,*APT] #d 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,BUT IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S >E PLAC$ 9 TRAGIC POSITIONS :I* >E IMPOSSIBLE1 DO NOT FL[ FROM ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 >E 9APPROPRIATE TO TIME & SPACE--!SE P]SONAGES1 BESIDES ?IS1 ACT 9 A WAY :I* IS \T ( KEEP+ ) !IR DEF9ITE *>ACT]1 & IS QUITE >BITR>Y4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY ASS]T$ ?AT 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS ! *>ACT]S >E SPECIALLY WELL EXPRESS$1 ?AT1 NOT)/&+ !IR VIVIDNESS1 !Y >E MANY-SID$1 LIKE ?OSE ( LIV+ PEOPLE2 ?AT1 :ILE EXHIBIT+ ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A GIV5 9DIVIDUAL1 !Y AT ! SAME TIME WE> ! FEATURES ( MAN 9 G5]AL2 IT IS USUAL TO SAY ?AT ! DEL9EATION ( *>ACT] 9 ,%AKESPE>E IS ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION4 

,?IS IS ASS]T$ ) SU* CONFID5CE & REPEAT$ BY ALL AS 9DISPUTABLE TRU?2 BUT H[EV] MU* ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D CONFIRMATION ( ?IS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 ,I ALWAYS F\ND ! OPPOSITE4 ,9 READ+ ANY ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS :ATEV]1 ,I WAS1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/1 9/ANTLY CONV9C$ ?AT HE WAS LACK+ 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 IF NOT ! ONLY1 MEANS ( PORTRAY+ *>ACT]S3 9DIVIDUALITY ( LANGUAGE1  
I4E41 ! /YLE ( SPEE* ( EV]Y P]SON BE+ NATURAL TO HIS *>ACT]4 ,?IS IS ABS5T FROM ,%AKESPE>E4 ,ALL HIS *>ACT]S SPEAK1 NOT !IR [N1 BUT ALWAYS ONE & ! SAME ,%AKESPE>IAN1 PRET5TI\S1 & UNNATURAL LANGUAGE1 9 :I* NOT ONLY !Y C\LD NOT SPEAK1 BUT 9 :I* NO LIV+ MAN EV] HAS SPOK5 OR DOES SPEAK4 

,NO LIV+ M5 C\LD OR CAN SAY1 AS ,LE> SAYS1 ?AT HE W\LD DIVORCE HIS WIFE 9 ! GRAVE %\LD ,REGAN NOT RECEIVE HIM1 OR ?AT ! HEAV5S W\LD CRACK ) %\T+1 OR ?AT ! W9DS W\LD BUR/1 OR ?AT ! W9D WI%ES TO BL[ ! L& 9TO ! SEA1 OR ?AT ! CURL$ WAT]S WI% TO FLOOD ! %ORE1 AS ! G5TLEMAN DESCRIBES ! /ORM1 OR ?AT IT IS EASI] TO BE> ONE'S GRIEF & ! S\L LEAPS OV] MANY SUFF]+S :5 GRIEF F9DS FELL[%IP1 OR ?AT ,LE> HAS BECOME *ILDLESS :ILE ,I AM FA!RLESS1 AS ,$G> SAYS1 OR USE SIMIL> UNNATURAL EXPRESSIONS ) :I* ! SPEE*ES ( ALL ! *>ACT]S 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS OV]FL[4 

,AGA91 IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ALL ! *>ACT]S SPEAK 9 A WAY 9 :I* NO LIV+ M5 EV] DID OR C\LD SPEAK--!Y ALL SUFF] FROM A COMMON 9TEMP]ANCE ( LANGUAGE4 ,?OSE :O >E 9 LOVE1 :O >E PREP>+ = DEA?1 :O >E FI<T+1 :O >E DY+1 ALL ALIKE SPEAK MU* & UNEXPECT$LY AB\T SUBJECTS UTT]LY 9APPROPRIATE TO ! OCCASION1 BE+ EVID5TLY GUID$ RA!R BY CONSONANCES & PLAY ( WORDS ?AN BY ?\<TS4 ,!Y SPEAK ALL ALIKE4 ,LE> RAVES EXACTLY AS DOES ,$G> :5 FEIGN+ MADNESS4 ,BO? ,K5T & ! FOOL SPEAK ALIKE4 ,! WORDS ( ONE ( ! P]SONAGES MI<T BE PLAC$ 9 ! M\? ( ANO!R1 & BY ! *>ACT] ( ! SPEE* IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% :O SPEAKS4 ,IF !RE IS A DIFF]5CE 9 ! SPEE* ( ,%AKESPE>E'S V>I\S *>ACT]S1 IT LIES M]ELY 9 ! DIFF]5T DIALOGUES :I* >E PRON\NC$ = !SE *>ACT]S--AGA9 BY ,%AKESPE>E & NOT BY !MSELVES4 ,?US ,%AKESPE>E ALWAYS SPEAKS = K+S 9 ONE & ! SAME 9FLAT$1 EMPTY LANGUAGE4 ,ALSO 9 ONE & ! SAME ,%AKESPE>IAN1 >TIFICIALLY S5TIM5TAL LANGUAGE SPEAK ALL ! WOM5 :O >E 9T5D$ TO BE POETIC3 ,JULIET1 ,DESDEMONA1 ,CORDELIA1 ,IMOG51 ,M>9A4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ALSO1 IT IS ,%AKESPE>E ALONE :O SPEAKS = HIS VILLA9S3 ,RI*>D1 ,$MUND1 ,IAGO1 ,MACBE?1 EXPRESS+ = !M ?OSE VICI\S FEEL+S :I* VILLA9S NEV] EXPRESS4 ,YET MORE SIMIL> >E ! SPEE*ES ( ! MADM5 ) !IR HORRIBLE WORDS1 & ?OSE ( FOOLS ) !IR MIR?LESS PUNS4 ,SO ?AT 9 ,%AKESPE>E !RE IS NO LANGUAGE ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS--?AT LANGUAGE :I* 9 ! DRAMA IS ! *IEF MEANS ( SETT+ =? *>ACT]4 ,IF GE/ICULATION BE ALSO A MEANS ( EXPRESS+ *>ACT]1 AS 9 BALLETS1 ?IS IS ONLY A SECOND>Y MEANS4 ,MOREOV]1 IF ! *>ACT]S SPEAK AT R&OM & 9 A R&OM WAY1 & ALL 9 ONE & ! SAME DICTION1 AS IS ! CASE 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S WORK1 !N EV5 ! ACTION ( GE/ICULATION IS WA/$4 ,!RE=E1 :ATEV] ! BL9D PANEGYRI/S ( ,%AKESPE>E MAY SAY1 9 ,%AKESPE>E !RE IS NO EXPRESSION ( *>ACT]4 ,?OSE P]SONAGES :O1 9 HIS DRAMAS1 /& \T AS *>ACT]S1 >E *>ACT]S BORR[$ BY HIM FROM =M] WORKS :I* HAVE S]V$ AS ! F\NDATION ( HIS DRAMAS1 & !Y >E MO/LY DEPICT$1 NOT BY ! DRAMATIC ME?OD :I* CONSI/S 9 MAK+ EA* P]SON SPEAK ) HIS [N DICTION1 BUT 9 ! EPIC ME?OD ( ONE P]SON DESCRIB+ ! FEATURES ( ANO!R4 

,! P]FECTION ) :I* ,%AKESPE>E EXPRESSES *>ACT] IS ASS]T$ *IEFLY ON ! GR\ND ( ! *>ACT]S ( ,LE>1 ,CORDELIA1 ,O!LLO1 ,DESDEMONA1 ,FAL/AFF1 & ,HAMLET4 ,BUT ALL !SE *>ACT]S1 AS WELL AS ALL ! O!RS1 9/EAD ( BELONG+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 >E TAK5 BY HIM FROM DRAMAS1 *RONICLES1 & ROMANCES ANT]IOR TO HIM4 ,ALL !SE *>ACT]S NOT ONLY >E NOT R5D]$ MORE P[]FUL BY HIM1 BUT1 9 MO/ CASES1 !Y >E WEAK5$ & SPOIL$4 ,?IS IS V]Y /RIK+ 9 ?IS DRAMA ( 0,K+ ,LE>10 :I* WE >E EXAM9+1 TAK5 BY HIM FROM ! DRAMA 0,K+ ,LEIR10 BY AN UNKN[N AU?OR4 ,! *>ACT]S ( ?IS DRAMA1 ?AT ( ,K+ ,LE>1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,CORDELIA1 NOT ONLY W]E NOT CREAT$ BY ,%AKESPE>E1 BUT HAVE BE5 /RIK+LY WEAK5$ & DEPRIV$ ( =CE BY HIM1 AS COMP>$ ) !IR APPE>ANCE 9 ! OLD] DRAMA4 

,9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 ,LEIR ABDICATES BECAUSE1 HAV+ BECOME A WID[]1 HE ?9KS ONLY ( SAV+ HIS S\L4 ,HE ASKS HIS DAU<T]S AS TO !IR LOVE = HIM--?AT1 BY MEANS ( A C]TA9 DEVICE HE HAS 9V5T$1 HE MAY RETA9 HIS FAVORITE DAU<T] ON HIS ISL&4 ,! ELD] DAU<T]S >E BETRO!D1 :ILE ! Y\NGE/ DOES NOT WI% TO CONTRACT A LOVELESS UNION ) ANY ( ! NEI<BOR+ SUITORS :OM ,LEIR PROPOSES TO H]1 & HE IS AFRAID ?AT %E MAY M>RY SOME DI/ANT POT5TATE4 

,! DEVICE :I* HE HAS 9V5T$1 AS HE 9=MS HIS C\RTI]1 ,P]ILLUS 7,%AKESPE>E'S ,K5T71 IS ?IS1 ?AT :5 ,CORDELIA TELLS HIM ?AT %E LOVES HIM MORE ?AN ANY ONE OR AS MU* AS H] ELD] SI/]S DO1 HE WILL TELL H] ?AT %E MU/1 9 PRO( ( H] LOVE1 M>RY ! PR9CE HE WILL 9DICATE ON HIS ISL&4 ,ALL !SE MOTIVES = ,LE>'S CONDUCT >E ABS5T 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S PLAY4 ,!N1 :51 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD DRAMA1 ,LEIR ASKS HIS DAU<T]S AB\T !IR LOVE = HIM1 ,CORDELIA DOES NOT SAY1 AS ,%AKESPE>E HAS IT1 ?AT %E WILL NOT GIVE H] FA!R ALL H] LOVE1 BUT WILL LOVE H] HUSB&1 TOO1 %\LD %E M>RY--:I* IS QUITE UNNATURAL--BUT SIMPLY SAYS ?AT %E CAN NOT EXPRESS H] LOVE 9 WORDS1 BUT HOPES ?AT H] ACTIONS WILL PROVE IT4 ,GON]IL & ,REGAN REM>K ?AT ,CORDELIA'S ANSW] IS NOT AN ANSW]1 & ?AT ! FA!R CAN NOT MEEKLY ACCEPT SU* 9DIFF]5CE1 SO ?AT :AT IS WANT+ 9 ,%AKESPE>E--I4E41 ! EXPLANATION ( ,LE>'S ANG] :I* CAUS$ HIM TO DIS9H]IT HIS Y\NGE/ DAU<T]1--EXI/S 9 ! OLD DRAMA4 ,LEIR IS ANNOY$ BY ! FAILURE ( HIS S*EME1 & ! POISON\S WORDS ( HIS ELDE/ DAU<T]S IRRITATE HIM /ILL MORE4 ,AFT] ! DIVISION ( ! K+DOM BETWE5 ! ELD] DAU<T]S1 !RE FOLL[S 9 ! OLD] DRAMA A SC5E BETWE5 ,CORDELIA & ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 SETT+ =?1 9/EAD ( ! COLORLESS ,CORDELIA ( ,%AKESPE>E1 A V]Y DEF9ITE & ATTRACTIVE *>ACT] ( ! TRU?FUL1 T5D]1 & SELF-SACRIFIC+ Y\NGE/ DAU<T]4 ,:ILE ,CORDELIA1 )\T GRIEV+ ?AT %E HAS BE5 DEPRIV$ ( A PORTION ( ! H]ITAGE1 SITS SORR[+ AT HAV+ LO/ H] FA!R'S LOVE1 & LOOK+ =W>D TO E>N H] BREAD BY H] LABOR1 !RE COMES ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 :O1 9 ! DISGUISE ( A PILGRIM1 DESIRES TO *OOSE A BRIDE FROM AMONG ,LEIR'S DAU<T]S4 ,HE ASKS ,CORDELIA :Y %E IS SAD4 ,%E TELLS HIM ! CAUSE ( H] GRIEF4 ,! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 /ILL 9 ! GUISE ( A PILGRIM1 FALLS 9 LOVE ) H]1 & (F]S TO >RANGE A M>RIAGE = H] ) ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 BUT %E SAYS %E WILL M>RY ONLY A MAN :OM %E LOVES4 ,!N ! PILGRIM1 /ILL DISGUIS$1 (F]S H] HIS H& & HE>T & ,CORDELIA CONFESSES %E LOVES ! PILGRIM & CONS5TS TO M>RY HIM1 NOT)/&+ ! POV]TY ?AT AWAITS H]4 ,!N ! PILGRIM DISCLOSES TO H] ?AT HE IT IS :O IS ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 & ,CORDELIA M>RIES HIM4 ,9/EAD ( ?IS SC5E1 ,LE>1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 (F]S ,CORDELIA'S TWO SUITORS TO TAKE H] )\T D[RY1 & ONE CYNICALLY REFUSES1 :ILE ! O!R1 ONE DOES NOT KN[ :Y1 ACCEPTS H]4 ,AFT] ?IS1 9 ! OLD DRAMA1 AS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S1 ,LEIR UND]GOES ! 9SULTS ( ,GON]IL1 9TO :OSE H\SE HE HAS REMOV$1 BUT HE BE>S !SE 9SULTS 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WAY FROM ?AT REPRES5T$ BY ,%AKESPE>E3 HE FEELS ?AT BY HIS CONDUCT T[>D ,CORDELIA1 HE HAS DES]V$ ?IS1 & HUMBLY SUBMITS4 ,AS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMA1 SO ALSO 9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 ! C\RTI]S1 ,P]ILLUS--,K5T--:O HAD 9T]C$$ = ,CORDELIA & WAS !RE=E BANI%$--COMES TO ,LEIR & ASSURES HIM ( HIS LOVE1 BUT UND] NO DISGUISE1 BUT SIMPLY AS A FAI?FUL OLD S]VANT :O DOES NOT AB&ON HIS K+ 9 A MOM5T ( NE$4 ,LEIR TELLS HIM :AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 HE TELLS ,CORDELIA 9 ! LA/ SC5E1 ?AT1 IF ! DAU<T]S :OM HE HAS B5EFIT$ HATE HIM1 A RETA9] TO :OM HE HAS DONE NO GOOD CAN NOT LOVE HIM4 ,BUT ,P]ILLUS--,K5T--ASSURES ! ,K+ ( HIS LOVE T[>D HIM1 & ,LEIR1 PACIFI$1 GOES ON TO ,REGAN4 ,9 ! OLD] DRAMA !RE >E NO TEMPE/S NOR TE>+ \T ( GRAY HAIRS1 BUT !RE IS ! WEAK5$ & HUMBL$ OLD MAN1 ,LEIR1 OV]P[]$ ) GRIEF1 & BANI%$ BY HIS O!R DAU<T] ALSO1 :O EV5 WI%ES TO KILL HIM4 ,TURN$ \T BY HIS ELD] DAU<T]S1 ,LEIR1 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD] DRAMA1 AS A LA/ RES\RCE1 GOES ) ,P]ILLUS TO ,CORDELIA4 ,9/EAD ( ! UNNATURAL BANI%M5T ( ,LE> DUR+ ! TEMPE/1 & HIS ROAM+ AB\T ! HEA?1 ,LEIR1 ) ,P]ILLUS1 9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 DUR+ !IR J\RNEY TO ,FRANCE1 V]Y NATURALLY REA* ! LA/ DEGREE ( DE/ITUTION1 SELL !IR CLO!S 9 ORD] TO PAY = !IR CROSS+ OV] ! SEA1 &1 9 ! ATTIRE ( FI%]M51 EXHAU/$ BY COLD & HUNG]1 APPROA* ,CORDELIA'S H\SE4 ,H]E1 AGA91 9/EAD ( ! UNNATURAL COMB9$ RAV+S ( ! FOOL1 ,LE>1 & ,$G>1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,%AKESPE>E1 !RE FOLL[S 9 ! OLD] DRAMA A NATURAL SC5E ( REUNION BETWE5 ! DAU<T] & ! FA!R4 ,CORDELIA--:O1 NOT)/&+ H] HAPP9ESS1 HAS ALL ! TIME BE5 GRIEV+ AB\T H] FA!R & PRAY+ TO ,GOD TO =GIVE H] SI/]S :O HAD DONE HIM SO MU* WRONG--MEETS H] FA!R 9 HIS EXTREME WANT1 & WI%ES IMM$IATELY TO DISCLOSE H]SELF TO HIM1 BUT H] HUSB& ADVISES H] NOT TO DO ?IS1 9 ORD] NOT TO AGITATE H] WEAK FA!R4 ,%E ACCEPTS ! C\NSEL & TAKES ,LEIR 9TO H] H\SE )\T DISCLOS+ H]SELF TO HIM1 & NURSES HIM4 ,LEIR GRADUALLY REVIVES1 & !N ! DAU<T] ASKS HIM :O HE IS & H[ HE LIV$ =M]LY3 

0,IF FROM ! FIR/10 SAYS ,LEIR1 0,I %\LD RELATE ! CAUSE1 

 ,I W\LD MAKE A HE>T ( ADAMANT TO WEEP4 

 ,& ?\1 POOR S\L1 K9DHE>T$ AS ?\ >T1 

 ,DO/ WEEP ALREADY1 ]E ,I DO BEG940 

,CORDELIA3 0,= ,GOD'S LOVE TELL IT1 & :5 Y\ HAVE DONE 

 ,I'LL TELL ! REASON :Y ,I WEEP SO SOON40 

,& ,LEIR RELATES ALL HE HAS SUFF]$ FROM HIS ELD] DAU<T]S1 & SAYS ?AT N[ HE WI%ES TO F9D %ELT] ) ! *ILD :O W\LD BE 9 ! RI<T EV5 W]E %E TO CONDEMN HIM TO DEA?4 0,IF1 H[EV]10 HE SAYS1 0%E WILL RECEIVE ME ) LOVE1 IT WILL BE ,GOD'S & H] WORK1 BUT NOT MY M]IT40 ,TO ?IS ,CORDELIA SAYS3 0,OH1 ,I KN[ = C]TA9 ?AT ?Y DAU<T] WILL LOV+LY RECEIVE !E40--0,H[ CAN/ ?\ KN[ ?IS )\T KN[+ H]80 SAYS ,LEIR4 0,I KN[10 SAYS ,CORDELIA1 0BECAUSE NOT F> FROM H]E1 ,I HAD A FA!R :O ACT$ T[>D ME AS BADLY AS ?\ HA/ ACT$ T[>D H]1 YET1 IF ,I W]E ONLY TO SEE HIS :ITE HEAD1 ,I W\LD CREEP TO MEET HIM ON MY KNEES40--0,NO1 ?IS CAN NOT BE10 SAYS ,LEIR1 0= !RE >E NO *ILDR5 9 ! WORLD SO CRUEL AS M9E40--0,DO NOT CONDEMN ALL = ! S9S ( SOME10 SAYS ,CORDELIA1 & FALLS ON H] KNEES4 0,LOOK H]E1 DE> FA!R10 %E SAYS1 0LOOK ON ME3 ,I AM ?Y LOV+ DAU<T]40 ,! FA!R RECOGNIZES H] & SAYS3 0,IT IS NOT = !E1 BUT = ME1 TO BEG ?Y P>DON ON MY KNEES = ALL MY S9S T[>D !E40 

,IS !RE ANY?+ APPROA*+ ?IS EXQUISITE SC5E 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMA8 

,H[EV] /RANGE ?IS OP9ION MAY SEEM TO WOR%IP]S ( ,%AKESPE>E1 YET ! :OLE ( ?IS OLD DRAMA IS 9COMP>ABLY & 9 EV]Y RESPECT SUP]IOR TO ,%AKESPE>E'S ADAPTATION4 ,IT IS SO1 FIR/1 BECAUSE IT HAS NOT GOT ! UTT]LY SUP]FLU\S *>ACT]S ( ! VILLA9 ,$MUND & UNLIFELIKE ,GL\CE/] & ,$G>1 :O ONLY DI/RACT ONE'S ATT5TION2 SECONDLY BECAUSE IT HAS NOT GOT ! COMPLETELY FALSE 0EFFECTS0 ( ,LE> RUNN+ AB\T ! HEA?1 HIS CONV]SATIONS ) ! FOOL1 & ALL !SE IMPOSSIBLE DISGUISES1 FAILURES TO RECOGNIZE1 & ACCUMULAT$ DEA?S2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE 9 ?IS DRAMA !RE IS ! SIMPLE1 NATURAL1 & DEEPLY T\*+ *>ACT] ( ,LEIR & ! YET MORE T\*+ & CLE>LY DEF9$ *>ACT] ( ,CORDELIA1 BO? ABS5T 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,!RE=E1 !RE IS 9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 9/EAD ( ,%AKESPE>E'S LONG-DRAWN SC5E ( ,LE>'S 9T]VIEW ) ,CORDELIA & ( ,CORDELIA'S UNNECESS>Y MURD]1 ! EXQUISITE SC5E ( ! 9T]VIEW BETWE5 ,LEIR & ,CORDELIA1 UNEQUAL$ BY ANY 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS4 

,! OLD DRAMA ALSO T]M9ATES MORE NATURALLY & MORE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! MORAL DEM&S ( ! SPECTATOR ?AN DOES ,%AKESPE>E'S1 NAMELY1 BY ! ,K+ ( ! ,GAULS CONQU]+ ! HUSB&S ( ! ELD] SI/]S1 & ,CORDELIA1 9/EAD ( BE+ KILL$1 RE/OR+ ,LEIR TO HIS =M] POSITION4 

,?US IT IS 9 ! DRAMA WE >E EXAM9+1 :I* ,%AKESPE>E HAS BORR[$ FROM ! DRAMA 0,K+ ,LEIR40 ,SO IT IS ALSO ) ,O!LLO1 TAK5 FROM AN ,ITALIAN ROMANCE1 ! SAME ALSO ) ! FAM\S ,HAMLET4 ,! SAME ) ,ANTONY1 ,BRUTUS1 ,CLEOPATRA1 ,%YLOCK1 ,RI*>D1 & ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 ALL TAK5 FROM SOME ANTEC$5T WORK4 ,%AKESPE>E1 :ILE PR(IT+ BY *>ACT]S ALREADY GIV5 9 PREC$+ DRAMAS1 OR ROMANCES1 *RONICLES1 OR1 ,PLUT>*'S 0,LIVES10 NOT ONLY FAILS TO R5D] !M MORE TRU?FUL & VIVID1 AS HIS EULOGI/S AFFIRM1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALWAYS WEAK5S !M & (T5 COMPLETELY DE/ROYS !M1 AS ) ,LE>1 COMPELL+ HIS *>ACT]S TO COMMIT ACTIONS UNNATURAL TO !M1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO UTT] SPEE*ES NATURAL NEI!R TO !M NOR TO ANY ONE :ATEV]4 ,?US1 9 0,O!LLO10 AL?\< ?AT IS1 P]HAPS1 ,I WILL NOT SAY ! BE/1 BUT ! LEA/ BAD & ! LEA/ 5CUMB]$ BY POMP\S VOLUBILITY1 ! *>ACT]S ( ,O!LLO1 ,IAGO1 ,CASSIO1 ,EMILIA1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 >E MU* LESS NATURAL & LIFELIKE ?AN 9 ! ,ITALIAN ROMANCE4 ,%AKESPE>E'S ,O!LLO SUFF]S FROM EPILEPSY1 ( :I* HE HAS AN ATTACK ON ! /AGE2 MOREOV]1 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S V]SION1 ,DESDEMONA'S MURD] IS PREC$$ BY ! /RANGE V[ ( ! KNEEL+ ,O!LLO4 ,O!LLO1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 IS A NEGRO & NOT A ,MOOR4 ,ALL ?IS IS ]RATIC1 9FLAT$1 UNNATURAL1 & VIOLATES ! UNITY ( ! *>ACT]4 ,ALL ?IS IS ABS5T 9 ! ROMANCE4 ,9 ?AT ROMANCE ! REASONS = ,O!LLO'S JEAL\SY >E REPRES5T$ MORE NATURALLY ?AN 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,9 ! ROMANCE1 ,CASSIO1 KN[+ :OSE ! H&K]*IEF IS1 GOES TO ,DESDEMONA TO RETURN IT1 BUT1 APPROA*+ ! BACK-DOOR ( ,DESDEMONA'S H\SE1 SEES ,O!LLO & FLIES FROM HIM4 ,O!LLO P]CEIVES ! ESCAP+ ,CASSIO1 & ?IS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+1 CONFIRMS HIS SUSPICIONS4 ,%AKESPE>E HAS NOT GOT ?IS1 & YET ?IS CASUAL 9CID5T EXPLA9S ,O!LLO'S JEAL\SY MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE4 ,) ,%AKESPE>E1 ?IS JEAL\SY IS F\ND$ 5TIRELY ON ,IAGO'S P]SI/5T1 SUCCESSFUL MA*9ATIONS & TREA*]\S WORDS1 :I* ,O!LLO BL9DLY BELIEVES4 ,O!LLO'S MONOLOGUE OV] ! SLEEP+ ,DESDEMONA1 AB\T HIS DESIR+ H] :5 KILL$ TO LOOK AS %E IS ALIVE1 AB\T HIS GO+ TO LOVE H] EV5 DEAD1 & N[ WI%+ TO SMELL H] 0BALMY BREA?10 ETC41 IS UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,A MAN :O IS PREP>+ = ! MURD] ( A BELOV$ BE+1 DOES NOT UTT] SU* PHRASES1 /ILL LESS AFT] COMMITT+ ! MURD] W\LD HE SPEAK AB\T ! NECESSITY ( AN ECLIPSE ( SUN & MOON1 & ( ! GLOBE YAWN+2 NOR CAN HE1 NEGRO ?O HE MAY BE1 ADDRESS DEVILS1 9VIT+ !M TO BURN HIM 9 HOT SULFUR & SO =?4 ,LA/LY1 H[EV] EFFECTIVE MAY BE ! SUICIDE1 ABS5T 9 ! ROMANCE1 IT COMPLETELY DE/ROYS ! CONCEPTION ( HIS CLE>LY DEF9$ *>ACT]4 ,IF HE 9DE$ SUFF]$ FROM GRIEF & REMORSE1 HE W\LD NOT1 9T5D+ TO KILL HIMSELF1 PRON\NCE PHRASES AB\T HIS [N S]VICES1 AB\T ! PE>L1 & AB\T HIS EYES DROPP+ TE>S 0AS FA/ AS ! ,>ABIAN TREES !IR M$IC9AL GUM02 & YET LESS AB\T ! ,TURK'S BEAT+ AN ,ITALIAN & H[ HE1 ,O!LLO1 SMOTE HIM--?US6 ,SO ?AT NOT)/&+ ! P[]FUL EXPRESSION ( EMOTION 9 ,O!LLO :51 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,IAGO'S H9TS1 JEAL\SY RISES 9 HIM1 & AGA9 9 HIS SC5ES ) ,DESDEMONA1 ONE'S CONCEPTION ( ,O!LLO'S *>ACT] IS CON/ANTLY 9FR+$ BY HIS FALSE PA?OS & ! UNNATURAL SPEE*ES HE PRON\NCES4 

,SO IT IS ) ! *IEF *>ACT]1 ,O!LLO1 BUT NOT)/&+ ITS ALT]ATION & ! DISADVANTAGE\S FEATURES :I* IT IS MADE !REBY TO PRES5T 9 COMP>ISON ) ! *>ACT] FROM :I* IT WAS TAK5 9 ! ROMANCE1 ?IS *>ACT] /ILL REMA9S A *>ACT]1 BUT ALL ! O!R P]SONAGES >E COMPLETELY SPOIL$ BY ,%AKESPE>E4 

,IAGO1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 IS AN UNMITIGAT$ VILLA91 DECEIV]1 & ?IEF1 A ROBB] :O ROBS ,ROD]IGO & ALWAYS SUCCE$S EV5 9 HIS MO/ IMPOSSIBLE DESIGNS1 & !RE=E IS A P]SON QUITE AP>T FROM REAL LIFE4 ,9 ,%AKESPE>E1 ! MOTIVE ( HIS VILLA9Y IS1 FIR/1 ?AT ,O!LLO DID NOT GIVE HIM ! PO/ HE DESIR$2 SECONDLY1 ?AT HE SUSPECTS ,O!LLO ( AN 9TRIGUE ) HIS WIFE &1 ?IRDLY1 ?AT1 AS HE SAYS1 HE FEELS A /RANGE K9D ( LOVE = ,DESDEMONA4 ,!RE >E MANY MOTIVES1 BUT !Y >E ALL VAGUE4 ,:]EAS 9 ! ROMANCE !RE IS BUT ONE SIMPLE & CLE> MOTIVE1 ,IAGO'S PASSIONATE LOVE = ,DESDEMONA1 TRANSMITT$ 9TO HATR$ T[>D H] & ,O!LLO AFT] %E HAD PREF]R$ ! ,MOOR TO HIM & RESOLUTELY REPULS$ HIM4 ,YET MORE UNNATURAL IS ! UTT]LY UNNECESS>Y ,ROD]IGO :OM ,IAGO DECEIVES & ROBS1 PROMIS+ HIM ,DESDEMONA'S LOVE1 & :OM HE =CES TO FULFILL ALL HE COMM&S3 TO 9TOXICATE ,CASSIO1 PROVOKE & !N KILL ,CASSIO4 ,EMILIA1 :O SAYS ANY?+ IT MAY OCCUR TO ! AU?OR TO PUT 9TO H] M\?1 HAS NOT EV5 ! SLI<TE/ SEMBLANCE ( A LIVE *>ACT]4 

0,BUT ,FAL/AFF1 ! WOND]FUL ,FAL/AFF10 ,%AKESPE>E'S EULOGI/S WILL SAY1 0( HIM1 AT ALL EV5TS1 ONE CAN NOT SAY ?AT HE IS NOT A LIV+ *>ACT]1 OR ?AT1 HAV+ BE5 TAK5 FROM ! COM$Y ( AN UNKN[N AU?OR1 IT HAS BE5 WEAK5$40 

,FAL/AFF1 LIKE ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 WAS TAK5 FROM A DRAMA OR COM$Y BY AN UNKN[N AU?OR1 WRITT5 ON A REALLY LIV+ P]SON1 ,SIR ,JOHN ,OLDCA/LE1 :O HAD BE5 ! FRI5D ( SOME DUKE4 ,?IS ,OLDCA/LE HAD ONCE BE5 CONVICT$ ( H]ESY1 BUT HAD BE5 SAV$ BY HIS FRI5D ! DUKE4 ,BUT AFT]W>DS HE WAS CONDEMN$ & BURN$ AT ! /AKE = HIS RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 :I* DID NOT CON=M ) ,CA?OLICISM4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS SAME ,OLDCA/LE ?AT AN ANONYM\S AU?OR1 9 ORD] TO PLEASE ! ,CA?OLIC PUBLIC1 WROTE A COM$Y OR DRAMA1 RIDICUL+ ?IS M>TYR = HIS FAI? & REPRES5T+ HIM AS A GOOD-=-NO?+ MAN1 ! BOON COMPANION ( ! DUKE1 & IT IS FROM ?IS COM$Y ?AT ,%AKESPE>E BORR[$1 NOT ONLY ! *>ACT] ( ,FAL/AFF1 BUT ALSO HIS [N IRONIC ATTITUDE T[>D IT4 ,9 ,%AKESPE>E'S FIR/ WORKS1 :5 ?IS *>ACT] APPE>$1 IT WAS FRANKLY CALL$ 0,OLDCA/LE10 BUT LAT]1 9 ,ELIZABE?'S TIME1 :5 ,PROTE/ANTISM AGA9 TRIUMPH$1 IT WAS AWKW>D TO BR+ \T ) MOCK]Y A M>TYR 9 ! /RIFE ) ,CA?OLICISM1 &1 BESIDES1 ,OLDCA/LE'S RELATIVES HAD PROTE/$1 & ,%AKESPE>E ACCORD+LY ALT]$ ! NAME ( ,OLDCA/LE TO ?AT ( ,FAL/AFF1 ALSO A HI/ORICAL FIGURE1 KN[N = HAV+ FL$ FROM ! FIELD ( BATTLE AT ,AG9C\RT4 

,FAL/AFF IS1 9DE$1 QUITE A NATURAL & TYPICAL *>ACT]2 BUT !N IT IS P]HAPS ! ONLY NATURAL & TYPICAL *>ACT] DEPICT$ BY ,%AKESPE>E4 ,& ?IS *>ACT] IS NATURAL & TYPICAL BECAUSE1 ( ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 IT ALONE SPEAKS A LANGUAGE PROP] TO ITSELF4 ,& IT SPEAKS ?US BECAUSE IT SPEAKS 9 ?AT SAME ,%AKESPE>IAN LANGUAGE1 FULL ( MIR?LESS JOKES & UNAMUS+ PUNS :I*1 BE+ UNNATURAL TO ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S O!R *>ACT]S1 IS QUITE 9 H>MONY ) ! BOA/FUL1 DI/ORT$1 & DEPRAV$ *>ACT] ( ! DRUNK5 ,FAL/AFF4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE DOES ?IS FIGURE TRULY REPRES5T A DEF9ITE *>ACT]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! >TI/IC EFFECT ( ?IS *>ACT] IS SPOIL$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT IS SO REPULSIVE BY ITS GLUTTONY1 DRUNK5NESS1 DEBAU*]Y1 RASCALITY1 DECEIT1 & C[>DICE1 ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO %>E ! FEEL+ ( GAY HUMOR ) :I* ! AU?OR TREATS IT4 ,?US IT IS ) ,FAL/AFF4 

,BUT 9 NONE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FIGURES IS HIS1 ,I WILL NOT SAY 9CAPACITY TO GIVE1 BUT UTT] 9DIFF]5CE TO GIV+1 HIS P]SONAGES A TYPICAL *>ACT] SO /RIK+LY MANIFE/ AS 9 ,HAMLET2 & 9 CONNECTION ) NONE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS DO WE SEE SO /RIK+LY DISPLAY$ ?AT BL9D WOR%IP ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ?AT UNREASON+ /ATE ( HYPNOTISM [+ TO :I* ! M]E ?\<T EV5 IS NOT ADMITT$ ?AT ANY ( ,%AKESPE>E'S PRODUCTIONS CAN BE WANT+ 9 G5IUS1 OR ?AT ANY ( ! PR9CIPAL P]SONAGES 9 HIS DRAMAS CAN FAIL TO BE ! EXPRESSION ( A NEW & DEEPLY CONCEIV$ *>ACT]4 

,%AKESPE>E TAKES AN OLD /ORY1 NOT BAD 9 ITS WAY1 RELAT+3 

0,AVEC QUELLE RUSE ,AMLETTE QUI DEPUIS FUT ,ROY DE ,DANNEM>*1 V5GEA LA MORT DE SON P]E ,HORW5DILLE1 OCCIS P> ,F5GON SON FR]E1 ET AUTRE OCCURR5CE DE SON HI/OIRE10 OR A DRAMA :I* WAS WRITT5 ON ?IS !ME FIFTE5 YE>S BE=E HIM4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT HE WRITES HIS [N DRAMA1 9TRODUC+ QUITE 9APPROPRIATELY 7AS 9DE$ HE ALWAYS DOES7 9TO ! M\? ( ! PR9CIPAL P]SON ALL ?OSE ?\<TS ( HIS [N :I* APPE>$ TO HIM WOR?Y ( ATT5TION4 ,& PUTT+ 9TO ! M\? ( HIS H]O !SE ?\<TS3 AB\T LIFE 7! GRAVE-DIGG]71 AB\T DEA? 7,TO BE OR NOT TO BE7--! SAME :I* >E EXPRESS$ 9 HIS SIXTY-SIX? SONNET--AB\T ! !AT]1 AB\T WOM54 ,HE IS UTT]LY UNCONC]N$ AS TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* !SE WORDS >E SAID1 & IT NATURALLY TURNS \T ?AT ! P]SON EXPRESS+ ALL !SE ?\<TS IS A M]E PHONOGRAPH ( ,%AKESPE>E1 )\T *>ACT]1 :OSE ACTIONS & WORDS DO NOT AGREE4 

,9 ! OLD LEG5D1 ,HAMLET'S P]SONALITY IS QUITE COMPREH5SIBLE3 HE IS 9DIGNANT AT HIS MO!R'S & HIS UNCLE'S DE$S1 & WI%ES TO REV5GE HIMSELF UPON !M1 BUT IS AFRAID HIS UNCLE MAY KILL HIM AS HE HAD KILL$ HIS FA!R4 ,!RE=E HE SIMULATES 9SANITY1 DESIR+ TO BIDE HIS TIME & OBS]VE ALL ?AT GOES ON 9 ! PALACE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 HIS UNCLE & MO!R1 BE+ AFRAID ( HIM1 WI% TO TE/ :E!R HE IS FEIGN+ OR IS REALLY MAD1 & S5D TO HIM A GIRL :OM HE LOVES4 ,HE P]SI/S1 !N SEES HIS MO!R 9 PRIVATE1 KILLS A C\RTI] :O WAS EAVESDROPP+1 & CONVICTS HIS MO!R ( H] S94 ,AFT]W>DS HE IS S5T TO ,5GL&1 BUT 9T]CEPTS LETT]S &1 RETURN+ FROM ,5GL&1 TAKES REV5GE ( HIS 5EMIES1 BURN+ !M ALL4 

,ALL ?IS IS COMPREH5SIBLE & FL[S FROM ,HAMLET'S *>ACT] & POSITION4 ,BUT ,%AKESPE>E1 PUTT+ 9TO ,HAMLET'S M\? SPEE*ES :I* HE HIMSELF WI%ES TO EXPRESS1 & MAK+ HIM COMMIT ACTIONS :I* >E NECESS>Y TO ! AU?OR 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE SC5IC EFFECTS1 DE/ROYS ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES ! *>ACT] ( ,HAMLET & ( ! LEG5D4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! DRAMA1 ,HAMLET IS DO+1 NOT :AT HE W\LD REALLY WI% TO DO1 BUT :AT IS NECESS>Y = ! AU?OR'S PLAN4 ,ONE MOM5T HE IS AWE-/RUCK AT HIS FA!R'S <O/1 ANO!R MOM5T HE BEG9S TO *AFF IT1 CALL+ IT 0OLD MOLE02 ONE MOM5T HE LOVES ,OPHELIA1 ANO!R MOM5T HE TEASES H]1 & SO =?4 ,!RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( F9D+ ANY EXPLANATION :ATEV] ( ,HAMLET'S ACTIONS OR WORDS1 & !RE=E NO POSSIBILITY ( ATTRIBUT+ ANY *>ACT] TO HIM4 

,BUT AS IT IS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,%AKESPE>E ! G5IUS CAN NOT WRITE ANY?+ BAD1 !RE=E LE>N$ PEOPLE USE ALL ! P[]S ( !IR M9DS TO F9D EXTRAORD9>Y BEAUTIES 9 :AT IS AN OBVI\S & CRY+ FAILURE1 DEMON/RAT$ ) ESPECIAL VIVIDNESS 9 0,HAMLET10 :]E ! PR9CIPAL FIGURE HAS NO *>ACT] :ATEV]4 ,& LO6 PR(\ND CRITICS DECL>E ?AT 9 ?IS DRAMA1 9 ! P]SON ( ,HAMLET1 IS EXPRESS$ S+UL>LY P[]FUL1 P]FECTLY NOVEL1 & DEEP P]SONALITY1 EXI/+ 9 ?IS P]SON HAV+ NO *>ACT]2 & ?AT PRECISELY 9 ?IS ABS5CE ( *>ACT] CONSI/S ! G5IUS ( CREAT+ A DEEPLY CONCEIV$ *>ACT]4 ,HAV+ DECID$ ?IS1 LE>N$ CRITICS WRITE VOLUMES UPON VOLUMES1 SO ?AT ! PRAISE & EXPLANATION ( ! GREATNESS & IMPORTANCE ( ! REPRES5TATION ( ! *>ACT] ( A MAN :O HAS NO *>ACT] =M 9 VOLUME A LIBR>Y4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME ( ! CRITICS TIMIDLY EXPRESS ! IDEA ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ /RANGE 9 ?IS FIGURE1 ?AT ,HAMLET IS AN UNSOLV$ RIDDLE1 BUT NO ONE HAS ! C\RAGE TO SAY 7AS 9 ,HANS ,&]S5'S /ORY7 ?AT ! ,K+ IS NAK$--I4E41 ?AT IT IS AS CLE> AS DAY ?AT ,%AKESPE>E DID NOT SUCCE$ & DID NOT EV5 WI% TO GIVE ANY *>ACT] TO ,HAMLET1 DID NOT EV5 UND]/& ?AT ?IS WAS NECESS>Y4 ,& LE>N$ CRITICS CONT9UE TO 9VE/IGATE & EXTOLL ?IS PUZZL+ PRODUCTION1 :I* REM9DS ONE ( ! FAM\S /ONE ) AN 9SCRIPTION :I* ,PICKWICK F\ND NE> A COTTAGE DOOR/EP1 & :I* DIVID$ ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS4 

,SO ?AT NEI!R DO ! *>ACT]S ( ,LE> NOR ,O!LLO NOR ,FAL/AFF NOR YET ,HAMLET 9 ANY WAY CONFIRM ! EXI/+ OP9ION ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S P[] CONSI/S 9 ! DEL9EATION ( *>ACT]4 

,IF 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS ONE DOES MEET FIGURES HAV+ C]TA9 *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES1 = ! MO/ P>T SECOND>Y FIGURES1 SU* AS ,POLONIUS 9 0,HAMLET0 & ,PORTIA 9 0,! ,M]*ANT ( ,V5ICE10 !SE FEW LIFELIKE *>ACT]S AMONG FIVE HUNDR$ OR MORE O!R SECOND>Y FIGURES1 ) ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( *>ACT] 9 ! PR9CIPAL FIGURES1 DO NOT AT ALL PROVE ?AT ! M]IT ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS CONSI/S 9 ! EXPRESSION ( *>ACT]4 

,?AT A GREAT TAL5T = DEPICT+ *>ACT] IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,%AKESPE>E >ISES FROM HIS ACTUALLY POSSESS+ A PECULI>ITY :I*1 = SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]S & 9 ! PLAY ( GOOD ACTORS1 MAY APPE> TO BE ! CAPACITY ( DEPICT+ *>ACT]4 ,?IS PECULI>ITY CONSI/S 9 ! CAPACITY ( REPRES5TATIVE SC5ES EXPRESS+ ! PLAY ( EMOTION4 ,H[EV] UNNATURAL ! POSITIONS MAY BE 9 :I* HE PLACES HIS *>ACT]S1 H[EV] IMPROP] TO !M ! LANGUAGE :I* HE MAKES !M SPEAK1 H[EV] FEATURELESS !Y >E1 ! V]Y PLAY ( EMOTION1 ITS 9CREASE1 & ALT]ATION1 & ! COMB9ATION ( MANY CONTR>Y FEEL+S1 AS EXPRESS$ CORRECTLY & P[]FULLY 9 SOME ( ,%AKESPE>E'S SC5ES1 & 9 ! PLAY ( GOOD ACTORS1 EVOKES EV51 IF ONLY = A TIME1 SYMPA?Y ) ! P]SONS REPRES5T$4 ,%AKESPE>E1 HIMSELF AN ACTOR1 & AN 9TELLIG5T MAN1 KNEW H[ TO EXPRESS BY ! MEANS NOT ONLY ( SPEE*1 BUT ( EXCLAMATION1 GE/URE1 & ! REPETITION ( WORDS1 /ATES ( M9D & DEVELOPM5TS OR *ANGES ( FEEL+ TAK+ PLACE 9 ! P]SONS REPRES5T$4 ,SO ?AT1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 9/EAD ( SPEAK+1 M]ELY MAKE AN EXCLAMATION1 OR WEEP1 OR 9 ! MIDDLE ( A MONOLOGUE1 BY MEANS ( GE/URES1 DEMON/RATE ! PA9 ( !IR POSITION 7JU/ AS ,LE> ASKS SOME ONE TO UNBUTTON HIM71 OR1 9 MOM5TS ( GREAT AGITATION1 REPEAT A QUE/ION SEV]AL TIMES1 OR SEV]AL TIMES DEM& ! REPETITION ( A WORD :I* HAS P>TICUL>LY /RUCK !M1 AS DO ,O!LLO1 ,MACDUFF1 ,CLEOPATRA1 & O!RS4 ,SU* CLEV] ME?ODS ( EXPRESS+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( FEEL+1 GIV+ GOOD ACTORS ! POSSIBILITY ( DEMON/RAT+ !IR P[]S1 W]E1 & >E1 (T5 MI/AK5 BY MANY CRITICS = ! EXPRESSION ( *>ACT]4 ,BUT H[EV] /RONGLY ! PLAY ( FEEL+ MAY BE EXPRESS$ 9 ONE SC5E1 A S+LE SC5E CAN NOT GIVE ! *>ACT] ( A FIGURE :5 ?IS FIGURE1 AFT] A CORRECT EXCLAMATION OR GE/URE1 BEG9S 9 A LANGUAGE NOT ITS [N1 AT ! AU?OR'S >BITR>Y WILL1 TO VOLUBLY UTT] WORDS :I* >E NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR 9 H>MONY ) ITS *>ACT]4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,MAY #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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