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,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 

#aiidaiid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 

,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 

,BETWE5 MY? & REALITY !RE LIES A PREC>I\S ZONE ( TRANSITION ?AT OCCASIONALLY CAPTURES ! TRU? ( EA*4 ,SPA91 CAU<T 9 A WORLD-HI/ORIC REVOLUTION FIFTY YE>S AGO1 WAS EXACTLY SU* AN OCCASION -- A R>E MOM5T :5 ! MO/ G5]\S1 ALMO/ MY?IC DREAMS ( FRE$OM SEEM$ SUDD5LY TO BECOME REAL = MILLIONS ( ,SPANI% WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,= ?IS BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME1 ?IS %IMM]+ MOM5T1 AS IT W]E1 ! WORLD /OOD BREA?LESSLY /ILL1 :ILE ! R$ BANN]S ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM & ! R$-&-BLACK BANN]S ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*OSYNDICALISM FLOAT$ OV] MO/ ( ,SPA9'S MAJOR CITIES & ?\S&S ( H] VILLAGES4 

,TAK5 TOGE!R ) ! MASSIVE1 SPONTANE\S COLLECTIVIZATION ( FACTORIES1 FIELDS1 EV5 HOTELS & RE/AURANTS1 ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES ( ,SPA9 RECLAIM$ HI/ORY ) A =CE & PASSION ( AN UNPREC$5T$ SCOPE & GAVE A /UNN+ REALITY 9 MANY >EAS ( ! P59SULA TO ! AGELESS DREAM ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i WAS1 AT ITS 9CEPTION1 ! LA/ ( ! CLASSICAL ,EUROPEAN WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTIONS -- NOT1 LET ME MAKE IT CLE>1 A %ORT-LIV$ 0UPRIS+10 A CADRE-CONTROLL$ 0GU]RILLA W>10 OR A SIMPLE CIVIL CONFLICT BETWE5 REGIONS = NATIONAL SUPREMACY4 ,& LIKE SO MANY LIFE-=MS ?AT APPE> = ! LA/ TIME1 BE=E FAD+ AWAY =EV]1 IT WAS ! MO/ F>-REA*+ & *ALL5G+ ( ALL SU* POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y ]A ?AT 5COMPASSES ,CROMWELLIAN ,5GL& ( ! LATE #a#f#dS & ! WORK+-CLASS UPRIS+S ( ,VI5NA & ,A/URIAS ( ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,IT IS NOT A MY? BUT A %E] LIE -- ! CRET9\S P]V]SION ( HI/ORY BY ITS MAK]S 9 ! ACADEMY -- TO DEPICT ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> AS A M]E PRELUDE TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 AN ALLEG$ CONFLICT BETWE5 0DEMOCRACY & FASCISM40 ,NOT EV5 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I DES]VES ! HONOR ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL *>ACT]IZATION4 ,SPA9 WAS SEIZ$ BY MORE ?AN A CIVIL W>3 IT WAS 9 ! ?ROES ( A PR(\ND SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,NOR WAS ?IS REVOLUTION1 LIKE SO MANY SELF-/YL$ ONES ( REC5T YE>S1 SIMPLY ! PRODUCT ( ,SPA9'S /RUGGLE = MOD]NIZATION4 ,IF ANY?+1 ,SPA9 WAS ONE ( ?OSE V]Y R>E C\NTRIES :]E PROBLEMS ( MOD]NIZATION HELP$ 9SPIRE A REAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN A REACTION OR ADAPTATION TO ,WE/]N & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE'S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS SEEM+LY 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 FEATURE ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y ALT]NATIVES IT POS$ TO CAPITALISM & AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( SOCIALISM MAKE ! REVOLUTION HAUNT+LY RELEVANT TO LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS TODAY4 ,9 MOD]NIZ+ ! C\NTRY1 ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY LIT]ALLY TOOK OV] MU* ( ITS ECONOMY & MANAG$ IT DIRECTLY 9 ! =M ( COLLECTIVES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & UNION-NETWORK$ SYNDICALI/ /RUCTURES4 ,DEMOCRATICALLY-RUN MILITIAS1 FREE ( ALL RANK+ DI/9CTIONS & ORGANIZ$ >\ND A JO9T DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS ?AT 9VOLV$ ! SOLDI]S AS WELL AS !IR ELECT$ 0COMM&]S10 MOV$ RAPIDLY TO ! MILIT>Y FRONTS4 

,TO HAVE /OPP$ ,FRANCO'S 0,>MY ( ,AFRICA10 COMPOS$ ( =EIGN LEGIONNAIRES & ,MOORI% M]C5>IES -- P]HAPS ! BLOOD-?IR/IE/ & C]TA9LY ONE ( ! MO/ PR(ESSIONALIZ$ TROOPS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ANY ,EUROPEAN NATION AT ! TIME -- & ITS WELL-TRA9$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & POLICE AUXILI>IES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 NO?+ LESS ?AN MIRACUL\S ONCE IT E/ABLI%$ A /RONG BASE ON ! ,SPANI% MA9L&4 ,?AT HA/ILY =M$1 UNTRA9$1 & VIRTUALLY UNEQUIPP$ MILITIAM5 & WOM5 SL[$ UP ,FRANCO'S >MY'S ADVANCE ON ,MADRID = F\R MON?S & ESS5TIALLY /OPP$ IT ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CAPITAL IS A FEAT = :I* !Y HAVE R>ELY E>N$ ! PROP] TRIBUTE FROM WRIT]S ON ! CIVIL W> ( ! PA/ HALF C5TURY4 

,BEH9D ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 L9ES1 P[] LAY ESS5TIALLY 9 ! H&S ( ! TRADE UNIONS & !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS3 ! MILLION-MEMB] ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T71 ! LABOR F$]ATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,P,S,O,E71 & ! EQUALLY L>GE ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! SEMI-CL&E/9E ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I74 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ANO!R LEFTI/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P,\,M71 :OSE MORE RADICAL MEMB]S & LEAD]S HAD BE5 ROOT$ 9 A ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION 9 E>LI] YE>S1 FOLL[$ UP ! MORE 9FLU5TIAL SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,P,\,M \TNUMB]$ BY F> ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES :I* UNIT$ TO =M ! PR$OM9ANTLY ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA 7,P,S,U,C74 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,E7 AT ! 9CEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 9CONSEQU5TIAL 9 NUMB]S & 9FLU5CE1 LAGG+ F> BEH9D ! ?REE MAJOR LEFT-W+ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR UNIONS4 

,! WAVE ( COLLECTIVIZATIONS ?AT SWEPT OV] ,SPA9 9 ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #aicf HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 A REC5T ,B,B,C-,GRANADA DOCUM5T>Y AS 0! GREATE/ EXP]IM5T 9 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAS EV] SE510 A REVOLUTION MORE F>-REA*+ ?AN ANY :I* OCCURR$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ #a#i#a#g-#b#a & ! YE>S BE=E & AFT] IT4#a ,9 AN>*I/ 9DU/RIAL >EAS LIKE ,CATALONIA1 AN E/IMAT$ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! ECONOMY WAS PLAC$ UND] WORK]S' CONTROL1 AS IT WAS 9 AN>*I/ RURAL >EAS LIKE ,>AGON4 ,! FIGURE TAP]S D[NW>D :]E ! ,U,G,T %>$ P[] ) ! ,C,N,T OR ELSE PR$OM9AT$3 #e P]C5T 9 AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ ,VAL5CIA1 & #c P]C5T 9 SOCIALI/ & LIB]AL ,MADRID4 ,9 ! MORE ?OR\<LY AN>*I/ >EAS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 MONEY WAS ELIM9AT$ & ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE W]E ALLOCAT$ /RICTLY ACCORD+ TO NE$ RA!R ?AN WORK1 FOLL[+ ! TRADITIONAL PRECEPTS ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS ! ,B,B,C-,GRANADA TELEVISION DOCUM5T>Y PUTS IT3 0,! ANCI5T DREAM ( A COLLECTIVE SOCIETY )\T PR(IT OR PROP]TY WAS MADE REALITY 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,>AGON4 4 4 4 ,ALL =MS ( PRODUCTION W]E [N$ BY ! COMMUNITY1 RUN BY !IR WORK]S40 

,! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ( 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 BELONG$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! UNIONS & !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,POLICE 9 MANY CITIES W]E REPLAC$ BY >M$ WORK]S' PATROLS4 ,MILITIA UNITS W]E =M$ EV]Y:]E -- 9 FACTORIES1 ON F>MS1 & 9 SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ COMMUNITY C5T]S & UNION HALLS1 9ITIALLY 9CLUD+ WOM5 AS WELL AS M54 ,A VA/ NETWORK ( LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES COORD9AT$ ! FE$+ ( ! CITIES1 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY1 & ! MET+ \T ( JU/ICE1 9DE$1 ALMO/ EV]Y FACET ( ,SPANI% LIFE FROM PRODUCTION TO CULTURE1 BR++ ! :OLE ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY 9 ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 ZONE 9TO A WELL-ORGANIZ$ & COH]5T :OLE4 ,?IS HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ APPROPRIATION ( SOCIETY BY ITS MO/ OPPRESS$ SECTORS -- 9CLUD+ WOM51 :O W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ALL ! CON/RA9TS ( A HI<LY TRADITIONAL ,CA?OLIC C\NTRY1 BE IT ! PROHIBITION ( ABORTION & DIVORCE OR A DEGRAD$ /ATUS 9 ! ECONOMY -- WAS ! WORK ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY4 ,IT WAS A MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ ?AT OV]:ELM$ EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OPPRESS$1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 0,SIGNIFICANTLY1 NO LEFT ORGANIZATION ISSU$ CALLS = REVOLUTION>Y TAKEOV]S ( FACTORIES1 WORKPLACES OR ! L&10 OBS]VES ,RONALD ,FRAS] 9 ONE ( ! MO/ UP-TO-DATE ACC\NTS ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T4 0,9DE$1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 9 ,B>CELONA1 EPIC5T] ( URBAN AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 W5T FUR!R3 REJECT+ ! (F] ( P[] PRES5T$ TO IT BY ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS .<! HEAD ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T.>1 IT DECID$ ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ /& ASIDE = COLLABORATION ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT =CES TO DEFEAT ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! REVOLUTION ?AT TRANS=M$ ,B>CELONA 9 A MATT] ( DAYS 9TO A CITY VIRTUALLY RUN BY ! WORK+ CLASS SPRANG 9ITIALLY FROM 9DIVIDUAL ,C,N,T UNIONS1 IMPELL$ BY !IR MO/ ADVANC$ MILITANTS2 & AS !IR EXAMPLE SPREAD IT WAS NOT ONLY L>GE 5T]PRISES BUT SMALL WORK%OPS & BUS9ESSES ?AT W]E BE+ TAK5 OV]4#b 

,I QUOTE ,FRAS] TO EMPHASIZE ! REM>KABLE P[] ( $UCATION & DISCUSSION1 & ! CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( EXP]I5CE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANY SEGM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,= ,COMMUNI/S LIKE ,]IC ,HOBSBAWN TO DESIGNATE !SE SEGM5TS1 L>GELY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ IDEAS1 AS 0PRIMITIVE REBELS0 IS WORSE ?AN PREJUDICE2 IT REPRES5TS IDEOLOGY ME*ANICALLY IMPOS$ ON ! FLUX ( HI/ORY1 ORGANIZ+ IT 9TO 0/AGES0 ( DEVELOPM5T 9 FLAT CONTRADICTION TO REAL LIFE & FREEZ+ IT 9TO CATEGORIES ?AT EXI/ SOLELY 9 ! M9D ( ! HI/ORIAN4 ,S9CE ,SPA91 AS WE >E TOLD1 WAS A PR$OM9ATELY AGR>IAN C\NTRY1 9 FACT1 0FEUDAL0 9 ITS SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 ITS PROLET>IAT MU/ HAVE BE5 0UNDEVELOP$0 & ITS PEASANTRY CAU<T 9 A FEV] ( 0MILL5N>IAN0 EXPECTATIONS4 ,!SE 0PRIMITIVE0 FEATURES ( ,SPA9'S DEVELOPM5T SOMEH[ ACC\NT1 SO ! /ORY GOES1 = ! MORE ?AN ONE MILLION MEMB]S ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T \T ( A POPULATION ( TW5TY-F\R MILLION4 ,SPA9'S B\RGEOISIE1 IT IS FUR!R >GU$1 WAS ! C[$ /EP*ILD ( ! C\NTRY'S T]RITORIAL GR&EES1 ITS CL]ICS1 & ITS BLOAT$ (FIC] CORPS2 ,SPA9 NE$$ A 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 REVOLUTION1 AK9 TO ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN1 AS A 0HI/ORICAL PRECONDITION0 = A 0SOCIALI/0 ONE4 ,?IS 0/AGES !ORY10 ) ITS SALAD ( 0PRECONDITIONS10 WAS 9VOK$ ) CONSID]ABLE EFFECTIV5ESS BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! #a#i#cS AGA9/ ! REALITY ( AN AU!NTIC WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTION4 ,:]E IT C\LD NOT BE COMPLETELY CONCEAL$ FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD1 ! REVOLUTION WAS D5\NC$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S AS 0PREMATURE0 9 A 0BALANCE ( HI/ORY0 ?AT WAS DET]M9$ SOME:]E 9 ! =EIGN COMMISS>IAT ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA & RESOLUTELY ASSAULT$ BY ! ,P,C,E ON A SCALE ?AT BR\<T 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 TO ! $GE ( A CIVIL W> )9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,REC5T ACC\NTS ( ,SPA9 & ! REVOLUTION ( #aicf GIVE US A V]Y DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ! C\NTRY'S SOCIETY FROM ITS PORTRAYAL BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 !IR LIB]AL ALLIES1 & EV5 BY SU* WELL-9T5TION$ OBS]V]S AS ,G]ALD ,BR5AN & ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU4 ,DESPITE ITS \TW>D TRAPP+S1 ,SPA9 WAS NOT ! OV]:ELM+LY AGR>IAN & 0FEUDAL0 C\NTRY WE W]E TAU<T IT WAS TWO G5]ATIONS AGO4 ,FROM ! TURN ( ! C5TURY TO ! COM+ ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a1 ,SPA9 HAD UND]GONE 5ORM\S ECONOMIC GR[? ) MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! RELATIVE WEI<T ( ! AGRICULTURAL & NONAGRICULTURAL SECTORS4 ,FROM #aia TO #aic ! PEASANTRY HAD DECL9$ FROM #ff P]C5T TO #d#e4#e P]C5T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 :ILE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAD SO>$ FROM #a#e4#h P]C5T TO #b#f4#e P]C5T & ?OSE 9 S]VICES FROM #a#h4#a P]C5T TO #b#g4#i P]C5T4 ,9DE$1 ! PEASANTRY N[ =M$ A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION1 NOT ITS TRADITIONAL MAJORITY1 & A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION ( ! 0PEASANTRY0 [N$ L&1 P>TICUL>LY 9 >EAS ?AT ADH]$ TO ! HI<LY CONS]VATIVE 0,NATIONAL ,FRONT0 AS AGA9/ ! LIB]AL-SOCIALI/-COMMUNI/ COALITION UND] ! RUBRIC ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT40 ,9DE$1 OMITT+ ! ,C5T] P>TIES ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 -- :OSE ELECTION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf PRECIPITAT$ ! MILIT>Y PLOTS ?AT L$ TO ! ,FRANCOI/ REBELLION SIX MON?S LAT] -- RECEIV$ ONLY #$ P]C5T ( ! VOTE 9 A VOT+ PROC$URE & UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT FAVOR$ !M4 ,MOREOV]1 AS ,$W>D ,MALEFAKIS HAS %[N 9 HIS ?OR\<LY RESE>*$ /UDY ( AGR>IAN UNRE/ 9 ! P]IOD LEAD+ UP TO ! CIVIL W>1 ! ,C,N,T HAD ITS GREATE/ /R5G? AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS ( ,CATALONIA1 NOT AMONG ! 0MILL5N>IAN0 AGRICULTURAL DAY-WORK]S ( ! ,S\?4 ,MANY ( !SE BRAC]OS JO9$ SOCIALI/ UNIONS 9 ! #a#i#cS1 PU%+ ! RE=MI/ ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 AN 9CREAS+LY REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4#c 

,SPA9'S RAPID RATE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION & ! %IFT ( ! C\NTRY FROM 0FEUDAL0 TO ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ =MS ( AGRICULTURE OCCURR$ WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 VICTORY4 ,! DECADE ( ! #a#i#bS UND] ! FAIRLY 9DULG5T1 ,MUSSOL9I-TYPE DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 7A ,SPANI% P>ODY ( ,ITALIAN FASCISM 9 :I* LEAD+ ,SOCIALI/S LIKE ,L>GO ,CABALL]O ACTUALLY HELD (FICIAL POSITIONS AS DID O!R ,U,G,T *IEFTA9S71 SAW AN ECONOMIC MOD]NIZATION ( ! C\NTRY ?AT ALMO/ EQUAL$ & 9 SOME CASES EXCE$$ ! BOOM YE>S UND] ,FRANCO BETWE5 #aif & #a#i#g#c4 ,ILLIT]ACY WAS SUB/ANTIALLY DECREAS$1 & ECONOMIC EXPANSION WAS ACCEL]AT$2 H5CE ! V]Y SIZABLE MIDDLE CLASS OR S]VICE WORK]S ) MIDDLE-CLASS VALUES ?AT C\LD BE PLAY$ AGA9/ ! MILITANT WORK+ CLASS ( ,SPA94 

,! GREATE/ S+LE RES]VOIR ( ECONOMIC UNRE/ WAS 9 ! S\?3 ,&ALUSIA'S PLANTATION OR LATIFUNDIA SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! CULTIVATION ( OLIVES1 C]EALS1 GRAPES -- & ! L>GE WORK=CE ( DESP]ATELY POOR1 HALF-/>V$ L&LESS DAY-LABOR]S4 ,CAU<T 9 ! TRAMMELS ( ,SPA9'S QUASIFEUDAL GR&EES1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( BRAC]OS LIV$ 9 BITT] DESP]ATION1 A WAY ( LIFE ?AT CONTRA/$ ) ! OPUL5CE & COLD >ROGANCE ( ! ROYALI/ UPP] CLASS ( NOBLES & B\RGEOIS :O W]E TO =M ! CUTT+ $GE ( ,FRANCO'S REBELLION & W]E ! PR9CIPAL B5EFICI>IES ( HIS VICTORY4 

,P]IODIC UPRIS+S ( ! BRAC]OS HAD CULM9AT$ 9 AN AGR>IAN W> 9 #a#i#a#h-#b & W]E PUT D[N M]CILESSLY1 LEAV+ A LEGACY ( SAVAGE CLASS HATR$ ?AT EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 ! BURN+ ( CROPS1 F>M BUILD+S1 & RURAL MANSIONS 7MANY ( :I* W]E TURN$ 9TO VIRTUAL =TRESSES DUR+ TIMES ( SOCIAL UNRE/71 & ASSASS9ATIONS ON BO? SIDES ( ! CLASS B>RI]4 ,LONG BE=E ! #a#i#cS1 ,&ALUSIA BECAME1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 AN OCCUPI$ T]RITORY :]E ,CIVIL ,GU>DS PATROLL$ ! C\NTRYSIDE &1 TOGE!R ) >M$ ?UGS HIR$ BY L&[N]S1 FIR$ WANTONLY AT /RIK+ BRAC]OS & CREAT$ ! 5DEMIC VIOL5CE ?AT CLAIM$ AN APPALL+ TOLL DUR+ ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,YET H]E TOO1 AGRICULTURE WAS L>GELY CAPITALI/IC 9 ITS ORI5TATION T[>D ! M>KETPLACE4 ,&ALUSIA'S PRODUCE WAS CULTIVAT$ L>GELY = 9T]NATIONAL TRADE4 ,NOBLE TITLES (T5 CONCEAL$ B\RGEOIS AV>ICE 9 ITS MO/ UNFEEL+ =M1 & UPP]-CLASS REF]5CES TO ! 0TRADITION0 ( ,SPA9 B>ELY CAM\FLAG$ P]NICI\S GRE$ & PRIVILEGE4 

,:AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ AFT] PRES5T+ ?IS TABLEAU IS ! EXT5T TO :I* ! CRISIS ?AT L$ TO ! #aicf REVOLUTION WAS CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC4 ,SPA9 WAS A L& ( SEV]AL NATIONS3 ,BASQUES & ,CATALANS :O S\<T AUTONOMY = !IR RESPECTIVE CULTURES & VIEW$ ,SPANI% LIFEWAYS ) A MEASURE ( DISDA92 ,CA/ILIANS :O APPE>$ AS ! COLLECTIVE OPPRESSORS ( ! P59SULA1 DESPITE !IR [N 9T]NAL DIVISIONS2 AN >ROGANT NOBILITY ?AT F$ ON IMAGES ( ,SPA9'S 0GOLD5 ]A0 & LIV$ 9 ALMO/ P>O*IAL ISOLATION FROM ! REAL ,SPA9 ?AT SURR\ND$ !M2 AN 9CE/U\S (FIC] CA/E ?AT BELONG$ TO ONE ( ! C\NTRY'S L+]+ 0ORD]S0 & = :OM 0NATIONAL REG5]ATION0 HAD DEVOLV$ FROM ! VALUES ( LIB]ALISM & 0MOD]NITY0 TO ?OSE ( %E] REACTION2 F9ALLY1 A VIRTUALLY M$IEVAL ,*UR* ?AT WAS EXCESSIVELY PROP]TI$1 RIGIDLY HI]>*ICAL1 & (T5 BITT]LY HAT$ BECAUSE ( ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ITS PI\S RHETORIC ( HUMAN 0BRO!RHOOD0 & ITS PAT5T P>TIZAN%IP ) ! UPP] CLASSES4 

,ABOVE ALL1 ,SPA9 WAS A L& 9 :I* CULTURES W]E 9 DRAMATIC TRANSITION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 FEUDALISM & CAPITALISM -- A NO/ALGIC WORLD ?AT LOOK$ BACK TO A PA/ ( >I/OCRATIC SUPREMACY & =W>D TO A FUTURE ( PLEBEIAN EGALIT>IANISM ?AT F\ND ITS MO/ RADICAL =M 9 A HUGE AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,:AT MADE ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS SO UNIQUELY REVOLUTION>Y1 9 MY VIEW1 WAS ITS WELL-ROOT$ ANCE/RY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE -- 9 A RELATIVELY SL[-PAC$1 ORGANIC AGR>IAN WORLD ?AT CLA%$ %>PLY ) ! HI<LY RATIONALIZ$1 ME*ANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL WORLD ( ! CITIES4 ,9 ! =CE-FIELD ( !SE TWO CULTURES1 ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES RETA9$ AN OBDURACY1 A S5SE ( MORAL T5SION1 A FEEL+ = PRE9DU/RIAL LIFEWAYS1 & A COMMITM5T TO COMMUNITY ?AT CANNOT BE CONVEY$ TO A G5]ATION IMMUR$ 9 ! RECEIV$ WISDOM & PREPACKAG$ LIFEWAYS ( A HI<LY COMMODIFI$1 M>KET-ORI5T$ ]A4 

,! 9T5SITY ( ?IS =CE-FIELD WAS HEI<T5$ BY A ,SPANI% H]ITAGE ( /RONG SOCIABILITY3 URBAN B>RIOS W]E ACTUALLY 9TIMATE VILLAGES )9 ! CITY1 KNITT$ TOGE!R BY CAFES1 COMMUNITY C5T]S & UNION HALLS & 5]GIZ$ BY A VITAL \TDOOR PUBLIC LIFE ?AT /OOD AT %>P V>IANCE ) ! >I/OCRATIC MY?OS ( ! ,SPANI% PA/ & ! HAT$ ,*UR* :I* HAD ABDICAT$ ALL CLAIMS TO PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,! ELITE CLASSES ( ! C\NTRY1 SO COMPLETELY DIVORC$ FROM ?OSE :O WORK$ = !M1 W]E HI<LY PROTECTIVE ( ! PRIVILEGES CONF]R$ UPON !M BY P$IGREE1 /ATUS1 & L&$ WEAL?1 :I* (T5 PRODUC$ FISSURES AS B\RGEOIS P>V5US BEGAN TO 5T] A SOCIAL T]RA9 GU>D$ = C5TURIES BY TRADITION & HI/ORY4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ONE ALWAYS 0BELONG$0 9 A DEEPLY SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 REGIONAL1 CLASS1 & ECONOMIC S5SE -- :E!R IT WAS TO A P>T ( ,SPA91 TO A HI]>*Y1 A CA/E1 A CLAN1 AN 9/ITUTION 7BE IT ! >MY OR A UNION71 & F9ALLY1 TO A NEI<BORHOOD1 VILLAGE1 T[N1 CITY1 & PROV9CE1 PRECISELY 9 ?AT ORD] ( LOYALTY4 ,9 ?IS CULTURAL S5SE AFFILIATIONS & ANTAGONISMS (T5 OV]RODE ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS TO AN EXT5T ?AT IS N[ B>ELY COMPREH5SIBLE ,TO CITE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE1 ! WORK]S ( ,S>AGOSSA1 EV5 MORE AN>*I/ 9 !IR IDEOLOGY ?AN !IR SYNDICALI/IC COMRADES 9 ,B>CELONA1 DISDA9$ /RIKES = 0PALTRY0 ECONOMIC DEM&S2 !Y NORMALLY PUT D[N !IR TOOLS 9 BEHALF ( !IR BRO!RS & SI/]S 9 PRISONS OR OV] ISSUES ( POLITICS1 HUMAN RI<TS1 & CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ONE TRULY 9CR$IBLE 9/ANCE1 !SE 0PURE0 AN>*I/S DECL>$ A TW5TY-F\R-H\R G5]AL-/RIKE BECAUSE ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]1 ,]N/ ,?ALMANN1 HAD BE5 >RE/$ BY ,HITL]4 

,BEH9D ?IS VIBRANTLY RADICAL CULTURE WAS A RI* TRADITION ( DIRECT ACTION1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & CONF$]AL ASSOCIATION4 ,SPA9 HAD B>ELY BECOME A NATION-/ATE UND] ,F]D9& & ,ISABELLA -- ! 0,CA?OLIC MON>*S0 :O CONQU]$ ! LA/ ,MOORI% /RON<OLDS ON ! P59SULA -- :5 ! MON>*Y WAS FAC$ ) A HI/ORIC CRISIS4 ,UND] ! ,COMUN]OS 7TRANSLAT$ LIT]ALLY1 ! ,COMMUN>DS71 ,CA/ILE'S MAJOR CITIES ROSE UP 9 REVOLT TO DEM& :AT WAS VIRTUALLY A =M ( NATIONHOOD /RUCTUR$ PRIM>ILY >\ND A CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES4 ,9 ?IS REM>KABLE MOM5T :5 A CONF$]AL POLITICAL SY/EM HOV]$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO A C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE1 ,CA/ILIAN CITIES CREAT$ %ORT-LIV$ W>D DEMOCRACIES & NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES & 5FRAN*IS$ PEOPLE 9 ! L[E/ RANKS ( ! COMMUNITY ON A SCALE ?AT W\LD HAVE S5T A %UDD] ( FE> ?R\< ,EUROPE'S RUL+ ELITES1 POSSIBLY COMP>ABLE TO ! IMPACT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4#d ,SU* CONF$]AL MOVEM5TS P]COLAT$ ?R\< ,SPANI% HI/ORY = G5]ATIONS 4 ,!Y TOOK REAL-LIFE =M 9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y P[] ( LOCAL SOCIETY OV] C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 EXPLOD+ 9 MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,F$]ALI/S ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL ( ! E>LY #a#h#gS & ! AN>*I/S S*OOL$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN94 ,BUT ,SPANI% LOCALISM & CONF$]ALISM W]E NOT /RICTLY AN AN>*I/ PH5OM5ON3 !Y W]E ,SPANI% TO ! CORE & 9FUS$ ! MO/ TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/S1 EV5 ! ,BASQUE NATIONALI/S1 :O ADVANC$ MUNICIPALI/ NOTIONS ( POLITICAL CONTROL AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE'S AU?ORITY WELL 9TO ! #a#i#cS4 

,SPANI% RADICALISM1 9 EFFECT1 RAIS$ QUE/IONS & PROVID$ ANSW]S ?AT HAVE A UNIQUE RELEVANCE TO ! PROBLEMS ( \R DAY3 LOCAL AUTONOMY1 CONF$]ALISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & BASE DEMOCRACY 9 OPPOSITION TO /ATE C5TRALISM1 NATIONALIZATION1 MANAG]IAL CONTROL1 & BUREAUCRACY4 ,! WORLD DID NOT KN[ ?IS 9 #a#i#c#f1 NOR DOES IT UND]/OOD ! SCOPE ( !SE ISSUES ADEQUATELY TODAY4 ,9DE$1 ,SPANI% RADICALISM ALSO RAIS$ IDEOLOGICAL IMAGES ?AT HI/ORY R5D]$ OBSOLETE 9 ,EUROPE3 IMAGES ( A CLASSICAL PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION1 B>RICADES1 A SYNDICALI/ TRIUMPH ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 & 9*OATE NOTIONS ( EMANCIPATION CLOAK$ 9 A ,BOL%EVIK MANTLE CLAIM$ BY ,/AL9 RA!R ?AN 9 ,SPA9'S [N POPUL> TRADITIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS SWIRL+ VORTEX ( SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT ! ,SPANI% >MY TRI$ TO /ILL1 A VORTEX ( 9/ITUTIONAL RELICS1 AN AGR>IAN CRISIS :]E L>GE-SCALE AGRIBUS9ESS DRESS$ 9 >I/OCRATIC VE/M5TS WAS PITT$ AGA9/ A RAGG$1 L&-HUNGRY1 LABOR =CE ( DAY-WORK]S1 & AN >ROGANT NOBILITY1 AN AV>ICI\S B\RGEOISIE1 AN 9ORD9ATELY MAT]IALI/IC ,*UR*1 & A S]VILE MIDDLE CLASS AGA9/ ! MO/ VOLATILE PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY ,EUROPE HAD SE5 9 A C5TURY ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM4 

,! EV5TS LEAD+ TO ! \TBREAK ( CIVIL W> CAN BE DEALT ) SUMM>ILY4 ,9 ,SPA91 HI/ORY SEEMS TO REPEAT ITSELF FIR/ AS F>CE & ONLY LAT] AS TRAG$Y4 ,! SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ,WORLD ,W> ,I SEEM ALMO/ A COMIC ANTICIPATION ( ! DEVELOPM5TS ?AT PREC$$ ,FRANCO'S UPRIS+4 ,A WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/ GAVE WAY 9 #aibc TO ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 A PLEASURE-LOV+1 RA!R DISSOLUTE ,&ALUSIAN >I/OCRAT :O EASILY CAME TO T]MS ) ! ,U,G,T & ! ,SOCIALI/S AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR AN>*OSYNDICALI/ RIVALS & :O ESS5TIALLY IGNOR$ ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BECAUSE ( ITS %E] 9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! BOOM YE>S ( ! #a#i#bS W]E FOLL[$ BY A RAPID DECL9E 9 ,PRIMO'S AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* PULL$ ! PROPS \T FROM UND]NEA? ! MON>*Y ITSELF4 ,9 ,APRIL #aica ,SPA9 RETURN$ AFT] SOME TWO G5]ATIONS TO A REPUBLICAN POLITICAL SY/EM1 SEEM+LY ) ALMO/ UNIV]SAL 5?USIASM -- BUT ! SY/EM'S AU?ORITY WAN$ QUICKLY :5 A LIB]AL-,SOCIALI/ COALITION TRI$ TO ADDRESS ! CRUCIAL AGR>IAN PROBLEMS ?AT HAD BELEAGU]$ ALL ,SPANI% GOV]NM5TS = G5]ATIONS4 ,HAMM]$ ON ! RI<T BY ! ATTEMPT$ MILIT>Y C\P ( ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO 7,AUGU/ #a#i#c#b7 & BY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 9SURRECTIONISM ON ! LEFT :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS MASSACRE ( ,&ALUSIAN PEASANTS 7,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c71 ! COALITION LAY 9 ! DEBRIS ( ITS [N ILL-/>R$ RE=MS4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c1 ,SPA9'S MULTITUDE ( P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO REGR\P & POL>IZE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] ( ?AT YE>1 A COALITION ( ! RI<T1 ! ,SPANI% ,CONF$]ATION ( ,RI<T ,GR\PS 7,C,$,A7 REPLAC$ ! LIB]AL-,SOCIALI/ COALITION HEAD$ BY ,MANUEL ,AZANA4 ,! =CES ?AT CONSIGN$ ! FIR/ 0,REPUBLICAN0 GOV]NM5T 9 SOME SIXTY YE>S TO ! HI/ORIC G>BAGE HEAP N[ =M$ ! IMPETUS = A RADICAL %IFT TO ! TWO EXTREMES4 ,DIS5*ANT$ ) LIB]AL 9EPTITUDE & SUBJECT$ TO 9CREAS+ 9T]NAL PRESSURE BY ! 9FLUX ( ,&ALUSIAN BRAC]OS1  ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY VE]$ %>PLY FROM RE=MISM TO REVOLUTIONISM 9 LITTLE MORE ?AN A YE>4 ,JU/ AS ! ,C,$,A F\ND ! NEWLY =M$ FASCI/IC ,FALANGE ON ITS F> RI<T1 SO ,L>GO ,CABELL]O 7N[ /YL$ ! 0,L59 ( ,SPA907 F\ND ! REC5T ,P,\,M1 A MELD+ ( TWO 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ GR\PS1 ON HIS F> LEFT & ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 A /ATE ( *RONIC REVOLUTION /ILL FUR!R (F ON !IR [N4 

,! B>RICADES ?AT ! ,VI5NESE ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S RAIS$ E>LY 9 #aicd 9 ! FACE ( A REACTION>Y ASSAULT ON !IR V]Y EXI/5CE HAD !IR BLOODY ,SPANI% C\NT]P>T EI<T MON?S LAT] 9 ! 0,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION0 ( #a#i#c#d1 :5 ,A/URIAN M9]S1 RAIS+ R$ & R$-&-BLACK FLAGS OV] ! M\NTA9 T[NS & CITIES ( NOR!RN ,SPA91 BECAME ! EPIC5T] ( A G5]AL UPRIS+ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! 9CREAS+LY WELL-KN[N COMM&] ( ! 0,>MY ( ,AFRICA10 ONE ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO1 BR\<T ,MOORI% TROOPS AS WELL AS =EIGN LEGIONNAIRES ONTO ,SPANI% SOIL = ! FIR/ TIME 9 FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S TO DEF5D 0,*RI/IAN ,CIVILIZATION0 FROM 0R$ B>B>ISM40 ,9 A TA/E ( ! FI]CE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y RETRIBUTION ?AT WAS YET TO COME1 TWO ?\S& M9]S W]E EXECUT$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,A/URIAS UPRIS+ & T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,SOCIALI/S1 AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 9 SMALL] NUMB]S ,COMMUNI/S1 & EV5 SOME LIB]ALS F\ND !MSELVES 9 ,SPANI% JAILS :ILE ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY SMOLD]$ 9 A SAVAGE CLASS & REGIONAL HATR$ ?AT F\ND ITS FULL SATISFACTION TWO YE>S LAT]4 

,UND] AN O/5SIBLY %>$ EAG]NESS TO FREE ! ,OCTOB] PRISON]S & 9 FE> ( GR[+ RI<TI/ PROVOCATION ( ! K9D ?AT HAD F9ALLY BR\<T ! ,VI5NESE ,SOCIALI/S 9TO 9SURRECTION1 A 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 WAS SLAPP$ TOGE!R FROM SU* WIDELY DISP>ATE POLITICAL GR\PS AS ! ,REPUBLICAN LEFT1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,ESQU]RA 7,LUIS ,COMPANYS'S ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S71 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY 7A POLITICAL >M ( ! DISSID5T AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA71 & ! ,P,\,M 79 ,CATALONIA74 ,! T]M 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 APP>5TLY ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,SOVIET-,FR5* ,TREATY ( ,MUTUAL ,ASSI/ANCE 7,MAY #a#i#c#e7 9 :I* BO? C\NTRIES V[$ TO AID EA* O!R IF EI!R WAS 0?REAT5$ OR 9 DANG] ( AGGRESSION40 ,) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ALL ,WE/]N ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES & ALL !IR FRONT ORGANIZATIONS MADE A %>P VOLTE FACE FROM A PREVI\S TOTALLY 9SANE POLICY ( REVOLUTION>Y ADV5TURISM1 9 :I* EV5 ! ,C,N,T WAS DUBB$ 0RE=MI/10 TO A QUEASY 0L9E0 ( TOTAL ACCOMMODATION TO ! 0=CES ( DEMOCRACY0 & AN ABJECT SURR5D] ( ALL RADICAL PR9CIPLES TO RE=MISM4 ,?AT ! NEW GOSPEL ( LEFTI/S JO9+ ) LIB]ALS WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN ,/AL9'S :OLESALE PRO/ITUTION ( ! WORLD'S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES = 0NON-AGGRESSION0 & PREF]ABLY 0MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE0 PACTS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ANY P[] ?AT WAS PREP>$ TO 5T] ! ,/AL9I/ BRO!L BECAME CLE> BY #a#i#c#f4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TODAY1 :5 RADICAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ TO ! C\LOIRS ( ! ACADEMY & RADICAL PRACTICE TO ! SMOKE-FILL$ ROOMS ( LIB]AL POLITICIANS1 TO RECOGNIZE ! CRISIS ( CONSCI5CE ?AT 0,POPUL> ,FRONTISM0 CREAT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,CONTR>Y TO REC5T MY?S ?AT ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 WAS A WELCOME *ANGE ( L9E1 A WAN+ G5]ATION FROM ! ]A CAN /ILL RECALL H[ ,AM]ICAN LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/S TAUNT$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S = ! RAPID DES]TION ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS4 ,9 ,SPA91 ?IS TOOK ! =M ( ! P>TICUL>LY CUTT+ REM>K3 0,VOTE ,COMMUNI/ & ,SAVE ,CAPITALISM40 ,! NUMB]S :O LEFT 0! ,P>TY0 9 BITT]NESS W]E PROBABLY IMM5SE ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,YET NEI!R 0ANTI-FASCISM0 NOR A PASSION = 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 CAN EXPLA9 :AT KEPT ?\S&S ( REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,/AL9I/ MOVEM5T4 ,?AT ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES W]E ABLE TO ACQUIRE MORE MEMB]S 9 UNPREC$5T$ NUMB]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E V]Y T5TATIVE 9 !IR COMMITM5TS1 ATTE/S TO ! FACT ?AT EV5 9 ! 0R$ ?IRTIES10 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA CONTA9$ MORE LIB]ALS ?AN RADICALS4 ,IT ALSO ATTE/S TO ! UNCRITICAL1 (T5 M9DLESS LOYALTY ( ,COMMUNI/S TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS ! 0FIR/ ,SOCIALI/ C\NTRY0 9 ! WORLD & TO ! LEGACY ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION -- EV5 AS ITS LEAD]S W]E BE+ SLAU<T]$ 5 MASSE BY ,/AL9'S ,N,K,V,D4 

,EQUALLY FUNDAM5TALLY ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 9TRODUC$ A DOCTR9AL CRISIS 9TO ! CORPUS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,! V]Y RAISON D'ETRE = A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD HAD BE5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY'S LEGACY ( 0BETRAYALS10 CREAT+ ! NE$ = A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 0,BETRAYAL10 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! DAY1 MEANT ! AB&ONM5T ( ,M>X'S BASIC1 9DE$ UNSW]V+ /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION>Y 9DEP5D5CE = ALL AU!NTIC 0WORK]S' P>TIES40 ,?IS PRECEPT1 =CEFULLY VOIC$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 !IR FAM\S 0,ADDRESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE0 7,M>* #a#h#e71 W>N$ ?AT 0EV]Y:]E WORK]S' C&IDATES >E PUT UP ALONGSIDE ( ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC C&IDATES 4 4 4 TO PRES]VE !IR 9DEP5D5CE40 ,AS IF 9 ANTICIPATION ( 0POPUL> FRONTISM0 A C5TURY LAT] BO? M5 =BADE ,COMMUNI/S FROM ALL[+ 0!MSELVES TO BE S$UC$ BY SU* >GUM5TS ( ! DEMOCRATS AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT BY SO DO+ !Y >E SPLITT+ ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY & MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = ! REACTION>IES TO W940#e 

,TO AB&ON !SE PRECEPTS WAS TO ASSAIL ! AU!NTICITY ( ,COMMUNISM AS SU*1 9DE$1 TO DISC>D ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,BOL%EVISM AS A TRULY ,M>XI/ POLITICS4 ,IT HAD BE5 ON ! /R5G? ( !SE /RATEGIC IDEAS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY HAD COME TO P[] 9 #aiag & DEF9$ ITSELF AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,= ,/AL9 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO ADOPT EXACTLY :AT ,M>X ,5GELS1 & ,L59 HAD REG>D$ AS ! MO/ 0TREA*]\S0 FEATURES ( 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY R$UC$ WORLD ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS TO M]E GU>DIANS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & AN EXT5SION ( ,/AL9I/ =EIGN POLICY4 ,IF ANY?+ C\LD JU/IFY SO ABJECT A ROLE = ,COMMUNI/S1 IT WAS !IR BELIEF -- HELD CONSCI\SLY OR NOT -- ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ! MA9 =CE = ! A*IEVEM5T ( WORLD SOCIALISM4 ,?IS DOCTR9AL MY/IFICATION ESS5TIALLY REPLAC$ ! P[] ( ! OPPRESS$ TO *ANGE SOCIETY & !REBY *ANGE !MSELVES 9 A SUPREME ACT ( SELF-EMP[]M5T1 ) ! P[] ( A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 TO 9/RUM5TALLY R$ESIGN SOCIETY4 

,! LOGIC ( ?IS M5TALITY HAD DISA/R\S RAMIFICATIONS1 ONES ?AT EXI/ TODAY EV5 AS !Y DID FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,?IS ,POPUL> ,FRONT MY/IFICATION WAS TO TURN SOCIALISM FROM A SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9TO A L>GELY DIPLOMATIC ONE4 ,WORLD ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES :I* HAD BE5 SPAWN$ 9 A P]IOD ( AU!NTIC REVOLUTION W]E TO BE D5ATUR$ BY ! MY?OS ( A SOCIALISM A*IEV$ BY 9T]NATIONAL P[] POLITICS 9TO M]E TOOLS = PRES]V+ OR ABETT+ ! 9T]E/S ( A NATION-/ATE4 ,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 9 EFFECT1 NOT ONLY PLANT$ SOCIALISM 9 A GEOGRAPHICAL >EA & DIVE/$ IT ( ITS E?ICAL CALL+ TO R$EEM HUMANITY2 IT R5D]$ ! 0IDEAL10 ) ALL ITS VISION>Y & CRITICAL MEAN+S OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 T]RITORIAL & 9VE/$ IT ) ! FIXITY ( ! 0REAL10 NOTABLY AS A M]E 9/RUM5T ( NATIONAL POLICY4"9 

,! >GUM5T BETWE5 ! COMPROMIS$ ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT & ITS LEFTI/ CRITICS UNFOLD$ ON A MULTITUDE ( LEVELS OV] ! ?REE TORTUR$ YE>S ?AT PREC$$ ! ,/AL9-,HITL] PACT ( #a#i#c#i4 ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S G5]ALLY CALL$ IT 0CLASS COLLABORATION10 ) BLUNT CL>ITY2 ! =FEITURE ( ! V]Y S5SE ( REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE ?AT ALONE C\LD DEFEAT FASCISM1 MU* LESS A*IEVE SOCIALISM2 ! PROCLIVITY ( LIB]ALS TO DELIV] DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES TO FASCI/S RA!R ?AN YIELD P[] TO AN 9SURG5T WORK+ CLASS4 ,REMOTE AS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ]A SEEMS TODAY1 IT IS /RIK+ ?AT LEFTI/ *ALL5GES TO IT HAVE BE5 SUPPORT$ BY REALITY TO AN UNCANNY EXT5T4 

,9 ,SPA91 ! VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf VIRTUALLY UNLEA%$ A REVOLUTION BY ITSELF4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT OR*E/RAT$ ITS ELECTORAL SUCCESS ALL[$ A GOV]NM5T ( LIB]AL MICE1 M>K$ BY TIMIDITY & A FE> ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 TO PRESIDE OV] !IR DE/9Y4 ,! 9CONGRUITY BETWE5 ! BUMBL+ ,AZANA REGIME 9 ,MADRID & ! WAVE ( /RIKES1 RURAL L& SEIZURES1 & GUN-BATTLES ?AT SWEPT OV] ,SPA9 BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y & ,JULY1 :5 ,FRANCO F9ALLY 0PRON\NC$0 AGA9/ ! 0,REPUBLIC10 IS SO />K & ! LOGIC ( EV5TS ?AT LEFT ONLY TWO *OICES BY ! SUMM] ( #aicf -- EI!R LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION OR BLOODY AU?ORIT>IAN REACTION -- IS SO COMPELL+ ?AT ,FRANCO'S EASY SUCCESS 9 TRANSPORT+ ! 0,>MY ( ,AFRICA0 FROM ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO TO ! MA9L& WAS AN ACT ( GOV]NM5TAL BETRAYAL 9 ITS [N RI<T4 

,! ,C,N,T PLAC$ ALL ITS MILITANTS ON AL]T & BLANKET$ ,B>CELONA ) WORK]S PATROLS1 BUT ! O!R LEFTI/ P>TIES :I* HAD =M$ ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 W]E ESS5TIALLY QUIESC5T4 ,EV5 AFT] ,FRANCO ROSE & ! GOV]NM5T ATTEMPT$ TO /RIKE A DEAL ) ! MILIT>Y1 CAUS+ PEOPLE TO FILL ! /REETS DEM&+ >MS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES JO9TLY DECL>$3 0,IT IS A DIFFICULT1 NOT A DESP]ATE TIME4 ,! GOV]NM5T IS SURE IT HAS ADEQUATE MEANS TO CRU% ?IS CRIM9AL MOVE4 ,%\LD ITS MEANS PROVE 9ADEQUATE1 ! ,REPUBLIC HAS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT'S SOLEMN PROMISE4 ,IT IS READY TO 9T]V5E 9 ! /RUGGLE IF IT IS ASK$ TO HELP4 ,! GOV]NM5T COMM&S & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT OBEYS40#f 

,IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT NO ONE KNEW E>LY ON ?AT ! >MY G>RISONS W\LD RISE -- OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 :5 & :]E4 ,[+ TO ITS EXCELL5T 9TELLIG5CE S]VICE1 :I* HAD P5ETRAT$ ! MILIT>Y1 POLICE1 & SECURITY =CES G5]ALLY1 ! ,C,N,T HAD W>N$ MON?S 9 ADVANCE ?AT ! >MY WAS PLANN+ A C\P 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf & ?AT ITS BASE W\LD BE ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO4 ,EV5 MORE COMPELL+1 ,COLONEL ,ESC(ET1 ! ,REPUBLICAN POLICE *IEF ( ,B>CELONA1 HAD LE>N$ FROM 9=M]S & WIRETAPS ?AT ! RIS+ W\LD OCCUR ON ,JULY #ai AT #e ,A4,M41 EXACTLY AS ! CONSPIRATORS HAD ORIG9ALLY PLANN$1 & HE GAVE ?IS 9=MATION TO ! ,CATALAN & ,MADRID GOV]NM5TS4 ,!Y MET HIS 9=MATION ) DISBELIEF -- NOT BECAUSE !Y REG>D$ A C\P AS 9CR$IBLE BUT BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT ACT UPON ! 9=MATION )\T >M+ ! PEOPLE4 ,?AT ALT]NATIVE WAS SIMPLY EXCLUD$4 ,9DE$1 AS ,ESC(ET LAT] FRANKLY ADMITT$1 HE BL&LY LI$ TO ,C,N,T LEAD]S :O CAME TO HIM DEM&+ >MS BY 0SAY+ !Y C\LD GO HOME S9CE ! RIS+ HAD BE5 PO/PON$40#g  

,! V]Y OPPOSITE1 9 FACT1 HAD HAPP5$3 ! RIS+ WAS PU%$ =W>D BY TWO DAYS4 ,AS E>LY AS ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #a#g1 :5 ,FRANCO'S AIDES BROADCA/ NEWS ( ! >MY REBELLION1 ! NAVAL /ATION NE> ,MADRID 9T]CEPT$ ! REPORT & BR\<T IT TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,NAVY4 ,! ONLY DECISIVE ACTION ! GOV]NM5T TOOK WAS TO CONCEAL IT FROM ! PEOPLE -- 9DE$1 LIKE ,ESC(ET1 TO LIE BY ANN\NC+ ! UTT]LY FALSE /ORY ?AT ! UPRIS+ 9 ,SEVILLE HAD BE5 CRU%$4 ,! LIE WAS ALL ! MORE HORR5D\S BECAUSE ?\S&S ( WORK]S 9 ! CITY W]E BE+ SY/EMATICALLY EXECUT$ BY ! MILIT>Y AFT] >MY REBELS HAD VANQUI%$ !M4 ,IT WAS ONLY FROM POPUL> 9ITIATIVE -- FIR/ 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! >MY WAS DEFEAT$ AFT] TWO DAYS ( FI<T+ BY ! COMB9$ ACTION ( ! WORK]S & SYMPA!TIC ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 & LAT] 9 ,MADRID1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,MALAGA1 & VIRTUALLY ALL ! MAJOR CITIES 9 C5TRAL ,SPA9 -- ?AT COORD9AT$ RESI/ANCE EM]G$ FROM ! POLITICAL C5T]S ( ! C\NTRY4 

,!RE W]E NO S5SATIONAL VICTORIES BY ! >MY & NO DECISIVE FAILURES BY ! PEOPLE4 ,AP>T FROM ! ,&ALUSIAN CITIES :I* ,FRANCO & HIS G5]ALS QUICKLY CAPTUR$1 AS (T5 BY RUSE AS BY >MS1 ! PRONUNCIAMI5TO WAS ESS5TIALLY A MILIT>Y FAILURE1 & ! CONFLICT DRAGG$ ON TO ITS BLOODY CONCLUSION = ! GREAT] P>T ( ?REE YE>S4 ,?AT ,FRANCO WAS ABLE TO E/ABLI% HIMSELF ON ! MA9L& WAS DUE TO ! HESITATION ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 REGIME :I* MISL$ ! PEOPLE2 P>TLY BECAUSE ! LEFTI/ P>TIES1 FE>FUL ( *ALL5G+ ! GOV]NM5T'S AU?ORITY1 SEEM$ TO BE SLEEPWALK+ ?R\< ! OP5+ DAYS ( ! REBELLION1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ?IS V]Y GOV]NM5T WAS NEGOTIAT+ ) ! MILIT>Y RA!R ?AN >M+ ! PEOPLE4 ,AS A RESULT1 RADICAL URBAN C5T]S LIKE ,SEVILLE1 ,GRANADA1 & TO ! SURPRISE ( ! >MY ITSELF1 ,OVI$O 9 ,A/URIAS & ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,>AGON1 FELL TO LOCAL MILIT>Y COMM&]S BY %E] RUSE BECAUSE ! WORK]S HAD BE5 KEPT 9 IGNORANCE ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA94 ,! SLAU<T] ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ALL !SE CITIES :5 ! >MY TOOK OV] 9ITIAT$ A T]RIBLE HEMORRHAG+ ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 A BLOODLETT+ ?AT TURN$ ,SPA9 9TO A CEMET]Y = MORE ?AN ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S4 ,AS ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME CONCLUDE 9 !IR EXCELL5T ACC\NT ( ! REVOLUTION & CIVIL W>1 0,9 EFFECT1 EA* TIME ?AT ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE P>ALYZ$ BY !IR ANXIETY TO RESPECT ,REPUBLICAN LEGALITY & EA* TIME !IR LEAD]S W]E SATISFI$ ) :AT WAS SAID BY ! (FIC]S1 ! LATT] PREVAIL$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,MOVIMI5TO ( ! G5]ALS.> WAS REPULS$ :]E ! WORK]S HAD TIME TO >M & :5EV] !Y SET AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,>MY AS SU*1 9DEP5D5TLY ( !IR LEAD]S' POSITION OR ! ATTITUDE ( 'LEGITIMATE' PUBLIC AU?ORITIES40#h 

,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ?IS ACC\NT ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ C\LD NOT HAVE PR$ICT$ FROM ! DAY ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 CAME TO P[]4 ,! LIB]ALS PLAY$ \T !IR CLASSICAL ROLE ) ALMO/ TEXTBOOK EXACTNESS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 DIVID$ BETWE5 A CYNICAL RI<T & AN IRRESOLUTE LEFT1 WAS EAT5 AWAY BY 9DECISION & A FAILURE ( N]VE ?AT BR\<T ITS [N CONS]VATIVE *IEFTA9S TO ! PO9T ( TREA*]Y4 ,F9ALLY1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S1 F> LESS DECISIVE ?AN !IR RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS1 REFUS$ TO TAKE P[] 9 !IR ,CATALAN /RON<OLD AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE 9 ! OP5+ WEEKS ( ! REVOLUTION -- ONLY TO COMPROMISE !IR MO/ BASIC ANTI/ATI/ DOCTR9ES LAT] BY HUMBLY 5T]+ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AS M9I/]IAL FIXTURES4 ,H>RI$ BY ,COMMUNI/ & LIB]AL ASSAULTS ON ! MILITIA SY/EM & ! COLLECTIVIZATION1 & BY AN 9CREAS+LY DEADLY ,/AL9I/ T]ROR1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP )DREW 9TO A PO/URE ( PLA9TIVE CLI5TS ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT10 :9+ RA!R ?AN FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ROLLBACK ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT HAD BE5 ! RESULT ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T MORE ?AN ( !IR [N EF=TS4 

,BUT :AT NO ONE SEEMS TO HAVE EXPECT$ WAS ! RESOLUT5ESS ) :I* ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PLAY$ \T ITS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE1 ABETT$ BY ,SOVIET WEAPONS1 0,COM9T]N0 AG5TS1 ,N,K,V,D EXP]TS1 & 9 NO SMALL P>T1 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES10 :O PROVID$ ! ,P,C,E ) SOME ( ITS BE/ ASSASS9S4 ,! 9ITIAL RESPONSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S TO ,FRANCO'S PRONUNCIAMI5TO WAS DESIGN$ TO BOL/] ! REPUTATION ( ! LIB]AL GOV]NM5T :I* WAS TRY+ TO COME TO T]MS ) ! 9SURG5T G5]ALS4 ,MORE ?AN ANY ORGANIZATION ?AT PR(ESS$ TO BE 0LEFTI/10 ! ,P,C,E OP5$ ITS DOORS TO ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS ?AT F\ND !MSELVES BEH9D ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 L9ES1 BECOM+ ! RALLY+ PO9T = DOME/IC REACTION1 & /EADILY ATE AWAY AT ! REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( 0ANTIFASCISM40 ,NOT ONLY DID IT TRY TO >RE/ COLLECTIVIZATION1 IT TRI$ TO REV]SE IT 1 RE/OR+ HI]>*Y 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT =M$ ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ,SPANI% LIFE & SPEAK+ OP5LY = ! B\RGEOIS 9T]E/ 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,! FILES ( ,MUNDO ,OBR]O1  ! ,P,C,E'S PR9CIPAL ORGAN1 >E FILL$ ) J\RNALI/IC DECLAMATIONS1 MANIFE/OS1 & $ITORIALS ?AT D5\NCE ! MILITIAS 9 FAVOR ( A FULLY (FIC]$ 0,POPUL> ,>MY10 L5D SUPPORT TO ! LIB]ALS & RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S AGA9/ CRITICISM BY ! ,SOCIALI/ LEFT & ! AN>*I/S1 & D5\NCE ANY EX]CISE ( P[] BY ! UNIONS & REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ) ! CRY1 0,! SLOGAN TODAY IS ALL P[] & AU?ORITY TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT GOV]NM5T0 7,DAILY ,WORK]1  ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#c#f74 

,TO EXPLA9 :Y ANY SELF-PR(ESS$ RADICALS REMA9$ 9 ! ,P,C,E IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE )\T ANALYZ+ ! ORGANIZATION'S S5SE ( PRIORITIES3 ! WI%FUL ID5TIFICATION ( 0SOCIALISM0 ON ! P>T ( ITS MORE COMMITT$ MEMB]S ) A NATION-/ATE1 EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT WAS ACTIVELY EMANCIPATORY ELSE:]E4 ,9 ?IS V]Y REAL S5SE1 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS NO MORE ,SPANI% ?AN ITS ,SOVIET C\NT]P>T & AS A RESULT ( ITS ID5TIFICATION ( 0COMMUNISM0 ) ,/AL9'S NATIONAL POLICIES1 NO MORE COMMUNI/ ?AN ! ,CA?OLIC ,BASQUE MOVEM5TS ?AT OPPOS$ ,FRANCO4 

,! 0LEFTI/0 GOV]NM5T =M$ BY ,L>GO ,CABELL]O 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicf WAS AIM$ AT MOBILIZ+ ,SOCIALI/1 AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 & ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! >MY BUT AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION 9ITIAT$ BY !IR [N RANK-&-FILE4 ,AS ,L>GO ,CABALL]O ATTE/$ AFT] HE HAD BE5 REMOV$ FROM (FICE1 ,SOVIET 9T]V5TION 9 ,SPANI% AFFAIRS WAS BRUTALLY OV]T & DEM&+4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS BLEMI%+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S IMAGE AS A RESPECTABLE NATION-/ATE 9 ! PURSUIT ( DIPLOMATIC ALLIANCES4 ,IT HAD TO BE /OPP$4 ,CABALL]O WAS ANY?+ BUT A REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT HE HAD A REAL BASE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY :I* GAVE HIM 5\< FRE$OM TO ACT ACCORD+ TO HIS [N JUDGM5T1 A FATAL FLAW 9 ! EYES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 

,NEV]!LESS IT WAS UND] ?IS REGIME ?AT ! REVOLUTION EXPIR$4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 ! 0,POPUL> ,>MY0 WAS PROCLAIM$1 TO ! DELI<T ( ! LIB]ALS1 ,COMMUNI/S1 & RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S2 9DE$1 NE>LY ALL P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ON ! LEFT ABETT$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! MILITIAS 9TO A CONV5TIONAL >MY4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAPONS1 EQUIPM5T1 & RES\RCES AMONG DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! FRONT & TO DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY WAS SC&AL\SLY GOV]N$ BY POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E EV5 AB&ON$ TO ,FRANCO IF ! ,COMMUNI/S & !IR ALLIES SUSPECT$ !Y W\LD BECOME AVAILABLE TO ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,TO CITE ONE ( MANY EXAMPLES1 ,SPA9'S ONLY PREW> C>TRIDGE FACTORY 9 ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 ZONE1 AT ,TOL$O1 WAS P]MITT$ TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ,FRANCOI/ =CES RA!R ?AN REMOVE IT TO ,B>CELONA :I* W\LD HAVE /R5G!N$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T -- ?IS1 DESPITE PLEAS BY ,JOSE ,T>RADELLAS1 ! DEPUTY ( ! ,CATALAN PREMI] ,LUIS ,COMPANYS1 :O P]SONALLY VISIT$ ,MADRID TO PRES5T HIS REQUE/ = ITS REMOVAL4 #i 

,RE9=C$ BY ,SOVIET >MS & ! HUGE MEMB]%IP ?AT IT ACQUIR$ L>GELY FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! ,P,C,E LAUN*$ AN \TRI<T ASSAULT ON ! COLLECTIVES & ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 EV5 PURG+ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 :I* ,PRAVDA1  ! ORGAN ( ! ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 DECL>$ 0WILL BE CONDUCT$ ) ! SAME 5]GY ) :I* IT WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R0 7,DECEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#c#f74 0,*EKI/ ORGANIZATIONS REC5TLY DISCOV]$ 9 ,MADRID10 W>N$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ NEWSPAP] ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ON ,APRIL #b#e1 #a#i#c#g1 REF]R+ TO ,N,K,V,D-TYPE SECRET PRISONS & POLICE =CES 04 4 4 >E DIRECTLY L9K$ ) SIMIL> C5T]S UND] A UNIFI$ LEAD]%IP & A PRECONCEIV$ PLAN ( NATIONAL SCOPE40 ,WE DO NOT HAVE TO GO TO ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 A VICTIM ( !SE 0,*EKI/S0 7! T]M APPLI$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK SECRET POLICE DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION71 = P]SONAL V]IFICATION ( ! *>GE4 ,PRAVDA HAD ALREADY PROJECT$ ! =MATION ( ?IS NETWORK1 & AFT] ! W>1 NUM]\S AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & ,P,\,MI/S GAVE DETAIL$ ACC\NTS ( !IR [N EXP]I5CES AT ! H&S ( ?IS ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ SY/EM ( 9T]NAL REPRESSION4 

,! DECISIVE PO9T 9 DE/ROY+ ! POPUL> MOVEM5T & R$UC+ ITS MILITANTS TO PASSIVITY CAME 9 E>LY ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 :5 ,CATALAN SECURITY =CES UND] ! P]SONAL COMM& ( ! ,COMMUNI/ COMMISSION] ( PUBLIC SAFETY1 ,SALAS1 TRI$ TO SEIZE ! ,C,N,T-CONTROLL$ TELEPHONE BUILD+ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! ATTACK TRIGG]$ (F A VIRTUAL 9SURRECTION BY ! ,CATALAN WORK+ CLASS1 :I* HAD BE5 NURS+ MON?S ( GRIEVANCES AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S & LIB]ALS4 ,)9 H\RS1 B>RICADES W]E RAIS$ ALL OV] ! CITY1 & ! 0,L59 ,B>RACKS10 ! ,COMMUNI/ MILIT>Y /RON<OLD1 WAS COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ BY >M$ WORK]S4 ,! 9SURRECTION SPREAD BEYOND ,B>CELONA TO ,L]IDA1 :]E ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS SURR5D]$ !IR >MS TO ! WORK]S1 TO ,T>RAGONA1 ,G]ONA1 & TO MILITIAM5 ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 :O PREP>$ TO S5D DETA*M5TS TO ! ,C,N,T URBAN C5T]S4 ,! DRAMATIC FIVE DAYS BETWE5 ,MAY #c & #h1 :5 ,C,N,T WORK]S C\LD HAVE RECLAIM$ !IR DW9DL+ REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S1 W]E DAYS NOT ( DEFEAT BUT ( TREA*]Y -- NO LESS BY ! CLIQUE ?AT L$ ! ,C,N,T ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O W]E PREP>$ TO CREATE A CIVIL W> )9 ! CIVIL W>1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS TOLL ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/S4 ,LACK+ EV5 A MODICUM ( ?IS RESOLUT5ESS1 ! 0AN>*I/ M9I/]S10 ,MONTS5Y & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 9DUC$ ! ,C,N,T WORK]S TO LAY D[N !IR >MS & RETURN TO !IR HOMES4 ,?IS SELF-9FLICT$ DEFEAT TURN$ 9TO AN \TRI<T R\T :5 SUP]BLY >M$ 0,REPUBLICAN0 ASSAULT GU>DS 5T]$ ,B>CELONA 9 =CE TO CONTA9 ITS RE/IVE POPULATION4 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 TURN$ FROM ! C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO ! C[$ OCCUPI$ ZONE ( \TRI<T C\NT]REVOLUTION -- AT A CO/ 9 LIFE1 IT MAY BE NOT$1 COMP>ABLE TO ! LOSSES ! CITY HAD SUFF]$ 9 ! >MY'S UPRIS+ A YE> E>LI]4 

,! FAILURE ( ! 9SURRECTION -- ! FAM\S 0,MAY ,DAYS0 -- OP5$ WIDE ! GATES ( ! ,COMMUNI/-L$ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS =C$ TO RESIGN1 REPLAC$ BY ,JUAN ,NEGR91 :O LEAN$ HEAVILY ON ,P,C,E SUPPORT UP TO ! V]Y 5D ( ! W>4 ,TWO MON?S LAT]1 ! ,P,\,M WAS (FICIALLY \TLAW$1 & ,&RES ,N91 ITS MO/ GIFT$ LEAD]1 MURD]$ BY ,SOVIET AG5TS 9 COLLUSION ) ,?ALMANN ,BATTALION MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 TOO1 SUFF]$ HEAVILY1 ESPECIALLY ) ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,C>LO ,B]NI]I1 ! AU!NTIC VOICE ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM & A %>P CRITIC ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 ,!RE IS ALSO COMPELL+ EVID5CE ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ,G>IBALDI ,BATTALION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E IMPLICAT$ 9 HIS MURD] DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,BY ,AUGU/1 ! NOTORI\S ,MILIT>Y ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE 7,S,I,M7 WAS =M$ UND] ,NEGR9'S PREMI]%IP TO 9T5SIFY ! ,/AL9I/ T]ROR 9FLICT$ ON MILITANT AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & ,P,\,M-I/S4 ,9 ! SAME MON?1 ! ,MOSC[-TRA9$ ?UG ,5RIQUE ,LI/]1 L$ HIS ,COMMUNI/ #a#a? ,DIVISION 9TO ! LA/ RURAL /RON<OLDS ( AN>*ISM1 :]E HE DISB&$ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON & AN 9DET]M9ABLE NUMB] ( COLLECTIVES & C[$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 UND] ORD]S1 BY HIS [N ADMISSION1 TO 0%OOT ALL ! AN>*I/S ,I HAD TO40#a ,! 0,REPUBLICAN0 GOV]NM5T AIM$ ! ,BEL*ITE CAMPAIGN1 ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ 9 ! CIVIL W>10 AS MU* AT DEMOLI%+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON1 ?AT AN>*I/ /ATE-)9-!-/ATE1 AS AT A*IEV+ ANY SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AGA9/ ! ,NATIONALI/S10 OBS]VES ,DAVID ,MIT*ELL 9 HIS ORAL-HI/ORY ACC\NTS ( ! CIVIL W>4#a#a 

,!REAFT]1 ! 0,SPANI% W>10 AS IT WAS NON*ALANTLY CALL$ BY A BOR$ WORLD 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS1 BECAME NO?+ BUT A W> -- & A NI<TM>E = ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,>MY & PEOPLE ALIKE W]E N[ COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ & 0UTT]LY PESSIMI/IC10 OBS]VES ,JOSEP ,CO/A1 A ,C,N,T UNION LEAD] :O F\<T ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4 0,! M5 W]E LIKE LAMBS GO+ TO A SLAU<T]4 ,!RE WAS NO LONG] AN >MY1 NO LONG] ANY?+4 ,ALL ! DYNAMIC HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! ,MAY EV5TS4 ,WE W5T ?R\< ! MOTIONS ( FI<T+ BECAUSE !RE WAS AN 5EMY 9 FRONT ( US4 ,! TR\BLE WAS ?AT WE HAD AN 5EMY BEH9D US TOO4 ,I SAW A COMRADE LY+ DEAD ) A W\ND 9 ! BACK ( ! NECK ?AT C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 9FLICT$ BY ! ,NATIONALI/S4 ,WE W]E CON/ANTLY URG$ TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,IF Y\ DIDN'T Y\ W]E 9 TR\BLE4 ,SOME M5 DES]T$ TO ESCAPE ! BULLY+40 ,?AT ,COMMUNI/ EXECUTION SQUADS W]E W&]+ OV] BATTLEFIELDS AFT] ! TROOPS HAD PU%$ =W>D & W]E KILL+ W\ND$ AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ) !IR *>ACT]I/IC BLACK-&-R$ 9SIGNIA HAS ALSO BE5 TOLD TO ME BY ,C,N,T M5 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,EBRO1 ! LA/ ( ! MAJOR 0,REPUBLICAN0 (F5SIVES 9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,! 5D ( ! W> ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#c#i1 DID NOT 5D ! KILL+S4 ,FRANCO SY/EMATICALLY SLAU<T]$ SOME #b1 ( HIS OPPON5TS BETWE5 ! TIME ( HIS VICTORY & ! E>LY #a#i#dS 9 A C>NAGE ( G5OCIDAL PROPORTIONS ?AT WAS MEANT TO PHYSICALLY UPROOT ! LIV+ S\RCE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,NO S]I\S IDEOLOGICAL EF=TS AT CONV]SION W]E MADE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,FRANCOI/ VICTORY4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A V9DICTIVE C\NT]REVOLUTION ?AT HAD ITS ONLY P>ALLEL1 GIV5 ! POPULATION & SIZE ( ,SPA91 9 ,/AL9'S ONE-SID$ CIVIL W> AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET PEOPLE4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y CIVIL W> ( ! K9D ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,SPA9 IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 9 MY VIEW1 TODAY -- AT LEA/1 NOT 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,FIR/ ,WORLD40 ,CAPITALISM ITSELF1 AS WELL AS ! CLASSES ?AT >E SAID TO OPPOSE IT1 HAS *ANG$ SIGNIFICANTLY OV] ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S4 ,! ,SPANI% WORK]S W]E =M$ BY A CULTURAL CLA% 9 :I* A RI*LY COMMUNAL WORLD1 L>GELY PRECAPITALI/1 WAS BR\<T 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY ?AT HAD NOT YET P]VAD$ ! *>ACT] /RUCTURE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,F> FROM YIELD+ A 0BACKW>D0 OR 0PRIMITIVE0 RADICAL MOVEM5T1 !SE T5SIONS BETWE5 PA/ & PRES5T CREAT$ AN 5ORM\SLY VITAL ONE 9 :I* ! TRADITIONS ( AN OLD]1 MORE ORGANIC SOCIETY HEI<T5$ ! CRITICAL P]CEPTIONS & CREATIVE ELAN ( A L>GE WORK]-PEASANT POPULATION4 ,! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( ! PRES5T-DAY PROLET>IAT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS LOSS ( N]VE 9 ! FACE ( A ROBOTIC & CYB]NETIC TE*NOLOGY1 >E M]ELY EVID5CE ( ! VA/LY *ANG$ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ! OV]ALL COMMODIFICATION ( SOCIETY ?AT HAS OCCURR$ S9CE #a#i#c#f4 

,MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY1 TOO1 HAS *ANG$4 ,! WEAPONS ) :I* ! ,FRANCO =CES & ! 0,REPUBLICANS0 F\<T EA* O!R SEEM LIKE TOYS TODAY1 :5 NEUTRON BOMBS CAN BE AT ! S]VICE ( A COMPLETELY RU?LESS RUL+ CLASS4 ,=CE ALONE CAN NO LONG] OPPOSE =CE ) ANY HOPE ( REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! GREATE/ P[] LIES ) ! RUL]S ( SOCIETY1 NOT ) ! RUL$4 ,ONLY ! HOLL[+ \T ( ! CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY1 SU* AS OCCURR$ 9 ,PORTUGAL FAIRLY REC5TLY & C]TA9LY 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( TWO C5TURIES AGO -- :]E ! OLD SOCIETY1 DIVE/$ ( ALL SUPPORT1 COLLAPS$ AT ! FIR/ ?RU/ -- CAN YIELD RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! B>RICADE IS A SYMBOL1 NOT A PHYSICAL BULW>K4 ,TO RAISE IT D5OTES RESOLUTE 9T5T AT BE/ -- IT IS NOT A MEANS TO A*IEVE *ANGE BY 9SURRECTION4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ LA/+ PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS C\LD HAVE ORGANIZ$1 EV5 ) ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y SUCCESSES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 GU]RILLA W>F>E1 A =M ( /RUGGLE :OSE V]Y NAME & GREATE/ TRADITIONS DUR+ MOD]N TIMES >E ,SPANI%4 ,YET NONE ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 ZONE S]I\SLY CONTEMPLAT$ GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,9/EAD1 CONV5TIONAL >MIES OPPOS$ CONV5TIONAL >MIES L>GELY 9 TR5*ES & AS COLUMNS1 UNTIL ,FRANCO'S PLODD+ /RATEGY & OV]:ELM+ SUP]IORITY ( SUPPLIES SWEPT HIS OPPON5TS FROM ! FIELD4 

,C\LD REVOLUTION>Y W>F>E HAVE DEFEAT$ ,FRANCO8 ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN A TRULY POLITICAL W> :I* S\<T TO CAPTURE ! HE>TS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 EV5 ?AT ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS1 :I* EXHIBIT$ A MEASURE ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & SOLID>ITY ?AT SEEMS MONUM5TAL BY PRES5T-DAY /&>DS4 ,?IS PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT M9IMALLY W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A BURD5 ON ! AWAK5$ PEOPLE ( ,SPA9 -- & HOPEFULLY1 W\LD HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! POPUL> IMPETUS4 ,GIV5 !SE CONDITIONS1 MY ANSW] W\LD BE YES1 AS PROV$ TO BE ! CASE 9 ,B>CELONA AT ! BEG9N+1 :]E ,FRANCO'S >MY WAS DEFEAT$ E>LI] ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,FRANCO'S =CES1 :I* FAIL$ TO GA9 VICTORIES 9 C5TRAL ,SPA9'S MAJOR CITIES1 C\LD HAVE BE5 KEPT FROM TAK+ SU* KEY RADICAL C5T]S AS ,SEVILLE1 ,CORDOBA1 ,OVI$O1 & ,S>AGOSSA -- ! LATT] TWO ( /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE1 L9K+ ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ URBAN REGIONS ( ,SPA91 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 & ,CATALONIA4 ,BUT ! REGIME TEMPORIZ$ ) ! AID ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 P>TIES -- P>TICUL>LY ! ,COMMUNI/S & RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S -- :ILE CONFUS$ WORK]S 9 !SE KEY CITIES FELL VICTIM 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE TO MILIT>Y RUSES1 NOT COMBAT4 ,) F> GREAT] DET]M9ATION ?AN ITS 5EMIES1 ! MILIT>Y DROVE A W$GE BETWE5 ! ,BASQUES & ,CATALANS ?AT ! 0,POPUL> ,>MY0 NEV] OV]CAME4 

,EV5 SO1 ,FRANCO'S =CES /ALL$ SIGNIFICANTLY AT V>I\S TIMES 9 ! W>1 SU* ?AT ,HITL] EXPECT$ HIS 0CRUSADE0 TO FAIL4#a#b ,! DEA? BL[ TO POPUL> RESI/ANCE WAS DELIV]$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* WAS WILL+ TO RISK ! COLLAPSE ( ! 5TIRE W> EF=T 9 ITS PROGRAM TO DISSOLVE ! L>GELY LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION -- ONE :I* HAD TRI$1 FA9!>T$LY 5\<1 TO COME TO A MODUS VIV5DI ) ITS OPPON5TS ON ! 0LEFT40 ,BUT NO SU* UND]/&+ WAS POSSIBLE3 ! ,P,C,E S\<T TO MAKE ! 0,SPANI% W>0 RESPECTABLE PRIM>ILY 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S 9T]E/S & TO CLOAK ITSELF = ALL ! DEMOCRATIC WORLD TO SEE 9 ! TRAPP+S ( B\RGEOIS VIRTUE4 ,! REVOLUTION HAD T>NI%$ ?IS IMAGE & *ALL5G$ ! EXPLICITLY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTION :I* ! 5TIRE ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ADOPT$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ,SOVIET DIPLOMACY4 ,H5CE NOT ONLY DID ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAVE TO BE EXT]M9AT$1 ITS EXT]M9ATORS HAD TO BE SE5 AS SU*4 ,! 0,R$S0 HAD TO BE REG>D$ AS A SAFE BET BY ,LONDON1 ,P>IS1 & ,WA%+TON -- & !Y GRADUALLY W]E AS ! CONFLICT 9 ,SPA9 CAME TO AN 5D4 

,BY ! TIME ! W> WAS 9T]NATIONALIZ$ BY UN/9T+ ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN AID TO ,FRANCO & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S HI<LY CONDITIONAL & LIMIT$ ASSI/ANCE TO ! 0,REPUBLICANS0 -- 9 EX*ANGE1 ,I MAY ADD1 = ,SPA9'S SIZABLE GOLD RES]VES -- REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ,MAY ,DAYS C\LD HAVE PRODUC$ A 0,CATALAN ,COMMUNE10 A SP>KL+ LEGACY ON :I* ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE C\LD HAVE N\RI%$ !IR HOPES = FUTURE /RUGGLES4 ,IT MI<T EV5 HAVE BECOME AN 9SPIRATION = RADICAL MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T1 ALREADY P>TLY BUREAUCRATIZ$ 9 #a#i#c#f1 BECAME APPALL+LY SO BY #a#i#c#g1 ) ! ACQUISITION ( BUILD+S1 FUNDS1 PRESSES1 & O!R MAT]IAL GOODIES4 ,?IS RE9=C$ & RIGIDIFI$ ! TOP-D[N HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ?AT IS 5DEMIC TO SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,) ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ! UNION'S M9I/]IAL ELITE COMPLETELY >RE/$ ! REVOLUTION & ACT$ AS AN \TRI<T OB/ACLE TO ITS ADVANCE 9 LAT] MOM5TS ( CRISIS4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9 WON ALL ITS DEM&S = AN >MY1 DECOLLECTIVIZATION1 ! EXT]M9ATION ( ITS MO/ DANG]\S OPPON5TS1 ! ,/AL9IZATION ( ! 9T]NAL SECURITY =CES1 & ! CONV]SION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9TO A 0W> AGA9/ FASCISM0 -- & IT LO/ ! W> COMPLETELY4 ,SOVIET AID1 SELECTIVE & UNRELIABLE AT BE/1 CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#h1 NE>LY A HALF-YE> BE=E ,FRANCO'S VICTORY1 :ILE ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN AID CONT9U$ UP TO ! 5D4 ,:5 ,/AL9 MOV$ T[>D A PACT ) ,HITL]1 HE F\ND ! 0,SPANI% W>0 AN EMB>RASSM5T & SIMPLY D5I$ IT FUR!R SUPPORT4 ,! 0,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES0 DID NO?+ = 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 DESPITE ?AT REGIME'S SUCCESS 9 SUPPRESS+ 9T]NAL REVOLUTION & ITS ,WE/]N-ORI5T$ POLICY 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,?US1 IT D5I$ ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO1 A MAJOR RES]VOIR ( ,FRANCO'S TROOPS1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ?AT MI<T HAVE TURN$ IT AGA9/ ! REBEL >MY1 DESPITE PROMISES BY ,MOROCCAN NATIONALI/S ( SUPPORT4 

,:AT WAS LO/ 9 ,SPA9 WAS ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T PROLET>IAT ?AT RADICAL MOVEM5TS HAD EV] SE5 EI!R BE=E OR AFT] #a#i#c#f-#c#i -- A CLASSICAL WORK+ CLASS 9 ! F9E/ SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,IT WAS A PROLET>IAT ?AT WAS DE/ROY$ NOT BY A GR[+ MAT]IAL 9T]E/ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BUT BY PHYSICAL EXT]M9ATION4 ,?IS OCCURR$ L>GELY AMID A CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE BY ! 9T]NATIONAL PRESS 9 :I* ! LIB]AL E/ABLI%M5T PLAY$ NO LESS A ROLE ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/4 ,IT IS APPALL+ ?AT ,H]B]T ,M4 ,MAT!WS1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES'S PR9CIPAL CORRESPOND5T ON ! SO-CALL$ 0,LOYALI/0 SIDE ( ! W>1 C\LD WRITE AS REC5TLY AS #a#i#g#c10,I W\LD SAY ?AT !RE WAS A REVOLUTION ( SORTS1 BUT IT %\LD NOT BE EXAGG]AT$4 ,9 ONE BASIC S5SE1 !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION AT ALL1 S9CE ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T FUNCTION$ MU* AS IT DID BE=E ! W>40#a#c ,:E!R ?IS IS /UPIDITY OR COLLUSION ) ! =CES ?AT 5D$ ! 0REVOLUTION ( SORTS10 ,I %ALL LEAVE = ! READ] TO JUDGE4 ,BUT IT WAS CORRESPOND5TS ( ?IS POLITICAL TEMP] :O F$ NEWS ( ! 0,SPANI% W>0 TO ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,! LIT]ATURE ?AT DEALS ) ! CONFLICT1 G5]ALLY MORE =?RI<T ?AN :AT WAS AVAILABLE = YE>S AFT] ! W>1 HAS GR[N 5ORM\SLY1 SUPPORT$ BY ORAL HI/ORIANS ( CONSID]ABLE ABILITY4 ,HAS ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT LE>N$ FROM !SE ACC\NTS OR FROM ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES1 9DU/RIAL AS WELL AS AGRICULTURAL1 :I* (F] DRAMATIC ALT]NATIVE MODELS ( REVOLUTION>Y MOD]NIZATION TO ! CONV5TIONAL ONES BAS$ ON NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMIES & C5TRALIZ$1 (T5 TOTALIT>IAN1 CONTROL8 ,MY ANSW] W\LD HAVE TO BE A DEPRESS+ NO4 ,! DECL9E ( ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 & ! EM]G5CE ( A MORE 0OR?ODOX0 ONE ?REAT5S TO CREATE A NEW MY? ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 AS A GOLD5 ]A ( RADICALISM4 ,ONE W\LD SUPPOSE ?AT ! NEW MAT]IAL ON ,SPA91 L>GELY LEFT-W+ 9 ORI5TATION1 HAS BE5 READ BY NO ONE4 ,! 0,SPANI% W>0 IS NO LONG] CLOAK$ 9 SIL5CE1 BUT ! FACTS >E BE+ LAY]$ OV] ) A SWEET S5TIM5TALITY = ! AG+ SURVIVORS ( ! 0,L9COLN ,BATTALION0 & ! ,MOM-,POP /]EOTYPES 9 FILMS LIKE ,SEE+ ,R$4  

,! TRU?1 9DE$1 IS \T -- BUT ! E>S TO HE> IT & ! M9DS TO LE>N FROM IT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ATROPHI$ BY A CULTIVAT$ IGNORANCE & A NE>LY TOTAL LOSS ( CRITICAL 9SI<T4 0,P>TYNESS0 HAS REPLAC$ POLITICS1 M9DLESS 0LOYALTY0 HAS REPLAC$ !ORY1 0BALANCE0 9 WEI<+ ! FACTS HAS REPLAC$ COMMITM5T1 & AN ECUM5ICAL 0RADICALISM0 ?AT EMBRACES ,/AL9I/S & RE=MI/S UND] ! %R$D$ BANN] ( 0UNITY0 & 0COALITION0 HAS REPLAC$ ! 9TEGRITY ( IDEAS & PRACTICE4 ,?AT ! BANN] ( 0UNITY0 & 0COALITION0 BECAME ,SPA9'S %R\D & WAS US$ ) IMPUNITY TO DE/ROY ITS REVOLUTION & RISK DELIV]+ ! C\NTRY TO ,FRANCO IS AS REMOTE FROM ! COLLECTIVE WISDOM ( ! LEFT TODAY AS IT WAS FIFTY YE>S AGO 9 ! CAULDRON ( A BLOODY CIVIL W>4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,SPANI% LEFT C\LD BE PRES]V$ ONLY IF IT >TICULAT$ ! MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ TRADITIONS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE3 !IR /RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 !IR TRADITIONS ( CONF$]ALISM & LOCAL AUTONOMY1 & !IR PR(\ND MI/RU/ ( ! /ATE4 ,:E!R ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT %>ES ) ! ,SPANI% LEFT ! POPUL> LEGACY ?AT ! LATT] CLEANS$ & RESCU$ FROM ! RI<T IS A CRUCIAL PROBLEM ?AT CANNOT BE DISCUSS$ H]E4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ! AN>*I/S GAVE !SE TRADITIONS COH]5CE & A RADICAL ?RU/1 CONV]T+ !M 9TO A POLITICAL CULTURE1  NOT M]ELY A CONTRIV$ ''PROGRAM10 !Y SURVIV$ G5]ATIONS ( 9CR$IBLE P]SECUTION & REPRESSION4 ,9DE$1 ONLY :5 ! ,SOCIALI/S RESOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 A POLITICAL MOVEM5T & A POPUL> ONE BY E/ABLI%+ !IR FAM\S 0H\SES ( ! PEOPLE0 OR CASAS DEL PUEBLO 9 ,SPA9'S VILLAGES1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES DID !Y BECOME A VITAL MOVEM5T 9 ,SPANI% LIFE & POLITICS4 

,! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 RUPTUR$ ?IS RELATION%IP BY REPLAC+ A POPUL> CULTURE ) ! 0POLITICS0 ( BACKROOM 0COALITIONS40 ,! UTT]LY DISP>ATE P>TIES ?AT 5T]$ 9TO 0COALITIONS0 W]E UNIT$ SOLELY BY !IR %>$ FE> ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T & ( ,FRANCO4 ,! LEFT'S NE$ TO DEAL ) ITS [N RELATION%IP TO POPUL> TRADITIONS :I* HAVE A LAT5T RADICAL CONT5T -- TO CLEANSE !SE TRADITIONS & BR+ \T !IR EMANCIPATORY ASPIRATIONS -- REMA9S A LEGACY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT HAS NOT BE5 E>NE/LY CONFRONT$1 EI!R BY AN>*I/S OR BY SOCIALI/S4 ,UNTIL ! NE$ TO =M A POLITICAL CULTURE IS CLE>LY DEF9$ & GIV5 ! C5TRALITY IT DES]VES1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WILL REMA9 NOT ONLY ONE ( ! MO/ 9EXPLICABLE *APT]S ( RADICAL HI/ORY BUT ! CONSCI5CE ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,P>T ,FIVE1 0,9SIDE ! ,REVOLUTION071 A SIX-P>T DOCUM5T>Y PRODUC$ BY ,B,B,C-,GRANADA1 ,LTD4 ,?IS S]IES IS BY F> ! BE/ VISUAL PRES5TATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ,I HAVE SE5 & CONTA9S AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( ORIG9AL ORAL HI/ORY4 ,IT IS A PRIM>Y S\RCE = MAT]IAL ON ! SUBJECT4 

#b4 ,RONALD ,FRAS]1 0,! ,POPUL> ,EXP]I5CE ( ,W> & ,REVOLUTION0 9 ,REVOLUTION & ,W> 9 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#i1  ,PAUL ,PRE/ON1 $4 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#c71 PP4 #b#b#f-#b#g4 ,?IS BOOK IS ANO!R VALUABLE S\RCE4 

#c4 ,SEE ,$W>D ,E4 ,MALEFAKIS1 ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M & ,PEASANT ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA93 ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,HAV51 #a#i#g71 PP4 #b#h#d-#i#b4 

#d4 ,= AN EVALUATION ( ! ALT]NATIVE APPROA*ES ?AT ,EUROPE FAC$ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMUN]O REVOLT1 SEE MY ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES4  ,MANUEL ,CA/ELLS'S ,! ,CITY & ! ,GRASSROOTS 7,B]KELEY & ,LOS ,ANGELES1 #a#i#h#c7 CONTA9S A FASC9AT+ ACC\NT ( ! REVOLT & ITS IMPLICATIONS1 9 :AT ,I AM 9CL9$ TO BELIEVE IS A DEP>TURE FROM ,CA/ELLS'S MORE TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ APPROA*4 ,= AN ,5GLI% ACC\NT ( ! ,COMUN]O REVOLT & A USEFUL CRITICISM ( HI/ORICAL WRIT+ ON ! SUBJECT1 SEE ,/EPHAN ,HALICZ]'S ,! ,COMUN]OS ( ,CA/ILE 7,MADISON1 #a#i#h#a74 ,= A G5]AL BACKGR\ND ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM & ! POPUL> CULTURE ( ,SPA91 SEE MY BOOK ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#f2 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d74 

#e4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1  VOL4 #a 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S71 P4 #a#h#b4 

#f4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME1 ,! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA9 7,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#g#b71 PG4 #a4 

#g4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,DAVID ,MIT*ELL1 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#b7 P4 #c#a4 ,?IS BOOK IS BAS$ ON ! ,B,B,C-,GRANADA TELEVISION S]IES1 BUT JU/ AS ! S]IES DOES NOT CONTA9 A GOOD DEAL ( MAT]IAL 9 ! BOOK1 SO ! BOOK DOES NOT CONTA9 A GOOD DEAL ( MAT]IAL 9 ! S]IES4 ,! 9T]E/$ READ] IS !RE=E WELL ADVIS$ TO CONSULT BO?4 

#h4 ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#d4 

#i4 ,SEE ! 9T]VIEW ) ,T>RADELLAS 9 ,P>T ,FIVE ( ! ,B,B,C-,GRANADA ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> DOCUM5T>Y4 

#a4 ,MIT*ELL1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#e#f4 

#a#a4 ,IBID1 P4 #a#e#h-#e#i4 ,AL?\< ! MOTIVES BEH9D ! ,BEL*ITE CAMPAIGN V]GE ON ! 9CR$IBLE1 !Y W]E NOT UNCOMMON4 ,O!R CASES ( MAJOR CONFLICTS -- & CRISES -- 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> W]E MOTIVAT$ BY SIMIL> POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 ) NO CONC]N = ! LIVES LO/ & ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! 0COALITION0 AGA9/ ,FRANCO4 

#a#b4 ,D5IS ,SMY?1 0,REFLEX ,REACTION3 ,G]MANY & ! ,ONSET ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>10 9 ,PRE/ON1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#e#c4 

#a#c4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,*APEL ,HILL1 #a#i#g#i71 P4 #e#i4 

,FROM 3 ,SPUNK4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiic 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/