,?IS IS ,:AT ,DEMOCRACY ,LOOKS ,LIKE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT A POLITICAL DOCTR9E & SY/EM ?AT WAS PROPAGAT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 !IR RISE TO P[]1 ?AT IS PROMOT$ WORLD-WIDE BY ! ,WE/]N RUL+ CLASS & ?AT HAS ONLY EXI/$ 9 ITS SO-CALL$ 0PURE0 =M ON ! BACKS ( SLAVES1 W\LD AT LEA/ BE SUSPECT 9 ! EYES ( ?OSE :O OPPOSE ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BUT SU* IS NOT ! CASE4 ,! 0NEW MOVEM5T0 ( OPPOSITION TO ! GLOBAL ORD] ?AT IS SAID TO HAVE BE5 BORN ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #aiid ) ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ & HAD ITS COM+ \T P>TY 9 ,SEATTLE AT ! DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! ,W,T,O HAS TAK5 AS ITS SLOGAN3 0,?IS IS :AT DEMOCRACY LOOKS LIKE40 ,& ?AT )\T A H9T ( IRONY4 ,BUT ?IS IS FITT+ = A MOVEM5T :I* LOOKS TO ! ,E,Z,L,N -- ?AT 0REVOLUTION>Y0 >MY :I* MADE SU* RADICAL DEM&S AS A MORE DEMOCRATIC ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T & MORE P>TICIPATION BY ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLE ( ,*IAPAS 9 ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES ( ?AT GOV]NM5T -- AS A F\ND+ 9SPIRATION4.<#a.> ,AS IT PRES5TLY EXI/S1 ?IS MOVEM5T IS ?US A RE=M MOVEM5T -- A MOVEM5T DEM&+ ?AT ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] LIVE UP TO ITS CLAIMS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS A LOYAL OPPOSITION4 

,A LACK ( ANALYSIS ) A CONSEQU5T LACK ( UND]/&+ ( :AT DEMOCRACY ACTUALLY IS LIES BEH9D ?IS ACCEPTANCE AMONG SO-CALL$ RADICALS ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM PROMOT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EXAM9E ?IS POLITICAL DOCTR9E & SY/EM BO? AS AN IDEAL & AS A SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,! ORIG9S ( DEMOCRACY GO BACK TO ! ANCI5T ,GREEK CITY-/ATES4 ,!SE >E CONSID]$ 0DIRECT DEMOCRACIES0 AS OPPOS$ TO ! PRES5T 0REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACIES0 BY :I* MO/ MOD]N NATION /ATES >E RUL$1 & >E IDEALIZ$ BY SU* LIB]T>IAN IDEOLOGUES AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 0,DEMOCRACY0 IS SAID TO MEAN 0GOV]NM5T BY ! PEOPLE04 ,BUT 0PEOPLE01 9 ?IS CASE1 MEANS 0CITIZ5S0 NOT 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 ! ANCI5T ,GREEK CITY-/ATES1 ALL ! CITIZ5S DID1 9DE$1 MEET 9 ! AGORA & MADE POLITICAL DECISIONS 9 ASSEMBLY4 ,( C\RSE1 ! CITIZ5S ONLY COMPRIS$ AB\T T5 P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,! O!R #i P]C5T -- WOM51 *ILDR5 & SLAVES -- W]E ! PROP]TY ( ! CITIZ5S1 & IT WAS ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS L>GE SLAVE CLASS :O DID ALL ! PHYSICAL 7& MU* ( ! M5TAL7 LABOR1 ?AT ALL[$ ! CITIZ5S TO PRACTICE ?IS 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY04 

,! ONLY O!R EXAMPLE GIV5 ( 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 IS ! T[N MEET+S ( ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,( C\RSE1 :AT IS =GOTT5 9 ?IS EXAMPLE IS ?AT ! T[N MEET+S >E NOT AUTONOM\S ASSEMBLIES4 ,!Y EXI/ )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EMS ( ! C\NTY1 /ATE & F$]AL GOV]NM5TS1 & CANNOT OV]RIDE ANY LAWS PASS$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES ( ! HI<] GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DECISIONS MADE 9 !SE MEET+S >E NOT DIRECTLY C>RI$ \T BY ?OSE :O MAKE !M -- RA!R !Y >E DELEGAT$ TO V>I\S ELECT$ OR HIR$ (FICIALS :O CON/ITUTE ! T[N GOV]NM5T4 ,?US1 !SE T[N MEET+S CAN NO MORE BE CALL$ 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 ?AN NEI<BORHOOD WAT* PROGRAMS1 :I* W\LD HAVE TO EMBRACE VIGILANTISM & LYN*+ TO BE TRUE DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 

,SO DIRECT DEMOCRACY ?AT 9CORPORATES ALL ( ! PEOPLE :O MAKE UP A SOCIETY IS A UTOPIAN IDEAL4 ,BUT IS ?IS IDEAL WOR? PURSU+8 ,FIR/ LET US KEEP 9 M9D ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A SOCIAL & POLITICAL SY/EM1 A =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,AS SU*1 FROM ITS 9CEPTION1 IT HAS PRESCRIB$ LIMITS = ! FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ! PRIM>Y LIMIT BE+ 0! GOOD ( ALL0 -- ?AT IS1 ! GOOD ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,?US1 :AT ONE DECIDES )9 A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM -- NO MATT] H[ DIRECT IT IS -- IS NOT H[ TO FREELY CREATE ONE'S LIFE & RELATION%IPS AS ONE SEES FIT1 BUT RA!R H[ TO MA9TA9 ! SOCIAL SY/EM & EX]CISE ONE'S RI<TS & ROLES )9 IT4 ,!SE DECISIONS >E NOT ?OSE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ( ! GR\P AS A :OLE -- :E!R ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS IS BY MAJORITY BY UNANIM\S CONS5SUS OR ?R\< ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES -- & ! 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFE IS SUBJECT TO !SE DECISIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 %E IS RUL$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM1 HIS LIFE IS DET]M9$ BY ITS NE$S4 ,SO = ?OSE ( US :O CONSID] SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ! FRE$OM ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL TO CREATE H] LIFE AS HE SEES FIT 9 RELATION%IP ) :OEV] & :ATEV] %E *OOSES1 DEMOCRACY -- EV5 DIRECT DEMOCRACY -- IS USELESS OR EV5 DETRIM5TAL TO \R MOVEM5T T[>D ?IS FRE$OM4 

,BUT ! IDEAL ( DEMOCRACY EXAM9$ ABOVE & ! DEMOCRACY WE CONFRONT 9 \R DAILY LIVES >E TWO DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,! LATT] IS ! POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE PUT 9 PLACE :5 !Y CAME TO P[] AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! FEUDAL >I/OCRACY4 ,!RE >E SEV]AL REASONS :Y ! NEW RUL+ CLASS *OSE TO W$ DEMOCRACY TO ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM -- IT C]TA9LY IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PRACTICE DIRECT DEMOCRACY ON ! SCALE ( ! NATION-/ATE1 ! O!R NEW 9/ITUTION ?AT ! RISE ( CAPITALISM BR\<T 9TO BE+4 ,BUT MORE SIGNIFICANT TO ! NEW RUL]S :O CAME TO P[] ) ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS WAS ! FACT ?AT REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY ALL[S ! ACTIVE & VOLUNT>Y P>TICIPATION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES 9 !IR [N EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION :ILE KEEP+ REAL POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS :O CAN AF=D TO RUN = (FICE OR PAY O!RS :O WILL SUPPORT !IR 9T]E/S TO DO SO4 ,9 ,M4 ,S>T9'S ESSAY1 0,! ,REPRES5TATIVE ,SY/EM01 ! FEUDAL ORIG9S ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION & ! REASONS BEH9D ! B\RGEOIS M>RIAGE BETWE5 ?IS & ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM >E EXPOS$4 

,MY [N ESSAY1 0,A ,DESOLATE ,L&SCAPE01 PO9TS \T ! REALITY ?AT ! REPRESSIVE POLICE /ATE ?AT HAS >IS5 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OV] ! PA/ SEV]AL YE>S HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ ?R\< DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES -- A SOCIAL CONS5SUS PRODUC$ BY M$IA-9DUC$ FE>4 ,TO OPPOSE ?IS POLICE /ATE 9 ! NAME ( DEMOCRACY IS !RE=E AN ABSURDITY -- IT MO/ BE OPPOS$ AS P>T ( \R OPPOSITION TO ! DEMOCRATIC & ALL O!R =MS ( /ATE4 

0,! ,LESS] ,EVIL0 BY ,DOM9IQUE ,MISE9 EXPOSES H[ ! LOGIC ?AT IS SO BASIC TO A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM -- ! LOGIC ( COMPROMISE & NEGOTIATION1 M$IOCRITY & MAK+ DO -- COMES TO P]MEATE EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE TO ! PO9T :]E DREAMS & DESIRES FADE1 PASSION DISAPPE>S 7:AT PASSION CAN ONE FEEL = A LESS] EVIL87 & REVOLUTION LOSES ALL MEAN+4 ,?IS DOM9ATION OV] ALL ( LIFE IS ! PURPOSE ( ! P>TICIPATORY SOCIAL SY/EM ! B\RGEOISIE IMPOS$4 ,?IS P]MEATION 9TO EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE MAKES ! DEMOCRATIC ORD] ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL TOTALIT>IAN SOCIAL SY/EM TO EV] EXI/4 ,9 0,:O ,IS ,IT801 ,ADONIDE COMP>ES CLASSICAL DICTATOR%IPS ) ! TOTALIT>IANISM ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM :]E EV]YONE CAN EXCUSE HIMSELF BECAUSE %E IS ONLY A COG 9 ?IS VA/ SOCIAL MA*9E1 & 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY1 :I* IS ! BASIS = 9DIVIDUAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 SEEMS TO DISAPPE>4 

,OCCASIONALLY )9 !SE PAGES1 READ]S MAY NOTICE LANGUAGE ) SOME:AT MORALI/IC OV]TONES4 ,I REJECT ! MORALISM & ANY IMPLICATIONS ?AT !RE IS A UNIV]SAL /&>D ( 0RI<T0 & 0WRONG04 ,H[EV]1 ,I DO ACCEPT ! E?ICAL 7AS OPPOS$ TO MORAL7 CONCEPTION ?AT EA* ( US IS RESPONSIBLE = ! *OICES WE MAKE & ! ACTIONS WE TAKE 7?\< C]TA9LY NOT = ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* WE >E =C$ TO MAKE ?OSE DECISIONS74 ,I CONSID] SU* RESPONSIBILITY TO BE ! BASIS ( ! CONCRETE FRE$OM TO CREATE ONE'S [N LIFE4 ,?US1 IF ,I DESIRE TO LIVE 9 A P>TICUL> WAY 9 A WORLD ( A P>TICUL> SORT1 IT IS MY RESPONSIBILITY TO ACT PROJECTUALLY T[>D ! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS DESIRE4 ,& :5 O!RS ACT TO OB/RUCT ?IS1 ,I HOLD !M RESPONSIBLE = !IR ACTIONS -- NOT AS WRONGDO]S OR CRIM9ALS1 BUT RA!R AS MY 5EMIES & AS 5EMIES ( :AT ,I DESIRE & LOVE4 ,H[EV]1 ! MORALI/IC LANGUAGE H]E IS M9IMAL & ! MA9 ?RU/ IS ?AT ( AN 9SURG5T E?IC ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ESSAYS EXPOSE ! UND]LY+ OPPOSITION BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & ! FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS TO CREATE !IR [N LIVES AS !Y SEE FIT4 

,AT PRES5T1 CAPITALISM & ! SOCIO-POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT BE/ CORRESPONDS ) IT -- DEMOCRACY -- DOM9ATE ! PLANET4 ,!Y UND]M9E REAL *OICE1 CREATIVITY & SELF-ACTIVITY444ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y = 9DIVIDUALS TO BE ABLE TO CREATE !IR LIVES AS !Y DESIRE & = ! EXPLOIT$ TO BE ABLE TO RISE UP 9TELLIG5TLY AGA9/ !IR EXPLOITATION4 ,= ?IS REASON1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ?OSE ( US :O WANT TO MAKE \R LIVES \R [N & LIVE 9 A WORLD :]E EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAS ACCESS TO ALL %E NE$S TO CREATE HIS LIFE AS %E SEES FIT /OP DEM&+ ?AT ?IS SY/EM BECOME MORE ( :AT IT CLAIMS TO BE & 9/EAD />T ATTACK+ IT 9 ALL ( ITS ASPECTS 9CLUD+ ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY IT4 ,AT ?IS TIME SU* 9SURG5CE IS ! TRUE/ EXPRESSION ( REAL *OICE1 SELF-DET]M9ATION & 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,& :AT ( ?OSE TIMES :5 WE NE$ TO ACT TOGE!R ) O!RS & NE$ TO DECIDE :AT TO DO8 ,9 EA* 9/ANCE1 WE WILL FIGURE \T H[ BE/ TO MAKE DECISIONS )\T TURN+ ANY SU* PROCESS 9TO A SY/EM OR AN IDEAL TO /RIVE =4 ,A DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS IS A TOOL TO BE TAK5 UP AS NE$$ & LAID D[N :5 NOT2 DEMOCRACY IS A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT COMES TO DOM9ATE ALL ( LIFE4 

,:AT DOES DEMOCRACY LOOK LIKE8 ,! JACKBOOT ?AT Y\ VOT$ TO HAVE 9 Y\R FACE4 

,WOLFI ,L&/REI*] 

,! ,REPRES5TATIVE ,SY/EM BY ,M4 ,S>T9 

0,SAY+ ?AT A GOV]NM5T REPRES5TS PUBLIC OP9ION & PUBLIC WILL IS ! SAME AS SAY+ A P>T REPRES5TS ! :OLE40 

-- ,C>LO ,PISACANE 

,! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM IS A POLITICAL EXP$I5T BY MEANS ( :I* ! B\RGEOISIE ATTEMPTS TO REALIZE ! PR9CIPLE ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY )\T R5\NC+ ITS PRIVILEGE AS RUL+ CLASS4 

,! IDEA ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY 9 ITS MOD]N S5SE HAS BE5 ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL CONCEPTION S9CE ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,BE=E ?AT SOV]EIGNTY RESID$ 9 ! MON>*1 9 ! NOBLE & !OCRATIC CLASSES1 :I* HELD & EX]CIS$ IT ?R\< ! RI<T ( CONQUE/1 ?R\< H]$IT>Y RI<T & BY VIRTUE ( A MY/ICAL DIV9E 9VE/ITURE -- 9 EA* CASE BY VIRTUE ( BRUTE =CE4 

,:5 ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE DEMOLI%$ ! P[] ( ! >I/OCRACY & DE/ROY$ ! MY? ( ! DIV9E RI<T ( MON>*S BY BEHEAD+ ! K+1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 HEIRS TO ! WEAL? ?AT HAD BELONG$ TO ! LORDS ( ! OLD REGIME1 LOOK$ = A SY/EM ?AT W\LD LET !M LEGALIZE ! PRIVILEGES DELIV]$ TO !M ?ANKS 9 P>TICUL> TO ! 9SURRECTIONAL ACTIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 & TO JU/IFY ! EX]CISE ( POLITICAL P[] )\T :I* !Y W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 !IR MONOPOLY OV] SU* WEAL? = LONG4 ,!Y F\ND SU* A SY/EM BY GRAFT+ ! IDEA ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY TO ?AT ( REPRES5TATION ?R\< :I* ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE 5TRU/ ! FUNCTIONS ( P[] TO AN ELECT$ BODY = %ORT] OR LONG] P]IODS4 ,9 EV]Y CASE ! ELECT$ BODY CONSI/S ( PEOPLE FROM ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 

,! IDEA ( REPRES5TATION IS 9DEP5D5T FROM ! IDEA ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY & HAS DIFF]5T ORIG9S4 ,:]EAS ! LATT] WAS BORN 9 ! SIMM]+ ( REVOLUTION1 ! =M] CAME \T ( ! ?ICKE/ D>KNESS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

0,! IDEA ( REPRES5TATIVES0 -- WROTE ,R\SSEAU -- 0IS MOD]N3 IT COMES FROM FEUDAL GOV]NM5T1 FROM ?AT UNIQUE & ABSURD GOV]NM5T 9 :I* ! HUMAN SPECIES IS DEGRAD$ & ! NAME ( ! HUMAN IS DISGRAC$4 ,9 ! ANCI5T REPUBLICS AS WELL AS 9 ! OLD MON>*IES1 ! PEOPLE NEV] HAD REPRES5TATIVES3 ?IS WORD WAS NOT EV5 KN[N4 ,IT IS V]Y /RANGE ?AT 9 ,ROME1 :]E ! TRIBUNES W]E SO SACR$1 NO ONE W\LD EV] HAVE ?\<T ?AT !Y C\LD USURP ! FUNCTIONS ( ! PEOPLE2 NOR W\LD !Y HAVE EV] CONSID]$ NEGLECT+ TO TAKE A PLEBISCITE 9TO ACC\NT 9 ! MID/ ( SU* A GREAT MULTITUDE444,ACCORD+ TO ! ,GREEKS1 :ATEV] '! PEOPLE' HAD TO DO IT DID ITSELF2 9 FACT1 IT WAS CONT9UALLY ASSEMBL$ ON ! PLAZA4440 

,?US1 ! ,GREEKS CONCEIV$ ( DEMOCRACY NOT ONLY AS SOV]EIGNTY1 BUT ALSO AS ! DIRECT GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS W\LD NOT HAVE PROVOK$ 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS1 BECAUSE ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICS ( ,GREECE W]E F\ND$ ON A SLAVE ECONOMY1 ONLY FREE M5 W]E CITIZ5S & CON/ITUT$ ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y W]E EXEMPT$ FROM MAT]IAL LABOR :I* WAS C>RI$ \T BY ! SLAVES & HAD ALL !IR TIME TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! PUBLIC ?+4 

,MOD]N DEMOCRACY IS DIFF]5T4 ,! EMANCIPATION FROM SLAV]Y & S]VITUDE SL[LY ELEVATES ALL PEOPLE TO ! DIGNITY ( CITIZ5S1 CREAT+ A NUM]ICAL PROBLEM ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ANCI5T TIMES4 

,BUT ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM WAS DEVELOP+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ?IS PROBLEM4 ,BE=E ! EMANCIPAT$ SLAVES HAD YET ASPIR$ TO ! DIGNITY ( CITIZ5S1 ! MON>*S FELT ! NECESSITY ( GIV+ !M ! ILLUSION ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! PUBLIC ?+444,! ORIG9S ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM GO BACK TO ! OBSCURE TIMES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES :5 *RI/IANITY & FEUDALISM %>$ 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! HUMAN H]D4 ,! POSITION ( ! 0S]FS0 EV5TUALLY BECAME UNBE>ABLE1 SO !Y DELEGAT$ SOME PEOPLE444TO PRES5T A LI/ ( !IR COMPLA9TS BE=E ! LORD4 ,?US1 BE=E ! ABSOLUTE & DIV9E RI<T !SE POOR P>IAH P]SONIFI$ ! MIS]ABLE EXI/5CE ( ! GOV]N$ CLOD4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ REPRES5TATION2 ,5GL& WAS ITS CRADLE4 ,ITS MISSION B>ELY 5D$1 ?IS WRET*$ DELEGATION DISSOLV$ & WE DO NOT KN[ H[ ! OBSCURE WORK ( ! C5TURIES TRANS=M$ ?IS DELEGATION 9TO TODAY'S P[]FUL P>LIAM5T>Y ASSEMBLIES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO ?9K ?AT 9 ?OSE REMOTE TIMES ( ROYAL ABSOLUTISM ! PEASANT DELEGATIONS HAD SPONTANE\S ORIG9S4 ,IT IS MORE PROBABLE ?AT ! DISSATISFI$ PEASANTS RESORT$ TO REVOLT ?AN TO PETITION+ ! SOV]EIGN BY MEANS ( UNANIM\SLY SELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES :O MI<T WELL LOSE !IR HEADS IF ! SOV]EIGN F\ND !M UNBE>ABLE4 

,9 ! >*IVES ( ! ,5GLI% MON>*Y1 ONE CAN F9D ! DOCUM5TATION ( ! MO/ HUMBLE & UTT]LY UNDEMOCRATIC ORIG9S ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM4 ,H]E ONE F9DS AN ORD9ANCE ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I ?AT DATES BACK TO #a#b#e#d4 ,9 ,BRITA91 UP UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 ! NOBLES -- ! TEMPORAL & SPIRITUAL LORDS -- W]E /ILL TO BE SEAT$1 P]SONALLY & BY LAW1 9 ! P>LIAM5T :]E !Y REPRES5T$ !MSELVES & ! CLASS ?AT !Y CON/ITUT$ TOGE!R4 ,9 ! DOCUM5T M5TION$ ABOVE1 ,H5RY 9VIT$ ! LORDS TO TAKE UP !IR PO/S 9 P>LIAM5T &1 FUR!RMORE1 GAVE ! %]IFFS ( ALL C\NTIES 9 ! K+DOM ! ORD] ?AT !Y PROVIDE 0TWO GOOD & DISCREET KNI<TS0 SELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTY = ! PURPOSE ( REPRES5T+ !M BE=E ! C\NCIL ( ! K+ 09 ORD] TO EXAM9E ! :OLE ( ! KNI<TS ( ! O!R C\NTIES :O GIVE HELP TO ! K+40 7,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 5TRY3 ,REPRES5TATION7 

,H]E1 9 ! REGIME ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRIVILEGE1 ! ESS5CE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM IS ALREADY F\ND4 ,! PEASANTS DO NOT TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE TO S5D !IR [N REPRES5TATIVES TO ! K+2 RA!R ! K+ ORD]S ! DISPAT* ( REPRES5TATIVES TO ! C\NCIL ?R\< ! %]IFFS1 & HE DOES NOT WANT !M TO BE PEASANTS1 BUT GIVES ! ORD] ?AT !Y BE 0GOOD & DISCREET KNI<TS04 ,! K+ WANTS ! FUNDS ?AT WILL BE ALLOCAT$ 9 HIS FAVOR TO HAVE ! CONS5T ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! %]IFF MU/ MAKE SURE ?AT !SE REPRES5TATIVES >E PEOPLE ( HI< BIR?1 :I* IS TO SAY' PEOPLE DEVOT$ TO ! K+4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT DOESN'T MATT] :E!R ! ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! C\NTIES REPRES5T ! PEOPLE ( !IR C\NTIES2 RA!R HE WANTS TO BE C]TA9 ?AT !Y REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! K+4 

,! PRET5SE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE POLITICS IS ALREADY TRANSP>5T 9 ?IS ANCI5T DOCUM5T4 ,9 ! CURR5T =M ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 ! NAMES *ANGE1 BUT ! SUB/ANCE IS ! SAME4 0,! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE0 ELECTS ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 BUT !SE REPRES5TATIVES -- LIKE ! GOOD & DISCREET KNI<TS ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I ( ,5GL& -- MU/ BE GOOD CITIZ5S ABOVE ALL1 DEVOT$ TO ! CON/ITUT$ ORD]1 :I* IS TO SAY1 RESPECTFUL ( ! RI<T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ( ! CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY OV] SOCIAL WEAL? & ( ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 RA!R ?AN REPRES5T+ ! WILL1 ! ASPIRATIONS OR ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O ELECT$ !M1 !Y MU/ REPRES5T ! P[]1 AU?ORITY & PRIVILEGE ?AT ! CON/ITUT$ ORD] CONSECRATES & PROTECTS4 

0,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T10 -- ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,KROPOTK9 WROTE -- 0IS A SY/EM ELABORAT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES TO GA9 E>?LY RESPECT FROM ! MON>*IC SY/EM1 MA9TA9+ & 9CREAS+ !IR [N P[] OV] ! WORK]S AT ! SAME TIME4 ,! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM IS ! *>ACT]I/IC >M ( P[] ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,BUT EV5 ! MO/ PASSIONATE ADMIR]S ( ?IS SY/EM HAVE NEV] S]I\SLY SU/A9$ ?AT A P>LIAM5T OR MUNICIPAL BODY REALLY REPRES5TS A NATION OR A CITY3 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T AMONG !M UND]/& QUITE WELL ?AT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BY SUPPORT+ P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAS SIMPLY S\<T TO RAISE A DIKE BETWE5 ITSELF & ! MON>*Y & BETWE5 ITSELF & ! L&$ >I/OCRACY )\T GRANT+ FRE$OM TO ! PEOPLE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT AS ! PEOPLE SL[LY BECOME AW>E ( !IR [N 9T]E/S & ! V>IETY ( ?OSE 9T]E/S 9CREASES1 ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM REVEALS ITSELF TO BE 9ADEQUATE4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y DEMOCRATS ( ALL L&S BU/LE >\ND SE>*+ = PALLIATIVES & CORRECTIVES ?AT !Y NEV] F9D4 ,!Y TRY REF]5DUM & DISCOV] IT IS WOR?LESS2 !Y BABBLE AB\T PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION1 REPRES5TATION ( M9ORITIES & O!R UTOPIAS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y SEEK ! IMPOSSIBLE1 NAMELY A ME?OD ( DELEGATION ?AT REPRES5TS ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( 9T]E/ ( A NATION2 BUT !Y >E =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT !Y >E ON A FALSE ROAD1 & FAI? 9 REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T VANI%ES LITTLE BY LITTLE40 

444,POLITICAL P[] HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ECONOMIC P[]1 & S9CE ?IS REMA9 A MONOPOLY ( SMALL P[]FUL M9ORITIES1 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT IT IS UTOPIAN TO HOPE 9 ! TRIUMPH ( PURE DEMOCRACY1 :]E ! MANAGEM5T ( ! PUBLIC ?+ IS TRULY ! TASK ( ! PEOPLE TO ! B5EFIT ( !SE SAME PEOPLE4 

,! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM IS1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 A CONTRIVANCE CONCEIV$ 9 ORD] TO GIVE GOV]NM5TS DEPRIV$ ( DIV9E 9VE/ITURE ! APPE>ANCE ( POPUL> 9VE/ITURE4 ,ANYONE :O IS NOT SATISFI$ ) APPE>ANCE & SE>*ES = SUB/ANCE 9 HUMAN RELATION%IPS MU/ NECESS>ILY F9D FAULT ) ! ILLUSIONS P]PETUAT$ ?R\< ?IS CONTRIVANCE4444 

,A ,DESOLATE ,L&SCAPE BY ,WOLFI ,L&/REI*] 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT ?IS TIME1 ! SOCIAL L&SCAPE IS C]TA9LY DESOLATE4 ,MEAG]1 /+Y PEOPLE CREEP AB\T ?IS PSY*OLOGICALLY PO/-APOCALYPTIC L&SCAPE ?ANK+ ?OSE 9 P[] = ! JACKBOOT 9 !IR FACE & BEGG+ TO BE KICK$ EV5 H>D] 9TO ! DIRT 9 ORD] TO BE 0SAFE & SECURE04 ,A DEMOCRATIC POLICE /ATE IS DEVELOP+ AT A RAPID PACE4 

,I CAN HE> ! CRIES ( ?OSE SO-CALL$ RADICALS :O FEEL OBLIG$ TO UNCRITICALLY DEF5D DEMOCRACY 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR IDEOLOGY3 0,BUT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS NOT A TRUE DEMOCRACY2 ! CORPORATIONS CONTROL ! POLITICIANS40 ,?IS /ATEM5T REFLECTS ! DELUSIVE IDEOLOGY ( !SE W\LD-BE 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN0 & 0REVOLUTION>Y0 LEAD]S :I* VIEWS PEOPLE AS NO?+ MORE ?AN PASSIVE1 MANIPULAT$ VICTIMS4 ,9 FACT1 :5 5\< PEOPLE *OOSE TO RESI/ FI]CELY 5\<1 ! RUL+ CLASS IS =C$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS1 EV5 TO RETREAT OR /& D[N4 ,BUT 9 ! ,U4,S4,A4 AT PRES5T1 PEOPLE >E DEM&+ ! CLAMPD[N ?AT ?OSE 9 P[] >E SO GLAD TO GIVE4 

,9 SEV]AL /ATES1 VOT]S HAVE VOT$ ! 0?REE-/RIKE0 POLICY OR SOME?+ SIMIL> 9TO EFFECT4 ,SU* POLICIES MAKE A #b#e-YE> TO LIFE S5T5CE )\T P>OLE M&ATORY = ANYONE ON !IR ?IRD FELONY CONVICTION REG>DLESS ( !IR CRIME4 ,9 A SIMIL> VE91 ?REE /ATES HAVE RE9/ITUT$ *A9 GANGS ) POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,SNIT*+ HAS BE5 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 TELEVISION %[S LIKE 0,AM]ICA'S ,MO/ ,WANT$01 9 0,WE,TIP0 HOTL9ES1 9 0,NEI<BORHOOD ,WAT*0 PROGRAMS & 9 REW>D SY/EMS 9 S*OOLS -- ALONG ) NUM]\S O!R PROGRAMS4 ,ALL !SE PROGRAMS ATTEMPT TO PORTRAY ! C[>DLY ACT ( SNIT*+ AS H]OIC -- & ! SUCCESS ( !SE PROGRAMS 9DICATES !IR POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,I C\LD GO ON & ON ) EXAMPLES ( ! DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT ( POLICE /ATE PROGRAMS & POLICIES1 BUT ANYONE ) OP5 EYES CAN SEE IT ALL >\ND US1 & SU* LI/S BECOME T$I\S4 

,I'M QUITE AW>E ( ! MANIPULATION ( PUBLIC OP9ION BY ?OSE 9 P[]1 BUT -- AS ,I'VE SAID -- PEOPLE >E NOT JU/ PASSIVE LUMPS TO BE MOLD$ TO ANY %APE4 ,MANIPULATION ( PUBLIC OP9ION CAN ONLY WORK ON T5D5CIES ?AT >E ALREADY !RE1 GUID+ !M 9 ! DIRECTION ?AT IS MO/ USEFUL TO P[]4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( A POLICE /ATE H]E HAS BE5 A DEMOCRATIC PROCESS1 AN EXPRESSION ( 0! WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 -- ?AT IS TO SAY ! G5]AL CONS5SUS4 ,ANY AN>*I/ 9 ?IS C\NTRY :O /ILL HAS ILLUSIONS AB\T A CONNECTION BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & ! FRE$OM TO DET]M9E ONES [N LIFE & 9T]ACTIONS 7OR AB\T CREAT+ A MASS MOVEM5T7 DES]VES ONLY ! MO/ M]CILESS RIDICULE4 

,:AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS P>T ( A WORLD-WIDE TR5D3 RABID NATIONALISM1 EV5 OP5LY FASCI/ MOVEM5TS1 9 MANY PLACES2 AN UPSURGE 9 RELIGI\S FANATICISM 9 ! MIDDLE EA/1 EA/]N ,EUROPE1 H]E & 9 MANY O!R PLACES2 LEFTI/ CAUSES & LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS EMBRAC+ ID5TITY POLITICS1 (T5 ) A CORRESPOND+ SEP>ATISM4 ,PEOPLE FEEL SO SMALL1 SO WEAK1 SO PA!TIC1 ?AT !Y W\LD RA!R LOCK !MSELVES 9 PRISONS ( SOCIAL ID5TITY1 PROTECT$ BY LAWS1 COPS & ! /ATE ?AN CREATE !IR LIVES = !MSELVES4 

,)9 A SOCIAL SY/EM 9 :I* SUICIDE MAY %[ A GREAT] LOVE = LIFE ?AN ! IMPOV]I%$ EXI/5CES ?AT MO/ PEOPLE EMBRACE1 PEOPLE >E DEM&+ ?AT AU?ORITY DEF5D !IR PA!TIC WAY ( 0LIFE0 BY SUPPRESS+ ANYONE :O DI/URBS !IR ILLUSIONS4 ,C]TA9LY ?IS IS NOT A NEW SITUATION4 ,?\< AT TIMES ITS ME?ODS >E MORE LIB]AL OR MORE H>%1 ! POLICIES ( ! RUL+ ORD] ALWAYS S]VE ONE PURPOSE3 ! MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,SO WE >E DOCUM5T$ & REQUIR$ P]PETUALLY TO ASK P]MISSION4 ,BUT ,I WILL NOT ASK P]MISSION -- NOR WILL ANYONE :O W\LD TAKE !IR LIFE AS !IR [N -- & ,I WILL AVOID DOCUM5TATION TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,I AM ABLE TO )\T IMPOV]I%+ MYSELF1 :ILE /RIV+ TO DE/ROY ALL ?AT MAKES DOCUM5TATION NECESS>Y4 ,MY FRI5DS & ,I1 TOGE!R BECAUSE1 & = AS LONG AS1 WE 5JOY EA* O!R1 WILL CREATE PROJECTS1 DESIRES & DREAMS ?AT 5RI* \R LIVES1 :I* RUN C\NT] TO ! MEAG] F>E (F]$ BY SOCIETY4 ,WANT+ SO MU*1 MY GRE$Y G5]OSITY1 MY HUNG] = VITALITY & PASSIONATE 9T5SITY1 DEM&S ?AT ,I ATTACK ?IS SOCIETY & ! PUNY & DESOLATE EXI/5CE IT (F]S4 ,WE :O DEM& ! FULLNESS ( LIFE CANNOT WAIT = ! MASSES TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W\LD PREF] LIFE TO SECURITY2 \R REVOLT AGA9/ SOCIETY IS N[4 ,DEMOCRACY HAS ALWAYS BE5 A DES]T2 WE WANT A LU% & V]DANT JUNGLE4 

,! ,LESS] ,EVIL BY ,DOM9IQUE ,MISE9 

,SEV]AL YE>S AGO DUR+ AN ELECTION1 A FAM\S ,ITALIAN J\RNALI/ 9VIT$ HIS READ]S TO HOLD !IR NOSES & FULFILL !IR DUTY AS CITIZ5S BY VOT+ = ! P>TY !N 9 P[]4 ,! J\RNALI/ WAS WELL AW>E ?AT TO ! PEOPLE ?IS P>TY S5T =? ! /5* ( DECADES ( 9/ITUTIONAL ROT -- ABUSE ( P[]1 CORRUPTION1 DIRTY DEAL+S -- BUT ! ONLY POLITICAL ALT]NATIVE ON ! M>KET1 ! LEFT1 SEEM$ EV5 MORE OM9\S4 ,!RE WAS NO *OICE BUT TO HOLD ONE'S NOSE & VOTE = ! RUL]S ALREADY 9 P[]4 

,AT ! TIME1 ?\< IT WAS ! SUBJECT ( MU* DEBATE1 ?IS 9VITATION HAD SOME SUCCESS & CAN BE SAID1 9 A S5SE1 TO HAVE WON ! DAY4 ,?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,BASICALLY1 ! J\RNALI/'S >GUM5T US$ ONE ( ! MO/ EASILY V]IFI$ CONDITION$ SOCIAL REFLEXES1 ?AT ( ! POLITICS ( ! LESS] EVIL ?AT GUIDES ! DAILY *OICES ( ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE4 ,FAC$ ) ! AFFAIRS ( LIFE1 GOOD COMMON S5SE IS ALWAYS QUICK TO REM9D US ?AT BETWE5 EQUALLY DETE/ABLE ALT]NATIVES ! BE/ WE CAN DO IS *OOSE ! ONE ?AT SEEMS TO US TO BE ! LEA/ LIKELY TO BR+ UNPLEASANT CONSEQU5CES4 

,H[ CAN WE D5Y ?AT \R 5TIRE LIFE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO ONE LONG & EXHAU/+ SE>* = ! LESS] EVIL8 ,H[ CAN WE D5Y ?AT ?AT CONCEPT ( *OOS+ ! GOOD -- UND]/OOD NOT 9 ! ABSOLUTE S5SE1 BUT MO/ SIMPLY AS :AT IS E/EEM$ AS SU* -- IS G5]ALLY REJECT$ A PRIORI8 ,ALL ( \R EXP]I5CE & ?AT ( PA/ G5]ATIONS TEA* US ?AT ! >T ( LIV+ IS ! H>DE/ & ?AT ! MO/ >D5T DREAMS CAN ONLY HAVE A TRAGIC CONCLUSION3 VICTIMS ( ! AL>M CLOCK1 ( ! CLOS+ TITLES ( A FILM1 ( ! LA/ PAGE ( A BOOK4 0,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?IS WAY0 -- WE >E TOLD ) A SI<1 & FROM ?AT WE CONCLUDE ?AT IT WILL ALWAYS BE ?IS WAY4 

,CLE>LY1 ALL ?IS DOES NOT KEEP US FROM UND]/&+ H[ H>MFUL EV]Y?+ WE HAVE TO FACE IS4 ,BUT WE KN[ H[ TO *OOSE AN EVIL4 ,:AT WE LACK -- & WE LACK IT BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 TAK5 FROM US -- IS NOT ! CAPACITY TO JUDGE ! WORLD >\ND US1 ! HORROR ( :I* IMPOSES ITSELF ) ! IMM$IACY ( A PUN* 9 ! FACE1 SO MU* AS ! ABILITY TO GO BEYOND ! GIV5 POSSIBILITIES -- OR EV5 M]ELY ATTEMPT TO DO SO4 ,?US1 ACCEPT+ ! ET]NAL EXCUSE ?AT ONE RUNS ! RISK ( LOS+ EV]Y?+ IF ONE IS NOT SATISFI$ ) :AT ON ALREADY HAS H]E1 ONE W9DS UP GO+ ?R\< ONE'S EXI/5CE UND] ! FLAG ( R5UNCIATION4 ,\R [N DAILY LIVES ) !IR 9DISCRETIONS (F] US NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( ?IS4 ,9 ALL S9C]ITY1 H[ MANY ( US CAN BOA/ ( REVEL+ 9 LIFE1 ( BE+ SATISFI$ BY IT8 ,& H[ MANY CAN SAY ?AT !Y >E SATISFI$ BY !IR WORK1 BY !SE H\RS )\T PURPOSE1 )\T PLEASURE1 )\T 5D8 ,& YET1 FAC$ ) ! BUGABOO ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 WE >E QUICK TO ACCEPT WAG$ MIS]Y 9 ORD] TO AVOID MIS]Y )\T WAGES4 ,H[ DO WE EXPLA9 ! T5D5CY ( SO MANY TO PROLONG !IR YE>S ( /UDY = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE -- A *>ACT]I/IC ?AT IS QUITE WIDESPREAD -- IF NOT 9 T]MS ( ! REFUSAL TO 5T] 9TO AN ADULT WORLD 9 :I* ONE CAN SEE ! 5D ( AN ALREADY PREC>I\S FRE$OM8 ,& :AT CAN WE SAY !N ( LOVE1 ?AT SPASMODIC SE>* = SOMEBODY TO LOVE & BY :OM TO BE LOV$ ?AT USUALLY 5DS UP AS ITS P>ODY1 S9CE M]ELY 9 ORD] TO REMOVE ! SPECT] ( LONEL9ESS WE PREF] TO PROLONG EMOTIONAL RELATION%IPS ?AT >E ALREADY WORN \T8 ,/+Y ) AMAZEM5T & 5*ANTM5T1 \R DAYS ON E>? >E ONLY ABLE TO GRANT US ! BOR$OM ( S]IAL REPETITION4 

,SO 9 SPITE ( ! NUM]\S ATTEMPTS TO HIDE OR M9IMIZE ! 9JURIES BR\<T AB\T BY ! CURR5T SOCIAL SY/EM1 WE SEE !M ALL4 ,WE KN[ ALL AB\T LIV+ 9 A WORLD ?AT DAMAGES US4 ,BUT TO R5D] IT BE>ABLE1 :I* IS TO SAY ACCEPTABLE1 IT IS 5\< TO OBJECTIFY IT1 TO FURNI% IT ) A HI/ORICAL JU/IFICATION1 TO 5D[ IT ) AN IMPLACABLE LOGIC BE=E :I* \R BOOKKEEP]S' CONSCI\SNESS CAN ONLY CAPITULATE4 ,TO R5D] ! ABS5CE ( LIFE & ITS IGNOBLE B>T] ) SURVIVAL -- ! BOR$OM ( YE>S PASS$ 9 OBLIGATION1 ! =C$ R5UNCIATION ( LOVE & PASSION1 ! PREMATURE AG+ ( ! S5SES1 ! BLACKMAIL ( WORK1 5VIRONM5TAL DEVA/ATION & ! V>I\S =MS ( SELF-HUMILIATION -- MORE BE>ABLE1 :AT IS BETT] ?AN TO RELATIVIZE ?IS SITUATION1 TO COMP>E IT TO O!RS ( GREAT] ANGUI% & OPPRESSION2 :AT IS MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN TO COMP>E IT ) ! WOR/8 

,NATURALLY1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! LOGIC ( ! LESS] EVIL IS LIMIT$ TO M]ELY REGULAT+ \R H\SEHOLD *ORES4 ,ABOVE ALL IT REGULATES & ADM9I/]S ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE AS ?AT J\RNALI/ KNEW WELL4 ,9 FACT1 EV]Y SOCIETY KN[N TO ! HUMAN RACE IS CONSID]$ IMP]FECT4 ,REG>DLESS ( !IR IDEAS1 EV]YONE HAS DREAM$ ( LIV+ 9 A WORLD DIFF]5T FROM ! PRES5T ONE3 A MORE REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 AN ECONOMY MORE FREE FROM /ATE 9T]V5TION1 A 0F$]ALI/0 RA!R ?AN A C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 A NATION )\T =EIGN]S & SO ON EV5 TO ! MO/ EXTREME ASPIRATIONS4 

,BUT ! DESIRE TO REALIZE ONE'S DREAMS GOADS ONE TO ACTION1 BECAUSE ONLY ACTION RESOLVES TO TRANS=M ! WORLD1 R5D]+ IT SIMIL> TO ! DREAM4 ,ACTION RES\NDS 9 ! E> LIKE ! D9 ( ! TRUMPETS ( ,J]I*O4 ,NO IMP]ATIVE EXI/S ?AT POSSESSES A RUD] EFFICACY1 & = ANYONE :O HE>S IT ! NE$ TO GO 9TO ACTION IMPOSES ITSELF )\T DELAY & )\T CONDITIONS4 ,BUT ANYONE :O CALLS = ACTION TO REALIZE ! ASPIRATIONS ?AT 5LIV5 H] QUICKLY RECEIVES /RANGE & UNEXPECT$ REPLIES4 ,! NEOPHYTE LE>NS 9 A HURRY ?AT AN EFFECTIVE ACTION IS ONE ?AT LIMITS ITSELF TO REALIZ+ CIRCUMSCRIB$1 GLOOMY & SAD DREAMS4 ,NOT ONLY >E ! GREAT UTOPIAS APP>5TLY BEYOND REA*1 BUT EV5 MU* MORE MODE/ OBJECTIVES PROVE TO BE B>ELY REALIZABLE4 ,?US ANYONE :O CONSID]$ TRANS=M+ ! WORLD ACCORD+ TO HIS DREAM F9DS H]SELF UNABLE TO DO ANY?+ BUT TRANS=M ! DREAM1 ADAPT+ IT TO ! MORE IMM$IATE REALITY ( ?IS WORLD4 ,) ! AIM ( ACT+ PRODUCTIVELY1 ONE F9DS ONESELF CON/RA9$ TO REPRESS !IR DREAM4 ,?US1 ! FIR/ R5UNCIATION ?AT PRODUCTIVE ACTION DEM&S ( ANYONE :O WANTS TO ACT IS ?AT %E R$UCE HIS DREAM TO ! PROPORTIONS RECOMM5D$ BY :AT EXI/S4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 %E COMES TO AN UND]/&+1 9 A FEW WORDS1 ?AT \RS IS AN EPO* ( COMPROMISE1 ( HALF MEASURES1 ( PLUGG$ NOSES4 ,PRECISELY1 ( LESS] EVILS4 

,IF ONE CONSID]S IT C>EFULLY1 IT MAKES S5SE ?AT ! CONCEPT ( RE=MISM1 A CAUSE TO :I* ALL >E DEVOT$ TODAY1.<#b.> REPRES5TS AN ACCOMPLI%$ EXPRESSION ( ! POLITICS ( ! LESS] EVIL3 A PRUD5T ACT SUBJECT TO ! WAT*FUL EYE ( MOD]ATION :I* NEV] LOSES SI<T ( ITS SIGNS ( ACCEPTANCE & :I* PROCE$S ) CAUTION WOR?Y ( ! MO/ CONSUMMATE DIPLOMACY4 ,! PREOCCUPATION ) AVOID+ JOLTS IS SU* ?AT :5 SOME ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCE R5D]S !M 9EVITABLE1 ONE HURRIES !RE TO LEGITIMATE IT1 %[+ H[ A WORSE CALAMITY WAS AVOID$4 ,DIDN'T WE JU/ GO ?R\< A W> LA/ SUMM] ?AT WAS JU/IFI$ AS ! LESS] EVIL 9 RESPECT TO A SAVAGE 0E?NIC CLEANS+01 JU/ AS FIFTY YE>S AGO ! USE ( ATOM BOMBS ON ,HIRO%IMA AN ,NAGASAKI WAS JU/IFI$ AS A LESS] EVIL 9 RESPECT TO ! CONT9UATION ( ! WORLD W>8 ,& ?IS 9 SPITE ( ! CLAIM ( EV]Y GOV]NM5T ON ! PLANET TO ABHOR ! REC\RSE TO =CE 9 ! RESOLUTION ( CONFLICTS4 

,9DE$4 ,EV5 ! RUL+ CLASS RECOGNIZES ! BASIS ( ! CRITIQUES =MULAT$ ) REG>DS TO ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] = :I* IT IS O!RWISE RESPONSIBLE4 ,SOMETIMES ONE MAY EV5 F9D SEV]AL ( ITS SPOKESPEOPLE 9 ! FRONTL9E 9 =MALLY D5\NC+ ! DISCRIM9ATIONS ( ! LAWS ( ! M>KET1 ! TOTALIT>IANISM ( 0S+LE ?\<T01 ! ABUSES ( LIB]ALISM4 ,EV5 = ?IS REALITY ?IS IS ALL AN EVIL4 ,BUT IT IS AN 9EVITABLE EVIL1 & ! MO/ ONE CAN DO IS TO TRY TO DIM9I% ITS EFFECTS4 

,! EVIL 9 QUE/ION1 FROM :I* WE CANNOT BE FRE$ -- AS %\LD BE CLE> -- IS A SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON PR(IT1 ON MONEY1 ON M]*&ISE1 ON ! R$UCTION ( ! HUMAN BE+ TO A ?+1 ON P[] -- & ?AT HAS 9 ! /ATE AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL ( CO]CION4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT] HAV+ PUT ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM1 ) ALL ( ITS COROLL>IES1 BEYOND DEBATE ?AT ! POLITICAL ATTA*ES CAN ASK !MSELVES :I* CAPITALI/IC =M CAN REPRES5T ! LESS] EVIL TO SUPPORT4 ,N[ADAYS1 ! PREF]5CE IS GRANT$ TO DEMOCRACY1 :I* IS PRES5T$ -- NOT 9ADV]T5TLY -- AS ! 0LEA/ BAD ( KN[N POLITICAL SY/EMS40 ,:5 COMP>$ ) FASCISM & /AL9ISM1 IT EASILY GETS ! SUPPORT ( WE/]N COMMON S5SE1 MORE SO S9CE ! DEMOCRATIC LIE IS BAS$ ON ! 7ILLUSORY7 P>TICIPATION ( ITS SUBJECTS 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! PUBLIC ?+ ?AT1 !RE=E1 COMES TO SEEM P]FECTIBLE4 ,?US PEOPLE >E EASILY CONV9C$ ?AT 0MORE JU/0 /ATE ACTIVITY1 A 0BETT] DI/RIBUTION ( ! WEAL?01 OR RA!R A 0MORE PRUD5T EXPLOITATION ( RES\RCES0 CON/ITUTE ! ONLY POSSIBILITIES AT !IR DISPOSAL = CONFRONT+ ! PROBLEMS ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION4 

,BUT 9 ACCEPT+ ?IS1 A BASIC DETAIL IS OMITT$4 ,:AT IS OMITT$ IS AN UND]/&+ ( :AT ESS5TIALLY UNITES ! DIFF]5T ALT]NATIVES ADVANC$3 ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY1 ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ( CLASSES1 ( P[]4 ,H]E ONE C\LD SAY IT IS =GOTT5 ?AT TO *OOSE AN EVIL -- EV5 IF IT IS A LESS] EVIL -- IS ! BE/ WAY TO PROLONG IT4 ,TO USE ! EXAMPLES ABOVE ONCE MORE -- ONE 0MORE JU/0 /ATE DECIDES TO BOMB AN 5TIRE C\NTRY TO CONV9CE A 0MORE EVIL0 /ATE TO /OP ! E?NIC CLEANS+ OP]ATIONS )9 ITS [N BORD]S4 ,!RE'S NO USE 9 D5Y+ ?AT ! DIFF]5CE EXI/S1 BUT WE P]CEIVE IT ONLY 9 ! REPUGNANCE ?AT1 9 ?IS SITUATION1 9SPIRES A /ATE LOGIC CAPABLE ( PLAY+ ) ! LIVES ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE :O >E SLAU<T]$ & BOMB$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 A 0BETT] DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?0 TRIES TO AVOID CONC5TRAT+ ! FRUITS ( ! LABOR ( ! CU/OM>Y MANY 9TO ! H&S ( ! CU/OM>Y FEW4 ,BUT :AT DOES ?AT MEAN8 ,BRIEFLY1 ! KNIFE ) :I* ! MA/]S ( ! E>? SLICE ! PIE ( ! WORLD'S WEAL? W\LD *ANGE & MAYBE !Y W\LD ADD ANO!R PLACE TO ! TABLE ( M]RY GUE/S4 ,! RE/ ( HUMANITY W\LD HAVE TO CONT9UE TO BE CONT5T ) CRUMBS4 ,F9ALLY1 :O W\LD D>E TO D5Y ?AT ! EXPLOITATION ( NATURE HAS CAUS$ C\NTLESS 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHES4 ,BUT IT ISN'T NECESS>Y TO BE EXP]TS 9 ! MATT] TO UND]/& ?AT MAK+ ?IS EXPLOITATION 0MORE PRUD5T0 WILL NOT S]VE TO IMP$E FUR!R CATA/ROPHES1 BUT SOLELY TO R5D] !M 0MORE PRUD5T0 AS WELL4 ,BUT DOES A 0PRUD5T0 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE EXI/8 ,& )9 :AT P>AMET]S CAN IT BE MEASUR$8 

"9 "9 "9 

,A SMALL W> IS BETT] ?AN A BIG W>2 BE+ A BILLIONAIRE IS BETT] ?AN BE+ A MILLIONAIRE2 CIRCUMSCRIB$ CATA/ROPHES >E BETT] ?AN EXT5D$ CATA/ROPHES4 ,H[ CAN WE NOT SEE ?AT ALONG ?IS ROAD ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT R5D] ! \TBREAK ( W>1 ! ACCUMULATION ( PRIVILEGE & ! CONT9U+ OCCURR5CE ( CATA/ROPHES POSSIBLE WILL CONT9UE TO P]PETUATE !MSELVES8 ,H[ CAN WE NOT SEE ?AT SU* POLITICS DOES NOT EV5 (F] A M9IMAL PRACTICAL UTILITY1 ?AT :5 ! BUCKET IS FULL TO ! BRIM A DROP SUFFICES TO MAKE IT OV]FL[8 ,FROM ! MOM5T WE R5\NCE QUE/ION+ CAPITALISM AS A TOTALITY COMMON TO ALL ! V>IETIES ( POLITICAL REGULATION1 GIV+ PREF]5CE 9/EAD TO ! M]E COMP>ISON BETWE5 V>I\S TE*NIQUES ( EXPLOITATION1 ! P]SI/5CE ( 0EVIL0 IS GU>ANTE$444 ,RA!R ?AN ASK+ ONESELF :E!R ONE WANTS TO HAVE A MA/] TO OBEY1 ONE PREF]S TO *OOSE ! MA/] :O BEATS ONE ! LEA/4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 EV]Y \TBUR/1 EV]Y T5SION1 EV]Y DESIRE =E FRE$OM IS R$UC$ TO A TAM] DECISION2 9/EAD ( ATTACK+ ! EVILS ?AT POISON US 1 WE BLAME !M ON ! EXCESSES ( ! SY/EM4 ,)9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! GREAT] ! VIRUL5CE ) :I* !SE EXCESSES >E D5\NC$1 ! MORE ! SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT PRODUCES !M IS CONSOLIDAT$4 ,! PLAGUE ONCE MORE CLOSES 9 ON ?IS IDEOLOGICAL :ITEWA%1 )\T LEAV+ A WAY ( ESCAPE4 ,& AS LONG AS ! QUE/ION TO RESOLVE IS ?AT ( H[ TO MANAGE DOM9ATION RA!R ?AN CONSID]+ ! POSSIBILITY ( GETT+ RID ( IT & FIGUR+ \T H[ TO DO SO1 ! LOGIC ( ?OSE :O GOV]N & MANAGE US WILL CONT9UE TO DICTATE ! MEASURES TO TAKE ) REG>D TO EV]Y?+4 

,AFT] ! 9JURY1 ! MOCK]Y CANNOT BE LACK+4 ,AT EV]Y TURN ( ! SCREW1 WE >E ASSUR$ ?AT ! RESULT OBTA9$ CANNOT BE WORSE ?AN ?AT :I* CAME BE=E1 ?AT ! P]SECUT$ POLITICS -- ALWAYS AIM$ T[>D PROGRESS -- WILL BLOCK ! PA? ( MORE CONS]VATIVE POLITICS1 ?AT AFT] HAV+ SUFF]$ SO MU* DIFFICULTY 9 SIL5CE WE >E N[ ON ! RI<T ROAD AT LA/4 ,FROM LESS] EVIL TO LESS] EVIL1 ! C\NTLESS RE=MI/S :O OV]RUN ?IS SOCIETY DRIVE US FROM W> TO W>1 FROM CATA/ROPHE TO CATA/ROPHE1 FROM SACRIFICE TO SACRIFICE4 ,& BECAUSE ONE ACCEPTS ?IS MORTIFY+ LOGIC ( PETTY 7*ANGE7 ACC\NT+ & ( SUBMISSION TO ! /ATE1 BY D9T ( MAK+ CALCULATIONS TO WEI< BETWE5 EVIL & EVIL1 A DAY C\LD COME :5 ONE PLACES ONE'S V]Y [N LIFE ON ! SCALE3 BETT] TO CROAK RI<T N[ ?AN TO CONT9UE TO LANGUI% ON ?IS E>?4 ,IT MU/ BE ?IS ?\<T ?AT PUTS ! WEAPON 9 ! H& ( ! SUICIDE4 ,BECAUSE ONE PLUGS ONE'S NOSE 9 ORD] TO VOTE = ! B5EFIT ( P[]1 ONE 5DS UP NO LONG] BREA?+4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 REMA9+ )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! LESS] EVIL DOES NOT RAISE TOO MANY DIFFICULTIES2 ! DIFFICULTY BEG9S AT ! MOM5T ONE LEAVES ?IS CONTEXT1 AT ! MOM5T ONE DE/ROYS IT4 ,ALL ONE HAS TO DO IS AFFIRM ?AT BETWE5 TWO EVILS ! WOR/ ?+ ONE C\LD DO IS TO *OOSE EI!R ONE ( !M1 & !RE IT IS3 ! KNOCK ( ! POLICE AT ! DOOR4 ,:5 ONE IS ! 5EMY ( EV]Y P>TY1 EV]Y W>1 EV]Y CAPITALI/1 ALL EXPLOITATION ( NATURE1 ONE CAN ONLY APPE> SUSPICI\S 9 ! EYES ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,9 FACT IT IS H]E ?AT SUBV]SION BEG9S4 ,REFUS+ ! POLITICS ( ! LESS] EVIL1 REFUS+ ?IS SOCIALLY 9/ILL$ HABIT ?AT 9DUCES ONE TO PRES]VE ONE'S EXI/5CE RA!R ?AN LIV+ IT1 NECESS>ILY LEADS ONE TO PUT EV]Y?+ ?AT ! REAL WORLD & ITS 0NECESSITY0 DRA9S ( MEAN+ 9TO PLAY4 ,NOT ?AT ,UTOPIA IS IMMUNE TO ! LOGIC ( ! LESS] EVIL -- ?AT IS NOT GU>ANTE$4 ,DUR+ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS1 IT HAS BE5 PRECISELY ?IS LOGIC ?AT HAS /OPP$ ! ASSAULTS ( ! 9SURG5TS3 :5 ! TEMPE/ RAGES & ! BILL[S ?REAT5 TO SWEEP EV]Y?+ AWAY !RE IS ALWAYS SOME MORE REALI/IC REVOLUTION>Y :O RU%ES TO DET\R POPUL> RAGE T[>D MORE 0REASONABLE0 DEM&S4 ,AFT] ALL EV5 SOMEONE :O WANTS TO TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N FE>S LOS+ ALL4 ,EV5 :5 FROM ?AT ALL1 !RE IS REALLY NO?+ ?AT BELONGS TO HIM4 

,:O IS IT8 BY ,ADONIDE 

,:5 ONE SPEAKS ( TOTALIT>IANISM1 ?\<T RUNS IMM$IATELY TO A =M ( IMPLACABLE DOM9ATION ?AT HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 EMBODI$ 9 ! FIGURE ( A S+LE DICTATOR4 ,HITL] ! ,FUHR]1 ,MUSSOL9I ! ,DUCE1 ,FRANCO ! ,CAUDILLO1 ,/AL9 ! ,LITTLE ,FA!R1 ,CEAUSESCU ! ,LEAD]1 ,MAO ! ,GREAT ,HELMSMAN1 ,P9O*ET ! G5]ALISSIMO3 ALL >E EXAMPLES ( DICTATORS FROM A NOT TOO DI/ANT PA/ ?AT IS NEV]!LESS CONSID]$ DIFFICULT TO REPEAT4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! PA/ FEW YE>S WE HAVE BE5 EXP]I5C+ ! 5D ( ! ]A ( 9DIVIDUAL DICTATOR%IP AS ?IS =M ( P[] RECEIVES NE>LY UNANIM\S CONDEMNATION4 ,& IF 9 A FEW P>TS ( ! WORLD1 REGIMES /ILL SURVIVE ?AT >E L$ BY /RONGM51 ! T5D5CY TO REPLACE !M ) MOD]N DEMOCRACIES IS TAK+ HOLD )\T MU* DISPUTE4 ,! ,FUHR]1 ! ,DUCE & !IR LIKE HAVE HAD TO GIVE UP !IR PLACE TO SOME:AT DISEMBODI$1 COLD SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION1 )\T SURPRISE1 FROM :I* ! HUMAN ELEM5T IS ALMO/ COMPLETELY BANI%$4 

,BUT A DICTATOR%IP -- A TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM -- DOES NOT NECESS>ILY HAVE TO BE L$ BY A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL TO BE CONSID]$ SU*4 ,ONE CAN CONSID] ANY REGIME 9 :I* P[] IS CONC5TRAT$ ABSOLUTELY 9TO ! H&S ( A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O1 ?US1 COME TO HAVE CONTROL OV] ALL ASPECTS ( EV]YONE'S EXI/5CE TO BE SU*4 ,FROM ?IS ONE CAN D$UCE ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 A TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM IS NOT SO MU* :O HOLDS ! P[] AS H[ IT IS EX]CIS$4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] :AT REASONS SU* A SY/EM ADOPTS TO JU/IFY ABSOLUTE CONTROL :E!R RACIAL PURITY OR ! DEVELOPM5T ( M>KETS4 ,IT ISN'T EV5 P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT :E!R CONTROL IS SECUR$ VIOL5TLY ?R\< ! PRES5CE ( TANKS 9 ! /REET OR G5TLY BY MEANS ( M$IA ANES!SIA4 ,IT IS ! 9EXORABLE APPLICATION ( ?IS CONTROL TO ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE ?AT C\NTS1 ! FACT ?AT IT LEAVES NO LOOPHOLE1 IT GIVES NO POSSIBILITY ( ESCAPE4 

,?US1 DEMOCRACY ITSELF IS ALSO A =M ( DICTATOR%IP -- C]TA9LY LESS OBVI\S1 BUT NOT = ?IS LESS EFFECTIVE1 QUITE ! CONTR>Y -- ?AT MU/ IMPOSE ITS VALUES 9 EV]Y FIELD ON ALL 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIAL CLASSES = ITS [N SELF-PRES]VATION4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 MANY CONSID] IT ! MO/ P]FECT TOTALIZ+ SY/EM4 ,! MA9 REASON ?AT IT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 REPLAC+ ! OLD & OBSOLETE =MS ( P[] IS ?AT IT IS NOT M]ELY ONE ( ! V>I\S =MS P[] CAN ASSUME2 DEMOCRACY CORRESPONDS TO ! V]Y ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM1 TO ! NORMAL FUNCTION+ ( M>KET SOCIETY 9 ITS EXPANSION4 ,)9 ! M>KETPLACE1 SOCIAL CLASSES DON'T EXI/2 !RE >E ONLY 0FREE & EQUAL0 CONSUM]S4 ,?IS 0FRE$OM0 & 0EQUALITY0 COV]S A BASIC ROLE 9 ! GA!R+ ( CONS5SUS1 ?AT CONS5SUS :I* REPRES5TS ! HI<E/ VIRTUE ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM 9 ! EYES ( ITS SUPPORT]S4 

,9 FACT1 ! CLASSIC TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES >E BAS$ ON AN EX]CISE ( VIOL5CE ?AT IS1 P>ADOXICALLY1 A PR(\ND SIGN ( WEAKNESS4 ,! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?AT >E IMPOS$ >E 9TOL]ABLE -- EV]YONE KN[S ?IS -- & IT IS UP TO ! =CES = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD] TO MAT]IALLY OB/RUCT ! REALIZATION ( A DIFF]5T LIFE1 ! POSSIBILITY ( :I* /ILL REMA9S AS ! CONSCI\S ASPIRATION ( ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A DIFF]5T LIFE IS TO BE ]ADICAT$4 ,TO MA9TA9 ORD]1 ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE DOES NOT TAKE \T ITS CUDGELS EXCEPT UND] V]Y SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES2 RA!R IT USES ! ORGANS ( 9=MATION4 ,!SE DON'T LEAVE BRUISES ON ! SK91 BUT PREV5TATIVELY NULLIFY ALL AW>5ESS1 EXT+UI% EV]Y DESIRE1 PLACATE EV]Y T5SION2 ! 9DIVIDUAL DISSOLVES & H] ALI5ATION FROM ! WORLD BECOMES IRRECONCILABLE4 

"9 "9 "9 

,FRE$OM IS SIMPLY SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,IT IS ! *OICE EA* 9DIVIDUAL MAKES CONC]N+ HIS EXI/5CE & ! WORLD 9 :I* %E LIVES4 ,BUT A *OICE 9 A SITUATION 9 :I* !RE IS NO?+ TO *OOSE1 BECAUSE CONDITIONS DET]M9$ BY O!RS LIMIT ! SITUATION1 IS A *OICE ONLY 9 NAME4 ,?US1 A REGIME ?AT REPRESSES *ALL5GES ) BLOOD IS D5\NC$ AS TOTALIT>IAN2 IT H9D]S DIFF]5T *OICES4 ,BUT :AT CAN ONE SAY AB\T A REGIME 9 :I* NO SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL TUMULT EV] BREAKS \T1 A REGIME ?AT HAS NO?+ TO H9D] BECAUSE IT DOES NOT EV5 PROVIDE = ! POSSIBILITY ( DIFF]5T *OICES4 ,AS SOMEONE HAS SAID1 0 ,! MO/ P]FECT POLICE /ATE HAS NO NE$ = POLICE40 ,A DECISIVE ASPECT ( ! TOTALIT>IAN =M -- ! S+LE P>TY -- CAN EXPRESS ITSELF COMPLETELY N[ EV5 )9 ! WE/]N POLITICAL SY/EMS4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ANALY/S !MSELVES >E =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT :5 ONE TAKES ! ECONOMIC BONDS & ! 9CREAS+LY CLE> AGREEM5T ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! M>KET ECONOMY BETWE5 ! LEFT & ! RI<T 9TO ACC\NT1 ! DISC\RSE & ! PROGRAMS ( ! GREAT P>TIES OV]LAP MORE & MORE4 ,9/EAD ( PRES5T+ OBJECTIVES ?AT OBVI\SLY DIFF] FROM ONE ANO!R1 DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! USE ( OP9ION POLLS1 ! GREAT GOV]N+ P>TIES HAVE REA*$ ! PO9T :]E !Y NO LONG] DIVIDE ON SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES444 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS NO LONG] SUCCE$ 9 R\S+ AMAZEM5T1 EXPRESS+ A SITUATION ?AT HAS 9 FACT BECOME FAMILI>4 ,AMONG ! APOLOGI/S = ! TOTALIT>IANISM ( ! M>KET1 ?IS FAMILI>ITY LOSES ALL %AME & BECOMES 9ESCAPABLE4 ,9 HIS LA/ BOOK CELEBRAT+ GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 J\RNALI/ ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN -- COLUMNI/ = ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 W9N] ( TWO ,PULITZ] ,PRIZES -- DOES NOT HIDE HIS SATISFACTION 9 E/ABLI%+ ?AT POLITICAL *OICE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO ,PEPSI AGA9/ ,COCA ,COLA -- SLI<T NUANCES ( TA/E1 SLI<T POLITICAL V>IANTS1 BUT NEV] ANY DEVIATION FROM ! RESPECT$ ASSUMPTION ( ! RULES ( GOLD1 ?OSE ( ! MA9 /REET1 ! MULTIPLICITY ( P>TIES1 :I* HAS BE5 PROCLAIM$ AS A SURE SIGN ( DEMOCRATIC HEAL? BECAUSE IT SUPPOS$LY GU>ANTEES ! POSSIBILITY ( *OICE1 !NCE ( 0FRE$OM01 IS SE5 EV] MORE CLE>LY = :AT IT IS3 A COMPETITION BETWE5 ID5TICAL ?+S4 

,TODAY MORE ?AN EV] BE=E1 POLITICS IS ACTION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS P>LIAM5T>Y =M 9 :I* ! %UFFL+ ( PEOPLE & ?+S S]VES NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN ?AT ( DISGUIS+ NOT ONLY ! USELESSNESS ( ! WORK1 BUT ALSO ITS ESS5TIAL UNITY4 ,! NUM]\S POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT ?RONG 9TO ! P>LIAM5T TODAY >E ! 0NATURAL0 HEIRS ( ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS ?AT BATTL$ 9SIDE ! OLD S+LE DICTATORIAL P>TY4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( ! FACTIONS1 ! V>I\S P>TIES %>E ! SAME VISION ( ! WORLD1 ! SAME VALUES1 ! SAME ME?ODS4 ,ONLY ! DETAILS DIFF]5TIATE !M4 

"9 "9 "9 

,TOTALIT>IANISM HAS MET ) ALMO/ UNIV]SAL CONDEMNATION EV]Y:]E1 & YET EV]Y DAY WE CAN SEE H[ DEMOCRACY IS JU/ ANO!R =M ( TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,& ONE ( ! WOR/4 ,A MOD]N DEMOCRACY IS R>ELY %AK5 BY REVOLT4 ,DEMOCRACY HAS TAK5 HOLD AS ! POLITICAL SY/EM MO/ IMP]MEABLE TO ! RISK ( REVOLT4 ,EV5 IF SU* A REVOLT MANAG$ TO EM]GE1 IT W\LD HAVE DIFFICULTY FUEL+ ! PASSIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS S9CE IT NO LONG] HAS A ROLE 9 ! COLLECTIVE IMAG9ATION4 ,& ?IS /ILL DOESN'T TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT EV5 9 SU* A HOPEFUL CASE1 ! WRA? G5]AT$ W\LD NOT F9D ANYONE AGA9/ :I* TO DIRECT ITSELF1 PRECISELY BECAUSE 9 DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS P[] IS NOT EMBODI$ 9 A HUMAN BE+1 BUT IS REPRES5T$ BY AN 5TIRE SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y & UNION 9/ITUTIONS NEV] FURNI% ! GOV]N$ 9DIVIDUALS ) ADEQUATE MEANS = MAK+ !IR CLAIMS1 :ILE DISSATISFACTION -- EV5 :5 G5]ALIZ$ -- LEADS 9 ! BE/ ( CASES TO ! =MATION ( SOME CURR5T ( OPPOSITION4 ,:5 !RE IS NOT A FIGURE 9 A POSITION TO POL>IZE ! TOTALITY ( ! OPPOSITION AGA9/ ITSELF 9 AN 5DUR+ MANN] -- PRECISELY :5 !RE IS NO DICTATOR -- 9 A SITUATION :]E A GOV]N+ FUNCTION>Y BECOMES ! OBJECT ( A WIDESPREAD *ALL5GE1 ! NORMAL 9T]PLAY ( 9/ITUTIONS CAN EV5 ACT TO ELIM9ATE HIM 9 ORD] TO MOLLIFY AT LEA/ A P>T ( ! DISCONT5T4 ,! LACK ( A K+ :OSE HEAD CAN BE CUT (F1 ( A /RONG AU?ORIT>IAN FIGURE CAPABLE ( DRAW+ POPUL> HATR$ ONTO ITSELF1 9 O!R WORDS ( SOMEONE TO :OM WE CAN ATTRIBUTE ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! EX]CISE ( P[]1 CON/ITUTES ! G5U9E GREAT BULW>K 9 DEF5SE ( DEMOCRATIC TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,9 ! OLD & C>ICATUR$ DICTATOR%IPS1 P[] HAD ! MU/A*E ( ,HITL] OR ! JAW ( ,MUSSOL9I1 & IT C\LD BE SE5 GOOSE-/EPP+ 9 ! /REET OR WE>+ ! BLACK %IRT4 ,BUT TODAY 9 ! MOD]N DEMOCRACIES1 :O IS P[]8 ,& ! AIM ( ! QUE/ION IS NOT TO ID5TIFY ! P>TICUL> PEOPLE :O EX]CISE P[]1 :I* IS /ILL POSSIBLE ON SOME LEVEL1 BUT TO ATTRIBUTE ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! EXI/5CE ?AT WE LEAD TO !M4 

"9 "9 "9 

,OV] & OV] AGA9 IT IS SAID ?AT TODAY !RE IS A S+LE SOCIAL SY/EM MANAG$ BY PEOPLE :O >E M]E COGS 9 A MA*9E1 PETTY FUNCTION>IES :O COV] MO/ ADM9I/RATIVE ROLES4 ,! V]Y CONCEPT ( RESPONSIBILITY COMES TO LOSE ALL MEAN+4 ,RESPONSIBILITY IS ! POSSIBILITY ( =ESEE+ ! EFFECTS ( ONE'S BEHAVIOR & *ANG+ ?IS ON ! BASIS ( SU* =ESI<T$NESS4 ,BUT ! COG 9 A MA*9E HAS NO =ESI<T2 IT HAS NO NE$ ( =ESI<T2 IT CAN NEV] DO ANY?+ BUT SP94 ,!RE=E1 IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO ATTRIBUTE ! FAULT = AN ACTION TO ANYONE1 EV5 IF ! ACTION WAS MO/ AB]RANT4 

,LET'S LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE TAK5 FROM ! REALM ( :AT IS COMMONLY CALL$ 0JUDICIAL ]RORS04 ,CONSID] A MAN :O HAS BE5 S5T5C$ TO PRISON = LIFE BUT ACTUALLY DID NOT COMMIT ! CRIME ( :I* HE WAS ACCUS$4 ,HE IS PLAC$ UND] 9VE/IGATION1 >RE/$1 9C>C]AT$1 TRI$1 S5T5C$ & KEPT SEGREGAT$ = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4 ,:O IS RESPONSIBLE = ALL ?IS8 ,9 ! OLD TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS1 ! RESPONSE WAS MU* TOO SIMPLE4 ,EV]YONE W\LD HAVE SE5 ! UN=TUNATE FELL[ DRAGG$ AWAY1 CONDEMN$ & LOCK$ UP BY ! HIR$ ?UGS ( ! DICTATOR :O W\LD HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ RESPONSIBLE = ! 9JU/ICE P]PETRAT$4 ,9 MOD]N DEMOCRACIES1 ON ! O!R H&1 NO ONE IS HELD RESPONSIBLE4 ,! POLICE (FIC] :O >RE/$ HIM IS NOT RESPONSIBLE S9CE HE WAS LIMIT$ TO C>RY+ \T ORD]S FROM SOMEONE ELSE4 ,NOR CAN WE BLAME ! PROSECUTOR AL?\< HE ASKS = ! S5T5CE1 BECAUSE HE DOES NOT DECREE IT2 ?IS IS DONE BY SOMEONE ELSE4 ,EV5 ! JUDGES >E NOT AT FAULT S9CE !Y HAVE TO MAKE A DECISION ON ! BASIS ( EVID5CE PRES5T$ TO !M BY SOMEONE ELSE & !N APPLY ! PROVISIONS ( A P5AL CODE COMPIL$ BY SOMEONE ELSE4 ,F9ALLY1 ONE CANNOT BLAME ! GU>D1 :O AS ! LA/ L9K 9 ?IS *A91 IS C]TA9 TO HAVE A CLEAN CONSCI5CE UNLIKE SOMEONE ELSE4 ,YET ?AT MAN F9DS HIMSELF !RE 9 PRISON1 & IT IS HIS BODY ?AT IS 5CLOS$ BEH9D B>S1 NOT ?AT ( SOMEONE ELSE4 ,?US1 9 ! DICTATOR%IPS ?AT ONCE EXI/$ ! FACT ?AT P[] WAS EMBODI$ 9 ONE MAN MADE HIM RESPONSIBLE ALONG ) HIS UND]L+S1 BUT 9 MOD]N DEMOCRACY ! DI/RIBUTION ( P[] ?R\< \T ! SOCIAL APP>ATUS REMOVES RESPONSIBILITY FROM EV]YONE )\T DI/9CTION4 

,?IS EXI/S AS A SOCIAL REALITY ?AT IS QUITE TANGIBLE1 CONCRETE & ABOVE ALL TRAGIC4 ,IT IS ABLE TO GR9D UP HUMAN LIFE )\T ANYONE BE+ BLAM$4 ,& IF ?IS HAPP5S :5 HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY IS 9DISPUTABLE1 WE CAN IMAG9E :AT W\LD HAPP5 :5 O!R FACTORS CAN BE PLANN$4 

,H]E IS ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,NUM]\S 0EXP]TS0 HAVE HAD TO AGREE ?AT ! ORIG9S ( ! HUGE /ORMS ?AT P]IODICALLY /RIKE ! COA/S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & EA/]N ,ASIA >E UND\BT$LY F\ND 9 CLIMACTIC *ANGES BR\<T AB\T BY HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ! FACE ( ! S]IES ( E>?QUAKES ?AT %OOK ! 5TIRE PLANET 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#i#i1 ! EXP]TS ?\<T IT GOOD TO REASSURE PUBLIC OP9ION ?AT 9 ?IS CASE AT LEA/ ! RESPONSIBILITY LIES ELSE:]E1 9 ! UNFA?OMABLE WORK+S ( NATURE4 ,?IS MAY BE TRUE1 BUT :ATEV] !Y SAY AB\T ! CAUSES1 !Y FAIL TO CONSID] ! EFFECTS ( !SE CATACLYSMS4 ,IF SEISMIC TREMORS ESCAPE HUMAN CONTROL1 WE >E FAC+ A NATURAL FACT 9 :I* WE >E UNABLE TO 9T]V5E & TO :I* WE CAN ONLY SUBMIT2 BUT :5 !SE TREMORS DE/ROY ! MOD]N CITIES ( ,GREECE CAUS+ DEA?S & 9JURIES :ILE LEAV+ ! ACROPOLI 9TACT1 !N WE >E FAC+ A SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,TO BUILD H\SES1 AP>TM5TS1 5TIRE CITIES1 US+ BUILD+ TE*NIQUES & CITY PLANN+ PROJECTS 9T5D$ TO BR+ ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( ECONOMIC PR(IT & SOCIAL CONTROL )\T CONSID]+ EV5 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y SAFETY PRECAUTIONS CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AMONG ! 9BORN HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS4 

,9 ! 5D1 :O IS RESPONSIBLE = ! ?\S&S ( DEA?S ON ! JOB8 ,:O IS AT FAULT = POISON+ NATURE8 ,:O DO WE HOLD ACC\NTABLE = ! W>S1 ! MASSACRES1 ! DEA?S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO EXIT FROM ?IS D5SE FOG8 

"9 "9 "9 

,9 A FAM\S ESSAY 5TITL$ 0,P]SONAL ,RESPONSIBILITY ,UND] ,DICTATOR%IP01 :I* TOOK A POLEMIC ?AT >OSE FROM ! TRIAL ( ,NAZI ,ADOLF ,EI*MANN AS ITS />T+ PO9T1 ,HANNAH ,>5DT RECALL$ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE >GUM5T ( ! DEF5SE WAS ?AT ,EI*MANN HAD BE5 A M]E COG1 BUT REG>DLESS ( :E!R ! DEF5DANT IS 9CID5TALLY A FUNCTION>Y1 HE IS 9 FACT ACCUS$ BECAUSE A FUNCTION>Y REMA9S A HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ORD] TO CLE> ! FIELD ( A CONFUSIONISM ?AT C\LD ONLY S]VE SELF-9T]E/1 ! WRIT] 9VITES ONE TO CONSID] ! FUNCTION+ ( :EELS & COGS AS A GLOBAL SUPPORT TO A COLLECTIVE UND]TAK+1 RA!R ?AN TO SPEAK 9 ! CU/OM>Y MANN] ( OB$I5CE TO LEAD]S4 ,9 ?IS LI<T ONE W\LD NEV] HAVE TO ASK ?OSE :O COLLABORAT$ & OBEY$ 0:Y DID Y\ OBEY80 BUT 0:Y DID Y\ GIVE SUPPORT80 ,IF !SE OBS]VATIONS DON'T M9IMALLY %AKE UP ! CONSCI5CE ( ANYONE :O F9DS !MSELVES READ+ !M TODAY1 NATURALLY IT IS BECAUSE !Y REF] TO P]SONS :O S]V$ A DICTATOR%IP ( ! CLASSICAL TYPE4 ,UND] ,NAZISM -- ,HANNAH ,>5DT TELLS US -- ALL ?OSE :O COLLABORAT$ ) ! REGIME W]E EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,:5 P[] IS EMBODI$ 9 ONE MAN1 ! ,MAN HIMSELF IS RESPONSIBLE = IT AS WELL AS ! 0BLACK %IRT01 AS ! P>TISANS :O %OT ! ADOLESC5T 0BLACK %IRTS0 )\T POS+ !MSELVES TOO MANY E?ICAL QUE/IONS WELL KNEW4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 P[] HAS NO NAME OR SURNAME1 NO S+LE P]SON IS MORE RESPONSIBLE ?AN ANY O!R4 ,?US1 ! V]Y PEOPLE :O JU/IFY ! %OOT+ ( A #a#f-YE>-OLD 0BLACK %IRT0 >E HORRIFI$1 AT ! SAME TIME1 BY ! VIOL5T DEA? ( A P]SONAGE ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,BUT W]E !SE Y\NG 0BLACK %IRTS0 ( YE/]DAY ACTUALLY MORE RESPONSIBLE ?AN ! PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = R5D]+ \R EXI/5CE 9TOL]ABLE8 ,WE CAN'T GET RID ( ! ?\<T ?AT P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY P]SI/S NOT ONLY UND] ! ,NAZI DICTATOR%IP BUT UND] ! DEMOCRATIC ONE AS WELL4 ,IT DOESN'T NULLIFY ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ITS FUNCTION>IES4 ,IF IT DILUTES ?IS RESPONSIBILITY1 IT DOES DO TO DISGUISE IT1 TO R5D] IT IMPALPABLE1 9VISIBLE TO \R EYES4 ,9 ! ?READB>E DIALOGUE ) :I* DOM9ANT ?\<T HAS 5T]TA9$ ITSELF = DECADES N[1 ,RESPONSIBILITY IS SAID TO HAVE GONE ?R\< ! SAME %IPWRECK ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE MADE ,HI/ORY1 ,MEAN+1 ,REALITY S9K =EV]4 ,ALL ONE NE$S TO DO IS /OP LI/5+ TO ?IS *ATT]+ = A MOM5T & H]E IS :AT ONE W\LD SEE3 !SE ALLEG$ %IPWRECKS ?AT NEV] W]E SU* REAPPE>+4 

"9 "9 "9 

,ALL DISC\RSE ?AT SETS \T TO COMP>E HUMAN LIFE TO ! FUNCTION+ ( A MA*9E1 9 ?AT UNREL5T+ PROCESS ( MAK+ ! 9DIVIDUAL DISAPPE>1 OMITS ONE ?+3 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT COGS1 !Y >E HUMAN BE+S4 ,!Y W]E HUMAN ANIMALS UND] ! ,NAZI DICTATOR%IP & >E SU* UND] ?AT ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE AS WELL4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A COG -- :I* IS A M]E PIECE ( METAL -- & A HUMAN BE+ %\LD BE EVID5T4 ,A P]SON IS ALWAYS 9 A POSITION TO DISC]N & *OOSE4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT SO N[1 IF ONE HAS 9DE$ BECOME A M]E COG1 ?IS W\LD BE FUR!R CONFIRMATION ( ! TOTALIZ+ & TOTALIT>IAN REALITY 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES UNABLE TO LIVE1 & ( ! URG5T NECESSITY ( ITS OV]?R[4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! SOCIAL SY/EM 9 :I* WE LIVE IS NOT AN 9H]5T ASPECT ( ! WORLD2 IT IS A HI/ORICAL PROJECT4 ,WE >E NOT FREE TO DECIDE :E!R OR NOT WE >E BORN 9TO IT1 BUT WE CAN DECIDE :E!R & H[ TO LIVE ) IT4 ,FROM ! MOM5T WE ACCEPT TAK+ ON ONE ( ITS ROLES1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ITS ADM9I/RATION1 WE ACCEPT ! RESPONSIBILITIES IMPLICIT 9 ?IS4 ,BE+ EASILY 9T]*ANGEABLE P>TICLES ( A V]Y COMPLEX SY/EM DOES NOT FREE US FROM \R RESPONSIBILITIES1 BECAUSE WE C\LD HAVE *OS5 TO REFUSE ?AT SY/EM4 ,?US1 EV5 9 ?IS CASE ONE CANNOT EXCUSE H]SELF BY SAY+ ?AT HE ONLY OBEY$1 ?AT %E ONLY FOLL[$ ! CURR5T1 ?AT HE ONLY DID :AT EV]YONE ELSE DID4 ,BECAUSE BE=E OBEY+1 BE=E FOLL[+ ! CURR5T1 BE=E IMITAT+ O!RS1 A HUMAN BE+ POSES H]SELF1 MU/ POSE HIMSELF1 A QUE/ION3 W\LD ,I CONSID] IT APPROPRIATE TO DO ?IS8 ,& !N %E MU/ ANSW] HIMSELF4 ,JU/ LIKE ! ,G]MANS ( :OM ,HANNAH ,>5DT SPOKE -- WE TOO >E 9 ! SITUATION ( HAV+ TO *OOSE :E!R TO GIVE \R SUPPORT OR AT LEA/ \R CONS5T TO ?IS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR NOT4 ,ONCE AGA9 *OICE COMES 9TO PLAY4 ,9 ! MY? ( ,]1 ,PLATO MAKES ! DE/9Y ( EA* P]SON DEP5D ON ! *OICE EA* ONE MAKES ( !IR MODEL = LIFE3 0,!RE WAS NO?+ NECESS>ILY PREORDA9$ 9 LIFE BECAUSE EA* P]SON HAD TO *ANGE ACCORD+ TO ! *OICE %E MADE40 ,N[1 WE CAN *OOSE TO GIVE \R CONTRIBUTION TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ?IS WORLD4 ,OR ELSE WE CAN *OOSE TO )HOLD IT4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 WE MAKE A *OICE = :I* WE ALONE >E RESPONSIBLE1 NOT SOMEONE ELSE4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 0! ORIG9AL *OICE IS ALWAYS PRES5T 9 EA* SUBSEQU5T *OICE01 !N WE MU/ ALSO KN[ H[ TO ACCEPT ! CONSEQU5CES ( \R ACTIONS4 ,ALL ( US1 NO ONE EXCLUD$4 

,$ITOR'S ,AFT]WORD 

,I BEGAN TYP+ ?IS UP DUR+ ! WEEK IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION #b4 ,?IS CONV5TION WAS MET ) A WEEK ( PROTE/ -- MO/LY ( ! SORT TYPICAL ( ! ECLECTIC ,AM]ICAN LEFT4 ,:ILE SOME OBS]V]S SEEM$ MO/ 9T]E/$ 9 PO9T+ \T ! EXCESSES ( ! POLICE1 ,I WAS F> MORE 9T]E/$ 9 OBS]V+ ! WAYS 9 :I* ANY POT5TIALLY *ALL5G+ POSSIBILITIES W]E EI!R RECUP]AT$ AS P>T ( ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESS OR M>G9ALIZ$ BY ! M$IA & ! G5]AL CONS5SUS ( ! LEFT4 ,DEMOCRATIC TOTALIT>IANISM IS BY ITS NATURE A TOL]ANT TOTALIT>IANISM -- IT CAN ALL[ A BROAD SPECTRUM ( OP9IONS & EV5 MAKE ROOM = UNUSUAL ME?ODS ( EXPRESS+ !SE AS LONG AS ! HEGEMONY ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE IS NOT ?REAT5$ -- ?AT IS1 AS LONG AS :AT IS BE+ EXPRESS$ IS A DEM& ?AT ONE'S GRIEVANCE BE HE>D BY ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE NOT A DESIRE TO DE/ROY IT4 ,?US ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE IS REALLY JU/ A FACELESS V]SION ( AN OLD FEUDAL MON>*Y :]E EV5 ! S]F C\LD PRES5T A GRIEVANCE TO ! K+1 BUT ! REBEL WAS AN \TCA/ FAC+ EXILE1 ! DUNGEON OR DEA?4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! FLEXIBILITY ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM ?AT ALL[S IT TO BE ! MO/ ?OR\< & ALL-5COMPASS+ TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM ?AT HAS EV] EXI/$4 ,! M$IA CORRECTLY PO9T$ \T ?AT MO/ ( ! PROTE/]S M]ELY WANT$ TO EX]CISE !IR RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESS -- ! LEFT IS AFT] ALL SIMPLY A COLLECTION ( SMALL TIME POLITICIANS1 & ! FEW :O W]E ACTUALLY M>*+ = !IR [N CAUSE HAD CLE>LY BE5 BAMBOOZL$ BY POLITICIANS 9TO FOLL[+ ! L9E ( P>TICIPATION RA!R ?AN REBELLION4 ,9 FACT1 !SE LEFT POLITICIANS ACTUAL W>N$ LOCAL PEOPLE AWAY FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 A M>* AGA9/ POLICE BRUTALITY ?AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 !IR NEI<BORHOOD 0= !IR [N SAFETY0 -- AN EXCELL5T JOB ON ! ACTIVI/S' P>T ( KEEP+ !IR SPECIALIZ$ ROLE BY 0LOOK+ \T = ! WELF>E ( O!RS0 :O >E C]TA9LY QUITE CAPABLE ( DECID+ = !MSELVES :AT RISKS !Y WANT TO TAKE -- A TYPICAL POLITICIAN'S PLOY4 ,ONE MI<T WOND] IF :AT !SE ORGANIZ]S FE>$ WAS ?AT ! LOCAL FOLK W\LD NOT KEEP TO ! RULES ( NONVIOL5T1 DEMOCRATIC PROTE/1 HAV+ FIR/-H& EXP]I5CE ) ! COPS 9 ! >EA4 

,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! M$IA PORTRAYAL ( ! PROTE/S WAS ?AT ?OSE FEW :O ACTUALLY ATTEMPT$ TO REBEL 9 ?IS HI<LY OR*E/RAT$ SITUATION W]E SIMPLY 0A FEW BAD APPLES0 9 AN O!RWISE WELL-BEHAV$ GR\P ( DEMOCRATIC DISSID5TS1 HOOLIGANS SPOIL+ ! EF=TS ( A LOYAL OPPOSITION TO RE=M ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS SO ?AT IT CAN CONT9UE TO RUN SMOO?LY4 ,I WON'T GO 9TO ! ABSURDITY ( ?OSE :O RECOGNIZE ! TOTALIT>IAN NATURE ( ! PRES5T ORD] & ! NECESSITY ( DE/ROY+ IT IF WE >E TO REALLY HAVE ! FRE$OM TO CREATE \R LIVES AS WE SEE FIT M>*+ SIDE BY SIDE ) ?OSE :O M]ELY WANT ?IS ORD] TO BE MORE :AT IT CLAIMS TO BE H]E4 ,:AT %\LD BE CLE> IS ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM -- AS TOL]ANT & FLEXIBLE AS IT IS -- OBVI\SLY CANNOT TOL]ATE ?OSE :O SEE IT = :AT IT IS & REFUSE ITS FACELESS =M ( TOTAL CONTROL ) ! SAME VEHEM5CE AS !Y REFUSE ! MORE BLATANT 7BUT LESS TOTAL7 DICTATOR%IPS ( ! LIKES ( ,HITL] OR ,P9O*ET4 ,?OSE :O REJECT ! DEMOCRATIC F>CE TOP TO BOTTOM >E CRIM9ALIZ$ BY ?IS ORD] -- CALL$ ?UGS1 V&ALS1 HOOLIGANS1 0BAD APPLES04 ,! LEFT1 !MSELVES DEMOCRATS1 CONCUR 9 ?IS CRIM9ALIZATION1 AT TIMES COM+ \T MORE VEHEM5TLY ?AN ! /ATE ITSELF & DO+ ! /ATE'S POLIC+ WORK = IT4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! CRIM9ALIZATION ( ?OSE :O TRULY REVOLT HAS EV5 REA*$ ! PO9T ?AT SOME >E CALL$ 0HATE GR\PS0 9 SPITE ( !IR FIRM /& AGA9/ ALL BIGOTRY4 ,:AT ! /ATE & ITS M$IA >E CALL+ HATE 9 ?IS 9/ANCE IS NOT BIGOTRY1 BUT ! DECISION ON ! P>T ( !SE REBELS TO HOLD ! RUL]S & !IR LACKEYS RESPONSIBLE = !IR ACTIONS4 ,BUT AS ANY DEMOCRAT KN[S1 9 A DEMOCRACY1 P[] HAS NO FACE1 NO P]SONALITY1 & !RE=E NO ONE CAN BE RESPONSIBLE4 ,BUT WE DON'T ACCEPT ?IS %AM -- IT IS A FLIMSY EXCUSE = AN EV]-9CREAS+ CONTROL OV] \R LIVES BY AN 9VISIBLE SY/EM1 BUT AN 9VISIBLE SY/EM ?AT HAS A MAT]IAL EXI/5CE 9 9/ITUTIONS1 9 9/RUM5TS & 9 9DIVIDUALS4 ,& NO MATT] H[ (T5 ,I HE> 0,I'LL DO :AT ,I CAN01 ,I KN[ !SE 9DIVIDUALS WILL 9 FACT DO :AT S]VES ! 9T]E/ ( MA9TA9+ ! SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* !Y HOLD SOME PORTION ( P[] NO MATT] H[ FRAGM5T>Y4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I DO NOT DISS5T OR MAKE DEM&S ( ?IS DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT RISE UP 9 REVOLT 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY IT4 ,& ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS ORD] CAN ONLY MA9TA9 ITS TOTALIT>IAN HOLD ON REALITY BY DECL>+ ITS TRUE 5EMIES -- ?OSE :O W\LD DE/ROY ALL SOCIAL CONTROL1 DEMOLI%+ CAPITAL1 ! /ATE & !IR CIVILIZATION -- TO BE CRIM9ALS1 A DANG] NOT JU/ TO !IR ORD]1 BUT TO ! POPULACE AT L>GE4 ,?IS IS H[ A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME DEALS ) REVOLT4 

,DUR+ !SE DEMON/RATIONS ONE HE>D A LOT AB\T DIRECT ACTION AS WELL4 ,ONE DIDN'T SEE ANY1 BUT ! WORD WAS B&I$ AB\T QUITE A BIT4 ,?ANKS TO SU* LEFT ACTIVI/ GR\PS AS ! ,RUCKUS ,SOCIETY & ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK1 ! T]M 0DIRECT ACTION0 HAS LO/ ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+4 ,! T]M ORIG9ALLY MEANT PRECISELY :AT IS IMPLI$ BY ! TWO WORDS ?AT MAKE IT UP -- ACT+ DIRECTLY = ONESELF )\T DELEGATION & )\T DEM&+ ?AT ANO!R ACT = ONE TO A*IEVE :AT ONE DESIRES4 ,AS SU* IT IS ! DIRECT OPPOSITE ( DEMOCRACY 9 :I* DELEGATION1 REPRES5TATION1 DEM&S1 NEGOTIATION & COMPROMISE >E ! ESS5TIAL DEF9+ QUALITIES4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 NO SURPRISE ?AT LEFTI/S :OSE AIMS >E PRECISELY 0MORE DEMOCRACY0 W\LD NOT EV5 BE ABLE TO CONCEIVE ( :AT DIRECT ACTION IS4 ,!IR USURPATION ( ! T]M TO DESCRIBE ! MORE ACROBATIC & %[Y =MS ( PETITION+ ?AT SOME ( !M USE COMES ACROSS AS AN ATTEMPT TO DRAW SOME MORE TRULY REBELLI\S SORTS 9TO ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES4 

,= ?OSE ( US :O TRULY WANT \R LIVES TO BE \R [N1 DEMOCRACY -- :I* ACTS TO MAKE ALL LIVES ! PROP]TY ( ! SOCIAL ORD] :I* IS TO SAY ( ITS RUL]S -- IS AN 5EMY4 ,WE HAVE NO DESIRE :ATEV] TO P>TICIPATE 9 ITS PROCESSES1 PROCESSES :I* VAMPIRIZE ! VITALITY & PASSION ( REBELLION4 ,IT MAY CRIM9ALIZE US1 BUT IT WILL NOT MAKE US A COG 9 ITS MA*9E4 ,?OSE :O CONT9UE TO PETITION IT = TABLE CRUMBS1 :O CONT9UE TO DEM& ?AT !Y HAVE !IR SAY BE=E ?IS FACELESS MON/] WILL EV5TUALLY BE *EW$ UP BY IT & BECOME1 AT BE/ A ,TOM ,HAYD5 OR A ,RALPH ,NAD] -- ?AT IS A LOYAL OPPOSITION ?AT UPHOLDS ! PRES5T ORD]4 ,FRE$OM IS NOT F\ND H]E4 ,IT IS F\ND 9 UNCOMPROMIS+ REVOLT AGA9/ DEMOCRACY & ALL ! O!R DECEPTIONS ( ! SOCIAL ORD]4 

  

.<#a.> ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT ! POPUL> UPRIS+ 9 ,*IAPAS IS A COMPLEX MOVEM5T ?AT EXT5DS BEYOND ITS (FICIAL FACE1 BUT ! ,E,Z,L,N & ITS SPOKESPEOPLE HAVE PRECISELY PROMOT$ AN IDEOLOGICAL L9E CONSI/5T ) ! LEFT W+ ( ! CAPITALI/1 DEMOCRATIC IDEAL & ?IS IS ! FACE ( ! MOVEM5T ?AT WE/]N RADICALS KN[ & SUPPORT4 

.<#b.> OR 0A CAUSE = :I* EV]YONE VOTES TODAY0 -- ,I SUSPECT BO? MEAN+S W]E 9T5D$ 9 ! ,ITALIAN4 -- TRANSLATOR 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,?IS IS ,:AT ,DEMOCRACY ,LOOKS ,LIKE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,?IS IS ,:AT ,DEMOCRACY ,LOOKS ,LIKE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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