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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS DO NOT SATISFY ! DEM&S ( ALL >T1 &1 BESIDES ?IS1 !IR T5D5CY IS ( ! L[E/ & MO/ IMMORAL4 ,:AT !N SIGNIFIES ! GREAT FAME !SE WORKS HAVE 5JOY$ = MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S8 

,MANY TIMES DUR+ MY LIFE ,I HAVE HAD OCCASION TO >GUE AB\T ,%AKESPE>E ) HIS ADMIR]S1 NOT ONLY ) PEOPLE LITTLE S5SITIVE TO POETRY1 BUT ) ?OSE :O KE5LY FELT POETIC BEAUTY1 SU* AS ,TURG5EF1 ,FET1 & O!RS1 & EV]Y TIME ,I 5C\NT]$ ONE & ! SAME ATTITUDE T[>D MY OBJECTION TO ! PRAISES ( ,%AKESPE>E4 ,I WAS NOT REFUT$ :5 ,I PO9T$ \T ,%AKESPE>E'S DEFECTS2 !Y ONLY CONDOL$ ) ME = MY WANT ( COMPREH5SION1 & URG$ UPON ME ! NECESSITY ( RECOGNIZ+ ! EXTRAORD9>Y SUP]NATURAL GR&EUR ( ,%AKESPE>E1 & !Y DID NOT EXPLA9 TO ME 9 :AT ! BEAUTIES ( ,%AKESPE>E CONSI/$1 BUT W]E M]ELY VAGUELY & EXAGG]AT$LY 5RAPTUR$ ) ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E1 EXTOLL+ SOME FAVORITE PASSAGES3 ! UNBUTTON+ ( ,LE>'S BUTTON1 ,FAL/AFF'S LY+1 ,LADY ,MACBE?'S 9EFFACEABLE SPOTS1 ,HAMLET'S EXHORTATION TO HIS FA!R'S <O/1 0=TY ?\S& BRO!RS10 ETC4 

0,OP5 ,%AKESPE>E10 ,I US$ TO SAY TO !SE ADMIR]S1 0:]EV] Y\ LIKE1 OR :]EV] IT MAY *ANCE1 Y\ WILL SEE ?AT Y\ WILL NEV] F9D T5 CONSECUTIVE L9ES :I* >E COMPREH5SIBLE1 UN>TIFICIAL1 NATURAL TO ! *>ACT] ?AT SAYS !M1 & :I* PRODUCE AN >TI/IC IMPRESSION40 7,?IS EXP]IM5T MAY BE MADE BY ANY ONE4 ,& EI!R AT R&OM1 OR ACCORD+ TO !IR [N *OICE47 ,%AKESPE>E'S ADMIR]S OP5$ PAGES 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 & )\T PAY+ ANY ATT5TION TO MY CRITICISMS AS TO :Y ! SELECT$ T5 L9ES DID NOT SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEM&S ( ES!TIC & COMMON S5SE1 !Y W]E 5*ANT$ ) ! V]Y ?+ :I* TO ME APPE>$ ABSURD1 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 & 9>TI/IC4 ,SO ?AT1 9 G5]AL1 :5 ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO GET FROM ,%AKESPE>E'S WOR%IP]S AN EXPLANATION ( HIS GREATNESS1 ,I MET 9 !M EXACTLY ! SAME ATTITUDE :I* ,I HAVE MET1 & :I* IS USUALLY MET1 9 ! DEF5D]S ( ANY DOGMAS ACCEPT$ NOT ?R\< REASON1 BUT ?R\< FAI?4 ,IT IS ?IS ATTITUDE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S ADMIR]S T[>D !IR OBJECT--AN ATTITUDE :I* MAY BE SE5 ALSO 9 ALL ! MI/ILY 9DEF9ITE ESSAYS & CONV]SATIONS AB\T ,%AKESPE>E--:I* GAVE ME ! KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! CAUSE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE EXPLANATION ( ?IS WOND]FUL FAME3 IT IS ONE ( ?OSE EPIDEMIC 0SUGGE/IONS0 TO :I* M5 CON/ANTLY HAVE BE5 & >E SUBJECT4 ,SU* 0SUGGE/ION0 ALWAYS HAS EXI/$ & DOES EXI/ 9 ! MO/ V>I$ SPH]ES ( LIFE4 ,AS GL>+ 9/ANCES1 CONSID]ABLE 9 SCOPE & 9 DECEITFUL 9FLU5CE1 ONE MAY CITE ! M$IEVAL ,CRUSADES :I* AFFLICT$1 NOT ONLY ADULTS1 BUT EV5 *ILDR51 & ! 9DIVIDUAL 0SUGGE/IONS10 />TL+ 9 !IR S5SELESSNESS1 SU* AS FAI? 9 WIT*ES1 9 ! UTILITY ( TORTURE = ! DISCOV]Y ( ! TRU?1 ! SE>* = ! ELIXIR ( LIFE1 ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE1 OR ! PASSION = TULIPS VALU$ AT SEV]AL ?\S& GULD5S A BULB :I* TOOK HOLD ( ,HOLL&4 ,SU* IRRATIONAL 0SUGGE/IONS0 ALWAYS HAVE BE5 EXI/+1 & /ILL EXI/1 9 ALL SPH]ES ( HUMAN LIFE--RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 &1 9 G5]AL1 LIT]>Y--& PEOPLE CLE>LY SEE ! 9SANITY ( !SE SUGGE/IONS ONLY :5 !Y FREE !MSELVES FROM !M4 ,BUT1 AS LONG AS !Y >E UND] !IR 9FLU5CE1 ! SUGGE/IONS APPE> TO !M SO C]TA91 SO TRUE1 ?AT TO >GUE AB\T !M IS REG>D$ AS NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR POSSIBLE4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PR9T+ PRESS1 !SE EPIDEMICS BECAME ESPECIALLY /RIK+4 

,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRESS1 IT HAS N[ COME TO PASS ?AT SO SOON AS ANY EV5T1 [+ TO CASUAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 RECEIVES AN ESPECIALLY PROM95T SIGNIFICANCE1 IMM$IATELY ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS ANN\NCE ?IS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,AS SOON AS ! PRESS HAS BR\<T =W>D ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! EV5T1 ! PUBLIC DEVOTES MORE & MORE ATT5TION TO IT4 ,! ATT5TION ( ! PUBLIC PROMPTS ! PRESS TO EXAM9E ! EV5T ) GREAT] ATT5TION & 9 GREAT] DETAIL4 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! PUBLIC FUR!R 9CREASES1 & ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS1 COMPET+ ) ONE ANO!R1 SATISFY ! PUBLIC DEM&4 ,! PUBLIC IS /ILL MORE 9T]E/$2 ! PRESS ATTRIBUTES YET MORE SIGNIFICANCE TO ! EV5T4 ,SO ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! EV5T1 CONT9UALLY GR[+1 LIKE A LUMP ( SN[1 RECEIVES AN APPRECIATION UTT]LY 9APPROPRIATE TO ITS REAL SIGNIFICANCE1 & ?IS APPRECIATION1 (T5 EXAGG]AT$ TO 9SANITY1 IS RETA9$ SO LONG AS ! CONCEPTION ( LIFE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! PRESS & ( ! PUBLIC REMA9S ! SAME4 ,!RE >E 9NUM]ABLE EXAMPLES ( SU* AN 9APPROPRIATE E/IMATION :I*1 9 \R TIME1 [+ TO ! MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( PRESS & PUBLIC ON ONE ANO!R1 IS ATTA*$ TO ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT SUBJECTS4 ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( SU* MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( ! PUBLIC & ! PRESS WAS ! EXCITEM5T 9 ! CASE ( ,DREYFUS1 :I* LATELY CAU<T HOLD ( ! :OLE WORLD4 

,! SUSPICION >OSE ?AT SOME CAPTA9 ( ! ,FR5* /AFF WAS GUILTY ( TREASON4 ,:E!R BECAUSE ?IS P>TICUL> CAPTA9 WAS A ,JEW1 OR BECAUSE ( SOME SPECIAL 9T]NAL P>TY DISAGREEM5TS 9 ,FR5* SOCIETY1 ! PRESS ATTA*$ A SOME:AT PROM95T 9T]E/ TO ?IS EV5T1 :OSE LIKE IS CONT9UALLY OCCURR+ )\T ATTRACT+ ANY ONE'S ATT5TION1 & )\T BE+ ABLE TO 9T]E/ EV5 ! ,FR5* MILIT>Y1 /ILL LESS ! :OLE WORLD4 ,! PUBLIC TURN$ ITS ATT5TION TO ?IS 9CID5T1 ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS1 MUTUALLY COMPET+1 BEGAN TO DESCRIBE1 EXAM9E1 DISCUSS ! EV5T2 ! PUBLIC WAS YET MORE 9T]E/$2 ! PRESS ANSW]$ TO ! DEM& ( ! PUBLIC1 & ! LUMP ( SN[ BEGAN TO GR[ & GR[1 TILL BE=E \R EYES IT ATTA9$ SU* A BULK ?AT !RE WAS NOT A FAMILY :]E CONTROV]SIES DID NOT RAGE AB\T 0L'AFFAIRE40 ,! C>ICATURE BY ,C>AN D',A*E REPRES5T+ AT FIR/ A PEACEFUL FAMILY RESOLV$ TO TALK NO MORE AB\T ,DREYFUS1 & !N1 LIKE EXASP]AT$ FURIES1 MEMB]S ( ! SAME FAMILY FI<T+ ) EA* O!R1 QUITE CORRECTLY EXPRESS$ ! ATTITUDE ( ! :OLE ( ! READ+ WORLD TO ! QUE/ION AB\T ,DREYFUS4 ,PEOPLE ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES1 :O C\LD NOT BE 9T]E/$ 9 ! QUE/ION :E!R A ,FR5* (FIC] WAS A TRAITOR OR NOT--PEOPLE1 MOREOV]1 :O C\LD KN[ NO?+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CASE--ALL DIVID$ !MSELVES = & AGA9/ ,DREYFUS1 & ! MOM5T !Y MET !Y TALK$ & >GU$ AB\T ,DREYFUS1 SOME ASS]T+ HIS GUILT ) ASSURANCE1 O!RS D5Y+ IT ) EQUAL ASSURANCE4 ,ONLY AFT] ! LAPSE ( SOME YE>S DID PEOPLE BEG9 TO AWAKE FROM ! 0SUGGE/ION0 & TO UND]/& ?AT !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY KN[ :E!R ,DREYFUS WAS GUILTY OR NOT1 & ?AT EA* ONE HAD ?\S&S ( SUBJECTS MU* MORE NE> TO HIM & 9T]E/+ ?AN ! CASE ( ,DREYFUS4 

,SU* 9FATUATIONS TAKE PLACE 9 ALL SPH]ES1 BUT !Y >E ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE 9 ! SPH]E ( LIT]ATURE1 AS ! PRESS NATURALLY OCCUPIES ITSELF ! MORE KE5LY ) ! AFFAIRS ( ! PRESS1 & !Y >E P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL 9 \R TIME :5 ! PRESS HAS RECEIV$ SU* AN UNNATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT CONT9UALLY HAPP5S ?AT PEOPLE SUDD5LY BEG9 TO EXTOLL SOME MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT WORKS1 9 EXAGG]AT$ LANGUAGE1 & !N1 IF !SE WORKS DO NOT CORRESPOND TO ! PREVAIL+ VIEW ( LIFE1 !Y SUDD5LY BECOME UTT]LY 9DIFF]5T TO !M1 & =GET BO? ! WORKS !MSELVES & !IR =M] ATTITUDE T[>D !M4 

,SO )9 MY RECOLLECTION1 9 ! =TIES1 !RE WAS 9 ! SPH]E ( >T ! LAUDATION & GLORIFICATION ( ,EUG5E ,SUE1 & ,GEORGES ,S&2 & 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E ,F\RI]2 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL SPH]E1 ,COMTE & ,HEGEL2 9 ! SCI5TIFIC SPH]E1 ,D>W94 

,SUE IS QUITE =GOTT51 ,GEORGES ,S& IS BE+ =GOTT5 & REPLAC$ BY ! WRIT+S ( ,ZOLA & ! ,DECAD5TS1 ,BEAUDELAIRE1 ,V]LA9E1 ,MAET]L9CK1 & O!RS4 ,F\RI] ) HIS PHALAN/]IES IS QUITE =GOTT51 HIS PLACE BE+ TAK5 BY ,M>X4 ,HEGEL1 :O JU/IFI$ ! EXI/+ ORD]1 & ,COMTE1 :O D5I$ ! NECESSITY ( RELIGI\S ACTIVITY 9 MANK9D1 & ,D>W9 ) HIS LAW ( /RUGGLE1 /ILL HOLD ON1 BUT >E BEG9N+ TO BE =GOTT51 BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! TEA*+ ( ,NIETZS*E1 :I*1 AL?\< UTT]LY EXTRAVAGANT1 UNCONSID]$1 MI/Y1 & VICI\S 9 ITS BE>+1 YET CORRESPONDS BETT] ) EXI/+ T5D5CIES4 ,?US SOMETIMES >TI/IC1 PHILOSOPHIC1 &1 9 G5]AL1 LIT]>Y CRAZES SUDD5LY >ISE & >E AS QUICKLY =GOTT54 ,BUT IT ALSO HAPP5S ?AT SU* CRAZES1 HAV+ >IS5 9 CONSEQU5CE ( SPECIAL REASONS ACCID5TALLY FAVOR+ TO !IR E/ABLI%M5T1 CORRESPOND 9 SU* A DEGREE TO ! VIEWS ( LIFE SPREAD 9 SOCIETY1 & ESPECIALLY 9 LIT]>Y CIRCLES1 ?AT !Y >E MA9TA9$ = A LONG TIME4 ,AS F> BACK AS 9 ! TIME ( ,ROME1 IT WAS REM>K$ ?AT (T5 BOOKS HAVE !IR [N V]Y /RANGE FATES3 CONSI/+ 9 FAILURE NOT)/&+ !IR HI< M]ITS1 & 9 5ORM\S UNDES]V$ SUCCESS NOT)/&+ !IR TRIVIALITY4 ,! SAY+ >OSE3 0PRO CAPTU LECTORIS HAB5T SUA FATA LIBELLI0--I4E41 ?AT ! FATE ( BOOKS DEP5DS ON ! UND]/&+ ( ?OSE :O READ !M4 ,!RE WAS H>MONY BETWE5 ,%AKESPE>E'S WRIT+S & ! VIEW ( LIFE ( ?OSE AMONG :OM HIS FAME >OSE4 ,& ?IS FAME HAS BE51 & /ILL IS1 MA9TA9$ [+ TO ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS CONT9U+ TO CORRESPOND TO ! LIFE CONCEPT ( ?OSE :O SUPPORT ?IS FAME4 

,UNTIL ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,%AKESPE>E NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO GA9 ANY SPECIAL FAME 9 ,5GL&1 BUT WAS VALU$ LESS ?AN HIS CONTEMPOR>Y DRAMATI/S3 ,B5 ,JONSON1 ,FLET*]1 ,BEAUMONT1 & O!RS4 ,HIS FAME ORIG9AT$ 9 ,G]MANY1 & !NCE WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,5GL&4 ,?IS HAPP5$ = ! FOLL[+ REASON3 

,>T1 ESPECIALLY DRAMATIC >T1 DEM&+ = ITS REALIZATION GREAT PREP>ATIONS1 \TLAYS1 & LABOR1 WAS ALWAYS RELIGI\S1 I4E41 ITS OBJECT WAS TO /IMULATE 9 M5 A CLE>] CONCEPTION ( ?AT RELATION ( MAN TO ,GOD :I* HAD1 AT ?AT TIME1 BE5 ATTA9$ BY ! LEAD+ M5 ( ! CIRCLES 9T]E/$ 9 >T4 

,SO IT WAS B\ND TO BE FROM ITS [N NATURE1 & SO1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 HAS IT ALWAYS BE5 AMONG ALL NATIONS--,EGYPTIANS1 ,H9DUS1 ,*9ESE1 ,GREEKS--COMM5C+ 9 SOME REMOTE P]IOD ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,& IT HAS ALWAYS HAPP5$ ?AT1 ) ! CO>S5+ ( RELIGI\S =MS1 >T HAS MORE & MORE DIV]G$ FROM ITS ORIG9AL OBJECT 7ACCORD+ TO :I* IT C\LD BE REG>D$ AS AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION--ALMO/ AN ACT ( WOR%IP71 &1 9/EAD ( S]V+ RELIGI\S OBJECTS1 IT /ROVE = WORLDLY AIMS1 SEEK+ TO SATISFY ! DEM&S ( ! CR[D OR ( ! P[]FUL1 I4E41 ! AIMS ( RECREATION & AMUSEM5T4 ,?IS DEVIATION ( >T FROM ITS TRUE & HI< VOCATION TOOK PLACE EV]Y:]E1 & EV5 9 CONNECTION ) ,*RI/IANITY4 

,! FIR/ MANIFE/ATIONS ( ,*RI/IAN >T W]E S]VICES 9 *UR*ES3 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! SACRAM5TS & ! ORD9>Y LITURGY4 ,:51 9 C\RSE ( TIME1 ! =MS ( >T AS US$ 9 WOR%IP BECAME 9SUFFICI5T1 !RE APPE>$ ! ,MY/]IES1 DESCRIB+ ?OSE EV5TS :I* W]E REG>D$ AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGI\S VIEW ( LIFE4 ,:51 9 ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES1 ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ WAS MORE & MORE TRANSF]R$1 ! WOR%IP ( ,*RI/ AS ,GOD1 & ! 9T]PRETATION & FOLL[+ ( ,HIS TEA*+1 ! =M ( ,MY/]IES DESCRIB+ EXT]NAL ,*RI/IAN EV5TS BECAME 9SUFFICI5T1 & NEW =MS W]E DEM&$4 ,AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! ASPIRATIONS :I* GAVE RISE TO !SE *ANGES1 !RE APPE>$ ! ,MORALITIES1 DRAMATIC REPRES5TATIONS 9 :I* ! *>ACT]S W]E P]SONIFICATIONS ( ,*RI/IAN VIRTUES & !IR OPPOSITE VISES4 

,BUT ALLEGORIES1 [+ TO ! V]Y FACT ( !IR BE+ WORKS ( >T ( A L[] ORD]1 C\LD NOT REPLACE ! =M] RELIGI\S DRAMAS1 & YET NO NEW =MS ( DRAMATIC >T CORRESPOND+ TO ! CONCEPTION N[ 5T]TA9$ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* IT WAS REG>D$ AS A TEA*+ ( LIFE1 HAD YET BE5 F\ND4 ,H5CE1 DRAMATIC >T1 HAV+ NO F\NDATION1 CAME 9 ALL ,*RI/IAN C\NTRIES TO SW]VE F>!R & F>!R FROM ITS PROP] USE & OBJECT1 &1 9/EAD ( S]V+ ,GOD1 IT TOOK TO S]V+ ! CR[D 7BY CR[D1 ,I MEAN1 NOT SIMPLY ! MASSES ( COMMON PEOPLE1 BUT ! MAJORITY ( IMMORAL OR UNMORAL M51 9DIFF]5T TO ! HI<] PROBLEMS ( HUMAN LIFE74 ,?IS DEVIATION WAS1 MOREOV]1 5C\RAG$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT1 AT ?IS V]Y TIME1 ! ,GREEK ?9K]S1 POETS1 & DRAMATI/S1 HI!RTO UNKN[N 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 W]E DISCOV]$ & BR\<T BACK 9TO FAVOR4 ,FROM ALL ?IS IT FOLL[$ ?AT1 NOT HAV+ YET HAD TIME TO WORK \T !IR [N =M ( DRAMATIC >T CORRESPOND+ TO ! NEW CONCEPTION 5T]TA9$ ( ,*RI/IANITY AS BE+ A TEA*+ ( LIFE1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 RECOGNIZ+ ! PREVI\S =M ( ,MY/]IES & ,MORALITIES AS 9SUFFICI5T1 ! WRIT]S ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES1 9 !IR SE>* = A NEW =M1 BEGAN TO IMITATE ! NEWLY DISCOV]$ ,GREEK MODELS1 ATTRACT$ BY !IR ELEGANCE & NOVELTY4 

,S9CE ?OSE :O C\LD PR9CIPALLY AVAIL !MSELVES ( DRAMATIC REPRES5TATIONS W]E ! P[]FUL ( ?IS WORLD3 K+S1 PR9CES1 C\RTI]S1 ! LEA/ RELIGI\S PEOPLE1 NOT ONLY UTT]LY 9DIFF]5T TO ! QUE/IONS ( RELIGION1 BUT 9 MO/ CASES COMPLETELY DEPRAV$--!RE=E1 9 SATISFY+ ! DEM&S ( ITS AUDI5CE1 ! DRAMA ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES 5TIRELY GAVE UP ALL RELIGI\S AIM4 ,IT CAME TO PASS ?AT ! DRAMA1 :I* =M]LY HAD SU* A L(TY & RELIGI\S SIGNIFICANCE1 & :I* CAN1 ON ?IS CONDITION ALONE1 OCCUPY AN IMPORTANT PLACE 9 HUMAN LIFE1 BECAME1 AS 9 ! TIME ( ,ROME1 A SPECTACLE1 AN AMUSEM5T1 A RECREATION--ONLY ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT 9 ,ROME ! SPECTACLES EXI/$ = ! :OLE PEOPLE1 :]EAS 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD ( ! FIFTE5?1 SIXTE5?1 & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES !Y W]E PR9CIPALLY MEANT = DEPRAV$ K+S & ! HI<] CLASSES4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) ! ,SPANI%1 ,5GLI%1 ,ITALIAN1 & ,FR5* DRAMA4 

,! DRAMAS ( ?AT TIME1 PR9CIPALLY COMPOS$1 9 ALL !SE C\NTRIES1 ACCORD+ TO ANCI5T ,GREEK MODELS1 OR TAK5 FROM POEMS1 LEG5DS1 OR BIOGRAPHIES1 NATURALLY REFLECT$ ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES3 9 ,ITALY COM$IES W]E *IEFLY ELABORAT$1 ) HUMOR\S POSITIONS & P]SONS4 ,9 ,SPA9 !RE FL\RI%$ ! WORLDLY DRAMA1 ) COMPLICAT$ PLOTS & HI/ORICAL H]OES4 ,! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,5GLI% DRAMA W]E ! CO>SE 9CID5TS ( MURD]S1 EXECUTIONS1 & BATTLES TAK+ PLACE ON ! /AGE1 & POPUL>1 HUMOR\S 9T]LUDES4 ,NEI!R ! ,ITALIAN NOR ! ,SPANI% NOR ! ,5GLI% DRAMA HAD ,EUROPEAN FAME1 BUT !Y ALL 5JOY$ SUCCESS 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,G5]AL FAME1 [+ TO ! ELEGANCE ( ITS LANGUAGE & ! TAL5T ( ITS WRIT]S1 WAS POSSESS$ ONLY BY ! ,FR5* DRAMA1 DI/+UI%$ BY ITS /RICT ADH]5CE TO ! ,GREEK MODELS1 & ESPECIALLY TO ! LAW ( ! ?REE ,UNITIES4 

,SO IT CONT9U$ TILL ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 AT :I* TIME ?IS HAPP5$3 ,9 ,G]MANY1 :I* HAD NOT PRODUC$ EV5 PASSABLE DRAMATIC WRIT]S 7!RE WAS A WEAK & LITTLE KN[N WRIT]1 ,HANS ,SA*S71 ALL $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 TOGE!R ) ,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT1 B[$ D[N BE=E ! ,FR5* PSEUDO-CLASSICAL DRAMA4 ,YET AT ?IS V]Y TIME !RE APPE>$ 9 ,G]MANY A GR\P ( $UCAT$ & TAL5T$ WRIT]S & POETS1 :O1 FEEL+ ! FALSITY & COLDNESS ( ! ,FR5* DRAMA1 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D A NEW & FRE] DRAMATIC =M4 ,! MEMB]S ( ?IS GR\P1 LIKE ALL ! UPP] CLASSES ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD AT ?AT TIME1 W]E UND] ! *>M & 9FLU5CE ( ! ,GREEK CLASSICS1 &1 BE+ UTT]LY 9DIFF]5T TO RELIGI\S QUE/IONS1 !Y ?\<T ?AT IF ! ,GREEK DRAMA1 DESCRIB+ ! CALAMITIES & SUFF]+S & /RIFE ( ITS H]OES1 REPRES5T$ ! HI<E/ DRAMATIC IDEAL1 !N SU* A DESCRIPTION ( ! SUFF]+S & ! /RUGGLES ( H]OES W\LD BE A SUFFICI5T SUBJECT 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 TOO1 IF ONLY ! N>R[ DEM&S ( PSEUDO-CLASSICALISM W]E REJECT$4 ,!SE M51 NOT UND]/&+ ?AT1 = ! ,GREEKS1 ! /RIFE & SUFF]+S ( !IR H]OES HAD A RELIGI\S SIGNIFICANCE1 IMAG9$ ?AT !Y NE$$ ONLY TO REJECT ! 9CONV5I5T LAW ( ! ?REE ,UNITIES1 )\T 9TRODUC+ 9TO ! DRAMA ANY RELIGI\S ELEM5T CORRESPOND+ TO !IR TIME1 9 ORD] ?AT ! DRAMA %\LD HAVE SUFFICI5T SCOPE 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( V>I\S MOM5TS 9 ! LIVES ( HI/ORICAL P]SONAGES &1 9 G5]AL1 ( /RONG HUMAN PASSIONS4 ,EXACTLY ?IS K9D ( DRAMA EXI/$ AT ?AT TIME AMONG ! K9DR$ ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 &1 BECOM+ ACQUA9T$ ) IT1 ! ,G]MANS DECID$ ?AT PRECISELY SU* %\LD BE ! DRAMA ( ! NEW P]IOD4 

,!REUPON1 BECAUSE ( ! CLEV] DEVELOPM5T ( SC5ES :I* CON/ITUT$ ,%AKESPE>E'S PECULI>ITY1 !Y *OSE ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS 9 PREF]5CE TO ALL O!R ,5GLI% DRAMAS1 EXCLUD+ ?OSE :I* W]E NOT 9 ! LEA/ 9F]IOR1 BUT W]E EV5 SUP]IOR1 TO ,%AKESPE>E4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ! GR\P /OOD ,GOE!1 :O WAS !N ! DICTATOR ( PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ES!TIC QUE/IONS4 ,HE IT WAS :O1 P>TLY [+ TO A DESIRE TO DE/ROY ! FASC9ATION ( ! FALSE ,FR5* >T1 P>TLY [+ TO HIS DESIRE TO GIVE A GREAT] SCOPE TO HIS [N DRAMATIC WRIT+1 BUT *IEFLY ?R\< ! AGREEM5T ( HIS VIEW ( LIFE ) ,%AKESPE>E'S1 DECL>$ ,%AKESPE>E A GREAT POET4 ,:5 ?IS ]ROR WAS ANN\NC$ BY AN AU?ORITY LIKE ,GOE!1 ALL ?OSE ES!TIC CRITICS :O DID NOT UND]/& >T ?REW !MSELVES ON IT LIKE CR[S ON C>RION & BEGAN TO DISCOV] 9 ,%AKESPE>E BEAUTIES :I* DID NOT EXI/1 & TO EXTOLL !M4 ,!SE M51 ,G]MAN ES!TIC CRITICS1 = ! MO/ P>T UTT]LY DEVOID ( ES!TIC FEEL+1 )\T ?AT SIMPLE1 DIRECT >TI/IC S5SIBILITY :I*1 = PEOPLE ) A FEEL+ = >T1 CLE>LY DI/+UI%ES ES!TIC IMPRESSIONS FROM ALL O!RS1 BUT BELIEV+ ! AU?ORITY :I* HAD RECOGNIZ$ ,%AKESPE>E AS A GREAT POET1 BEGAN TO PRAISE ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E 9DISCRIM9ATELY1 ESPECIALLY DI/+UI%+ SU* PASSAGES AS /RUCK !M BY !IR EFFECTS1 OR :I* EXPRESS$ ?\<TS CORRESPOND+ TO !IR VIEWS ( LIFE1 IMAG9+ ?AT !SE EFFECTS & !SE ?\<TS CON/ITUTE ! ESS5CE ( :AT IS CALL$ >T4 ,!SE M5 ACT$ AS BL9D M5 W\LD ACT :O 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D DIAMONDS BY T\* AMONG A HEAP ( /ONES !Y W]E F+]+4 ,AS ! BL9D MAN W\LD = A LONG TIME /R5U\SLY H&LE ! /ONES & 9 ! 5D W\LD COME TO NO O!R CONCLUSION ?AN ?AT ALL /ONES >E PRECI\S & ESPECIALLY SO ! SMOO!/1 SO ALSO !SE ES!TIC CRITICS1 )\T >TI/IC FEEL+1 C\LD NOT BUT COME TO SIMIL> RESULTS 9 RELATION TO ,%AKESPE>E4 ,TO GIVE ! GREAT] =CE TO !IR PRAISE ( ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E1 !Y 9V5T$ ES!TIC !ORIES ACCORD+ TO :I* IT APPE>$ ?AT NO DEF9ITE RELIGI\S VIEW ( LIFE WAS NECESS>Y = WORKS ( >T 9 G5]AL1 & ESPECIALLY = ! DRAMA2 ?AT = ! PURPOSE ( ! DRAMA ! REPRES5TATION ( HUMAN PASSIONS & *>ACT]S WAS QUITE SUFFICI5T2 ?AT NOT ONLY WAS AN 9T]NAL RELIGI\S ILLUM9ATION ( :AT WAS REPRES5T$ UNNECESS>Y1 BUT >T %\LD BE OBJECTIVE1 I4E41 %\LD REPRES5T EV5TS QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY JUDGM5T ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,AS !SE !ORIES W]E F\ND$ ON ,%AKESPE>E'S [N VIEWS ( LIFE1 IT NATURALLY TURN$ \T ?AT ! WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E SATISFI$ !SE !ORIES & !RE=E W]E ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION4 

,IT IS !SE PEOPLE :O >E *IEFLY RESPONSIBLE = ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME4 ,IT WAS PR9CIPALLY [+ TO !IR WRIT+S ?AT ! 9T]ACTION TOOK PLACE BETWE5 WRIT]S & PUBLIC :I* EXPRESS$ ITSELF1 & IS /ILL EXPRESS+ ITSELF1 9 AN 9SANE WOR%IP ( ,%AKESPE>E :I* HAS NO RATIONAL F\NDATION4 ,!SE ES!TIC CRITICS HAVE WRITT5 PR(\ND TREATISES AB\T ,%AKESPE>E4 ,ELEV5 ?\S& VOLUMES HAVE BE5 WRITT5 AB\T HIM1 & A :OLE SCI5CE ( ,%AKESPE>OLOGY COMPOS$2 :ILE ! PUBLIC1 ON ! ONE H&1 TOOK MORE & MORE 9T]E/1 & ! LE>N$ CRITICS1 ON ! O!R H&1 GAVE FUR!R & FUR!R EXPLANATIONS1 ADD+ TO ! CONFUSION4 

,SO ?AT ! FIR/ CAUSE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME WAS ?AT ! ,G]MANS WI%$ TO OPPOSE TO ! COLD ,FR5* DRAMA1 ( :I* !Y HAD GR[N WE>Y1 & :I*1 NO D\BT1 WAS T$I\S 5\<1 A LIVELI] & FRE] ONE4 ,! SECOND CAUSE WAS ?AT ! Y\NG ,G]MAN WRIT]S REQUIR$ A MODEL = WRIT+ !IR [N DRAMAS4 ,! ?IRD & PR9CIPAL CAUSE WAS ! ACTIVITY ( ! LE>N$ & ZEAL\S ES!TIC ,G]MAN CRITICS )\T ES!TIC FEEL+1 :O 9V5T$ ! !ORY ( OBJECTIVE >T1 DELIB]ATELY REJECT+ ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( ! DRAMA4 

0,BUT10 ,I %ALL BE ASK$1 0:AT DO Y\ UND]/& BY ! WORD'S RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( ! DRAMA8 ,MAY NOT :AT Y\ >E DEM&+ = ! DRAMA1 RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION1 OR DIDACTICS1 BE CALL$ 'T5D5CY1' A ?+ 9COMPATIBLE ) TRUE >T80 ,I REPLY ?AT BY ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( >T ,I UND]/& NOT ! DIRECT 9CULCATION ( ANY RELIGI\S TRU?S 9 AN >TI/IC GUISE1 & NOT AN ALLEGORICAL DEMON/RATION ( !SE TRU?S1 BUT ! EXHIBITION ( A DEF9ITE VIEW ( LIFE CORRESPOND+ TO ! HI<E/ RELIGI\S UND]/&+ ( A GIV5 TIME1 :I*1 S]V+ AS ! MOTIVE = ! COMPOSITION ( ! DRAMA1 P5ETRATES1 TO ! KN[L$GE ( ! AU?OR1 ?R\< ALL ( HIS WORK4 ,SO IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ) TRUE >T1 & SO IT IS ) EV]Y TRUE >TI/ 9 G5]AL & ESPECIALLY ! DRAMATI/4 ,H5CE--AS IT WAS :5 ! DRAMA WAS A S]I\S ?+1 & AS IT %\LD BE ACCORD+ TO ! ESS5CE ( ! MATT]--?AT MAN ALONE CAN WRITE A DRAMA :O HAS SOME?+ TO SAY TO M51 & SOME?+ :I* IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE = !M3 AB\T MAN'S RELATION TO ,GOD1 TO ! ,UNIV]SE1 TO ! ,ALL1 ! ,ET]NAL1 ! ,9F9ITE4 ,BUT :51 ?ANKS TO ! ,G]MAN !ORIES AB\T OBJECTIVE >T1 ! IDEA WAS E/ABLI%$ ?AT1 = ! DRAMA1 ?IS WAS QUITE UNNECESS>Y1 !N IT IS OBVI\S H[ A WRIT] LIKE ,%AKESPE>E--:O HAD NOT GOT DEVELOP$ 9 HIS M9D ! RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS PROP] TO HIS TIME1 :O1 9 FACT1 HAD NO CONVICTIONS AT ALL1 BUT HEAP$ UP 9 HIS DRAMA ALL POSSIBLE EV5TS1 HORRORS1 FOOL]IES1 DISCUSSIONS1 & EFFECTS--C\LD APPE> TO BE A DRAMATIC WRIT] ( ! GREATE/ G5IUS4 

,BUT !SE >E ALL EXT]NAL REASONS4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL 9N] CAUSE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME WAS & IS ?IS3 ?AT HIS DRAMAS W]E 0PRO CAPTU LECTORIS10 I4E41 !Y CORRESPOND$ TO ! IRRELIGI\S & IMMORAL FRAME ( M9D ( ! UPP] CLASSES ( HIS TIME4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,MAY #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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