,TOL/OY & ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,MY OLD SOCIOLOGY TUTOR ONCE REM>K$ ?AT PEOPLE UND] #ce >E ADVOCATES ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 :ILE PEOPLE OV] ?AT AGE T5D TO BE KE5 ON SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,C]TA9LY !RE SEEMS TO BE A G5]AL IDEA >\ND ?AT AS ! YE>S GO BY PEOPLE BECOME MORE & MORE CONS]VATIVE 9 !IR ?9K+4 ,TOL/OY IS A CLE> EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE2 ! OLD] HE GOT1 ! MORE RADICAL HE BECAME4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE CONSI/5TLY EXPRESS$ A RELIGI\S =M ( AN>*ISM4 

,TOL/OY'S POLITICS1 :I* COMB9$ ,*RI/IANITY1 PACIFISM & AN>*ISM1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 A S\RCE ( DISQUIET TO HIS MANY BIOGRAPH]S1 & TO MANY ,M>XI/S TOO4 ,!Y LAUD ! P[]1 ! REALISM & ! S9C]ITY ( HIS LIT]>Y IMAG9ATION1 BUT :5 !Y TURN TO HIS POLITICS !Y SEEM TO FALL 9TO DESPAIR6 ,L59 ?\<T ,TOL/OY A G5IUS & ONE ( ! GREATE/ WRIT]S 9 HI/ORY4 ,HE PRAIS$ HIS PASSIONATE CRITIQUES ( ! /ATE & ! *UR*1 & HIS UNB5D+ OPPOSITION TO PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,TOL/OY EXPRESS$1 ,L59 WROTE1 AS NO O!R WRIT] DID1 ! DEEP FEEL+S ( PROTE/ & ANG] ?AT ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS FELT T[>DS ! ,CZ>I/ /ATE4 ,YET :5 ,L59 CAME TO CONSID] ,TOL/OY'S ',*RI/IAN AN>*ISM' HE WAS H>%LY DISMISSIVE4 ,TOL/OY WAS A 'CRACKPOT'1 A 'L&LORD OBSESS$ ) ,*RI/'1 SOMEONE :O FAIL$ PR(\NDLY TO UND]/& :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ,RUSSIA & :O PREA*$ NONRESI/ANCE TO EVIL ASCETICISM & AN EMOTIONAL APPEAL TO ! 'SPIRIT' ?AT W]E 9 ESS5CE REACTION>Y1 MISGUID$ & UTOPIAN4 

,A REC5T BIOGRAPH]1 COM+ AT ,TOL/OY FROM A V]Y DIFF]5T ANGLE EXPRESSES A SIMIL> DISQUIET4 ,CLE>LY ACKN[L$G+ ,TOL/OY AS ONE ( ! GREAT LIT]>Y FIGURES1 & SYMPA!TIC TO HIS SUBJECT1 ,A4,N4 ,WILSON IS COMPLETELY AT A LOSS :5 HE COMES TO CONSID] ,TOL/OY'S POLITICS4 ,TOL/OY'S CRITIQUE ( 'PROP]TY' ,WILSON ?9KS IS 'SILLY' -- FAIL+ COMPLETELY TO UND]/& ?AT BY 'PROP]TY' ,TOL/OY MEANT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & HE GOES ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT MO/ ( ,TOL/OY'S POLITICAL WRIT+S >E A 'COMPLETE NONS5SE'4 ,WILSON CLE>LY FAILS UND]/& ,TOL/OY'S CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE :5 HE OP9IONS ?AT ,TOL/OY HAS LITTLE TO (F] 9 \R UND]/&+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ,RUSSIAN COMMUNISM & ,NAZISM -- ALL ( :I* EXEMPLIFY ! EVILS ( GOV]NM5T ?AT ,TOL/OY 9 FACT WROTE AB\T4 

,LIKE ,G&HI1 :O WAS HIS EQUALLY FAM\S DISCIPLE1 ,TOL/OY CAME TO HIS AN>*ISM BY WAY ( A MID-LIFE CRISIS4 ,= :5 HE WAS >\ND #e ,TOL/OY BEGAN TO S]I\SLY QUE/ION ! MEAN+ ( HIS LIFE4 ,! \TCOME WAS A S]IES ( BOOKS 9 :I* ,TOL/OY BEGAN TO =MULATE HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS1 DRAW+ ON SOME ( HIS E>LI] EXP]I5CES -- ! TRAUMA HE EXP]I5C$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #aheg :5 HE WITNESS$ ) REPULSION A PUBLIC EXECUTION1 HIS MEET+ & DISCUSSIONS ) ,PR\DHON 9 #a#h#f#a1 & ! REALIZATION HE GA9$ FROM A S]I\S /UDY ( ! ,BIBLE ?AT ! BASIC TEA*+S ( ,JESUS W]E ABSOLUTELY OPPOS$ TO VIOL5CE ( ANY K9D4 ,! BOOKS W]E ,MY ,CONFESSION 7#a#h#h#a71 ,:AT ,I ,BELIEVE 7#a#h#h#d7 & ,:AT ,!N ,MU/ ,WE ,DO8 7#a#h#h#f74 ,9 #ahid ,TOL/OY PUBLI%$ HIS MAJOR WORK ON ,*RI/IAN AN>*ISM ,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD ,IS ,)9 ,Y\ & = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE CONT9U$ TO WRITE LETT]S1 ESSAYS & TRACTS ON AN>*ISM4 ,BUT IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT BECAUSE ( ! ASSOCIATION ( AN>*ISM ) VIOL5CE & BOMB-?R[+ ,TOL/OY NEV] 9 FACT CAME TO DESCRIBE HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/4 ,9 REC5T YE>S SEV]AL AN?OLOGIES ( !SE WRIT+S HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$1 ! MO/ USEFUL BE+ ! COLLECTION ,GOV]NM5T IS ,VIOL5CE ESSAYS ON AN>*ISM & PACIFISM1 $IT$ BY ,DAVID ,/EPH5S 7#a#i#i#a74 

,9 ! BOOK%OPS N[ IS A PAP]BACK $ITION ( ,:AT ,!N ,MU/ ,WE ,DO81 RE-ISSU$ AS A ',GRE5 ,CLASSIC' BY ! PUBLI%]S ( ,RESURG5CE4 ,IT HAS A %ORT 9TRODUCTION BY ,RONALD ,SAMPSON1 MA9LY DEVOT$ TO CONTRA/+ ,TOL/OY'S AN>*ISM ) ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM -- ,M>X1 ALONG ) HIS >D5T FOLL[]S ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 BE+ AN ADVOCATE ( ! ,JACOB9 !ORY ( REVOLUTION4 ,?IS !ORY ,TOL/OY HIMSELF1 LONG BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 HAD SUGGE/$ W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ANO!R =M ( OPPRESSION1 BAS$ AS IT WAS ON ! MI/AK5 BELIEF 9 ! VALUE ( REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE4 

,?IS OLD BOOK ( ,TOL/OY IS /ILL ( 9T]E/1 EV5 ?\< IT HAS A DATE QUALITY AB\T IT4 ,IT IS P>T AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 P>T SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 P>T POLITICAL TRACT1 & IT IS SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS$ NOT TO A G5]AL READ] 7Y\67 BUT TO '\R CA/E' -- ! ,RUSSIAN L&$ >I/OCRACY ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY TO :I* ,TOL/OY BELONG$4 ,TO UND]/&1 & TO GET ! MO/ \T ( ! BOOK1 ?IS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT & ?IS FOCUS HAS TO BE KEPT 9 M9D4 

,! FIR/ P>T ( ! BOOK DESCRIBES ,TOL/OY'S EXP]I5CES 9 ,MOSC[ >\ND #a#h#h4 ,AP>T FROM HIS E>LI] W> EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,CRIMEA & A BRIEF VISIT TO ,EUROPE SOME TW5TY YE>S BE=E1 ,TOL/OY HAD SP5T MO/ ( HIS LIFE ON HIS C\NTRY E/ATE ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 SITUAT$ AB\T A HUNDR$ MILES FROM ,MOSC[4 ,!RE HE LIV$ A LIFE ( LEISURE & WROTE HIS FAM\S NOVELS1 SURR\ND$ BY A L>GE FAMILY & S]VANTS4 ,HIS EXP]I5CES :5 HE W5T TO LIVE 9 ,MOSC[ W]E1 9 CONTRA/1 PR(\NDLY DI/URB+ TO HIM4 ,= !RE HE F\ND PEOPLE LIV+ 9 GREAT POV]TY 9 ! OV]CR[D$ T5EM5TS1 PEOPLE :O W]E SICK1 HUNGRY & DE/ITUTE4 ,PRO/ITUTION & DRUNK5NESS W]E RIFE4 ,IT ALL CAME AS A DEEP %OCK TO ,TOL/OY3 IT ALL SEEM$ /RANGE & =EIGN TO HIM4 ,:AT DID ALL ?IS MEAN1 HE ASK$ HIMSELF4 ,BR\<T UP 9 A CULTURE :I* SUGGE/$ ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ 9TR9SICALLY WRONG ) RI*ES & LUXURY1 :I* W]E ,GOD'S GIFTS1 ,TOL/OY 9ITIALLY FELT ?AT ONE C\LD ELIM9ATE SUFF]+ SIMPLY BY PHILAN?ROPY4 ,HE TRI$ 'DO+ GOOD' BY *>ITABLE ACTIVITIES4 ,SU* *>ITY H[EV] WAS RES5T$ & SEEM$ TO COME TO NO?+1 & WAS SIMPLY A =M ( SELF-DECEPTION4 ,SO HE BEGAN A SE>* = ! CAUSES ( ! POV]TY & ! HUMAN DEGRADATION ?AT HE HAD OBS]V$1 & TO TRY & RID HIMSELF ( ! 'DELUSIONS' UND] :I* HE HAD BE5 LIV+4 ,& ,TOL/OY CAME TO ! SIMPLE CONCLUSION AS TO :Y PEOPLE >E COLD & ANGRY & DE/ITUTE3 NAMELY1 ?AT IT IS DUE TO EXPLOITATION4 ,HE WRITES3 

,I SEE ?AT BY VIOL5CE1 EXTORTION & V>I\S DEVICES 9 :I* ,I P>TICIPATE ! WORK]'S B>E NECESSITIES >E TAK5 FROM !M1 :ILE ! NON-WORK]S 7( :OM ,I AM ONE7 CONSUME 9 SUP]FLUITY ! FRUITS ( ! LABOR ( ?OSE :O TOIL 7PAGE #f#a74 

,MAK+ SOME TELL+ CRITICISMS ( CLASSICAL ECONOMIC !ORY1 ,TOL/OY >GUES ?AT ! P[] ( SOME PEOPLE OV] O!RS DOES NOT >ISE SIMPLY FROM MONEY BUT FROM ! FACT ?AT ! LABOR] DOES NOT RECEIVE ! FULL VALUE ( HIS OR H] LABOR4 ,! SEP>ATION ( ! FACTORS ( PRODUCTION -- L&1 CAPITAL 7TOOLS7 & LABOR -- :I* ! ECONOMI/ TAKES AS A BASIC LAW ( PRODUCTION IS 9 FACT HI/ORICALLY D]IV$1 & IS A =M ( 5SLAVEM5T4 ,TO BE DEPRIV$ ( L& & ! TOOLS ( PRODUCTION1 ,TOL/OY WRITES1 IS 5SLAVEM5T4 ,ECONOMIC SCI5CE L>GELY S]VES TO JU/IFY ?IS SY/EM4 ,IT IS ?US A PSEUDO-SCI5CE1 DEVIS+ EXCUSES = VIOL5CE4 

,ATTEMPT+ TO LOOK AT ! ISSUE FROM A HI/ORICAL & WORLD P]SPECTIVE1 & EXAM9+ SPECIFICALLY ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,FIJI ,TOL/OY COMES TO SUGGE/ ?AT BASICALLY ?REE =MS ( 5SLAVEM5T HAVE HI/ORICALLY >IS54 ,AL?\< !Y =M A HI/ORICAL SEQU5CE !Y >E1 HE FEELS1 ALL EVID5T UND] EXI/+ CAPITALISM4 

,! FIR/ MODE ( 5SLAVEM5T WAS ?AT EVID5T UND] ! SY/EM ( SLAV]Y F\ND ?R\<\T ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,?IS WAS SIMPLY BAS$ ON P]SONAL VIOL5CE1 ! 5SLAV+ ( HUMANS BY ! SWORD4 ,SU* VIOL5CE WAS SO 9TR9SIC TO ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( ! ANCI5TS ?AT EV5 ! GREATE/ 9TELLECT ( ! AGE1 ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 FAIL$ TO NOTICE IT4 ,!Y SIMPLY TOOK IT = GRANT$4 ,?IS MODE ( 5SLAVEM5T HAS NEV] BE5 AB&ON$ & CONT9UES TO BE EMBODI$ 9 CONTEMPOR>Y /ATE /RUCTURES -- ) ITS LEGAL SY/EM1 PRISONS1 MILIT>Y CONSCRIPTION & WORK DISCIPL9E4 ,IT IS NAIVE TO ?9K1 ,TOL/OY MA9TA9S1 ?AT P]SONAL VIOL5CE W5T \T ) ! ABOLITION SLAV]Y4 

,! SECOND =M ( SLAV]Y1 BEGUN 9 ,EGYPT & REA*+ ITS APO!OSIS 9 ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 9VOLV$ DEPRIV+ PEOPLE ( L& & CO]C+ ! WORK]S TO PAY TRIBUTE1 EI!R 9 LABOR OR 9 CROPS4 ,?IS ,TOL/OY DESCRIBES AS A 'T]RITORIAL' ME?OD ( 5SLAVEM5T4 

,! ?IRD & F9AL =M ( 5SLAVEM5T IS BAS$ ON A MONET>Y SY/EM1 & ?IS HAS 9VOLV$ ! 9T5SIFICATION ( GOV]NM5T P[]4 ,?IS SY/EM ( SLAV]Y -- :I* ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIB$ AS 'WAGE-SLAV]Y' -- IS IMP]SONAL1 & IS BAS$ ON ! PROP]TY SY/EM :I* ,TOL/OY SEES AS ! ROOT ( ALL CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEMS1 OR 'EVILS' AS HE CALLS !M4 ,& PROP]TY IS SIMPLY 'A MEANS ( APPROPRIAT+ O!R M5'S WORK' 7PAGE #b#a#g7 4 

,IT MAY BE POSSIBLE HE WRITES1 UND] SLAV]Y OR FEUDALISM TO COMPEL A P]SON TO DO :AT HE OR %E CONSID]S BAD1 BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE !M ?9K ?AT :ILE SUFF]+ VIOL5CE !Y >E FREE OR :AT !Y >E COMPELL$ TO DO IS = !IR [N WELF>E4 ,?IS1 H[EV] IS PRECISELY :AT IS HAPP5+ UND] ! PRES5T PROP]TY SY/EM1 ,TOL/OY >GUES ?AT ! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( SCI5CE IS TO HOODW9K PEOPLE1 TO MAKE !M FEEL !Y >E FREE :5 !Y >E NOT1 ?AT ! /ATE EXI/S = ! GOOD ( ! PEOPLE :5 9 REALITY IT IS A =M ( VIOL5CE ?AT UPHOLDS 'MONET>Y' EXPLOITATION4 ,SCI5CE1 LIKE >T1 IS AS NECESS>Y TO HUMANS1 ,TOL/OY SUGGE/S1 AS FOOD & DR9K1 & HAS ALWAYS BE5 A P>T ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 HELP+ US TO UND]/& ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,BUT SCI5CE N[ADAYS NO LONG] S]VES ! G5]AL WELF>E3 IT HAS BECOME1 LIKE ! RELIGIONS ( OLD1 A 'SUP]/ITION'4 ,! 'BUS9ESS' ( SCI5CE1 ,TOL/OY WRITES1 IS N[ TO CONCEAL EXI/+ REALITY3 ITS AIM 

444 IS TO MA9TA9 SUP]/ITION & DECEPTION AMONG ! PEOPLE & ?US H9D] ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY T[>DS TRU? & WELF>E 7PAGE #a74 

,H5RY ,GEORGE'S PROJECT ( L& NATIONALIZATION1 :]EBY ALL W\LD COME UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ! /ATE & PEOPLE W\LD PAY A GR\ND R5T RA!R ?AN TAXES -- AN IDEA ?AT /ILL HAS CURR5CY AMONG SOME GRE5 ECONOMI/S -- ,TOL/OY >GUES IS NO SOLUTION AT ALL4 ,IT /ILL 9VOLVES SLAV]Y & /ATE VIOL5CE4 ,?US ,TOL/OY CAME TO CONCLUDE ?AT3 

! SLAV]Y ( \R TIME WAS PRODUC$ BY ! VIOL5CE ( MILIT>ISM1 BY ! APPROPRIATION ( ! L& & BY ! EXACTION ( MONEY 7PROP]TY7 7PAGE #a#i74 

,ADDRESS+ MEMB]S ( HIS [N >I/OCRATIC CLASS -- & HIMSELF -- ,TOL/OY SUGGE/S ?AT IF WE REALLY >E CONC]N$ AB\T ! SUFF]+S & ! POV]TY ( O!RS1 ! ANSW] IS SIMPLE3 WE %\LD GET (F !IR BACKS1 /OP EXPLOIT+ ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,IF ,I PITY A TIR$ HORSE ON :I* ,I AM RID+1 HE WRITES1 ! FIR/ ?+ ,I MU/ DO IF ,I AM REALLY SORRY = IT IS TO GET (F & WALK ON MY [N FEET4 

,?IS IS :AT HE TRI$ TO DO 9 HIS [N LIFE4 ,HE GAVE UP HIS 9H]ITANCE & CLASS PRIVILEGES1 REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ANY GOV]NM5TAL ACTIVITIES & ATTEMPT$ TO LIVE & WORK AS A SIMPLE PEASANT4 ,= ?IS HE HAS BE5 D]ID$ & RIDICUL$1 ESPECIALLY BY HIS ACADEMIC BIOGRAPH]S4 

,ONE MI<T HAVE S]I\S MISGIV+S AB\T ! '9DIVIDUALISM' ( ,TOL/OY'S RELIGI\S AN>*ISM1 & AB\T HIS MISOGYNY -- :I* COMES ?R\< =CIBLY 9 ! F9AL *APT] ( ! BOOK :]E HE WRITES ( ! LAW ( A WOMAN'S NATURE IS TO BE> LOTS ( *ILDR54 ,ONE MI<T ALSO *AFF AT ,TOL/OY'S PREA*+ /ANCE1 & ! MORALIZ+ TONE ( MU* ( HIS POLITICAL WRIT+4 ,BUT ! C5TRAL MESSAGE ?AT COMES ?R\< HIS BOOK ,:AT ,!N ,MU/ ,WE ,DO8 IS AN IMPORTANT ONE1 & IT IS ONE ?AT /ILL HAS CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE4 ,= HIS PASSIONATE PLEAS TO R5\NCE VIOL5CE1 9 HIS SU/A9$ CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE & CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM1 9 HIS EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR -- & ! NE$ TO E>N ONE'S BREAD BY ! SWEAT ( ONE'S [N BR[ -- & 9 HIS SUGGE/IONS ?AT WE CRITICALLY EXAM9E MU* ( :AT GOES UND] ! NAME ( 'SCI5CE'1 ,TOL/OY1 AS ,RONALD ,SAMPSON HAS LONG REM9D$ US1 (F]S US A WAY =W>D4 ,HE SUGGE/S A V>IANT ( ! ONLY RATIONAL SOLUTION TO ! POV]TY1 ! HUNG]1 ! POLITICAL REPRESSION & ! ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION ?AT CON/ITUTES ! PRES5T 'WORLD ORD]'1 NAMELY AN>*ISM4 

,TOL/OY MAY HAVE BE5 A CRU/Y1 GUILT-RIDD51 SEXI/ & SOME:AT CRANKY OLD S\L1 BUT 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( MANIFE/ CRISIS -- IF Y\ LOOK BEYOND Y\R [N BACKY>D -- !RE REALLY IS NO ALT]NATIVE TO ! K9D ( AN>*ISM HE ESP\S$ & TRI$ TO >TICULATE4 ,AS ,SAMPSON SAYS ',WE SIMPLY CANNOT AF=D TO GO ON IGNOR+ ,TOL/OY'S MESSAGE'4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,TOL/OY & ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,TOL/OY & ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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