCTUMS ( TRADITIONAL DEMOCRACY HAS AT LA/  
 DE/ROY$ ! /R5G? ( ?OSE ILLUSIONS4 ,WE %ALL ATTEMPT 9 A LAT]  
 >TICLE TO TRACE ! POSITIVE FEATURES ( A NEW PROGRAM = ! WORK]S 9  
 !IR FI<T AGA9/ ! CLASS 5EMY 9 HIS NEW & MORE OPPRESSIVE =M  
 :I*1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IS MORE TRANSP>5T & MORE EXPOS$ TO !IR  
 ATTACK4 
,NOTES 

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,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,WORK]S' ,FI<T ,AGA9/ ,FASCISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,WORK]S' ,FI<T ,AGA9/ ,FASCISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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